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takes the representation made from syntax analysis and applies semantic rules to the representation to make sure that the program meets the semantic rules requirements of the language. For example, in the example below at the stage of semantic analysis if the language required that conditions on
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This stage of a multi-pass compiler is to remove irrelevant information from the source program that syntax analysis will not be able to use or interpret. Irrelevant information could include things like comments and white space. In addition to removing the irrelevant information, the lexical
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Other passes of compiler include intermediate code generation phase which takes place before code generation and code optimization phase which can take place when the source program is written, or after intermediate code generation phase, or after code generation phase.
39:, which traverses the program only once. Each pass takes the result of the previous pass as the input, and creates an intermediate output. In this way, the (intermediate) code is improved pass by pass, until the final pass produces the final code.
204:: Multiple passes obviate the need for forward declarations, allowing mutual recursion to be implemented elegantly. The prime examples of languages requiring forward declarations due to the requirement of being compilable in a single pass include
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is generally not necessary if a multi-pass compiler is used. This phase is focused on breaking a sequence of characters into tokens with attributes such as kind, type, value, and potentially others, as well.
46:, referring to the greater scope of the passes: they can "see" the entire program being compiled, instead of just a small portion of it. The wider scope thus available to these compilers allows better
198:: Since the multiple passes include a modular structure, and the code generation decoupled from the other steps of the compiler, the passes can be reused for different hardware/machines.
50:(e.g. smaller code size, faster code) compared to the output of one-pass compilers, at the cost of higher compiler time and memory consumption. In addition, some
92:), and building some intermediate representation of the language. An example of this intermediate representation could be something like an
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of a typical compiler converts the intermediate representation of program into an executable set of instructions (often
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Syntax analysis is responsible for looking at syntax rules of the language (often as a
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Grune, Dick; van
Reeuwijk, Kees; Bal, Henri; Jacobs, Ceriel; Langendoen, Koen (2012).
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In addition to performing semantic analysis at this stage of compilation, often
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analysis determines the lexical tokens of the language. This step means that
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would be type-checked to make sure it would be a valid boolean expression.
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done at this stage of compilation that make the program more efficient.
237:(Second ed.). Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Springer. p. 27.
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cannot be compiled in a single pass, as a result of their design.
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Understanding and
Writing Compilers: A Do It Yourself Guide
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of a program several times. This is in contrast to a
280:, Department of Computer Science, Aalborg University
164:are created in order to assist in code generation.
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278:Languages and Compilers SProg og Overseattere
42:Multi-pass compilers are sometimes called
116:statements were boolean expressions the
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216:does not have forward declarations.
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191:Advantages of multi-pass compilers
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266:, Macmillan Publishing, 1979.
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58:Typical multi-pass compiler
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202:More Expressive Languages
16:Software development tool
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235:Modern Compiler Design
98:directed acyclic graph
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94:abstract syntax tree
90:context-free grammar
33:abstract syntax tree
196:Machine Independent
77:forward declaration
27:that processes the
21:multi-pass compiler
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244:978-1-4939-4472-9
109:Semantic analysis
104:Semantic analysis
37:one-pass compiler
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220:References
212:, whereas
295:Compilers
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289:Category
177:assembly
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210:Pascal
96:or a
268:ISBN
239:ISBN
214:Java
208:and
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