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38:
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554:, initiated. This preaching sought to spread the idea that humanity is always in need of infallible and divine teaching, which can only be provided by a divinely appointed guide. Al-Shahrastani tried to keep this a secret, but it was revealed by his student Al-Sam'ani. His works include a Quranic commentary that is infused with Isma’ili terminology, in which he hinted at his conversion by a "pious servant of God" who taught him how to find the esoteric (
2264:
594:) are a perfect sign of his truthfulness; that is, his coming without previous seed and his speaking without prior teaching. For all the (other) prophets the arrival of their revelation was at (the age of) forty years, but revelation came to him when he was made to speak in the cradle, and revelation came to him when he conveyed (the divine message) at (the age of) thirty. The duration of his (prophetic) mission (
558:) meaning of the Quran. In his Kitab Al-musara'ah (Book of the wrestling match), al-Shahrastani criticizes Avicenna's belief that God is the involuntary necessitating cause of the world, and he also provides support for the Ismaili thesis that God is beyond being and nonbeing.
522:
260:
1160:
Madelung, Wilferd, "Ash-Shahrastanis
Streitschrift gegen Avicenna und ihre Widerlegung durch Nasir ad-din at-Tusi." Akten des VII. Kongresses für Arabistik und Islamwissenschaft, Abhandlungen der Akademie des Wissenschaften in Göttingen, 1976, vol. 98,
588:) after Moses (peace upon him), and who was announced in the Torah. To him were (granted) manifest signs and notable evidences, such as the reviving of the dead and the curing of the blind and the leper. His very nature and innate disposition (
428:(The Book of Sects and Creeds), a monumental work, which presents the doctrinal points of view of all the religions and philosophies which existed up to his time. The book was one of the earliest systematic
858:"Keys to the Arcana: Shahrastani's Esoteric Commentary on the Qur'an: A Translation of the Commentary of Surat al-Fatiha from Muhammad b. 'Abd al-Karim Shahrastani's Mafatih al-asrar wa masabih al-abrar"
1335:
3188:
3222:
432:, and is noted for its non-polemical style and scientific approach. A French translation of the book by Gimaret, Monnot and Jolivet was sponsored by
1047:. Edited by Muḥammad Riżā R. Jalāli Naʾini) traduction française de Diane Steigerwald), Sainte-Foy (Québec): Les Presses de l'Université Laval 1999.
1559:
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535:, or dissimulation, based on statements throughout his writings that correspond strongly with Isma’ili mysticism and its central doctrine of the
1376:
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834:
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702:
419:
Al-Shahrastani distinguished himself by his desire to describe in the most objective way the universal religious history of humanity.
3198:
1664:
628:), not (what is characterized by) spatial location and physical magnitude; and he is one in substantiality, three in hypostaticity (
3958:
2177:
2290:
451:(The End of Steps in the Science of Theology) presents different theological discussions and shows the limits of Muslim theology (
3953:
17:
570:, al-Shahrastani records a portrayal of Christianity very close to the orthodox tenets while continuing the Islamic narrative:
997:, by Toby Mayer; with the Arabic text reproduced from the edition by M.A. Adharshab, New York, Oxford University Press, 2009.
2239:
1963:
1322:
1073:"La Sourate de la Vache dans le commentaire coranique inédit de Shahrastânî", Tome 95, 1986–1987. 1986. pp. 253–259;
1067:"La Sourate d'ouverture dans le commentaire coranique inédit de Shahrastânï", Tome 93, 1984–1985. 1984. pp. 293–303;
1020:
Reason and
Inspiration in Islam: Theology, Philosophy and Mysticism in Muslim Thought. Essays in Honor of Hermann Landolt
2147:
994:
Keys to the Arcana: Shahrastānī's
Esoteric Commentary on the Qurʼan: A Translation of the Commentary on Sūrat al-Fātiḥa
887:
690:
993:
1441:
1369:
1294:
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59:
52:
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977:, translated by A. K.Kazi and J. G.Flynn, London, Kegan Paul International 1984 (reprint New York, Routledge 2013).
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1247:
1064:"L'Introduction de Shahrastâni à son commentaire coranique inédit", Tome 92, 1983–1984. 1983. pp. 305–316;
838:
773:
411:. At the end of his life, al-Shahrastānī went back to live in his native town, where he died in the year 1153.
1036:, traduction par Daniel Gimaret, Guy Monnot, Jean Jolivet, Louvain, Peeters et UNESCO, 1986–1993 (two volumes)
3963:
2455:
2099:
1050:
Jolivet, Jean, "Al-Shahrastânî critique d'Avicenne dans la lutte contre les philosophes (quelques aspects),"
820:
443:
Al-Shahrastani's philosophical and theological thoughts manifested in his other major works, which include:
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1987:
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1262:
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1079:"« Les clefs des mystères > de Sharastânî (suite)", Tome 97, 1988–1989. 1988. pp. 249–255.
1018:
Steigerwald, Diana, "Al-Shahrastānī’s
Contribution to Medieval Islamic Thought." In Todd Lawson (ed.),
424:
663:
The
Construction of Orthodoxy and Heresy: Neo-Confucian, Islamic, Jewish, and Early Christian Patterns
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1070:"Le commentaire coranique inédit de Shahrastânî (suite)", Tome 94, 1985–1986. 1985. pp. 347–351;
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1076:"« Les clefs des mystères » de Shahrastânî", Tome 96, 1987–1988. 1987. pp. 237–243;
642:). The (hypostasis of) knowledge clothes itself and was incarnated, but not the other hypostases."
