Multiple sclerosis

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antibody bands. A majority of these oligoclonal bands do have an affinity to the viral protein EBNA1, which is cross-reactive to GlialCAM. These antibodies are abundant in approximately 20–25% of multiple sclerosis patients and worsen the autoimmune demyelination which leads consequently to an pathophysiological exacerbation of the disease. Furthermore, the intrathecal oligoclonal expansion with a constant somatic hypermutation is unique in multiple sclerosis when compared to other neuroinflammatory diseases. In the study there was also the abundance of antibodies with IGHV 3–7 genes measured, which appears to be connected to the disease progress. Antibodies which are IGHV3–7-based are binding with a high affinity to EBNA1 and GlialCAM. This process is actively thriving the demyelination. It is probable that B-cells, expressing IGHV 3–7 genes entered the CSF and underwent affinity maturation after facing GlialCAM, which led consequently to the production of high affinity anti-GlialCAM antibodies. This was additionally shown in the EAE mouse model where immunization with EBNA1 lead to a strong B-cell response against GlialCAM, which worsened the EAE.

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level. Studies investigating information provision in support of patient understanding and participation suggest that while interventions (written information, decision aids, coaching, educational programmes) may increase knowledge, the evidence of an effect on decision making and quality of life is mixed and low certainty. There is limited evidence for the overall efficacy of individual therapeutic disciplines, though there is good evidence that specific approaches, such as exercise, and psychological therapies are effective. Cognitive training, alone or combined with other neuropsychological interventions, may show positive effects for memory and attention though firm conclusions are not possible given small sample numbers, variable methodology, interventions and outcome measures. The effectiveness of

2309: 963:. These cells are resident to & keep watch over the CNS, responding to pathogens by shifting between pro- & anti-inflammatory states. Microglia have been shown to be involved in the formation of MS lesions and have been shown to be involved in other diseases that primarily affect the CNS white matter. Although, because of their ability to switch between pro- & anti-inflammatory states, microglia have also been shown to be able to assist in remyelination & subsequent neuron repair. As such, microglia are thought to be participating in both acute & chronic MS lesions, with 40% of phagocytic cells in early active MS lesions being proinflammatory microglia. 2469: 1019: 2685: 389: 153: 2278: 972: 956:(antibodies produced by B-cells) in the CSF of patients with MS. The presence of these oligoclonal bands has been used as supportive evidence in clinching a diagnosis of MS. As similarly described before, B-cells can also produce cytokines that induce an inflammatory immune response via activation of autoreactive T-cells. As such, higher levels of these autoreactive B-cells is associated with increased number of lesions & neurodegeneration as well as worse disability. 1339: 2177:, although percentages vary depending on how alternative medicine is defined. Regarding the characteristics of users, they are more frequently women, have had MS for a longer time, tend to be more disabled and have lower levels of satisfaction with conventional healthcare. The evidence for the effectiveness for such treatments in most cases is weak or absent. Treatments of unproven benefit used by people with MS include dietary supplementation and regimens, 915: 2250:

progressive forms of MS. The prognosis for progressive MS is worse, with faster accumulation of disability, though with considerable individual variation. In untreated PPMS, the median time from onset to requiring a walking aid is estimated as seven years. In SPMS, a 2014 cohort study reported that people required a walking aid after an average of five years from onset of SPMS, and were chair or bed-bound after an average of fifteen years.

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progressive (SP), primary progressive (PP), and progressive relapsing (PR). In 2010, PR was dropped and CIS was incorporated. Three years later, the 2013 revision of the "phenotypes for the disease course" were forced to consider CIS as one of the phenotypes of MS, making obsolete some expressions like "conversion from CIS to MS". Other organizations have proposed later new clinical phenotypes, like HAMS (Highly Active MS).

25: 1512:, is the usual therapy, with oral corticosteroids seeming to have a similar efficacy and safety profile. Although effective in the short term for relieving symptoms, corticosteroid treatments do not appear to have a significant impact on long-term recovery. The long-term benefit is unclear in optic neuritis as of 2020. The consequences of severe attacks that do not respond to corticosteroids might be treatable by 121: 488:, an electrical sensation that runs down the back when bending the neck, are particularly characteristic of MS, although may not always be present. Another presenting manifestation that is rare but highly suggestive of a demyelinating process such as MS is bilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia, where the patient experiences double vision when attempting to move their gaze to the right & left. 2884: 779: 1158: 1150: 633:

mechanism, autoreactive B-cells in the bone marrow are killed. Some autoreactive T-cells & B-cells may escape these defense mechanisms, which is where peripheral immune tolerance defenses take action by preventing them from causing disease. However, these additional lines of defense can still fail. Further detail on immune dysregulation's contribution to MS risk is provided in the

685: 1105:, and more activation of cytokines and other destructive proteins. Inflammation can potentially reduce transmission of information between neurons in at least three ways. The soluble factors released might stop neurotransmission by intact neurons. These factors could lead to or enhance the loss of myelin, or they may cause the axon to break down completely. 351:. Nearly one million people in the United States had MS in 2022, and in 2020, about 2.8 million people were affected globally, with rates varying widely in different regions and among different populations. The disease usually begins between the ages of 20 and 50 and is twice as common in women as in men. MS was first described in 1868 by French neurologist 2044: 2410:(1791–1873), a French professor of pathologic anatomy, described and illustrated many of the disease's clinical details, but did not identify it as a separate disease. Specifically, Carswell described the injuries he found as "a remarkable lesion of the spinal cord accompanied with atrophy". Under the microscope, Swiss pathologist 2384: 676:, which is the most consistent marker of EBV infection across all strains, has been identified as a direct source of autoreactivity in the human body. These antigens appear to be more likely to promote autoimmune responses in a person who also has a vitamin D deficiency. The exact nature of this relationship is poorly understood. 2217:. Evidence suggests vitamin D supplementation, irrespective of the form and dose, provides no benefit for people with MS; this includes for measures such as relapse recurrence, disability, and MRI lesions while effects on health‐related quality of life and fatigue are unclear. There is insufficient evidence supporting high-dose 1046:, takes place in early phases of the disease, but the oligodendrocytes are unable to completely rebuild the cell's myelin sheath. Repeated attacks lead to successively less effective remyelinations, until a scar-like plaque is built up around the damaged axons. These scars are the origin of the symptoms and during an attack 555:, exacerbations, bouts, attacks, or flare-ups) followed by improvement (85% of cases) or as a gradual worsening over time without periods of recovery (10–15% of cases). A combination of these two patterns may also occur or people may start in a relapsing and remitting course that then becomes progressive later on. 340:, along with patient-centered symptom management, can help with people's ability to function. The long-term outcome is difficult to predict; better outcomes are more often seen in women, those who develop the disease early in life, those with a relapsing course, and those who initially experienced few attacks. 2370:

may be increasing. As of 2020, globally it is about two times more common in women than in men, and the ratio of women to men with MS is as high as 4:1 in some countries. In children, it is even more common in females than males, while in people over fifty, it affects males and females almost equally.

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localize the reactivation of autoreactive effector CD4-T cells once they have entered the CNS, attracting more T cells and macrophages to form the inflammatory lesion. In MS patients, macrophages and microglia assemble at locations where demyelination and neurodegeneration are actively occurring, and

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1 protein, which at the same time is able to bind to GlialCAM in the myelin. Additionally, they observed a phenomenon which is uncommon in healthy individuals but often detected in multiple sclerosis patients – B-cells are trafficking to the brain and spinal cord, where they are producing oligoclonal

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levels have been proposed as potential explanations. As such, those who live in northern regions of the world are thought to have less exposure to UVB radiation and subsequently lower levels of vitamin D, which is a known risk factor for developing MS. Inversely, those who live in areas of relatively

620:(EBV) has been shown to be directly present in the brain of most cases of MS and the virus is transcriptionally active in infected cells. EBV nuclear antigens are believed to be involved in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis, but not all people with MS have signs of EBV infection. Dozens of human 1560:

The relative effectiveness of different treatments is unclear, as most have only been compared to placebo or a small number of other therapies. Direct comparisons of interferons and glatiramer acetate indicate similar effects or only small differences in effects on relapse rate, disease progression,

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SPMS occurs in around 65% of those with initial RRMS, who eventually have progressive neurologic decline between acute attacks without any definite periods of remission. Occasional relapses and minor remissions may appear. The most common length of time between disease onset and conversion from RRMS

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Medications that influence voltage-gated sodium ion channels are under investigation as a potential neuroprotective strategy because of hypothesized role of sodium in the pathological process leading to axonal injury and accumulating disability. There is insufficient evidence of an effect of sodium

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Even though a variety of studies showed the connection between an EBV infection and a later development of multiple sclerosis, the mechanisms behind this correlation are not completely clear, and several theories have been proposed to explain the relationship between the two diseases. It is thought

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During the 20th century, theories about the cause and pathogenesis were developed and effective treatments began to appear in the 1990s. Since the beginning of the 21st century, refinements of the concepts have taken place. The 2010 revision of the McDonald criteria allowed for the diagnosis of MS

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MS usually appears in adults in their late twenties or early thirties but it can rarely start in childhood and after 50 years of age. The primary progressive subtype is more common in people in their fifties. Similarly to many autoimmune disorders, the disease is more common in women, and the trend

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are predictive of a worse course, though brain atrophy as a predictor of disease course is experimental and not used in clinical practice. Early treatment leads to a better prognosis, but a higher relapse frequency when treated with DMTs is associated with a poorer prognosis. A 60-year longitudinal

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After diagnosis of MS, characteristics that predict a worse course are male sex, older age, and greater disability at the time of diagnosis; female sex is associated with a higher relapse rate. Currently, no biomarker can accurately predict disease progression in every patient. Spinal cord lesions,

