494:
500:
2668:
3034:
3024:
1538:
Northeast Asian" (ANA), that is, DevilsCave_N, Mongolia_N_North, Boisman_MN, AR_EN (Jeong et al., 2020; Ning et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2021), as well as postâIron Age
Eastern Steppe nomadic people including Xianbei, Rouran, Khitan, and part of the Mongol population. The shared genetic similarity between Ashina and Northeast Eurasians, especially ANA, was also evident in outgroupâf3 statistics (Fig. S5A).
768:
people, and is credited with being the first to introduce
Buddhism to the TĂŒrks. He promoted the construction of a TĂŒrkic Buddhist temple in the Chinese capital city of Chang'an. Despite his promotion of Buddhism in China, it is not known if he himself converted to Buddhism, and it is also uncertain
466:
In spring 565, Emperor Wu sent his brother Yuwen Chun (ćźæçŽ), Yuwen Gui (ćźæèČŽ), Dou Yi (ç«æŻ
) and Yang Jian (æ„èŠ) to lead a ceremonial guard corps to Tujue to welcome back Muqan's daughter for marriage to him. However, when they arrived at Qaghan's headquarters, he turned against the treaty and detained
1537:
In the principal component analysis (PCA) (Figs. 1B, S3), the Ashina individual clustered with modern
Tungusic and Mongolic speakers, ancient populations from Northeast Asia and eastern Mongolia Plateau, and especially with the Northeast Asian hunterâgatherers previously referred to as "Ancient
808:. According to the authors, these findings "once again validates a cultural diffusion model over a demic diffusion model for the spread of Turkic languages" and refutes "the western Eurasian origin and multiple origin hypotheses" in favor of an East Asian origin for the TĂŒrks.
789:, generally meaning "colored glazes", but sometimes translated as "lapis lazuli"-like (implying a blue color), and he had a red complexion. His face was wide. He was characterized as being "tough and fierce", and he was regarded as brave and knowledgeable by the historians.
470:
In spring 568, a major storm at GöktĂŒrks' headquarters inflicted substantial damage, and Muqan Qaghan took it as a sign of divine displeasure at his rescission of the marriage agreement with
Northern Zhou. He therefore returned Yuwen Chun, along with the
1550:
Yang, Xiaomin; Meng, Hailiang; Zhang, Jianlin; Yu, Yao; Allen, Edward; Xia, Ziyang; Zhu, Kongyang; Du, Panxin; Ren, Xiaoying; Xiong, Jianxue; Lu, Xiaoyu; Ding, Yi; Han, Sheng; Liu, Weipeng; Jin, Li (2023-01-09).
1371:"During the reign of Muqan, the TĂŒrks were receptive toward Buddhism, but whether or not it was actually adopted by a substantial number of TĂŒrks or by Muqan himself is not known."
353:'s wife, children and treasure was captured, but he returned to his homeland after the Turks withdrew. As the army prepared to withdraw, Muqan Qaghan gifted Ning 100 slaves, 500 horses, and 10,000 sheep.
816:
Muhan Qaghan's TĂŒrkic wife was childless. This caused difficulties for his son
Talopien, as he was born to a non-Turkic woman who Muhan married as part of diplomatic relations with other states.
447:
In winter 563, the joint forces of
Northern Zhou and Gökturks launched a two-prong attack on Northern Qi, with the northern prong attacking Northern Qi's secondary capital Jinyang (æéœ, in modern
243:
as "mwÎłân ÎłâÎłân", and according to Yutaka
Yoshida and Takao Moriyasu, in the 2nd, 3rd and 5th lines of the B-1 Side and the 3rd lines of the B-2 Side as "mwxân xâÎłân." Turkish researchers
1616:"The problem with this seems to have been that Mukan Kagan's TĂŒrk wife was childless. Talopien was not of a TĂŒrk mother, being the offspring of a marriage of dynastic convenience."
424:, Muqan sent gifts and emissary to establish contacts in 558. At first he wanted to marry his daughter to Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou, however, she was also being courted by
757:
and script were used to govern the empire. The importance of
Sogdians cannot be understated in keeping the early Turks safely outside of the Chinese cultural sphere. The
239:
According to Sergey KljaĆĄtornyj and
Vladimir LivĆĄic, this ruler is mentioned in the 3rd and 5th lines of the Left Side and the 3rd lines of the Front Side of the Sogdian
2517:
2651:
2631:
2596:
800:
ancestry (97,7%) next to minor West-Eurasian components (2,7%), and no
Chinese ("Yellow River") admixture. This supports the Northeast Asian origin of the
2627:
2615:
2588:
2923:
2592:
2387:
1899:
1892:
1323:
350:
428:, which caused Muqan some indecision. Ultimately, Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou took the extra step of dispatching Yang Jian, the Governor of
2974:
2213:
432:, along with Wang Qing (çćș) and others to formally propose the marriage. In fall 563, Northern Zhou entered into an alliance treaty with
2547:
3073:
493:
2667:
283:
in a lateral succession in 553. Upon succession, he appointed his younger brother Ashina Kutou (éżćČéŁćș«é ) as lesser khagan in the east.