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Sharh-i Ḥāl wa Athar-i Ḥujjat al-Ḥaqq Abu al-Fatḥ Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Karim b. Aḥmad
Shahrastāni
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371:, province of Persia) where he acquired his early traditional education. Later, he was sent to
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1004:, Preface by Franz Rosenthal, The Hague, Mouton, 1976 (with the translation of Shahrastânï's
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to pursue theological studies and taught for three years at the prestigious Ash`ari school,
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Al-Shahrastani was amongst those attracted by the "new preaching" (da'wah jadidah) which
1106:. Ed. Muhammad Rida R. Jalali Na'ini and translated into French by Diane Steigerwald in
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1969:
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1008:
Part II, Book III, Section Β 'Ära al-hind'l, The Views of the
Indians, pp. 33–62).
759:
710:
636:), such as existence, life and knowledge, and the father, the son and the holy spirit (
351:) was one of the pioneers in developing an objective and philosophical approach to the
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Digitalisations (of Haarbrücker's German translation 1850–51), at Google Books: v.1:
1300:
1290:
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Muslim Sects and
Divisions. The Section on Muslim Sects in Kitab al-Milal wa 'l-Nibal
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2004:
1682:
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967:
408:
368:
204:
155:
132:
1117:
Steigerwald, Diana, 1995 "L'Ordre (Amr) et la création (khalq) chez
Shahrastani."
888:"Shahrastani's 'Mafatih al-asrar' Introduction | The Institute of Ismaili Studies"
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1981:
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1284:
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1059:
Annuaire de l'École
Pratique des Hautes Études. Section des sciences religieuses
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Very few things are known about al-Shahrastānī's life. He was born in 1086 CE
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is a discourse, written during the mature period of his life, delivered to a
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2016:
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1011:
Steigerwald, Diana, "The Divine Word (Kalima) in Shahrastani's Majlis." In
400:
124:
1354:
1157:
a cura di Theodor Haarbrücker, Halle, Schwetschke, 1850–1851 (due volumi).
531:, and modern scholars believe that he was actually an Isma’ili practicing
493:(The Keys of the Mysteries and the Lamps of the Righteous) introduces the
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2129:
1975:
1599:
1495:
746:
584:, son of Mary (peace upon him). He it is who was truly sent (as prophet;
528:
483:
1193:
Danish-Pazhuh, Muhammad Taqi, "Dāʿi al-duʿāt Taj al-din-i Shahrastana."
1186:
Danish-Pazhuh, Muhammad Taqi, "Dāʿi al-duʿāt Taj al-din-i Shahrastana."
497:
and gives a complete commentary on the first two chapters of the Qur’an.
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982:
Struggling with the Philosopher: A Refutation of Avicenna's Metaphysics
667:
507:
494:
468:
380:
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375:
where he studied under different masters who were all disciples of the
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1723:
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1424:
1093:
La pensée philosophique et théologique de Shahrastani (m. 548/1153)
620:). They said that the Creator (may he be exalted) is one substance (
3779:
3482:
3456:
3391:
3081:
2972:
1471:
1218:
Al-Shahrastānī, Abū al-Fatḥ Ibn ʿAbd al-Karīm, 1366-1375/1947-1955
1126:
La pensée philosophique et théologique de Shahrastani (m. 548/1153)
604:
Al-Shahrastani also explains the differences between Christians in
596:
479:
372:
3852:
3069:
2997:
2309:
547:
465:
384:
311:
Tāj al-Dīn Abū al-Fath Muhammad ibn `Abd al-Karīm ash-Shahrastānī
98:
Tāj al-Dīn Abū al-Fath Muhammad ibn `Abd al-Karīm ash-Shahrastānī
3804:
3769:
3744:
3247:
3242:
3139:
1180:
812:
532:
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392:
159:
29:
Persian historian of religions and Islamic scholar (1086–1153)
3814:
3237:
3093:
2247:
2022:
590:
576:
453:
235:
183:
1183:: Otto Harrassowitz (reprint of the edition of London 1846).
1110:. Sainte-Foy (Québec): Les Presses de l'Université Laval in
3809:
3784:
765:
Muslim-Christian Encounters: Perceptions and Misperceptions
527:
few of his contemporaries accused him of covertly being an
243:
2188:
Scholars of other Sunni Islamic schools of jurisprudence
1225:
Al-Shahrastānī, Abū al-Fatḥ Ibn ʿAbd al-Karīm, 1396/1976
1128:. Sainte-Foy (Québec): Les Presses de l'Université Laval.
383:(d. 1085). At the age of thirty, al-Shahrastānī went to
835:"Abu al-Fath Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Karim al-Shahrastani"
3223:
2016 international conference on Sunni Islam in Grozny
1104:
Majlis-i maktub-i Shahrastani-i mun'aqid dar Khwarazm
1045:
Majlis-i maktub-i Shahrastāni-i munʿaqid dar Khwārazm
695:
and Zohreh Khosravi (2006). Katherine Bullock (ed.).
1232:
Al-Shahrastānī, Abū al-Fatḥ Ibn ʿAbd al-Karīm, 1989
1171:
Al-Shahrastānī, Abū al-Fatḥ Ibn ʿAbd al-Karīm, 1923
984:, translation by Wilferd Madelung and Toby Mayer of
691:
Israr Ahmad Khan, Hilman Latief, Maher Abu-Munshar,
482:(Avicenna)’s doctrines by emphasizing some peculiar
600:) was three years and three months and three days."