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PPMS occurs in roughly 10–20% of individuals with the disease, with no remission after the initial symptoms. It is characterized by progression of disability from onset, with no, or only occasional and minor, remissions and improvements. The usual age of onset for the primary progressive subtype is

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of an affected individual has a 30% chance of developing MS, 5% for a nonidentical twin, 2.5% for a sibling, and an even lower chance for a half sibling. If both parents are affected, the risk in their children is 10 times that of the general population. MS is also more common in some ethnic groups

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Diagnosis was based on Charcot triad and clinical observation until Schumacher made the first attempt to standardize criteria in 1965 by introducing some fundamental requirements: Dissemination of the lesions in time (DIT) and space (DIS), and that "signs and symptoms cannot be explained better by

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The prognosis of MS depends on the subtype of the disease, and there is considerable individual variation in the progression of the disease. In relapsing MS, the most common subtype, a 2016 cohort study found that after a median of 16.8 years from onset, one in ten needed a walking aid, and almost

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being of mostly historical significance. The McDonald criteria states that patients with multiple sclerosis should have lesions which are disseminated in time (DIT) and disseminated in space (DIS), i.e. lesions which have appeared in different areas in the brain and at different times. Below is an

2498:, may be one of the first clearly identifiable people with MS. From the age of 16 until her death at 53, she had intermittent pain, weakness of the legs and vision loss: symptoms typical of MS. Both cases have led to the proposal of a "Viking gene" hypothesis for the dissemination of the disease. 2358:

of 36 per 100,000 people. Moreover, prevalence varies widely in different regions around the world. In Africa, there are five people per 100,000 diagnosed with MS, compared to South East Asia where the prevalence is nine per 100,000, 112 per 100,000 in the Americas, and 133 per 100,000 in Europe.

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approach is important for improving quality of life; however, it is difficult to specify a 'core team' as many health services may be needed at different points in time. Multidisciplinary rehabilitation programs increase activity and participation of people with MS but do not influence impairment

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dysfunction, while the remaining 25% have more than one of the previous difficulties. Regarding optic neuritis as the most common presenting symptom, people with MS notice sub-acute loss of vision, often associated with pain worsening on eye movement, and reduced colour vision. Early diagnosis of

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or coordination. MS takes several forms, with new symptoms either occurring in isolated attacks (relapsing forms) or building up over time (progressive forms). In relapsing forms of MS, between attacks, symptoms may disappear completely, although some permanent neurological problems often remain,

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have several adverse effects. One of the most common is irritation at the injection site for glatiramer acetate and the interferons (up to 90% with subcutaneous injections and 33% with intramuscular injections). Over time, a visible dent at the injection site, due to the local destruction of fat

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Independently of the types published by the MS associations, regulatory agencies such as the FDA often consider special courses, trying to reflect some clinical trials results on their approval documents. Some examples could be "highly active MS" (HAMS), "active secondary MS" (similar to the old

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and infects about 95% of adults, though only a small proportion of those infected later develop MS. A study of more than 10 million US military members compared 801 people who developed MS to 1,566 matched controls who did not develop MS. The study found a 32-fold increased risk of developing MS

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In 1996, the US National Multiple Sclerosis Society (NMSS) (Advisory Committee on Clinical Trials) defined the first version of the clinical phenotypes that is in use. In this first version they provided standardized definitions for four MS clinical courses: relapsing-remitting (RR), secondary

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The spasticity associated with MS can be difficult to manage because of the progressive and fluctuating course of the disease. Although there is no firm conclusion on the efficacy in reducing spasticity, PT interventions can be a safe and beneficial option for patients with multiple sclerosis.

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Although no cure for multiple sclerosis has been found, several therapies have proven helpful. Several effective treatments can decrease the number of attacks and the rate of progression. The primary aims of therapy are returning function after an attack, preventing new attacks, and preventing

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CIS can be characterised as a single lesion seen on MRI which is associated with signs or symptoms found in MS. Due to the McDonald criteria, it does not completely fit the criteria to be diagnosed as MS, hence being named "clinically isolated syndrome". CIS can be seen as the first episode of

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Failure of both central and peripheral nervous system clearance of autoreactive immune cells is implicated in the development of MS. The thymus is responsible for the immune system's central tolerance, where autoreactive T-cells are killed without being released into circulation. Via a similar

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levels have also been correlated with MS; lower levels of vitamin D correspond to an increased risk of MS, suggesting a reduced prevalence in the tropics – an area with more Vitamin D-rich sunlight – strengthening the impact of geographical location on MS development. MS mechanisms begin when

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Environmental factors may play a role during childhood, with several studies finding that people who move to a different region of the world before the age of 15 acquire the new region's risk of MS. If migration takes place after age 15, the persons retain the risk of their home country. Some

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may also prevent relapses. Evidence on relative effectiveness in reducing disability progression is unclear. There is moderate confidence that a two-year treatment with natalizumab slows disability progression for people with RRMS. All medications are associated with adverse effects that may

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that induce an inflammatory immune response in the CNS, leading to the development of the disease. More recently, however, the role of autoreactive B-cells has been elucidated. Evidence of their contribution to the development of MS is implicated through the presence of oligoclonal IgG bands

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In addition to secondary progressive MS (SPMS), a small proportion of people with MS (10–15%) experience progressive decline from the onset, known as primary progressive MS (PPMS). Most treatments have been approved for use in relapsing MS; there are fewer treatments with lower efficacy for

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Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease with a combination of genetic and environmental causes underlying it. Both T-cells and B-cells are involved, although T-cells are often considered to be the driving force of the disease. The causes of the disease are not fully understood. The

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1 clinical attack with MRI showing 1 lesion characteristic of MS, with DIS established by an additional attack at a different CNS site or by MRI showing old MS lesion(s), and DIT established by an additional attack, by MRI showing old MS lesion(s), or presence of oligoclonal bands in

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system that prevents the entry of T cells into the central nervous system. It may become permeable to these types of cells secondary to an infection by a virus or bacteria. After it repairs itself, typically once the infection has cleared, T cells may remain trapped inside the brain.

934:. These features interact in a complex and not yet fully understood manner to produce the breakdown of nerve tissue, and in turn, the signs and symptoms of the disease. Damage is believed to be caused, at least in part, by attack on the nervous system by a person's own immune system. 1557:, is not yet entirely clear. Making firm conclusions about the best treatment is difficult, especially regarding the long‐term benefit and safety of early treatment, given the lack of studies directly comparing disease-modifying therapies or long-term monitoring of patient outcomes. 946:

of this article, MS is currently thought to stem from a failure of the body's immune system to kill off autoreactive T-cells & B-cells. Currently, the T-cell subpopulations that are thought to drive the development of MS are autoreactive CD8+ T-cells, CD4+ helper T-cells, and

2616:-W) family, namely, ERVWE1 and MS-associated retrovirus (MSRV), may be co-factors in MS immunopathogenesis. HERVs constitute up to 8% of the human genome; most are epigenetically silent, but can be reactivated by exogenous viruses, proinflammatory conditions or oxidative stress. 563:

Relapses are usually unpredictable, occurring without warning. Exacerbations rarely occur more frequently than twice per year. Some relapses, however, are preceded by common triggers and they occur more frequently during spring and summer. Similarly, viral infections such as the

2648:, mainly overlapping with the Marburg variant. Anti-MOG autoantibodies were found to be also present in ADEM, and a second spectrum of separated diseases is being considered. This spectrum is named inconsistently across different authors, but it is normally something similar to 2718:(PET) or MRI carry a promise for better diagnosis and prognosis predictions. Regarding MRI, there are several techniques that have already shown some usefulness in research settings and could be introduced into clinical practice, such as double-inversion recovery sequences, 2148:

has shown to be moderately effective for reducing MS fatigue. The evidence for the effectiveness of non-pharmacological interventions for chronic pain is insufficient to recommend such interventions alone, however their use in combination with medications may be reasonable.

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in addition to standard care is uncertain, due to lack of evidence. The effectiveness of interventions, including exercise, specifically for the prevention of falls in people with MS is uncertain, while there is some evidence of an effect on balance function and mobility.

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are not well understood. MS fatigue can be affected by body heat, and this may differentiate MS fatigue from other primary fatigue. Fatigability (loss of strength) may increase perception of fatigue, but the two measures warrant independent assessment in clinical studies.

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One emerging hypothesis, referred to as the hygiene hypothesis, suggests that early-life exposure to infectious agents helps to develop the immune system and reduces susceptibility to allergies and autoimmune disorders. The hygiene hypothesis has been linked with MS and

2872:, tracing MS-risk gene variants dating back around 5,000 years. The MS-risk gene variants protected ancient cattle herders from animal diseases, but modern lifestyles, diets and better hygiene, have allowed the gene to develop, resulting in the higher risk of MS today. 1050:(MRI) often shows more than 10 new plaques. This could indicate that some number of lesions exist, below which the brain is capable of repairing itself without producing noticeable consequences. Another process involved in the creation of lesions is an abnormal 1481:

The first approved medications used to treat MS were modestly effective, though were poorly tolerated and had many adverse effects. Several treatment options with better safety and tolerability profiles have been introduced, improving the prognosis of MS.

2516:, almost certainly had MS. D'Este left a detailed diary describing his 22 years living with the disease. His diary began in 1822 and ended in 1846, although it remained unknown until 1948. His symptoms began at age 28 with a sudden transient visual loss ( 2246:

two in ten transitioned to secondary progressive MS, a form characterized by more progressive decline. With treatments available in the 2020s, relapses can be eliminated or substantially reduced. However, "silent progression" of the disease still occurs.

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Central vein signs (CVSs) have been proposed as a good indicator of MS in comparison with other conditions causing white lesions. One small study found fewer CVSs in older and hypertensive people. Further research on CVS as a biomarker for MS is ongoing.