2392:
732:
2404:
2893:
2539:
2382:
1705:
736:
Map of the GöktĂŒrk Qaghanate ("First Turkic Khaganate") and contemporary polities, circa 576, at the end of Muqan Qaghan's reign.
3063:
1609:
1426:
1401:
1268:
1215:
1188:
1079:
1007:
1386:"çèČć„ç°ïŒéąć»Łć°șé€ïŒć
¶èČ蔀çïŒçŒè„ççă" "His appearance was strange, his face was broad, his complexion was red, his eyes were like glazes"
761:
and script were used to administer the empire, because it was the only written language in the cities under his control.
1307:
1380:
2908:
2898:
2994:
40:
2322:
3017:
2989:
1348:
425:
303:
3058:
2397:
2350:
687:
421:
310:
as the new khagan of Rouran, settling the Rouran people within Northern Qi territory, at Mayi (銏é, in modern
1181:
Ancient Turkic inscriptions in Mongolia during the Orkhon-Uyghur Khanate period: text-translation-dictionary
475:
he promised Emperor Wu, back to Northern Zhou. Emperor Wu personally welcomed her and created her empress.
1443:
2532:
1698:
824:
437:
323:
2555:
2999:
2302:
1982:
17:
2131:
1260:
781:, was described by Chinese authors as having an unusual appearance. His eyes were described as like
2496:
1917:
1821:
848:
3037:
2360:
2045:
1091:
797:
248:
1074:, Ethnographics Press, Center for Visual Anthropology, University of Southern California, 1991,
2525:
2377:
2365:
2355:
1722:
1691:
1479:, but Buddhists sometimes call lapis-lazuli ç§çç ("blue-green glaze"): "äœæ称äčäžșć ćȘ犻æç§ççïŒć±äșäœæäžćźäčäžă"
899:
778:
546:
44:
1665:
1599:
1106:
2372:
2345:
2312:
2297:
1416:
1297:
777:
According to Chinese sources, Muqan Qaghan's appearance was strange: the third Qaghan of the
1448:. New Delhi: Organising Committee, XXVI International Congress of Orientalists. p. 126.
1107:"A Sketch of the Earliest Mongolic Language: the BrÄhmÄ« Bugut and KhĂŒis Tolgoi Inscriptions"
805:
2869:
2857:
1257:
The History of the Medieval World: From the Conversion of Constantine to the First Crusade
319:
307:
8:
3068:
2580:
2287:
2277:
2085:
1207:
Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present
746:
588:
156:
2784:
2762:
2715:
2703:
2584:
2307:
1553:"Ancient Genome of Empress Ashina reveals the Northeast Asian origin of GöktĂŒrk Khanate"
1552:
1509:"Ancient Genome of Empress Ashina reveals the Northeast Asian origin of GöktĂŒrk Khanate"
3004:
1947:
1864:
1580:
1528:
1476:
1317:
256:
2938:
2849:
2719:
2699:
2317:
2282:
2220:
2090:
1605:
1584:
1572:
1532:
1508:
1422:
1344:
1303:
1264:
1211:
1184:
1157:
1126:
1075:
361:
240:
99:
2853:
2815:
2799:
2758:
2754:
2723:
2695:
2655:
2635:
499:
291:
2559:
2409:
2070:
1957:
1952:
1878:
1564:
1520:
1231:
1177:
Orhon-Uygur hanlıÄı dönemi MoÄolistan'daki eski TĂŒrk yazıtları: metin-çeviri-sözlĂŒk
1118:
758:
754:
698:
645:
577:
385:
191:
173:
2943:
2845:
2727:
2707:
2075:
1450:"Muhan's blue eyes DaniĆmend p.208" * Other blue-eyed Kök-TĂŒrk kings see Eberhard"
3078:
2229:
2174:
2138:
2060:
2055:
1364:
1338:
1205:
656:
555:
389:
381:
338:
208:
2750:
2711:
2549:
1445:
Proceedings Of The Twenty Sixth International Congress Of Orientalists Volume II
2933:
2208:
2203:
2103:
1937:
1906:
1885:
1787:
1764:
820:
793:
506:
472:
441:
429:
409:
377:
108:
1418:
Hunnic Peoples in Central and South Asia: Sources for their Origin and History
1122:
769:
whether or not a substantial number of TĂŒrks were Buddhists during his reign.