1336:Biography of Imām Al-Shahrastānī by Ibn Khallikān
1286:Islam: An Introduction (Translation of: Der Islam)
659:
319:تاج الدين أبو الفتح محمد بن عبد الكريم الشهرستاني
108:تاج الدين أبو الفتح محمد بن عبد الكريم الشهرستاني
3930:
1222:. Ed. Muḥammad Fatḥ Allāh Badrān, 2 vols. Cairo.
698:American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 23:4
1149:Al-Shahrastānī, Abū al-Fatḥ Ibn ʿAbd al-Karīm,
632:). By the hypostases they mean the attributes (
1022:. London: I.B. Tauris, 2005, pp. 262–273.
616:"They affirmed that God has three hypostases (
514:in terms of law, as can be seen in his books,
3326:
2233:
1370:
1131:Steigerwald, Diana, 1998 "La dissimulation (
1112:Bulletin critique des annales islamologiques
1097:Bulletin critique des annales islamologiques
715:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
624:), meaning by this what is self-subsistent (
478:(The Struggle with Philosophers) criticizes
106:
1384:
1108:Majlis: Discours sur l'ordre et la création
1041:Majlis: Discours sur l'ordre et la création
574:“The Christians. (They are) the community (
3333:
3319:
2240:
2226:
1377:
1363:
1328:Al-Shahrastani (Islamic Philosophy Online)
1177:Books of Religions and Philosophical Sects
1151:Religionspartheien und Philosophen-Schulen
964:Kitāb Nihāyatu ʼl-Iqdām fī ʽIlmi ʼl –Kalām
703:International Institute of Islamic Thought
3199:Al-Sayf al-Saqil fi al-Radd ala Ibn Zafil
1665:Shahab al-Din Yahya ibn Habash Suhrawardi
1135:) de la foi dans le shi'isme ismaélien."
1057:Monnot, Guy, "Islam: exégèse coranique."
733:(Translation of: Der Islam). SUNY Press.
82:Learn how and when to remove this message
1279:
1137:Studies in Religion/Sciences religieuses
1013:Studies in Religion/Sciences religieuses
862:Journal of the American Oriental Society
341:, philosopher and theologian. His book,
45:This article includes a list of general
1263:List of Persian scientists and scholars
973:Muhammad b. 'Abd al-Karim Shahrastani,
970:, London, Oxford University Press 1934.
810:
561:
14:
3931:
3340:
855:
3314:
2221:
1358:
1084:Monnot, Guy, 1996 «Shahrastani», su:
911:
1234:Mafātīḥ al-asrār wa-masābīḥ al-abrār
1015:, vol. 25.3, 1996, pp. 335–52.
758:
491:Mafatih al-Asrar wa-masabih al-abrar
486:arguments on the division of beings.
31:
2094:Kanthapuram A. P. Abu Bakr Musliyar
1323:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1002:Shahrastani on the Indian Religions
856:Lawson, Todd (January–March 2011).
817:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
501:
318:
107:
24:
1964:Abd Al-Rahman bin Ahmad al-Zayla`i
1054:, 2000, vol. 10, pp. 275–292.
823:from the original on 12 June 2010.
768:. London and New York: Routledge.
438:Livre des religions et des sectes.
51:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
3990:
3969:12th-century Iranian philosophers
2178:Muhammad Jifri Muthukkoya Thangal
1312:
1102:Monnot, Guy, 2001 Book review of
1091:Monnot, Guy, 1999 Book review of
1034:Livre des religions et des sectes
523:Nihayat al-Iqdam fi 'Ilm al-Kalam
449:Nihāyat al-aqdām fī 'ilm al-kalām
261:Nihayat al-Iqdam fi 'Ilm al-Kalam
3031:
2274:
2273:
2262:
2250:Ash'ari school of Sunni theology
1754:Yusuf ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Mizzi
1421:(founder of the school; 767–820)
1088:, 1996, vol. 9, pp. 220–22.
966:), edited with a translation by
399:(Deputy) of the chancellery for
123:(Deputy) of the chancellery for
36:
3959:12th-century Muslim theologians
1229:. Ed. Suhayr M. Mukhtār. Cairo.
1197:, 1969, vol. 8, pp. 61–71.
1190:, 1968. vol. 7, pp. 77–80.
946:
931:
920:
905:
880:
813:"Al-Shahrastānī (d. 1153 C.E.)"
506:Although self-identified as an
3954:Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam
2911:'Abdallah ibn 'Alawi al-Haddad
2070:Cherussery Zainuddeen Musliyar
1253:List of Ash'aris and Maturidis
1052:Arabic Sciences and Philosophy
849:
839:The Oxford Dictionary of Islam
827:
804:
793:
782:
752:
723:
684:
653:
367:, in the town of Shahristān, (
13:
1:
2588:Muhammad Metwalli al-Sha'rawi
1268:
391:. Afterwards, he returned to
2755:Izz al-Din ibn 'Abd al-Salam
2576:Muhammad al-Tahir ibn 'Ashur
2408:Ibn 'Ata' Allah al-Iskandari
2154:Muhammad bin Yahya al-Ninowy
1988:Ahmad Khatib al-Minangkabawi
1941:Abdullah ibn Alawi al-Haddad
1830:Ali ibn Abu Bakr al-Haythami
1207:al-Nuʿmān, Abū Ḥanīfa, 1956
1139:, vol. 27.1, pp. 39–59.