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The availability of treatments that modify the course of multiple sclerosis beginning in the 1990s, known as disease-modifying therapies (DMTs), has improved prognosis. These treatments can reduce relapses and slow progression, but there is no cure.

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Physical therapy including vibration interventions, electrical stimulation, exercise therapy, standing therapy, and radial shock wave therapy (RSWT), were beneficial for limiting spasticity, helping limit excitability, or increasing range of motion.

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van den Akker LE, Beckerman H, Collette EH, Eijssen IC, Dekker J, de Groot V (November 2016). "Effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy for the treatment of fatigue in patients with multiple sclerosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis".

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In 2011, mitoxantrone was the first medication approved for secondary progressive MS. In this population, tentative evidence supports mitoxantrone moderately slowing the progression of the disease and decreasing rates of relapses over two years.

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Treatment of CIS with interferons decreases the chance of progressing to clinical MS. Efficacy of interferons and glatiramer acetate in children has been estimated to be roughly equivalent to that of adults. The role of some newer agents such as

2791:. The promising drug is currently being researched on humans in the Octopus trials, a multi-arm, multi-stage trial, focussed on testing existing drugs for other conditions on patients with MS. Currently, clinical trials on humans are ongoing in 2770:

The hospitalization rate was found to be higher among individuals with MS and COVID-19 infection, at 10%, while the pooled infection rate is estimated at 4%. The pooled prevalence of death in hospitalized individuals with MS is estimated as 4%.

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seven years shorter than the general population. Median life expectancy for RRMS patients was 77.8 years and 71.4 years for PPMS, compared to 81.8 years for the general population. Life expectancy for men was five years shorter than for women.

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Our findings also support the interpretation of increased pathogen pressure as a driver of positive selection on immunogenetic variants associated with risk of the autoimmune disease multiple sclerosis in Steppe populations around 5,000 years

1350:(commonly termed "types"), or patterns of progression, have been described. Phenotypes use the past course of the disease in an attempt to predict the future course. They are important not only for prognosis, but also for treatment decisions. 14244: 10081: 2103:. Tentative evidence supports the short-term safety of teriflunomide, with common side effects including: headaches, fatigue, nausea, hair loss, and limb pain. There have also been reports of liver failure and PML with its use and it is 3596:, Reingold SC (April 1996). "Defining the clinical course of multiple sclerosis: results of an international survey. National Multiple Sclerosis Society (USA) Advisory Committee on Clinical Trials of New Agents in Multiple Sclerosis". 2005:

clinical trials. It is also used for the treatment of relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis, to include clinically isolated syndrome, relapsing-remitting disease, and active secondary progressive disease in adults. According to a 2021

8537: 8756:"Practice guideline recommendations summary: Disease-modifying therapies for adults with multiple sclerosis: Report of the Guideline Development, Dissemination, and Implementation Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology" 2633:

MS is a clinically defined entity with several atypical presentations. Some auto-antibodies have been found in atypical MS cases, giving birth to separate disease families and restricting the previously wider concept of MS.

463:), fatigue, and bladder and bowel difficulties (such as urinary or fecal incontinence or retention), among others. When multiple sclerosis is more advanced, walking difficulties can occur and the risk of falling increases. 2064:; some people taking glatiramer experience a post-injection reaction with flushing, chest tightness, heart palpitations, and anxiety, which usually lasts less than thirty minutes. More dangerous but much less common are 9679: 6746:

Christogianni A, O'Garro J, Bibb R, Filtness A, Filingeri D (November 2022). "Heat and cold sensitivity in multiple sclerosis: A patient-centred perspective on triggers, symptoms, and thermal resilience practices".

9800:"Evidence Report: The efficacy and safety of mitoxantrone (Novantrone) in the treatment of multiple sclerosis: Report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology" 1263:. Red flags are findings that suggest an alternate diagnosis, although they do not rule out MS. Red flags include a patient younger than 15 or older than 60, less than 24 hours of symptoms, involvement of multiple 550:

spectrum disorder (NMOSD), and other autoimmune or infectious conditions. The course of symptoms occurs in two main patterns initially: either as episodes of sudden worsening that last a few days to months (called

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being increasingly used in research. EDSS is also correlated with falls in people with MS. While it is a popular measure, EDSS has been criticized for some of its limitations, such as relying too much on walking.

14706: 14691: 14676: 5554: 2424:(1825–1893) was the first person to recognize multiple sclerosis as a distinct disease in 1868. Summarizing previous reports and adding his own clinical and pathological observations, Charcot called the disease 899:

have been found in people with MS. This has led to the theory that uric acid is protective, although its exact importance remains unknown. Obesity during adolescence and young adulthood is a risk factor for MS.

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New approved medications continue to emerge. In March 2017, the FDA approved ocrelizumab as a treatment for primary progressive MS in adults, the first drug to gain that approval, with requirements for several

14131:"A metformin add-on clinical study in multiple sclerosis to evaluate brain remyelination and neurodegeneration (MACSiMiSE-BRAIN): study protocol for a multi-center randomized placebo controlled clinical trial" 2573:

is actively investigated, as are disease-modifying therapies; understanding of how risk factors combine with EBV to initiate MS is sought. Whether EBV is the only cause of MS might be better understood if an

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No cure for multiple sclerosis is known. Current treatments are aimed at mitigating inflammation and resulting symptoms from acute flares and prevention of further attacks with disease-modifying medications.

2730:. These techniques are more specific for the disease than existing ones, but still lack some standardization of acquisition protocols and the creation of normative values. This is particularly the case for 2590:

antibodies, which appear to be significantly higher in multiple sclerosis patients, play a crucial role in the development of the disease. This is supported by the fact that treatment against B-cells, e.g.

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Miller D, Barkhof F, Montalban X, Thompson A, Filippi M (May 2005). "Clinically isolated syndromes suggestive of multiple sclerosis, part I: natural history, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and prognosis".

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helps timely initiation of targeted treatments. However, it is crucial to adhere to established diagnostic criteria when treating optic neuritis due to the broad range of alternative causes, such as

5541: 728:(MHC). The contribution of HLA variants to MS susceptibility has been known since the 1980s, and this same region has also been implicated in the development of other autoimmune diseases, such as 2659:

auto-antibodies which damage the Ranvier nodes of the neurons. These antibodies are more related to the peripheral nervous demyelination, but they were also found in chronic progressive PPMS and

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1 clinical attack with MRI showing at least 2 lesions characteristic of MS, with DIT established by an additional attack, by MRI showing old MS lesion(s), or presence of oligoclonal bands in CSF.

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Etoom M, Khraiwesh Y, Lena F, et al. (November 2018). "Effectiveness of Physiotherapy Interventions on Spasticity in People With Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis".

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Bjornevik K, Cortese M, Healy BC, Kuhle J, Mina MJ, Leng Y, et al. (January 2022). "Longitudinal analysis reveals high prevalence of Epstein-Barr virus associated with multiple sclerosis".

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Barrie W, Yang Y, Irving-Pease E, Attfield KE, Scorrano G, Jensen LT, et al. (6 October 2023). "Elevated genetic risk for multiple sclerosis originated in Steppe Pastoralist populations".

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higher sun exposure and subsequently increased UVB radiation have a decreased risk of developing MS. While the north–south gradient of incidence is decreasing, as of 2010, it is still present.

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Also, deficits always resolving between attacks is sometimes referred to as "benign" MS, although people still build up some degree of disability in the long term. On the other hand, the term

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Clerico M, Faggiano F, Palace J, et al. (April 2008). "Recombinant interferon beta or glatiramer acetate for delaying conversion of the first demyelinating event to multiple sclerosis".

2010:, ocrelizumab may reduce worsening of symptoms for primary progressive MS and probably increases unwanted effects but makes little or no difference to the number of serious unwanted effects. 8529: 6887:"Do Vaccines Trigger Neurological Diseases? Epidemiological Evaluation of Vaccination and Neurological Diseases Using Examples of Multiple Sclerosis, Guillain-Barré Syndrome and Narcolepsy" 1200:

At least 2 clinical attacks with MRI showing 1 lesion characteristic of MS, with DIT established by an additional clinical attack at a distinct CNS site or by MRI showing an old MS lesion.

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Minagar A, Shapshak P, Alexander JS (28 December 2004). "Pathogenesis of HIV-Associated Dementia and Multiple Sclerosis: Role of Microglia and Astrocytes". In Aschner M, Costa LG (eds.).

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Alphonsus KB, Su Y, D'Arcy C (April 2019). "The effect of exercise, yoga and physiotherapy on the quality of life of people with multiple sclerosis: Systematic review and meta-analysis".

2644:(NMO), which was previously considered a MS variant. A spectrum of diseases named NMOSD (NMO spectrum diseases) or anti-AQP4 diseases has been accepted. Some cases of MS were presenting 5452:

Dobson R, Dassan P, Roberts M, Giovannoni G, Nelson-Piercy C, Brex PA (April 2019). "UK consensus on pregnancy in multiple sclerosis: 'Association of British Neurologists' guidelines".

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Qizilbash N, Mendez I, Sanchez-de la Rosa R (January 2012). "Benefit-risk analysis of glatiramer acetate for relapsing-remitting and clinically isolated syndrome multiple sclerosis".

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Trojano M, Paolicelli D (November 2001). "The differential diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: classification and clinical features of relapsing and progressive neurological syndromes".

2734:, for which a number of methodological variations observed in the literature may underlie continued inconsistencies in central nervous system metabolic abnormalities, particularly in 805:

A relationship between season of birth and MS lends support to this idea, with fewer people born in the Northern Hemisphere in November compared to May being affected later in life.

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Grimaldi LM, Salemi G, Grimaldi G, Rizzo A, Marziolo R, Lo Presti C, et al. (November 2001). "High incidence and increasing prevalence of MS in Enna (Sicily), southern Italy".

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is one of the most common symptoms of MS. Some 65% of people with MS experience fatigue symptomatology, and of these, some 15–40% report fatigue as their most disabling MS symptom.