244:
3052:
2928:
2903:
2792:
2430:
2292:
2198:
2149:
2080:
1975:
1967:
1871:
1841:
1754:
1714:
1675:
1576:
1383:
1161:
1130:
832:
782:
676:
599:
478:
After Muqan's death in 572 the title of Qaghan passed to his younger brother
433:
417:
373:
346:
224:
72:
1494:
2979:
2501:
2169:
2034:
2027:
2020:
1962:
1846:
1803:
1774:
1769:
1744:
1739:
1658:
1647:
1490:
893:
836:
801:
636:
357:
280:
272:
216:
134:
124:
112:
62:
2013:
416:
in 556, but his death prevented such proposal. After the establishment of
2777:
2235:
2184:
2179:
2154:
2065:
2000:
1995:
1932:
1851:
1831:
1733:
1011:
867:
612:
566:
334:
306:
personally attacked Muqan Qaghan, fighting his army off and then created
299:
228:
1480:
1145:
2948:
2327:
2095:
2006:
1990:
1856:
1836:
1794:
828:
720:
625:
104:
3027:
1568:
1524:
337:. According to the plan, Muqan was to attack Hezhen (near present-day
2969:
2953:
2117:
2110:
413:
365:
1780:
369:
2913:
2445:
2272:
2252:
2124:
796:(551â582) in 2023 by Xiaoming Yang et al. found nearly exclusively
765:
742:
709:
311:
144:
2918:
2562:(includes chieftains, members, noblemen, consorts and descendants)
345:) from north and general Shi Ning (ćČ毧) was to attack Shudun (near
2480:
2470:
1072:
Rulers from the steppe: state formation on the Eurasian periphery
1015:
667:
448:
397:
342:
330:
286:
His accession to power was followed by finishing off remnants of
227:
who expanded their khaganate and secured the borders against the
119:
2506:
2465:
2440:
2425:
2262:
1942:
1810:
1466:"The Kök-TĂŒrk kagan Mu-kan was also depicted with blue eyes..."
750:
537:
528:
517:
479:
460:
456:
452:
393:
315:
295:
287:
220:
181:
1343:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 45.
2475:
2455:
2450:
2435:
2267:
2257:
1927:
1759:
368:, however this battle was largely overseen by Muqan's uncle
1683:
455:) and the southern prong attacking Pingyang (ćčłéœ, in modern
436:
against Northern Qi, part of which involved a promise that
231:, making it the biggest country ever existing at the time.
1462:
A History of Pre-Islamic and Early-Islamic Turkish Culture
2460:
396:. Other tribes of the Central Asia, such as the eastern
167:
792:
A complete genetic analysis of Muqan Qaghan's daughter
298:, which by that point was near its end, surrendered to
1183:] (in Turkish). Ankara: BilgeSu. pp. 67â69.
380:
to the north. This expansion also pushed against the
202:
1340:
Imperial nomads: a history of central Asia, 500-1500
1144:
KljaĆĄtornyj, Sergej G.; LivĆĄic, Vladimir A. (1972).
749:. Sogdian culture was transmitted by merchants from
279:
during his lifetime. He succeeded his elder brother
1389:
2682:
247:, Ahmet TaĆaÄıl, Ahmet Bican ErcilĂąsun as well as
1277:
1143:
3050:
1366:Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae
1150:Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae
898:First khagan of the GöktĂŒrks and founder of the
831:claimed the throne after the death of his uncle
1549:
1369:. Magyar Tudomånyos Akadémia. 1972. p. 78.
839:was ancestor of later Western Turkic Qaghans.
2533:
1699:
1111:International Journal of Eurasian Linguistics
1295:
753:who worked as ambassadors and advisers. The
2833:
1210:. Princeton University Press. p. 115.
290:. Around the new year 554, after defeat of
3023:
2540:
2526:
1706:
1692:
1322:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1146:"The Sogdian Inscription of Bugut Revised"
294:at the hands of GöktĂŒrks, the remnants of
1299:Turko-Mongol rulers, cities and city life
302:to seek protection from Gökturk attacks.
255:and equated him to Bokhanos (ÎÏÏÎ±ÎœÎżÏ) of
1453:
1400:sfnp error: no target: CITEREFWang2018 (
1203:
326:in 555 because of Gökturks' pressure.
251:reconstructed his Turkic regnal name as
1464:. Istanbul: Ănal Matbaasi. p. 116.
1336:
1204:Beckwith, Christopher I. (2009-04-05).
1093:Muqan qaÎłan - Ethno Cultural dictionary
349:). Siege was a success as Tuyuhun king
14:
3051:
1475:The name for lapis-lazuli is normally
1414:
858:
772:
634:
586:
575:
535:
515:
2521:
1687:
1597:
1254:
1174:
1104:
1020:
1006:
996:
984:
974:
970:
966:
956:
951:
941:
929:
919:
915:
903:
892:
882:
866:
862:
741:Muqan's reign marked the pinnacle of
718:
707:
696:
674:
665:
623:
610:
597:
564:
544:
526:
504:
403:
1629:
1557:Journal of Systematics and Evolution
1513:Journal of Systematics and Evolution
1506:
1459:
1441:
1395:
1283:
685:
643:
553:
318:). Eventually last khagan of Rouran
211:: đ«đŒđđ
đŠ đđ
đđ
đŠ, romanized:
195:
160:
2887:and descendants of the YujiulĂŒ clan
1232:"ណOSROW II â Encyclopaedia Iranica"
835:unsuccessfully while his other son
654:
24:
1598:Basan, Osman Aziz (24 June 2010).