953:Works and studies in English
729:Schimmel, Annemarie (1992).
550:and founder of the medieval
349:The Book of Sects and Creeds
7:
2558:Muhammad ibn 'Ali al-Sanusi
2023:Abd al-Malik Karim Amrullah
1712:Izz al-Din ibn Abd al-Salam
1241:
1144:Works and studies in German
1121:, vol. 31, pp. 163–75.
1027:Works and studies in French
986:Kitāb Muṣāraʿat al-falāsifa
916:. USA: Macmillan Reference.
608:regarding the incarnation (
510:in terms of theology and a
10:
3995:
3267:Ash'ari-related templates
3124:Ibn Abdelkarim al-Khattabi
3106:Emir Abdelkader al-Jazairi
2456:Abd al-Rahman al-Tha'alibi
1760:Yusuf bin Ahmad al-Kawneyn
1258:List of Muslim theologians
1248:Kitab al–Milal wa al-Nihal
1220:Kitāb al-Milal wa al-Niḥal
1215:. Ed. ʿĀrif Tāmir, Beirut.
1173:Kitāb al-Milal wa al-Niḥal
1155:Kitāb al-Milal wa al-Niḥal
1099:, vol. 15, pp. 79–81.
660:John B. Henderson (1998).
606:Kitab al-Milal wa al-Nihal
568:Kitab al-Milal wa al-Nihal
425:Kitab al-Milal wa al-Nihal
344:Kitab al–Milal wa al-Nihal
333:historian of religions, a
3823:
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3516:
3465:
3349:
3265:
3218:
3211:
3159:
3152:
3047:
3040:
3029:
2996:
2971:
2613:
2594:Muhammad 'Alawi al-Maliki
2552:Muhammad Arafa al-Desouki
2432:Khalil ibn Ishaq al-Jundi
2318:Ibn Abi Zayd al-Qayrawani
2308:
2289:
2257:
2186:
2148:Ibrahim Khalil al-Bukhari
2050:
1997:
1950:
1933:
1904:
1851:
1768:
1698:
1627:
1568:
1504:
1434:
1411:
1392:
1213:Khams Rasāʾil Ismāʿīliyya
1175:. Ed. William Cureton in
1124:Steigerwald, Diana, 1997
1095:by Diane Steigerwald in:
422:This is reflected in his
290:
272:
267:
249:
230:
220:
210:
199:
189:
179:
167:
143:
138:
116:
103:
96:
3194:Al-Iqtisad fi al-I'tiqad
3164:Tabyin Kadhib al-Muftari
2779:Nizam al-Din al-Nisapuri
1895:Ali ibn Ahmad al-Samhudi
1794:Ahmad ibn Naqib al-Misri
1006:Kitäb al-milal wan-nihal
914:Encyclopedia of Religion
760:Watt, William Montgomery
646:
414:
3913:Ahmad ibn Nizam al-Mulk
3893:Minhaj al-Siraj Juzjani
3064:'Abd al-Mu'min ibn 'Ali
2809:Shams al-Din al-Kirmani
2695:Abd al-Qahir al-Jurjani
2647:Abu Ishaq al-Isfarayini
2492:Al-Maqqari al-Tilimsani
2396:Shihab al-Din al-Qarafi
1924:Al-Khaṭib ash-Shirbiniy
1818:Badr Ad-Din az-Zarkashi
1536:Abd al-Jabbar ibn Ahmad
1086:Encyclopédie de l'islam
988:, London, Tauris, 2001.
912:Jones, Lindsay (2004).
358:
327:Muhammad al-Shahrastānī
66:more precise citations.
18:Muhammad al-Shahrastani
3843:Abu'l-Ma'ali Nasrallah
3838:Abu'l-Hasan Isfarayini
3524:Abu Dawud al-Sijistani
3018:Abu Hayyan al-Andalusi
2929:Bediuzzaman Said Nursi
2869:Jalal al-Din al-Dawani
2827:Nur al-Din al-Haythami
2665:Abu Nu'aym al-Isfahani
2659:Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi
2486:Ahmad Baba al-Timbukti
2420:Ibn al-Hajj al-'Abdari
1542:Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi
960:The Summa philosophiae
731:Islam: An Introduction
644:
602:
440:Peeters: 1986, 1993).