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At least 2 clinical attacks with MRI showing 1 lesion characteristic of MS with clear historical evidence of a previous attack involving a lesion at a distinct location in the CNS.

6555:"Heat and cold sensitivity in multiple sclerosis: A patient-centred perspective on triggers, symptoms, and thermal resilience practices - Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders" 2762:, inflammation, or neuronal dysfunction, and techniques that measure iron deposition that could serve to determine the role of this feature in MS, or that of cerebral perfusion. 10059: 9675: 5555:

https://www.msaustralia.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/pregnancy-and-ms-2020.pdf#:~:text=Fatigue%20is%20often%20a%20problem,further%20contributing%20to%20increased%20fatigue

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Tataru N, Vidal C, Decavel P, Berger E, Rumbach L (2006). "Limited impact of the summer heat wave in France (2003) on hospital admissions and relapses for multiple sclerosis".

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Chen MH, Wylie GR, Sandroff BM, Dacosta-Aguayo R, DeLuca J, Genova HM (August 2020). "Neural mechanisms underlying state mental fatigue in multiple sclerosis: a pilot study".

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experience lower symptoms and fewer relapses. During the first months after delivery, the risk increases. Overall, pregnancy does not seem to influence long-term disability.

1181:, which focus on clinical, laboratory, and radiologic evidence of lesions at different times and in different areas, is the most commonly used method of diagnosis with the 16221: 16216: 14194: 9931: 2354:

MS is the most common autoimmune disorder of the central nervous system. The latest estimation of the total number of people with MS was 2.8 million globally, with a

8015: 2448:(scanning speech). Charcot also observed cognition changes, describing his patients as having a "marked enfeeblement of the memory" and "conceptions that formed slowly". 470:

are also common. The primary deficit in cognitive function that people with MS experience is slowed information-processing speed, with memory also commonly affected, and

16314: 16233: 16211: 8303: 2758:, observed for multiple sclerosis and its subtypes. There are other techniques under development that include contrast agents capable of measuring levels of peripheral 802:

MS is more common in regions with northern European populations, so the geographic variation may simply reflect the global distribution of these high-risk populations.

15285: 983:

The name multiple sclerosis refers to the scars (sclerae – better known as plaques or lesions) that form in the nervous system. These lesions most commonly affect the

313:

especially as the disease advances. In progressive forms of MS, bodily function slowly deteriorates once symptoms manifest and will steadily worsen if left untreated.

13222:

Hauser SL, Bar-Or A, Comi G, Giovannoni G, Hartung HP, Hemmer B, et al. (January 2017). "Ocrelizumab versus Interferon Beta-1a in Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis".

7080:"Primary Peripheral Epstein-Barr Virus Infection Can Lead to CNS Infection and Neuroinflammation in a Rabbit Model: Implications for Multiple Sclerosis Pathogenesis" 1404:, the latter in about 40% of attacks and being more common the longer a person has had the disease. This describes the initial course of 80% of individuals with MS. 812:

There are some exceptions to the above mentioned geographic pattern. These include ethnic groups that are at low risk and that live far from the equator such as the

15384: 11195:

Corvillo I, Varela E, Armijo F, Alvarez-Badillo A, Armijo O, Maraver F (December 2017). "Efficacy of aquatic therapy for multiple sclerosis: a systematic review".

3248:

Liu Z, Liao Q, Wen H, Zhang Y (June 2021). "Disease modifying therapies in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: A systematic review and network meta-analysis".

624:

have been identified in different cases of the disease, and while some have plausible links to infectious organisms or known environmental factors, others do not.

13757: 10323:

Hunt D, Giovannoni G (February 2012). "Natalizumab-associated progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy: a practical approach to risk profiling and monitoring".

9960: 8434:

Rovaris M, Confavreux C, Furlan R, Kappos L, Comi G, Filippi M (April 2006). "Secondary progressive multiple sclerosis: current knowledge and future challenges".

16923: 14851: 14064:"Metformin treatment reduces inflammation, dysmyelination and disease severity in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis" 12251:

Inojosa H, Proschmann U, Akgün K, Ziemssen T (April 2021). "A focus on secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS): challenges in diagnosis and definition".

10424: 1561:

and MRI measures. There is high confidence that natalizumab, cladribine, or alemtuzumab are decreasing relapses over a period of two years for people with RRMS.

704:

than expected by chance. The probability of developing MS is higher in relatives of an affected person, with a greater risk among those more closely related. An

14103: 1541:

are first-line treatments and are roughly equivalent, reducing relapses by approximately 30%. Early-initiated long-term therapy is safe and improves outcomes.

1227:

to highlight active plaques, and by elimination, demonstrate the existence of historical lesions not associated with symptoms at the moment of the evaluation.

10052:"FDA Approves Ocrevus Zunovo as the First and Only Twice-A-Year 10-Minute Subcutaneous Injection for People With Relapsing and Progressive Multiple Sclerosis" 4461: 2524:. In 1844, he began to use a wheelchair. Despite his illness, he kept an optimistic view of life. Another early account of MS was kept by the British diarist 2520:) after the funeral of a friend. During his disease, he developed weakness of the legs, clumsiness of the hands, numbness, dizziness, bladder disturbance and 2123:

have been shown to improve some symptoms, though neither changes the course of the disease. Some symptoms have a good response to medication, such as bladder

14995: 1169:

and laboratory testing. It can be difficult to confirm, especially early on, since the signs and symptoms may be similar to those of other medical problems.

790:(e.g. those who live in northern regions of the world), although exceptions exist. The cause of this geographical pattern is not clear, although exposure to 10366: 5046:

Rudick RA, Cutter G, Reingold S (October 2002). "The multiple sclerosis functional composite: a new clinical outcome measure for multiple sderosis trials".

3431:

Piryonesi SM, Rostampour S, Piryonesi SA (April 2021). "Predicting falls and injuries in people with multiple sclerosis using machine learning algorithms".

2666:

In addition to the significance of auto-antibodies in MS, four different patterns of demyelination have been reported, opening the door to consider MS as a

1259:

Several diseases present similarly to MS. Medical professionals use a patient's specific presentation, history, and exam findings to make an individualized

5276:

Heesen C, Mohr DC, Huitinga I, Bergh FT, Gaab J, Otte C, et al. (March 2007). "Stress regulation in multiple sclerosis: current issues and concepts".

10082:"Halozyme Announces FDA Approval of Roche's Subcutaneous Ocrevus Zunovo with Enhanze for People with Relapsing and Primary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis" 7375:"Neurostructural and Neurophysiological Correlates of Multiple Sclerosis Physical Fatigue: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Cross-Sectional Studies" 3866: 3114: 9906: 8628: 14649: 4230: 3401:

Murray ED, Buttner EA, Price BH (2012). "Depression and Psychosis in Neurological Practice". In Daroff R, Fenichel G, Jankovic J, Mazziotta J (eds.).

15184: 14361:"Two distinct types of helper T cells involved in the secondary antibody response: independent and synergistic effects of Ia- and Ia+ helper T cells" 922:

Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease, primarily mediated by T-cells. The three main characteristics of MS are the formation of lesions in the

35: 10399: 7989: 7833: 2528:, pen name of Bruce Frederick Cummings (1889–1919), who maintained a detailed log of his diagnosis and struggle. His diary was published in 1919 as 1055: 16793: 15580: 8041:

Link H, Huang YM (November 2006). "Oligoclonal bands in multiple sclerosis cerebrospinal fluid: an update on methodology and clinical usefulness".

1408:

later than of the relapsing-remitting subtype. It is similar to the age that secondary progressive usually begins in RRMS, around 40 years of age.

16307: 15280: 9547: 6048:"Identification of Vulnerable Cell Types in Major Brain Disorders Using Single Cell Transcriptomes and Expression Weighted Cell Type Enrichment" 5492:"Pregnancy and Multiple Sclerosis: An Update on the Disease Modifying Treatment Strategy and a Review of Pregnancy's Impact on Disease Activity" 2695:

showing an iron deposit in a white matter lesion (inside green box in the middle of the image; enhanced and marked by red arrow top-left corner)

1530: 525:

phase in the years leading up to its manifestation, characterized by psychiatric issues, cognitive impairment, and increased use of healthcare.

15575: 12395: 11499:"A systematic review of randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials examining the clinical efficacy of vitamin D in multiple sclerosis" 8795:

Burton JM, O'Connor PW, Hohol M, Beyene J (December 2012). "Oral versus intravenous steroids for treatment of relapses in multiple sclerosis".

1440: 14628: 11594:"Assessment of Efficacy and Tolerability of Medicinal Cannabinoids in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis" 7473:"Relationship between perceived fatigue and performance fatigability in people with multiple sclerosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis" 2660: 2452:

another disease process". The DIT and DIS requirement was later inherited by the Poser and McDonald criteria, whose 2017 revision is in use.

1219:

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain and spine may show areas of demyelination (lesions or plaques). Gadolinium can be administered

13901:

Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: Current Challenges and Future Outlook in the Translation From Proton Signal to Diagnostic Biomarker"

4282:

Moore H, Nair KP, Baster K, Middleton R, Paling D, Sharrack B (August 2022). "Fatigue in multiple sclerosis: A UK MS-register based study".

2479:

There are several historical accounts of people who probably had MS and lived before or shortly after the disease was described by Charcot.

15377: 3147:

Nakahara J, Maeda M, Aiso S, Suzuki N (February 2012). "Current concepts in multiple sclerosis: autoimmunity versus oligodendrogliopathy".

9192:

Bates D (January 2011). "Treatment effects of immunomodulatory therapies at different stages of multiple sclerosis in short-term trials".