25:
3090:
3074:Ashina house of the Turkic Empire
1421:. Barkhuis. p. 83, I.068/A.
3033:
3032:
3022:
2666:
1415:Balogh, DĂĄniel (31 March 2020).
498:
492:
2323:Altyn Tamgan Tarhan inscription
1591:
1543:
1500:
1484:
1469:
1435:
1408:
1374:
1357:
1330:
1289:
1105:Vovin, Alexander (2019-06-18).
467:Yuwen Chun and his attendants.
1666:Khagan of the Turkic Khaganate
1248:
1224:
1197:
1168:
1137:
1098:
1085:
1064:
426:Emperor Wucheng of Northern Qi
186:
13:
1:
2346:Battle of Gol-Zarriun/Bukhara
1057:
764:Muqan Qaghan was friendly to
376:to the east, and annexed the
356:He then further defeated the
3064:6th-century monarchs in Asia
1713:
1601:The Great Seljuqs: A History
1296:Durand-Guedy, David (2013).
1070:Gary Seaman, Daniel Marksm,
954:Third khagan of the GöktĂŒrks
262:
203:
168:
7:
2885:Members, noblemen, consorts
2393:Tang Western Turk campaigns
842:
825:Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou
384:who were driven toward the
10:
3095:
2383:Tang Eastern Turk campaign
2303:Turks in the Tang military
1983:Irbis Ishbara Yabgu Qaghan
1623:
1604:. Routledge. p. 289.
1261:W. W. Norton & Company
1255:Bauer, Susan Wise (2010).
846:
745:cultural influence in the
392:and eventually toward the
333:territory in 556 together
3013:
2962:
2884:
2864:
2840:
2826:
2810:
2791:
2776:
2769:
2745:
2738:
2675:
2664:
2646:
2622:
2610:
2603:
2575:
2568:
2489:
2418:
2336:
2245:
2148:
2044:
1916:
1820:
1721:
1672:
1663:
1655:
1641:
1123:10.1163/25898833-12340008
990:
972:
968:
935:
917:
909:
876:
860:
811:
485:
177:
140:
130:
118:
98:
90:
82:
78:
68:
58:
50:
39:
32:
1918:Western Turkic Khaganate
1822:Eastern Turkic Khaganate
1630:Roux, Jean-Paul (2000).
1497:""çèČć€ć„ç°ïŒéąć»Łć°șé€ïŒć
¶èČç蔀ïŒçŒè„ç çă"
952:Muqan Qaghan (r.553-572)
408:Muqan proposed to marry
215:) was the second son of
2046:Second Turkic Khaganate
798:Ancient Northeast Asian
329:Muqan led an attack on
234:
187:MĂčgÄn KĂšhĂĄn/MĂčhĂ n KĂšhĂĄn
1723:First Turkic Khaganate
1507:Yang, Xiaomin (2023).
1302:. Leiden. p. 41.
1175:Ălmez, Mehmet (2015).
1008:Princess Changle(é·æšć
Źäž»)
900:First Turkic Khaganate
779:First Turkic Khaganate
548:FIRST TURKIC KHAGANATE
400:were also displaced.
45:First Turkic Khaganate
27:Khagan of the GöktĂŒrks
2313:Tonyukuk inscriptions
2298:Shoroon Bumbagar tomb
1337:Kwanten, Luc (1979).
1236:www.iranicaonline.org
364:in 557 together with
196:đŒđŒđŒđŒđŒ đŒđŒđŒđŒđŒ
86:Ashina Yandou (éżćČéŁäżæ€)
2351:GöktĂŒrkâPersian wars
2191:Mengchi Protectorate
2162:Kunling Protectorate
1634:(in French). Fayard.
1263:. pp. 238â241.
733:class=notpageimage|
249:Christopher Beckwith
2497:GöktĂŒrk family tree
2288:Orkhon inscriptions
2278:Old Turkic language
2086:Kutluk Yabgu Khagan
1460:Esin, Emel (1980).
1442:Esin, Emel (1968).
849:GöktĂŒrk family tree
823:became the wife of
773:Physical appearance
275:and was created as
2132:QutluÄ SĂ€bĂ€g Qatun
1948:Tong Yabghu Qaghan
1865:Ashina Jiesheshuai
1632:Histoire des Turcs
444:of Muqan Qaghan.