3740:Abu Sa'id Abu'l-Khayr
3624:Ibn Tayfour Sajawandi
3452:Sharaf al-Din al-Tusi
3362:Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi
3179:Al-Farq bayn al-Firaq
3118:'Izz al-Din al-Qassam
2899:Al-Khatib al-Shirbini
2863:Nur al-Din al-Samhudi
2845:Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani
2821:Zain al-Din al-'Iraqi
2785:Jamal al-Din al-Mizzi
2707:Al-Raghib al-Isfahani
2677:Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi
2635:Al-Hakim al-Nishapuri
2366:Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi
2112:K. Ali Kutty Musliyar
2106:Mohammad Salim Al-Awa
1859:Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani
1594:Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi
1227:Muṣāraʿat al-falāsifa
1209:Al-Risāla al-Mudhhiba
1200:Naʿini, Jalāli, 1964
614:
572:
552:Nizari Isma'ili state
476:Musara`at al-Falasifa
329:, was an influential
244:Islamic jurisprudence
3964:Islamic philosophers
3848:Abu Muslim Khorasani
3554:Abu Qasim Samarqandi
3544:Abu Layth Samarqandi
3442:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
3417:Abu Ja'far al-Khazin
3184:Al-Milal wa al-Nihal
3100:Al-Nasir ibn Qalawun
2893:Ibn Hajar al-Haytami
2791:Taqi al-Din al-Subki
2743:Fakhr al-Din al-Razi
2689:Abu Ishaq al-Shirazi
2438:Abu Ishaq al-Shatibi
2348:Abu Bakr al-Turtushi
2342:Abu al-Walid al-Baji
2299:Abu Hasan al-Ash'ari
2082:Ahmad Syafi'i Maarif
1918:Ibn Hajar al-Haytami
1824:Zain al-Din al-Iraqi
1788:Taqi al-Din al-Subki
1776:Safi al-Din al-Hindi
1748:Safi-ad-din Ardabili
1677:Sayf al-Din al-Amidi
1671:Fakhr al-Din al-Razi
1554:Abu Ishaq al-Shirazi
1490:Abu Hasan al-Ash'ari
1460:Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj
1195:Nama-yi astan-i quds
1188:Nama-yi astan-i quds
845:on 16 November 2017.
811:Steigerwald, Diana.
562:Christian commentary
517:Al-Milal wa al-Nihal
300:Sayf al-Din al-Amidi
255:Al-Milal wa al-Nihal
174:Shahristān, Khorasan
2941:'Abdallah al-Harari
2881:Zakariyya al-Ansari
2803:Taj al-Din al-Subki
2582:Abdel-Halim Mahmoud
2522:Muhammad al-Zurqani
2468:Ahmad al-Wansharisi
2064:Taha Jabir Alalwani
2029:Muhammad Hamidullah
1889:Zakariyya al-Ansari
1800:Taj al-Din al-Subki
1653:Abu Tahir al-Silafi
1281:Schimmel, Annemarie
1061:, sur Shahrastani:
1000:Bruce B. Lawrence,
705:(IIIT). p. 36.
430:studies of religion
395:where he worked as
234:History, theology,
3833:Abu'l-Fadl Bayhaqi
3714:Tha'labi Nishapuri
3529:Abu Barakat Nasafi
3357:Abu Hatam Isfizari
3076:Abu Bakr ibn Ayyub
2923:Ahmad Zayni Dahlan
2088:Abdul Azeez Madani
2041:Abdullah al-Harari
1970:Ahmad Zayni Dahlan
1524:Al-Hakim Nishapuri
1518:Abu Talib al-Makki
1448:Harith al-Muhasibi
626:al-qa'im bi-n-nafs
353:study of religions
276:Influenced by
194:Islamic Golden Age
3926:
3925:
3888:Khalid ibn Barmak
3863:Ata-Malik Juvayni
3826:political figures
3733:Poets and artists
3589:Fatima Samarqandi
3493:Haji Bektash Veli
3372:Abu Ubayd Juzjani
3308:
3307:
3261:
3260:
3207:
3206:
3148:
3147:
3058:Yusuf ibn Tashfin
3027:
3026:
2534:M'Hamed al-Azhari
2498:Ibrahim al-Laqani
2330:Abu Imran al-Fasi
2215:
2214:
2124:Nuh Ha Mim Keller
2058:Wahbah al-Zuhayli
2011:Abdallah al-Qutbi
1958:Ibrahim al-Bajuri
938:Watt 1991, p. 69.
927:Watt 1991, p. 68.
800:Watt 1991, p. 68.
789:Watt 1991, p. 68.
580:) of the Christ,
325:), also known as
308:
307:
92:
91:
84:
16:(Redirected from
3986:
3918:Shihab al-Nasawi
3903:Tahir ibn Husayn
3775:Farrukhi Sistani
3750:Aruzi Samarqandi
3549:Abu Mu'in Nasafi
3517:Islamic scholars
3335:
3328:
3321:
3312:
3311:
3300:
3299:Islamic theology
3293:
3286:
3279:
3273:
3216:
3215:
3174:Al-Baz al-Ashhab
3157:
3156:
3045:
3044:
3035:
2773:Ibn Daqiq al-'Id
2570:Ahmad al-Ghumari
2540:Ahmad ibn 'Ajiba
2516:Al-Hasan al-Yusi
2504:Muhammad Mayyara
2402:Ibn Daqiq al-'Id
2306:
2305:
2301:
2293:
2292:Ash'ari scholars
2281:
2277:
2276:
2269:Islam portal
2267:
2266:
2265:
2251:
2242:
2235:
2228:
2219:
2218:
2005:Yusuf al-Nabhani
1379:
1372:
1365:
1356:
1355:
1334:
1308:
1153:, traduzione di
1119:Folia Orientalia
1039:Al-Shahrastānī,
1032:Al-Shahrastānī,
991:al-Shahrastānī,
980:al-Shahrastānī,
968:Alfred Guillaume
958:al-Shahrastānī,
940:
935:
929:
924:
918:
917:
909:
903:
902:
900:
898:
884:
878:
877:
853:
847:
846:
841:. Archived from
831:
825:
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802:
797:
791:
786:
780:
779:
756:
750:
727:
721:
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706:
688:
682:
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657:
502:Religious belief
320:
231:Main interest(s)
111:
110:
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93:
87:
80:
76:
73:
67:
62:this article by
53:inline citations
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3858:Ali-Shir Nava'i
3825:
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3760:Attar Nishapuri
3728:
3609:Hakim Nishapuri
3539:Abu Hafs Nasafi
3512:
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3377:Abu Zayd Balkhi
3345:
3339:
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3135:Ayyubid dynasty
3112:Omar al-Mukhtar
3041:Ash'ari leaders
3036:
3023:
2992:
2967:
2737:Ahmad al-Rifa'i
2609:
2564:Muhammad 'Ilish
2546:Ahmad al-Tijani
2528:Ahmad al-Dardir
2297:
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2291:
2285:
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2046:
1993:
1982:Uways al-Barawi
1946:
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1900:
1847:
1764:
1736:Ibn Daqiq al-Id
1718:Ahmad al-Badawi
1694:
1659:Ahmed al-Rifa`i
1623:
1564:
1500:
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1407:
1388:
1383:
1338:(at-tawhid.net)
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1166:Works in Arabic
1161:pp. 250–9.