14844: 11537:

the available evidence substantiates neither clinically significant benefit nor harm from vitamin D in the treatment of patients with MS

7685:"Recommended diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: guidelines from the International Panel on the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis" 16300: 2599:

study has shown that during an EBV infection, molecular mimicry can occur, where the immune system will produce antibodies against the

2081: 1478:

disability. Starting medications is generally recommended in people after the first attack when more than two lesions are seen on MRI.

14550: 11448:"N-acetylglucosamine inhibits T-helper 1 (Th1)/T-helper 17 (Th17) cell responses and treats experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis" 10051: 2595:, reduces the symptoms of multiple sclerosis: annual relapses appear less frequently and the disability progression is slower. A 2022 1393:. Patients who suffer from CIS may or may not go on to develop MS, but 30 to 70% of persons who experience CIS will later develop MS. 786:

The prevalence of MS from a geographic standpoint resembles a gradient, with MS being more common in people who live farther from the

16203: 15232: 2505: 537:(CIS) over a number of days with 45% having motor or sensory problems, 20% having optic neuritis, and 10% having symptoms related to 11691: 9266:

Johnston J, So TY (June 2012). "First-line disease-modifying therapies in paediatric multiple sclerosis: a comprehensive overview".

8530:"Novartis receives FDA approval for Mayzent® (siponimod), the first oral drug to treat secondary progressive MS with active disease" 3771:

Aloisi F, Cross AH (October 2022). "MINI-review of Epstein-Barr virus involvement in multiple sclerosis etiology and pathogenesis".

2436:

The first attempt to establish a set of diagnostic criteria was also due to Charcot in 1868. He published what now is known as the "

16876: 16871: 16472: 15336: 14869: 2897: 1353:

The International Advisory Committee on Clinical Trials of MS describes four types of MS (revised in 2013) in what is known as the

673: 2221:

and some evidence for increased disease activity and higher risk of relapse with its use. A recent review of the effectiveness of

2107:. Most common side effects of dimethyl fumarate are flushing and gastrointestinal problems. While dimethyl fumarate may lead to a 491:

Some 60% or more of MS patients find their symptoms, particularly including fatigue, are affected by changes in body temperature.

16827: 16193: 15370: 10705: 1459:. Debate remains on whether they are MS variants or different diseases. Some diseases previously considered MS variants, such as 1319: 504: 100: 11858:"Dietary Supplements on Controlling Multiple Sclerosis Symptoms and Relapses: Current Clinical Evidence and Future Perspectives" 10638: 9977:

Lin M, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Luo J, Shi S, et al. (Cochrane Multiple Sclerosis and Rare Diseases of the CNS Group) (May 2022).

9923: 3206: 1086:. The T cells recognize myelin as foreign and attack it, explaining why these cells are also called "autoreactive lymphocytes". 16649: 16173: 15846: 15341: 15217: 15164: 14837: 14180: 14048: 2902: 2731: 2699:

Since disease progression is the result of degeneration of neurons, the roles of proteins showing loss of nerve tissue such as

2174: 1354: 1279: 72: 11549:

Chong MS, Wolff K, Wise K, Tanton C, Winstock A, Silber E (October 2006). "Cannabis use in patients with multiple sclerosis".

10828:

Gallien P, Nicolas B, Robineau S, Pétrilli S, Houedakor J, Durufle A (July 2007). "Physical training and multiple sclerosis".

8311: 2029:

was approved in 2021, which were both approved for management of CIS, relapsing MS, and SPMS in the U.S., and RRMS in Europe.

1381:

demyelination in the central nervous system. To be classified as CIS, the attack must last at least 24 hours and be caused by

1038:(action potentials). This results in a thinning or complete loss of myelin, and as the disease advances, the breakdown of the 16198: 15830: 15351: 15156: 14474: 13332:

Morandi E, Tanasescu R, Tarlinton RE, Constantinescu CS, Zhang W, Tench C, et al. (16 February 2017). Ruprecht K (ed.).

10035: 9734: 8646: 8603: 8100: 7585: 7149: 6951: 6637: 4536: 3410: 2727: 2649: 1089:

The attack on myelin starts inflammatory processes, which trigger other immune cells and the release of soluble factors like

1042:

of neurons. When the myelin is lost, a neuron can no longer effectively conduct electrical signals. A repair process, called

909: 638: 383: 1533:

medications were approved by regulatory agencies for RRMS; they are modestly effective at decreasing the number of attacks.

16036: 16024: 15486: 15316: 15242: 15202: 7775:

Sinnecker T, Clarke MA, Meier D, Enzinger C, Calabrese M, De Stefano N, et al. (MAGNIMS Study Group) (December 2019).

1303: 13822: 8904: 6682:"Body temperature is elevated and linked to fatigue in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, even without heat exposure" 79: 14721: 14219: 2645: 1082:

that plays an important role in the body's defenses. T cells gain entry into the brain as a result of disruptions in the

669:. These findings strongly suggest that EBV plays a role in MS onset, although EBV alone may be insufficient to cause it. 10237:

Tremlett H, Oger J (November 2004). "Hepatic injury, liver monitoring and the beta-interferons for multiple sclerosis".

6730:"Elevated body temperature is linked to fatigue in an Italian sample of relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis patients" 883:

were studied as causal factors; most studies, though, show no association. Several other possible risk factors, such as

745:, which is present in 30% of the U.S. and Northern European population. Other loci exhibit a protective effect, such as 16918: 16255: 16188: 15743: 13718: 13537:"Neuromyelitis optica spectrum and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-related disseminated encephalomyelitis" 9953: 8586:

Pittock SJ, Rodriguez M (2008). "Benign Multiple Sclerosis: A Distinct Clinical Entity with Therapeutic Implications".

3226: 2823:

It has also been proposed that certain bacteria found in the gut use molecular mimicry to infiltrate the brain via the

2021:

were approved in the United States for the treatment of secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS). Subsequently,

817: 13952:"The prevalence of COVID-19 infection in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS): a systematic review and meta-analysis" 13183:"Epstein-Barr virus and multiple sclerosis: evidence of association from a prospective study with long-term follow-up" 10417: 5876: 5621:"Epstein-Barr virus is present in the brain of most cases of multiple sclerosis and may engage more than just B cells" 4378: 4109:

McGinley MP, Goldschmidt CH, Rae-Grant AD (February 2021). "Diagnosis and Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis: A Review".

3903:

McGinley MP, Goldschmidt CH, Rae-Grant AD (February 2021). "Diagnosis and Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis: A Review".

1153:

Animation showing dissemination of brain lesions in time and space as demonstrated by monthly MRI studies along a year

871:

may also be a risk factor, although the evidence to support this is weak. Association with occupational exposures and

665:

after infection with EBV. It did not find an increased risk after infection with other viruses, including the similar

419:

The specific symptoms are determined by the locations of the lesions within the nervous system, and may include focal

16866: 16644: 15958: 15761: 13334:"The association between human endogenous retroviruses and multiple sclerosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis" 13067: 11909:"Targeting demyelination and virtual hypoxia with high-dose biotin as a treatment for progressive multiple sclerosis" 8890: 2530: 1165:

Multiple sclerosis is typically diagnosed based on the presenting signs and symptoms, in combination with supporting

604: 146:

Multiple cerebral sclerosis, multiple cerebro-spinal sclerosis, disseminated sclerosis, encephalomyelitis disseminata

11335:

Huntley A (January 2006). "A review of the evidence for efficacy of complementary and alternative medicines in MS".

86: 58: 16503: 15346: 15275: 15222: 15212: 15169: 15023: 14990: 14970: 12285: 10367:"Biogen Idec's TECFIDERA™ (Dimethyl Fumarate) Approved in US as a First-Line Oral Treatment for Multiple Sclerosis" 2679: 2513: 1472: 1452: 725: 500: 13434:"Human endogenous retroviruses and the inflammatory response: A vicious circle associated with health and illness" 9701: 8662:

Stadelmann C, Brück W (November 2004). "Lessons from the neuropathology of atypical forms of multiple sclerosis".

7183:

Pittock SJ, Lucchinetti CF (March 2007). "The pathology of MS: new insights and potential clinical applications".

2308: 2002: 1243:

can provide evidence of chronic inflammation in the central nervous system. The cerebrospinal fluid is tested for

736:. The most consistent finding is the association between higher risk of developing multiple sclerosis and the MHC 328:. MS is usually diagnosed based on the presenting signs and symptoms and the results of supporting medical tests. 16685: 16547: 16077: 15311: 14943: 10370: 10179:

Sládková T, Kostolanský F (2006). "The role of cytokines in the immune response to influenza A virus infection".

10112:"Cutaneous adverse events associated with disease-modifying treatment in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review" 9465:"Treatment with disease-modifying drugs for people with a first clinical attack suggestive of multiple sclerosis" 16639: 14490:

Allentoft ME, Sikora M, Refoyo-Martínez A, Irving-Pease EK, Fischer A, Barrie W, et al. (11 January 2024).

8882:

Multiple sclerosis : national clinical guideline for diagnosis and management in primary and secondary care

7857:"The Use of the Central Vein Sign in the Diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis" 5680:"Antigen-Specific Immune Tolerance in Multiple Sclerosis-Promising Approaches and How to Bring Them to Patients" 15592: 15568: 15398: 15227: 15139: 11362:

Olsen SA (2009). "A review of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) by people with multiple sclerosis".

9753:

Martinelli Boneschi F, Vacchi L, Rovaris M, Capra R, Comi G (May 2013). "Mitoxantrone for multiple sclerosis".

3874: 3122: 2575: 2559: 1578: 1444: 68: 16542: 14129:

De Keersmaecker AV, Van Doninck E, Popescu V, Willem L, Cambron M, Laureys G, et al. (21 February 2024).

9902: 7908:"Central vein sign detected by SWI at 3 T MRI as a discriminator between multiple sclerosis and leukoaraiosis" 3946:

Quinn É, Hynes SM (July 2021). "Occupational therapy interventions for multiple sclerosis: A scoping review".