404:Marriage proposals
257:Menander Protector
3046:
3045:
2880:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2822:
2821:
2806:
2805:
2734:
2733:
2691:
2662:
2661:
2642:
2641:
2563:
2515:
2514:
2378:GöktĂŒrk civil war
2373:GoguryeoâTang War
2318:Ongin inscription
2283:Old Turkic script
2221:Anxi Protectorate
1682:
1681:
1673:Succeeded by
1611:978-1-136-95392-7
1569:10.1111/jse.12938
1525:10.1111/jse.12938
1428:978-94-93194-05-2
1270:978-0-393-05975-5
1217:978-0-691-13589-2
1190:978-9944-795-46-3
1080:978-1-878986-01-6
1054:
1053:
616:
603:
320:YujiulĂŒ Dengshuzi
308:YujiulĂŒ Anluochen
241:Bugut Inscription
201:
166:
150:
149:
16:(Redirected from
3086:
3036:
3035:
3026:
3025:
2838:
2837:
2831:
2830:
2774:
2773:
2743:
2742:
2739:Middle Khaganate
2685:
2680:
2679:
2676:Former Khaganate
2670:
2608:
2607:
2573:
2572:
2554:
2542:
2535:
2528:
2519:
2518:
2410:Battle of Bolchu
2405:Li-Sun rebellion
1958:Sy Yabghu Khagan
1708:
1701:
1694:
1685:
1684:
1656:Preceded by
1639:
1638:
1635:
1617:
1615:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1563:(6): 1056â1064.
1547:
1541:
1540:
1519:(6): 1056â1064.
1504:
1498:
1488:
1482:
1473:
1467:
1465:
1457:
1451:
1449:
1439:
1433:
1432:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1393:
1387:
1378:
1372:
1370:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1321:
1313:
1293:
1287:
1281:
1275:
1274:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1243:
1242:
1228:
1222:
1221:
1201:
1195:
1194:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1141:
1135:
1134:
1102:
1096:
1089:
1083:
1068:
854:
853:
759:Sogdian language
755:Sogdian language
727:
725:
716:
714:
705:
703:
694:
692:
683:
681:
672:
670:
663:
661:
652:
650:
641:
639:
632:
630:
621:
619:
614:
608:
606:
601:
595:
593:
584:
582:
573:
571:
562:
560:
551:
549:
542:
540:
533:
531:
524:
522:
513:
511:
502:
496:
386:Byzantine Empire
372:. He routed the
322:was executed by
206:
200:romanized:
199:
197:
188:
179:
171:
165:romanized:
164:
162:
30:
29:
21:
3094:
3093:
3089:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3084:
3083:
3059:GöktĂŒrk khagans
3049:
3048:
3047:
3042:
3009:
2958:
2886:
2872:
2860:
2827:Later Khaganate
2818:
2811:Re-unified rule
2802:
2787:
2765:
2730:
2684:
2671:
2658:
2647:Re-unified rule
2638:
2618:
2599:
2564:
2553:
2552:of Rouran tribe
2546:
2516:
2511:
2485:
2414:
2338:
2332:
2246:GöktĂŒrk culture
2241:
2230:Tokhara Yabghus
2175:Ashina Yuanqing
2152:
2144:
2139:El Bilga Khatun
2061:Qapaghan Qaghan
2056:Ilterish Qaghan
2048:
2040:
1920:
1912:
1824:
1816:
1725:
1717:
1712:
1678:
1669:
1661:
1651:
1644:
1626:
1621:
1620:
1612:
1596:
1592:
1548:
1544:
1505:
1501:
1489:
1485:
1474:
1470:
1458:
1454:
1440:
1436:
1429:
1413:
1409:
1399:
1394:
1390:
1379:
1375:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1351:
1335:
1331:
1315:
1314:
1310:
1294:
1290:
1282:
1278:
1271:
1253:
1249:
1240:
1238:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1218:
1202:
1198:
1191:
1173:
1169:
1142:
1138:
1103:
1099:
1090:
1086:
1069:
1065:
1060:
1055:
953:
897:
851:
845:
814:
806:GöktĂŒrk Khanate
775:
739:
738:
737:
735:
729:
728:
723:
721:
719:
717:
712:
710:
708:
706:
699:
697:
695:
690:Paleo-Siberians
688:
686:
684:
677:
675:
673:
668:
666:
664:
659:
657:
655:
653:
648:
646:
644:
642:
637:
635:
633:
626:
624:
622:
617:
613:
611:
609:
604:
600:
598:
596:
591:
589:
587:
585:
580:
578:
576:
574:
569:
567:
565:
563:
558:
556:
554:
552:
547:
545:
543:
538:
536:
534:
529:
527:
525:
520:
518:
516:
514:
507:
505:
503:
488:
406:
390:Sassanid Empire
339:Chaka Salt Lake
304:Emperor Wenxuan
265:
237:
161:đ°ąđ°đ°Žđ°Ł:đ°Žđ°đ°Ł
111:
107:
34:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3092:
3082:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3040:
3030:
3020:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2966:
2964:
2963:related people
2960:
2959:
2957:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2890:
2888:
2882:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2874:
2873:
2868:
2866:
2862:
2861:
2844:
2842:
2835:
2828:
2824:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2814:
2812:
2808:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2798:
2796:
2789:
2788:
2783:
2781:
2771:
2767:
2766:
2749:
2747:
2740:
2736:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2694:
2692:
2677:
2673:
2672:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2650:
2648:
2644:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2626:
2624:
2620:
2619:
2614:
2612:
2605:
2601:
2600:
2579:
2577:
2570:
2566:
2565:
2545:
2544:
2537:
2530:
2522:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2493:
2491:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2422:
2420:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2401:
2400:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2369:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2348:
2342:
2340:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2249:
2247:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2239:
2233:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2211:
2209:Ashina Huaidao
2206:
2204:Ashina Huseluo
2201:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2188:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2159:
2157:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2142:
2135:
2128:
2121:
2114:
2107:
2104:Ashina Duoxifu
2099:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2052:
2050:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2038:
2031:
2024:
2017:
2010:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1979:
1971:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1938:Heshana Qaghan
1935:
1930:
1924:
1922:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1910:
1907:Ashina Shibobi
1903:
1896:
1889:
1886:Ashina Nishufu
1882:
1875:
1868:
1860:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1828:
1826:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1814:
1807:
1799:
1798:
1791:
1788:Empress Ashina
1784:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1765:Ishbara Qaghan
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1729:
1727:
1719:
1718:
1711:
1710:
1703:
1696:
1688:
1680:
1679:
1674:
1671:
1662:
1657:
1653:
1652:
1645:
1642:
1637:
1636:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1610:
1590:
1542:
1499:
1483:
1468:
1452:
1434:
1427:
1407:
1398:, p. 190.
1388:
1373:
1356:
1349:
1329:
1309:978-9004257009
1308:
1288:
1276:
1269:
1247:
1223:
1216:
1196:
1189:
1167:
1136:
1117:(1): 162â197.
1097:
1084:
1062:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1052:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1019:
1005:
1002:
1001:
998:
997:
995:
992:
991:
989:
986:
985:
983:
980:
979:
976:
975:
973:
971:
969:
967:
965:
962:
961:
958:
957:
955:
950:
947:
946:
943:
942:
940:
937:
936:
934:
931:
930:
928:
925:
924:
921:
920:
918:
916:
914:
911:
910:
908:
905:
904:
902:
891:
888:
887:
884:
883:
881:
878:
877:
875:
872:
871:
865:
863:
861:
859:
857:
852:
844:
841:
821:Empress Ashina
813:
810:
794:Empress Ashina
774:
771:
747:GöktĂŒrk Empire
731:
730:
497:
491:
490:
489:
487:
484:
405:
402:
292:YujiulĂŒ Kangti
264:
261:
236:
233:
219:and the third
148:
147:
142:
138:
137:
132:
128:
127:
122:
116:
115:
109:Empress Ashina
102:
96:
95:
92:
88:
87:
84:
80:
79:
76:
75:
70:
66:
65:
60:
56:
55:
52:
48:
47:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3091:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3039:
3031:
3029:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3012:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2985:Ashina Yandou
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2975:Ashina Natalu
2973:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2961:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2883:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2836:
2832:
2829:
2825:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2801:
2797:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2779:
2775:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2741:
2737:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2681:
2678:
2674:
2669:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2571:
2569:Pre-khaganate
2567:
2561:
2557:
2551:
2543:
2538:
2536:
2531:
2529:
2524:
2523:
2520:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2488:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2417:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2335:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2293:Orkhon Valley
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2199:Ashina Buzhen
2197:
2196:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2151:
2150:Western Turks
2147:
2140:
2136:
2133:
2129:
2126:
2122:
2119:
2115:
2112:
2108:
2105:
2101:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2081:Tengri Qaghan
2079:
2077:
2076:Yollıg Khagan
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2036:
2032:
2029:
2025:
2022:
2018:
2015:
2011:
2008:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1977:
1976:El Kulug Shad
1973:
1972:
1969:
1968:Ishbara Tolis
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1908:
1904:
1901:
1900:Ashide Fengji
1897:
1894:
1890:
1887:
1883:
1880:
1879:Ashina She'er
1876:
1873:
1872:Ashina Funian
1869:
1866:
1862:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1852:Qilibi Qaghan
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1812:
1808:
1805:
1801:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1789:
1785:
1782:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1755:Taspar Qaghan
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1709:
1704:
1702:
1697:
1695:
1690:
1689:
1686:
1677:
1676:Taspar Qaghan
1668:
1667:
1660:
1654:
1650:
1649:
1643:Muqan Qaghan
1640:
1633:
1628:
1627:
1613:
1607:
1603:
1602:
1594:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1546:
1539:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1503:
1496:
1492:
1487:
1481:
1478:
1472:
1463:
1456:
1447:
1446:
1438:
1430:
1424:
1420:
1419:
1411:
1403:
1397:
1392:
1385:
1382:
1377:
1368:
1367:
1360:
1352:
1346:
1342:
1341:
1333:
1325:
1319:
1311:
1305:
1301:
1300:
1292:
1286:, p. 79.