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2961:
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2035:Ahmed Kuftaro
2033:
2030:
2027:
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1842:Ibn al-Jazari
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328:
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316:
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268:Muslim leader
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211:Jurisprudence
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158:(province of
157:
146:
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95:
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65:
61:
55:
54:
48:
43:
34:
33:
27:
19:
3800:Rabia Balkhi
3507:
3466:Philosophers
3447:Omar Khayyam
3126:(d. 1382 AH)
3120:(d. 1354 AH)
3114:(d. 1350 AH)
3108:(d. 1300 AH)
2987:Ibn al-Jawzi
2958:Ali al-Jifri
2949:(d. 1434 AH)
2943:(d. 1432 AH)
2937:(d. 1432 AH)
2931:(d. 1379 AH)
2925:(d. 1304 AH)
2919:(d. 1230 AH)
2913:(d. 1132 AH)
2907:(d. 1031 AH)
2749:Ibn al-Salah
2724:
2596:(d. 1425 AH)
2590:(d. 1419 AH)
2584:(d. 1397 AH)
2578:(d. 1393 AH)
2572:(d. 1380 AH)
2566:(d. 1299 AH)
2560:(d. 1276 AH)
2554:(d. 1230 AH)
2548:(d. 1230 AH)
2542:(d. 1224 AH)
2536:(d. 1208 AH)
2530:(d. 1201 AH)
2524:(d. 1122 AH)
2518:(d. 1102 AH)
2512:(d. 1090 AH)
2506:(d. 1072 AH)
2500:(d. 1041 AH)
2494:(d. 1041 AH)
2488:(d. 1036 AH)
2462:Ahmad Zarruq
2414:Ibn Adjurrum
2360:Ibn Barrajan
2324:Al-Baqillani
2160:Ali al-Jifri
1778:(d. 1315/16)
1689:Ibn al-Salah
1640:
1620:(d. 1123/26)
1512:Al-Daraqutni
1427:(791/92–878)
1396:by century (
1337:
1285:
1233:
1226:
1219:
1212:
1208:
1201:
1194:
1187:
1176:
1172:
1154:
1150:
1136:
1132:
1125:
1118:
1111:
1107:
1103:
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1092:
1085:
1058:
1051:
1044:
1040:
1033:
1019:
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1005:
1001:
992:
985:
981:
974:
963:
959:
947:Bibliography
933:
922:
913:
907:
895:. Retrieved
891:
882:
865:
861:
851:
843:the original
829:
816:
806:
795:
784:
764:
754:
730:
725:
697:
686:
662:
655:
639:ruh al-qudus
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
615:
609:
605:
603:
595:
589:
585:
575:
573:
567:
565:
541:
521:
515:
505:
490:
475:
461:
452:
448:
442:
437:
423:
421:
418:
396:
389:al-Nizāmiyya
362:
348:
342:
326:
321:; 1086–1153
310:
309:
259:
253:
203:Shahristān,
154:Shahristān,
120:
78:
69:
50:
26:
3979:1153 deaths
3974:1086 births
3949:Sunni imams
3878:Gawhar Shad
3724:Zamakhshari
3704:Shaykh Tusi
3619:Ibn Mubarak
3508:Shahrastani
3233:Ahl al-Ra'y
3102:(d. 741 AH)
3096:(d. 658 AH)
3090:(d. 635 AH)
3084:(d. 635 AH)
3078:(d. 615 AH)
3072:(d. 589 AH)
3066:(d. 558 AH)
3060:(d. 500 AH)
3054:(d. 485 AH)
3020:(d. 745 AH)
3014:(d. 592 AH)
3008:(d. 524 AH)
2989:(d. 534 AH)
2983:(d. 508 AH)
2901:(d. 977 AH)
2895:(d. 974 AH)
2889:(d. 973 AH)
2887:Al-Sha'rani
2883:(d. 926 AH)
2877:(d. 923 AH)
2871:(d. 918 AH)
2865:(d. 911 AH)
2859:(d. 911 AH)
2853:(d. 902 AH)
2847:(d. 852 AH)
2841:(d. 845 AH)
2835:(d. 833 AH)
2829:(d. 807 AH)