1299: 1097:. A further breakdown of the blood-brain barrier, in turn, causes a number of other damaging effects, such as 16765: 16271: 16156: 16072: 16014: 15784: 15563: 10592:"Evidence of the efficacy of occupational therapy in different conditions: an overview of systematic reviews" 9628:"Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta-analysis" 4644:

Oreja-Guevara C, Ayuso Blanco T, Brieva Ruiz L, Hernández Pérez MÁ, Meca-Lallana V, Ramió-Torrentà L (2019).

2399: 1347: 763: 10157: 4878:"Temperature sensitivity in multiple sclerosis: An overview of its impact on sensory and cognitive symptoms" 1278:

in the brain. Intractable vomiting, severe optic neuritis, or bilateral optic neuritis raises suspicion for

16822: 16240: 15614: 15306: 15270: 14965: 11764:

Jagannath VA, Filippini G, Di Pietrantonj C, Asokan GV, Robak EW, Whamond L, et al. (September 2018).

11010:

Latorraca CO, Martimbianco AL, Pachito DV, Torloni MR, Pacheco RL, Pereira JG, et al. (October 2019).

5003:

Amato MP, Ponziani G (August 1999). "Quantification of impairment in MS: discussion of the scales in use".

2747: 2715: 2145: 1425: 1361: 1311: 1144: 891:

intake, have been evaluated, but evidence on their relation with the disease is "sparse and unpersuasive".

733: 534: 10663:

Steultjens EM, Dekker J, Bouter LM, Cardol M, Van de Nes JC, Van den Ende CH (2003). Steultjens EE (ed.).

10449:

Kesselring J, Beer S (October 2005). "Symptomatic therapy and neurorehabilitation in multiple sclerosis".

2414:(1836–1908) noted in 1863 that the inflammation-associated lesions were distributed around blood vessels. 1396:

RRMS is characterized by unpredictable relapses followed by periods of months to years of relative quiet (

16913: 16724: 16527: 15750: 13432:

Rangel SC, da Silva MD, da Silva AL, Dos Santos JM, Neves LM, Pedrosa A, et al. (23 November 2022).

12913:

Medaer R (September 1979). "Does the history of multiple sclerosis go back as far as the 14th century?".

10392: 9626:

Gonzalez-Lorenzo M, Ridley B, Minozzi S, Del Giovane C, Peryer G, Piggott T, et al. (January 2024).

8132: 7940: 7825: 5567:

Serafini B, Rosicarelli B, Franciotta D, Magliozzi R, Reynolds R, Cinque P, et al. (November 2007).

2052: 1979: 1887: 1771: 1721: 1695: 1669: 478:

are usually preserved, and the level of cognitive impairment varies considerably between people with MS.

12862:

Sørensen PS, Centonze D, Giovannoni G, Montalban X, Selchen D, Vermersch P, et al. (24 June 2020).

5321:"Vaccinations and the risk of relapse in multiple sclerosis. Vaccines in Multiple Sclerosis Study Group" 2865:, the scarring that prevents the spread of neuroinflammation and kills neurons inside the scarred area. 1400:) with no new signs of disease activity. Deficits that occur during attacks may either resolve or leave 16755: 16433: 16228: 15778: 15450: 14829: 6554: 2868:

In 2024, scientists shared research on their findings of ancient migration to northern Europe from the

2779:

A 2019 study on rats and a 2024 study on mice showed that a first-line medication for the treatment of

2688: 2468: 1456: 1047: 9114:

Freedman MS (January 2011). "Long-term follow-up of clinical trials of multiple sclerosis therapies".

2723: 16928: 16785: 16608: 16178: 16146: 16120: 16098: 15947: 15526: 15207: 15092: 14882: 11856:

Tryfonos C, Mantzorou M, Fotiou D, Vrizas M, Vadikolias K, Pavlidou E, et al. (September 2019).

9520: 8162:

Solomon AJ (June 2019). "Diagnosis, Differential Diagnosis, and Misdiagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis".

7601:

Poser CM, Brinar VV (June 2004). "Diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: an historical review".

4460:

Petzold A, Fraser CL, Abegg M, Alroughani R, Alshowaeir D, Alvarenga R, et al. (December 2022).

2198: 2032: 1972: 1486: 1448: 1428:

is used to describe people with MS having reached significant level of disability in a short period.

1012: 700:

have been shown to increase its risk. Some of these genes appear to have higher expression levels in

657: 43: 13854:

Filippi M, Rocca MA, De Stefano N, Enzinger C, Fisher E, Horsfield MA, et al. (December 2011).

6285:

Milo R, Kahana E (March 2010). "Multiple sclerosis: geoepidemiology, genetics and the environment".

6007: 4045:

Berer K, Krishnamoorthy G (November 2014). "Microbial view of central nervous system autoimmunity".

3072:

Milo R, Kahana E (March 2010). "Multiple sclerosis: geoepidemiology, genetics and the environment".

16699: 16468: 16454: 16245: 16019: 15433: 14732: 6231:"Multiple sclerosis genomic map implicates peripheral immune cells and microglia in susceptibility" 5895:"Epstein-barr virus nuclear antigen 1: from immunologically invisible to a promising T cell target" 4857: 2411: 2131:

for neurogenic bladder dysfunction or mobility aids can be helpful in improving functional status.

1570: 661: 413: 190: 1149: 653:, and the occurrence of demyelination in animals caused by some viral infections. One such virus, 16572: 16335: 16250: 16183: 15939: 15757: 15609: 15599: 15443: 14927: 12516:"Rising prevalence of multiple sclerosis worldwide: Insights from the Atlas of MS, third edition" 12288:(EDSS) 6.0 is equivalent to requiring a walking aid, and EDSS 8.0 equivalent to chair or bedbound 7324:

Manjaly ZM, Harrison NA, Critchley HD, Do CT, Stefanics G, Wenderoth N, et al. (June 2019).

4876:

Christogianni A, Bibb R, Davis SL, Jay O, Barnett M, Evangelou N, et al. (17 January 2018).

4803:"Wall-Eyed Bilateral Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia as an Early Presentation of Multiple Sclerosis" 4400:

Plotas P, Nanousi V, Kantanis A, Tsiamaki E, Papadopoulos A, Tsapara A, et al. (July 2023).

2841: 2833: 2543: 2472:

Photographic study of locomotion of a woman with MS with walking difficulties created in 1887 by

1643: 1367: 1275: 1083: 832:, as well as groups that have a relatively high risk and that live closer to the equator such as 717: 592: 481: 427:

in the limbs, such as feeling tingling, pins and needles, or numbness; limb motor weakness/pain,

320:

or failure of the myelin-producing cells. Proposed causes for this include immune dysregulation,

39: 15362: 12813:

Lublin FD, Reingold SC, Cohen JA, Cutter GR, Sørensen PS, Thompson AJ, et al. (July 2014).

12303:

Thompson AJ, Baranzini SE, Geurts J, Hemmer B, Ciccarelli O (April 2018). "Multiple sclerosis".

11813:

Motte J, Gold R (December 2020). "High-dose biotin in multiple sclerosis: the end of the road".

8879:

The National Collaborating Centre for Chronic Conditions (2004). "Treatment of acute episodes".

7031:

Thompson AJ, Banwell BL, Barkhof F, Carroll WM, Coetzee T, Comi G, et al. (February 2018).

4964:"Rating neurologic impairment in multiple sclerosis: an expanded disability status scale (EDSS)" 2362:

Increasing rates of MS may be explained simply by better diagnosis. Studies on populational and

856:

MS symptoms may increase if body temperature is dysregulated. Fatigue is particularly effected.

93: 16703: 16115: 16107: 16062: 15738: 15710: 15558: 14861: 13717:

Khalil M, Teunissen CE, Otto M, Piehl F, Sormani MP, Gattringer T, et al. (October 2018).

12764:

Polman CH, Reingold SC, Banwell B, Clanet M, Cohen JA, Filippi M, et al. (February 2011).

11232:"Non-pharmacological interventions for spasticity in adults: An overview of systematic reviews" 6465:

Pugliatti M, Sotgiu S, Rosati G (July 2002). "The worldwide prevalence of multiple sclerosis".

6097:

Hassan-Smith G, Douglas MR (October 2011). "Epidemiology and diagnosis of multiple sclerosis".

6002: 5542:"Pregnancy, Birth, Breastfeeding & Multiple Sclerosis | Multiple Sclerosis Society UK" 4746:"Cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis: clinical management, MRI, and therapeutic avenues" 4695:

Kalb R, Beier M, Benedict RH, Charvet L, Costello K, Feinstein A, et al. (November 2018).

2719: 2570: 2077: 1390: 1260: 923: 759: 654: 617: 583:

Many events have been found not to affect rates of relapse requiring hospitalization including

397: 348: 309: 14772: 14685: 11059:

Hayes S, Galvin R, Kennedy C, Finlayson M, McGuigan C, Walsh CD, et al. (November 2019).

9724: 9079:

Hassan-Smith G, Douglas MR (November 2011). "Management and prognosis of multiple sclerosis".

8754:

Rae-Grant A, Day GS, Marrie RA, Rabinstein A, Cree BA, Gronseth GS, et al. (April 2018).

7732:

Rashid W, Miller DH (February 2008). "Recent advances in neuroimaging of multiple sclerosis".

4157:"Multiple sclerosis incidence: A systematic review of change over time by geographical region" 1307: 16130: 16004: 15822: 15800: 15715: 15638: 15548: 15535: 15460: 14615: 14174: 14042: 9420:

Killestein J, Rudick RA, Polman CH (November 2011). "Oral treatment for multiple sclerosis".