1285:
1280:
1272:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1251:
1237:
1233:
1227:
1219:
1213:
1209:
1208:
1200:
1192:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1171:
1163:
1159:
1156:(1): 69â102.
1155:
1151:
1147:
1140:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1088:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1067:
1063:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1023:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1004:
1003:
1000:
999:
994:
993:
988:
987:
982:
981:
978:
977:
964:
963:
960:
959:
949:
948:
945:
944:
939:
938:
933:
932:
927:
926:
923:
922:
913:
912:
907:
906:
901:
895:
890:
889:
886:
885:
880:
879:
874:
873:
870:(Grand Yabgu)
869:
864:
856:
855:
850:
840:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
819:His daughter
817:
809:
807:
803:
799:
795:
790:
788:
786:
780:
770:
767:
762:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
734:
726:
715:
704:
702:
693:
691:
682:
680:
671:
662:
651:
640:
631:
629:
620:
607:
594:
583:
572:
561:
550:
541:
532:
523:
512:
510:
501:
495:
483:
481:
476:
474:
468:
464:
462:
458:
454:
450:
445:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
418:Northern Zhou
415:
411:
401:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
354:
352:
348:
347:Gonghe County
344:
340:
336:
332:
327:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
284:
282:
278:
274:
270:
269:Ashina Yandou
260:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
232:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
205:
193:
189:
183:
175:
170:
158:
154:
146:
143:
139:
136:
133:
129:
126:
123:
121:
117:
114:
110:
106:
103:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
74:
73:Taspar Qaghan
71:
67:
64:
61:
57:
53:
49:
46:
42:
38:
33:Muqan Qaghan
31:
19:
3028:Surname list
3005:Puliuru Jian
2984:
2980:Ashina Tumen
2865:Western area
2841:Eastern area
2834:Divided rule
2770:Divided rule
2746:Unified rule
2687:
2683:Unified rule
2623:Western area
2611:Eastern area
2604:Divided rule
2576:Unified rule
2550:YujiulĂŒ clan
2502:Ashina tribe
2337:GöktĂŒrk wars
2170:Ashina Mishe
2091:ĂzmiĆ Khagan
2035:Ashina Tuizi
2028:Tardush Shad
2021:Ashina Duzhi
1963:Duolu Qaghan
1893:Ashide Wenfu
1857:Chebi Qaghan
1847:Illig Qaghan
1842:Chulo Qaghan
1837:Shibi Qaghan
1804:Yangsu Tegin
1775:Tulan Qaghan
1770:Bagha Qaghan
1760:Ashina Anluo
1750:Muqan Qaghan
1749:
1745:Issik Qaghan
1740:Bumin Qaghan
1664:
1659:Issik Qaghan
1646:
1631:
1600:
1593:
1560:
1556:
1545:
1536:
1516:
1512:
1502:
1486:
1471:
1461:
1455:
1444:
1437:
1417:
1410:
1391:
1376:
1365:
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1114:
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1100:
1092:
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1082:, pp. 96â97.
1071:
1066:
894:Bumin Qaghan
837:Yangsu Tegin
818:
815:
802:Ashina tribe
791:
784:
776:
763:
740:
700:
689:
678:
627:
508:
477:
469:
465:
446:
442:the daughter
440:would marry
422:Emperor Ming
410:his daughter
407:
362:near Bukhara
360:to the west
358:Hephthalites
355:
351:Murong Kualu
328:
324:Emperor Gong
285:
281:Issik Khagan
276:
273:Bumin Qaghan
268:
267:He was born
266:
252:
238:
229:Hephthalites
217:Bumin Qaghan
212:
185:
153:Muqan Qaghan
152:
151:
135:Bumin Qaghan
113:Yangsu Tegin
63:Issik Qaghan
3018:Family tree
3000:Tuoba Baoju
2339:and battles
2308:ĂlĂŒĆ system
2236:Turk Shahis
2185:Ashina Zhen
2180:Ashina Xian
2155:Jimi system
2071:BilgÀ Qaǧan
2066:Inel Qaghan
1996:Irbis Seguy
1953:KĂŒlĂŒg Sibir
1933:Niri Qaghan
1832:Yami Qaghan