2823:(d. 806 AH)
2817:(d. 794 AH)
2815:Al-Zarkashi
2811:(d. 786 AH)
2805:(d. 771 AH)
2799:(d. 764 AH)
2793:(d. 756 AH)
2787:(d. 742 AH)
2781:(d. 728 AH)
2775:(d. 702 AH)
2769:(d. 685 AH)
2763:(d. 676 AH)
2757:(d. 660 AH)
2751:(d. 643 AH)
2745:(d. 606 AH)
2739:(d. 578 AH)
2733:(d. 571 AH)
2731:Ibn 'Asakir
2727:(d. 548 AH)
2721:(d. 516 AH)
2715:(d. 505 AH)
2709:(d. 502 AH)
2703:(d. 478 AH)
2697:(d. 471 AH)
2691:(d. 476 AH)
2685:(d. 465 AH)
2683:Al-Qushayri
2679:(d. 463 AH)
2673:(d. 458 AH)
2667:(d. 430 AH)
2661:(d. 429 AH)
2655:(d. 427 AH)
2653:Al-Tha'labi
2649:(d. 418 AH)
2643:(d. 406 AH)
2637:(d. 405 AH)
2631:(d. 371 AH)
2625:(d. 354 AH)
2605:Hamza Yusuf
2482:(d. 954 AH)
2476:(d. 953 AH)
2470:(d. 914 AH)
2464:(d. 899 AH)
2458:(d. 876 AH)
2452:(d. 808 AH)
2450:Ibn Khaldun
2446:(d. 803 AH)
2440:(d. 790 AH)
2434:(d. 776 AH)
2428:(d. 741 AH)
2422:(d. 737 AH)
2416:(d. 723 AH)
2410:(d. 709 AH)
2404:(d. 702 AH)
2398:(d. 684 AH)
2392:(d. 672 AH)
2386:(d. 628 AH)
2380:(d. 581 AH)
2374:(d. 544 AH)
2368:(d. 543 AH)
2362:(d. 536 AH)
2356:(d. 536 AH)
2350:(d. 520 AH)
2344:(d. 474 AH)
2338:(d. 458 AH)
2332:(d. 430 AH)
2326:(d. 403 AH)
2320:(d. 386 AH)
2130:Zaid Shakir
2090:(1950–2022)
2084:(1935–2022)
2078:(1944–2017)
2072:(1937–2016)
2066:(1935–2016)
2060:(1932–2015)
2043:(1906–2008)
2037:(1915–2004)
2031:(1908–2002)
2025:(1908–1981)
2019:(1877–1960)
2013:(1879–1952)
2007:(1849–1932)
1990:(1860–1916)
1984:(1847–1909)
1978:(1828–1904)
1976:Shaykh Sufi
1972:(1816–1886)
1966:(1820–1882)
1960:(1784–1860)
1943:(1634–1720)
1920:(1503–1566)
1912:Al-Sha`rani
1897:(1466–1533)
1891:(1420–1520)
1885:(1448–1517)
1879:(1445–1505)
1873:(1428–1497)
1861:(1372–1449)
1844:(1350–1429)
1832:(1335–1404)
1826:(1325–1403)
1820:(1344–1392)
1814:(1322–1390)
1802:(1327–1370)
1796:(1302–1367)
1790:(1284–1355)
1784:(1274–1348)
1756:(1256–1341)
1738:(1228–1302)
1732:(1211–1282)
1726:(1230–1277)
1720:(1200–1276)
1691:(1181–1245)
1685:(1187–1244)
1679:(1156–1233)
1673:(1150–1209)
1667:(1154–1191)
1661:(1119–1183)
1655:(1079–1180)
1647:Ibn `Asakir
1643:(1086–1153)
1637:(1058–1111)
1608:(1028–1085)
1600:Al-Qushayri
1596:(1002–1071)
1576:Al-Tha'labi
1560:Al-Lalika'i
1556:(1003–1083)
1496:Fakr ad-Din
1333:(in French)
897:31 December
868:: 170–171.
379:theologian
64:introducing
3933:Categories
3755:Asadi Tusi
3649:Marghinani
3614:Ibn Hibban
3534:Abu Hanifa
3412:Ibn Hayyan
3387:Ali Qushji
3382:Alfraganus
3350:Scientists
3341:People of
3006:Ibn Tumart
2851:Al-Sakhawi
2839:Al-Maqrizi
2767:Al-Baydawi
2719:Al-Baghawi
2713:Al-Ghazali
2701:Al-Juwayni
2671:Al-Bayhaqi
2629:Ibn Khafif
2623:Ibn Hibban
2510:Ibn 'Ashir
2474:Al-Akhdari
2444:Ibn 'Arafa
2426:Ibn Juzayy
2378:Al-Suhayli
2017:Said Nursî
1871:Al-Sakhawi
1865:Al-Mahalli
1836:Ibn Nuhaas
1806:Ibn Kathir
1782:Al-Dhahabi
1742:Al-Baydawi
1635:Al-Ghazali
1612:Al-Baghawi
1606:Al-Juwayni
1602:(986–1072)
1590:(994–1066)
1588:Al-Bayhaqi
1584:(972–1058)
1582:Al-Mawardi
1538:(935–1025)
1526:(933–1014)
1442:Al-Humaydi
1419:Al-Shafi'i
1349:, v. 1–2:
1269:References
1179:. 2 vols.
1114:, vol. 17.