8928:"Case for a new corticosteroid treatment trial in optic neuritis: review of updated evidence" 7777:"Evaluation of the Central Vein Sign as a Diagnostic Imaging Biomarker in Multiple Sclerosis" 7373:

Ellison PM, Goodall S, Kennedy N, Dawes H, Clark A, Pomeroy V, et al. (September 2022).

2667: 1386: 688:

HLA region of chromosome 6: Changes in this area increase the probability of getting MS.

289: 12348:"Survival and cause of death in multiple sclerosis: a 60-year longitudinal population study" 5360:

Grimaldi L, Papeix C, Hamon Y, Buchard A, Moride Y, Benichou J, et al. (October 2023).

3721:

Ward M, Goldman MD (August 2022). "Epidemiology and Pathophysiology of Multiple Sclerosis".

2845:

microglial activation is more apparent in the normal-appearing white matter of MS patients.

54: 16861: 16856: 16840: 16750: 16680: 16537: 16449: 16292: 16067: 15884: 15773: 15250: 15174: 14907: 14602: 14503: 13671: 13345: 13288: 13132:

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Early evidence suggested the association between several viruses with human demyelinating

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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

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Rosati G (April 2001). "The prevalence of multiple sclerosis in the world: an update".

6074: 6047: 6028: 5970: 5943: 5919: 5894: 5863: 5804: 5779: 5755: 5730: 5706: 5679: 5655: 5620: 5593: 5568: 5518: 5491: 5434: 5301: 5258: 5212: 5164: 5139: 5115: 5090: 5071: 5028: 4902: 4877: 4783: 4721: 4696: 4672: 4645: 4586: 4561: 4528: 4494: 4186: 4134: 4078: 4024: 3981: 3928: 3848: 3796: 3746: 3665: 3640: 3621: 3564: 3510: 3475: 3456: 3383: 3321: 3273: 3172: 3039: 2827:, initiating an inflammatory response and increasing blood-brain barrier permeability. 2824: 2735: 2501: 2486:

around 1200 suddenly lost her vision and mobility but recovered them seven days after.

2445: 2202: 1811: 1763: 1711: 1685: 1659: 1633: 1582: 1574: 1566: 1538: 1509: 1460: 1004: 693: 317: 297: 273: 184: 12442: 12417: 12316: 11826: 11609: 10664: 10462: 9433: 8447: 8394: 8346: 7141: 7048: 6478: 6432: 6016: 5746: 4761: 4481: 4402:"Speech deficits in multiple sclerosis: a narrative review of the existing literature" 3371: 3027: 1282:(NMOSD). Infectious diseases that may look similar to multiple sclerosis include HIV, 1122:

cannot cross a normal BBB, so gadolinium-enhanced MRI is used to show BBB breakdowns.

809:

evidence indicates that the effect of moving may still apply to people older than 15.

16590: 16585: 16385: 16374: 15929: 15895: 15867: 15858: 15790: 15766: 15633: 15481: 15255: 15038: 14948: 14806: 14743: 14531: 14470: 14439: 14390: 14341: 14292: 14162: 14085: 14062:

Gilbert EA, Livingston J, Flores EG, Khan M, Kandavel H, Morshead CM (January 2024).

14030: 13981: 13932: 13877: 13806: 13741: 13699: 13640: 13591: 13514: 13465: 13418: 13373: 13314: 13261: 13249: 13204: 13163: 13114: 13063: 13038: 12979: 12942: 12930: 12895: 12844: 12795: 12766:"Diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: 2010 revisions to the McDonald criteria" 12743: 12695: 12646: 12597: 12545: 12496: 12447: 12377: 12320: 12280: 12268: 12237: 12225: 12187: 12130: 12088: 12076: 12030: 11981: 11930: 11925: 11908: 11889: 11842: 11830: 11795: 11746: 11672: 11623: 11566: 11528: 11479: 11446:

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11428: 11379: 11344: 11296: 11265: 11253: 11212: 11177: 11126: 11122: 11090: 11041: 10992: 10943: 10894: 10845: 10810: 10761: 10697: 10622: 10591: 10572: 10523: 10466: 10340: 10297: 10254: 10219: 10188: 10141: 10031: 10008: 9883: 9829: 9780: 9730: 9657: 9603: 9539: 9494: 9449: 9437: 9395: 9343: 9283: 9279: 9248: 9209: 9174: 9131: 9096: 9092: 9061: 9009: 8957: 8896: 8886: 8861: 8812: 8777: 8736: 8679: 8642: 8609: 8599: 8568: 8511: 8451: 8408: 8350: 8285: 8236: 8191: 8179: 8144: 8106: 8096: 8058: 7985: 7973: 7888: 7806: 7761: 7749: 7706: 7618: 7581: 7537: 7502: 7488: 7453: 7404: 7355: 7306: 7257: 7200: 7165: 7145: 7111: 7064: 7052: 7004: 6992: 6957: 6947: 6916: 6867: 6810: 6764: 6729: 6711: 6643: 6633: 6599: 6525: 6482: 6436: 6392: 6351: 6302: 6260: 6211: 6161: 6149: 6114: 6110: 6079: 6020: 5993:

Dyment DA, Ebers GC, Sadovnick AD (February 2004). "Genetics of multiple sclerosis".

5975: 5924: 5867: 5855: 5809: 5760: 5711: 5660: 5598: 5523: 5469: 5426: 5391: 5342: 5293: 5250: 5216: 5204: 5169: 5120: 5063: 5020: 4985: 4945: 4907: 4834: 4787: 4775: 4726: 4677: 4626: 4591: 4542: 4532: 4498: 4486: 4433: 4350: 4299: 4222: 4190: 4178: 4138: 4126: 4070: 4016: 3985: 3973: 3932: 3920: 3840: 3800: 3788: 3750: 3738: 3670: 3613: 3556: 3515: 3460: 3448: 3406: 3375: 3313: 3277: 3265: 3218: 3164: 3089: 3043: 3031: 3011: 2708: 2135: 2061: 1787: 1573:) may reduce relapses compared to both placebo and interferon beta-1a (Avonex) while 1554: 1493:

are pursued by some people, despite the shortage of supporting evidence of efficacy.

1485:

As with any medical treatment, medications used in the management of MS have several

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Lanz TV, Brewer RC, Ho PP, Moon JS, Jude KM, Fernandez D, et al. (March 2022).

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Milo R, Miller A (April 2014). "Revised diagnostic criteria of multiple sclerosis".

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Guisset F, Lolli V, Bugli C, Perrotta G, Absil J, Dachy B, et al. (June 2021).

7718: 7630: 7228:"Peripheral inflammation and blood-brain barrier disruption: effects and mechanisms" 6822: 6585: 6537: 6228: 6032: 5465: 5262: 5075: 3625: 3387: 3325: 3176: 2684: 1431:

An international panel has published a standardized definition for the course HAMS.

1194:

At least 2 clinical attacks with MRI showing 2 or more lesions characteristic of MS.

976: 439:, difficulty with ambulation (walking), difficulties with coordination and balance ( 16634: 16485: 16480: 16421: 16348: 16323: 16052: 15923: 15918: 15703: 15698: 14980: 14521: 14511: 14462: 14429: 14421: 14380: 14372: 14331: 14323: 14282: 14152: 14142: 14080: 14075: 14063: 14020: 14012: 13971: 13963: 13950:

Moghadasi AN, Mirmosayyeb O, Barzegar M, Sahraian MA, Ghajarzadeh M (August 2021).

13922: 13912: 13867: 13798: 13733: 13689: 13679: 13630: 13622: 13581: 13548: 13504: 13500: 13496: 13455: 13445: 13404: 13363: 13353: 13304: 13296: 13239: 13231: 13199: 13194: 13182: 13153: 13145: 13104: 13096: 13028: 12969: 12922: 12885: 12875: 12834: 12826: 12785: 12777: 12735: 12707: 12685: 12677: 12636: 12628: 12587: 12579: 12568:"The 150th anniversary of the first depiction of the lesions of multiple sclerosis" 12535: 12527: 12486: 12478: 12437: 12429: 12367: 12359: 12332: 12312: 12260: 12217: 12177: 12169: 12142: 12122: 12066: 12020: 12016: 12012: 11971: 11961: 11920: 11879: 11869: 11822: 11785: 11781: 11777: 11736: 11726: 11662: 11658: 11654: 11613: 11605: 11558: 11518: 11510: 11469: 11459: 11418: 11414: 11410: 11371: 11288: 11243: 11208: 11204: 11167: 11162: 11157: 11118: 11080: 11076: 11072: 11031: 11027: 11023: 10982: 10978: 10974: 10933: 10929: 10925: 10912:

Thomas PW, Thomas S, Hillier C, Galvin K, Baker R (January 2006). Thomas PW (ed.).