1734:Ashina Tuwu
1648:Ashina Clan
1396:Wang (2018)
1012:Western Wei
868:Ashina Tuwu
335:Western Wei
300:Northern Qi
271:(éżćČéŁçéœ) to
245:Talat Tekin
213:MuÉŁan QaÉŁan
204:mwxân xâÎłân
169:Muqan QaÎłan
59:Predecessor
3069:572 deaths
3053:Categories
2949:Ru Zhijuan
2904:Zuo Zhaoyi
2328:Qara bodun
2214:Ashina Xin
2096:Ashina Shi
2007:Bagha Shad
1991:Yukuk Shad
1795:Apa Qaghan
1350:0812277503
1241:2018-07-26
1058:References
847:See also:
829:Apa Qaghan
827:. His son
628:ZHANGZHUNG
438:Emperor Wu
157:Old Turkic
105:Apa Qaghan
18:Muhan Khan
2970:Afuzhiluo
2954:Wang Anyi
2934:Chidilian
2870:Dengshuzi
2858:Anluochen
2388:Xueyantuo
2238:(665â870)
2232:(625-758)
2118:Kul Tigin
2111:Kulun Beg
2049:(682â744)
2014:Böri Shad
1921:(581â657)
1825:(581â630)
1726:(552â581)
1585:255690237
1577:1674-4918
1533:255690237
1318:cite book
1284:Roux 2000
1162:0001-6446
1131:2589-8825
660:KHAGANATE
647:BYZANTINE
430:Liangzhou
414:Yuwen Tai
366:Khosrow I
263:Biography
178:æšæćŻæ±/æšæ±ćŻæ±
69:Successor
54:553 â 572
3038:Category
2995:Tuoba Xu
2990:Tuoba Ke
2914:Tuoba Yu
2793:Huaishuo
2785:Poluomen
2763:Poluomen
2716:Tuhezhen
2704:Buluzhen
2652:Heduohan
2632:Heduohan
2597:Disuyuan
2585:Cheluhui
2398:Conquest
2273:Kurultai
2253:Tengrism
2125:Tonyukuk
1715:GöktĂŒrks
1670:554â572
843:Ancestry
804:and the
766:Buddhist
557:SASANIAN
473:daughter
434:GöktĂŒrks
388:and the
312:Shuozhou
225:GöktĂŒrks
145:Tengrism
141:Religion
2850:Dengzhu
2720:Yucheng
2628:Wenheti
2616:Pihouba
2589:Tunugui
2556:Khagans
2481:Elteber
2471:Tarkhan
1624:Sources
1495:vol. 50
1491:Zhoushu
1384:vol. 99
1016:Xianbei
896:(r.552)
743:Sogdian
679:Khitans
669:TUYUHUN
509:Kyrgyzs
449:Taiyuan
398:Bulgars
343:Qinghai
331:Tuyuhun
223:of the
192:Sogdian
174:Chinese
43:of the
3079:Rouran
2924:Ruowen
2899:Zhaoyi
2854:Kangti
2816:Anagui
2800:Anagui
2759:Anagui
2755:Chounu
2724:Doulun
2696:Shelun
2656:Shelun
2636:Shelun
2581:MugulĂŒ
2560:Rouran
2507:Ashide
2490:Family
2466:Khatun
2441:Yabghu
2426:Khagan
2419:Titles
2361:Second
2263:Otuken
2153:under
2001:Hallig
1943:Sheguy
1811:Tamgan
1781:IstÀmi
1608:
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1531:
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1381:Beishi
1347:
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1129:
1078:
833:Taspar
812:Family
783:"çç" (
751:Turpan
722:TOCHA-
701:Tungus
649:EMPIRE
615:NORTH.
602:NORTH.
592:GUPTAS
579:CHALU-
568:ALCHON
559:EMPIRE
539:CHENLA
486:Legacy
480:Taspar
461:Shanxi
457:Linfen
453:Shanxi
394:Danube
378:Kyrgyz
374:Khitan
370:Istami
316:Shanxi
296:Rouran
288:Rouran
221:khagan
209:Rouran
184::
182:pinyin
176::
131:Father
125:Ashina
41:Qaghan
2944:Furen
2894:Puhun
2846:Tiefa
2778:Xihai
2728:Nagai
2708:Datan
2688:fanli
2654:&
2634:&
2476:Ishad
2456:Tudun
2451:Boyla
2446:Bagha
2436:Tegin
2366:Third
2356:First
2268:Suyab
2258:Asena
1928:Tardu
1581:S2CID
1529:S2CID
1179:[
785:liĂșli
724:RIANS
711:GOGU-
590:LATER
519:CHAM-
382:Avars
277:irkin
253:Buqan
120:House
100:Issue
51:Reign
2929:Ruru
2909:Gong
2795:rule
2780:rule
2751:Futu
2712:Wuti
2700:HulĂŒ
2593:Bati
2548:The
2431:Shad
1606:ISBN
1573:ISSN
1423:ISBN
1402:help
1345:ISBN
1324:link
1304:ISBN
1265:ISBN
1212:ISBN
1185:ISBN
1158:ISSN
1127:ISSN
1076:ISBN
713:RYEO
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638:CHEN
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581:KYAS
570:HUNS
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235:Name
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1477:ééćČ©
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