775:0415054109
668:SUNY Press
381:al-Juwaynī
294:Influenced
282:Al-Juwayni
47:references
3709:Taftazani
3694:Sajawandi
3503:Sijistani
3432:Khwarizmi
3253:Al-Ahbash
3189:Al-Irshad
3012:Ibn Mada'
2981:Ibn 'Aqil
2953:Ali Gomaa
2905:Al-Munawi
2857:Al-Suyuti
2797:Al-Safadi
2761:Al-Nawawi
2641:Ibn Furak
2480:Al-Hattab
2390:Ibn Malik
2354:Al-Maziri
2336:Ibn Sidah
2174:(b. 1982)
2168:(b. 1976)
2162:(b. 1971)
2156:(b. 1970)
2150:(b. 1964)
2144:(b. 1963)
2138:(b. 1960)
2132:(b. 1956)
2126:(b. 1954)
2120:(b. 1952)
2118:Ali Gomaa
2114:(b. 1945)
2108:(b. 1942)
2102:(b. 1931)
2096:(b. 1931)
2051:15th/21st
1998:14th/20th
1951:13th/19th
1934:11th/17th
1926:(d. 1570)
1905:10th/16th
1877:Al-Suyuti
1867:(d. 1460)
1838:(d. 1411)
1812:Taftazani
1808:(d. 1373)
1744:(d. 1319)
1724:Al-Nawawi
1714:(d. 1262)
1708:(d. 1258)
1614:(d. 1122)
1578:(d. 1035)
1550:(d. 1038)
1548:Abu Nuaym
1544:(d. 1037)
1532:(d. 1015)
1530:Ibn Furak
1514:(918–995)
1492:(874–936)
1486:(855–930)
1480:(837–923)
1468:(824–887)
1466:Ibn Majah
1456:(810–870)
1450:(781–857)
1425:Al-Muzani
1236:. Tehran.
1204:. Tehran.
874:892229003
711:cite book
630:uqnumiyya
471:audience.
407:ruler of
131:ruler of
3944:Shafi'is
3780:Ferdowsi
3719:Tirmidhi
3699:Sarakhsi
3679:Qushayri
3654:Maturidi
3599:Ghaznawi
3483:Avicenna
3427:Khojandi
3397:Birjandi
3392:Avicenna
3367:Abu Wafa
3343:Khorasan
3272:Maturidi
3212:See also
3082:Al-Kamil
2973:Hanbalis
2947:Al-Bouti
2615:Shafi'is
2280:Category
1852:9th/15th
1769:8th/14th
1699:7th/13th
1628:6th/12th
1569:5th/11th
1520:(d. 996)
1505:4th/10th
1474:(d. 915)
1472:Al-Nasai
1462:(d. 875)
1444:(d. 834)
1305:25201546
1283:(1992).
1242:See also
870:ProQuest
821:Archived
762:(1991).
747:25201546
610:tajassud
529:Isma'ili
484:Isma'ili
480:Ibn Sina
409:Khurāsān
373:Nīshāpūr
369:Khorasan
205:Khorasan
180:Religion
156:Khorasan
139:Personal
133:Khurāsān
3939:Asharis
3853:Gardizi
3790:Kashifi
3664:Muqatil
3644:Lamishi
3639:Kashifi
3629:Juwayni
3594:Ghazali
3579:Bukhari
3574:Bazdawi
3569:Bayhaqi
3564:Baghavi
3473:Algazel
3422:Khazini
3292:Shafi'i
3070:Saladin
2998:Zahiris
2310:Malikis
2197:Hanbali
1454:Bukhari
1435:3rd/9th
1412:2nd/8th
1321:at the
1181:Leipzig
1133:taqiyya
749:. p. 86
586:mab'uth
537:Imamate
512:Shafi’i
508:Ash'ari
469:Shi`ite
466:Twelver
385:Baghdad
377:Ash`ari
331:Persian
225:Ash'ari
215:Shafi'i
151:1086 CE
60:improve
3815:Sanā'ī
3805:Rudaki
3770:Daqiqi
3765:Behzad
3745:Anvari
3689:Sabuni
3674:Nasa'i
3669:Muslim
3634:Kasani
3584:Dabusi
3559:Ansari
3488:Farabi
3437:Nasawi
3402:Biruni
3285:Maliki
3278:Hanafi
3248:Sufism
3243:Tawhid
3140:Mamluk
2207:Zahiri
2202:Maliki
2192:Hanafi
1303:
1293:
1211:. In:
872:
772:
745:
737:
674:
622:jawhar
618:aqanim
533:taqiya
520:, and
495:Qur’an
462:Majlis
434:UNESCO
405:Saljūq
403:, the
401:Sanjar
393:Persia
347:(lit.
315:Arabic
200:Region
160:Persia
129:Saljūq
127:, the
125:Sanjar
49:, but
3478:Amiri
3457:Sijzi
3238:Kalam
3094:Qutuz
1274:Books
647:Notes
634:sifat
597:da'wa
591:fitra
582:Jesus
556:batin
454:kalam
415:Works
397:Nā’ib
236:Kalam
221:Creed
184:Islam
121:Nā’ib
117:Title
3868:Aufi
3810:Rumi
3785:Jami
3684:Razi
1301:OCLC
1291:ISBN
899:2021
770:ISBN
743:OCLC
735:ISBN
717:link
672:ISBN
577:umma
548:da'i
489:The
474:The
460:The
447:The
365:A.H.
359:Life
171:1153
168:Died
144:Born
1043:. (
962:, (
866:131
612:):
566:In
525:, a
190:Era
3935::
3275:–
1402:AD
1400:/
1398:AH
1346:,
1299:.
890:.
864:.
860:.
837:.
819:.
815:.
741:.
713:}}
709:{{
701:.
666:.
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457:).
355:.
337:,
323:CE
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2241:e
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1378:e
1371:t
1364:v
1307:.
901:.
876:.
778:.
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680:.
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