10884: 10880: 10876: 10837: 10800: 10796: 10792: 10751: 10747: 10743: 10687: 10679: 10614: 10606: 10562: 10558: 10554: 10513: 10509: 10505: 10458: 10332: 10289: 10246: 10215: 10211: 10131: 10123: 9998: 9994: 9990: 9873: 9863: 9819: 9811: 9770: 9766: 9762: 9704:. Letchworth Garden City, United Kingdom: Multiple Sclerosis Trust. 3 December 2023 9647: 9643: 9639: 9593: 9589: 9585: 9535: 9531: 9484: 9480: 9476: 9429: 9385: 9381: 9377: 9333: 9329: 9325: 9275: 9244: 9240: 9201: 9166: 9123: 9088: 9051: 9043: 8999: 8995: 8991: 8947: 8939: 8851: 8843: 8808: 8804: 8767: 8726: 8718: 8671: 8634: 8591: 8501: 8493: 8443: 8398: 8390: 8342: 8275: 8267: 8226: 8218: 8171: 8054: 8050: 7963: 7955: 7919: 7878: 7868: 7796: 7788: 7741: 7696: 7657: 7614: 7610: 7571: 7549: 7529: 7492: 7484: 7443: 7435: 7394: 7386: 7345: 7337: 7296: 7288: 7247: 7239: 7212: 7192: 7155: 7137: 7101: 7091: 7044: 6984: 6939: 6906: 6898: 6857: 6849: 6800: 6789:"Environmental risk factors for multiple sclerosis. Part II: Noninfectious factors" 6756: 6701: 6693: 6625: 6589: 6581: 6517: 6474: 6428: 6382: 6341: 6333: 6294: 6250: 6242: 6201: 6193: 6141: 6106: 6069: 6059: 6012: 5965: 5955: 5914: 5906: 5847: 5799: 5791: 5750: 5742: 5701: 5691: 5650: 5640: 5588: 5580: 5513: 5503: 5461: 5438: 5418: 5381: 5373: 5332: 5305: 5285: 5242: 5196: 5159: 5151: 5110: 5102: 5055: 5032: 5012: 4975: 4897: 4889: 4824: 4814: 4765: 4757: 4716: 4708: 4697:"Recommendations for cognitive screening and management in multiple sclerosis care" 4667: 4657: 4643: 4618: 4581: 4573: 4524: 4476: 4423: 4413: 4340: 4330: 4291: 4168: 4118: 4082: 4062: 4028: 4008: 3963: 3955: 3912: 3852: 3830: 3784: 3780: 3730: 3660: 3652: 3605: 3568: 3546: 3505: 3495: 3440: 3367: 3305: 3257: 3156: 3081: 3023: 2441: 2407: 2255: 2194: 2186: 2043: 1318:

may also present in a similar way. Other rare diseases on the differential include

1291: 1244: 1035: 884: 833: 767: 333: 293: 11496: 9221: 7941:"The central vein sign in multiple sclerosis patients with vascular comorbidities" 7439: 7032: 6938:. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology. Vol. 318. pp. 325–342. 6549: 6547: 6494: 6448: 5187:

Marrie RA (December 2019). "Mounting evidence for a multiple sclerosis prodrome".

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Cameron MH, Nilsagard Y (2018). "Balance, gait, and falls in multiple sclerosis".

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As of 2017, no single test (including biopsy) can provide a definitive diagnosis.

16775: 16745: 16629: 16557: 16411: 16364: 15974: 15665: 15290: 15260: 14737: 14327: 14287: 14270: 13856:"Magnetic resonance techniques in multiple sclerosis: the present and the future" 13684: 13586: 13569: 13358: 13149: 13100: 12830: 12739: 12221: 12173: 12126: 12071: 12054: 11292: 10841: 9815: 9205: 9127: 8772: 8755: 8722: 8271: 8222: 8175: 7792: 7683:, Compston A, Edan G, Goodkin D, Hartung HP, Lublin FD, et al. (July 2001). 7680: 6988: 6943: 6853: 6387: 6370: 6298: 5880: 5645: 5377: 4959: 3734: 3551: 3534: 3500: 3476:"Falls in people with multiple sclerosis compared with falls in healthy controls" 3261: 3085: 2889: 2869: 2780: 2535: 2517: 2260: 2222: 2190: 2158: 2140: 2007: 1248: 1240: 1166: 1027: 864: 729: 666: 573: 484:, a worsening of symptoms due to exposure to higher-than-usual temperatures, and 475: 388: 344: 325: 48: 14795: 14789: 14425: 14104:"New treatment hope as world-first MS mega-trial opens site in Northern Ireland" 13872: 13855: 11248: 11231: 10863:

Rietberg MB, Brooks D, Uitdehaag BM, Kwakkel G (January 2005). Kwakkel G (ed.).

8595: 7924: 7907: 7873: 6760: 5337: 5320: 4295: 4173: 4156: 3444: 1030:, the cells responsible for creating and maintaining a fatty layer—known as the 825: 152: 16659: 16613: 16406: 16031: 15980: 15808: 15517: 15394: 15265: 14955: 14917: 14516: 14147: 14016: 14001:"Metformin Restores CNS Remyelination Capacity by Rejuvenating Aged Stem Cells" 13967: 13783: 13450: 13300: 13134:"Epstein-Barr Virus in Multiple Sclerosis: Theory and Emerging Immunotherapies" 12264: 11966: 11950:"The Rise and Fall of High-Dose Biotin to Treat Progressive Multiple Sclerosis" 10779:

Heine M, van de Port I, Rietberg MB, van Wegen EE, Kwakkel G (September 2015).

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Comi G (October 2009). "Treatment of multiple sclerosis: role of natalizumab".

8880: 8590:. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology. Vol. 318. pp. 1–17. 7390: 7292: 6902: 6697: 6544: 5795: 5155: 5016: 4622: 4418: 3656: 3593: 3309: 2796: 2539: 2383: 2065: 1690: 1513: 1505: 1323: 1268: 1264: 1224: 1186: 705: 588: 543: 452: 428: 416:, visual, motor, and sensory problems are also among the most common symptoms. 14817: 14786: 14748: 14607: 13802: 13737: 13660:"Iron is a sensitive biomarker for inflammation in multiple sclerosis lesions" 10683: 10610: 10590:

Steultjens EM, Dekker J, Bouter LM, Leemrijse CJ, van den Ende CH (May 2005).

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Miller DH, Leary SM (October 2007). "Primary-progressive multiple sclerosis".

8256:"The 2013 clinical course descriptors for multiple sclerosis: A clarification" 8110: 7326:"Pathophysiological and cognitive mechanisms of fatigue in multiple sclerosis" 7096: 6197: 5696: 5200: 5106: 5059: 4562:"Multiple Sclerosis: Pathogenesis, Symptoms, Diagnoses and Cell-Based Therapy" 3160: 16907: 16834: 16426: 16057: 16009: 15879: 15648: 15604: 15455: 15113: 14792: 14629:"Novel Study Suggests that MS was Brought to Northern Europe 5,000 Years Ago" 14466: 13917: 13277:"Clonally expanded B cells in multiple sclerosis bind EBV EBNA1 and GlialCAM" 12880: 12531: 12467:"Temporal trends in the incidence of multiple sclerosis: a systematic review" 12363: 11874: 11562: 10127: 9868: 8943: 8638: 8497: 7959: 7341: 6322:"Temporal trends in the incidence of multiple sclerosis: a systematic review" 6064: 5960: 5508: 5289: 4712: 4662: 4577: 2837: 2788: 2700: 2487: 2437: 2096: 1737: 1550: 1287: 1071: 1043: 996: 927: 467: 436: 316:

While its cause is unclear, the underlying mechanism is thought to be either

305: 14700: 14551:"Ancient DNA helps trace multiple sclerosis origins in European descendants" 12583: 11731: 11464: 6838:"Organic solvents and MS susceptibility: Interaction with MS risk HLA genes" 6246: 5851: 4122: 3916: 971: 16729: 16519: 16401: 16390: 15553: 15423: 15406: 15073: 14576: 14535: 14443: 14345: 14296: 14166: 14089: 14034: 13985: 13936: 13881: 13810: 13745: 13703: 13644: 13595: 13518: 13469: 13377: 13318: 13253: 13208: 13167: 13118: 13042: 12983: 12899: 12848: 12799: 12747: 12699: 12650: 12632: 12549: 12500: 12381: 12324: 12272: 12229: 12191: 12134: 12080: 12034: 11985: 11934: 11893: 11834: 11799: 11750: 11715:"Mindfulness based interventions in multiple sclerosis—a systematic review" 11676: 11627: 11570: 11532: 11483: 11432: 11383: 11348: 11300: 11257: 11216: 11181: 11130: 11094: 11045: 10996: 10947: 10898: 10849: 10814: 10765: 10701: 10626: 10576: 10527: 10470: 10344: 10301: 10258: 10223: 10192: 10145: 10012: 9887: 9833: 9784: 9661: 9607: 9543: 9498: 9441: 9399: 9347: 9287: 9252: 9213: 9178: 9135: 9100: 9065: 9013: 8961: 8900: 8865: 8816: 8781: 8740: 8683: 8613: 8572: 8515: 8455: 8412: 8354: 8289: 8240: 8183: 8148: 8090: 8062: 7977: 7892: 7810: 7753: 7745: 7710: 7622: 7541: 7506: 7457: 7408: 7359: 7310: 7261: 7204: 7169: 7115: 7056: 6996: 6961: 6920: 6871: 6814: 6768: 6715: 6647: 6603: 6529: 6521: 6486: 6440: 6396: 6355: 6306: 6264: 6215: 6153: 6118: 6083: 6024: 5979: 5928: 5873: 5859: 5813: 5764: 5715: 5664: 5602: 5569:"Dysregulated Epstein-Barr virus infection in the multiple sclerosis brain" 5527: 5473: 5430: 5395: 5362:"Vaccines and the Risk of Hospitalization for Multiple Sclerosis Flare-Ups" 5346: 5297: 5254: 5208: 5173: 5124: 5067: 5024: 4980: 4963: 4911: 4838: 4779: 4730: 4681: 4630: 4595: 4546: 4490: 4437: 4368: 4354: 4303: 4226: 4182: 4130: 4074: 3977: 3924: 3844: 3792: 3742: 3674: 3560: 3519: 3452: 3379: 3317: 3269: 3222: 3168: 3093: 3035: 2862: 2850: 2088: 1664: 1586: 1382: 1283: 1067: 1051: 984: 979:

myelin staining, decoloration in the area of the lesion can be appreciated.

959:

Another cell population that is becoming increasingly implicated in MS are

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Thermoregulation: From Basic Neuroscience to Clinical Neurology, Part II

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there were no reported cases of opportunistic infections during trials.

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have been common and have led to a number of theories about the cause.

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abbreviated outline of the 2017 McDonald Criteria for diagnosis of MS.

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if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and

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Advances in multiple Sclerosis and Experimental Demyelinating Diseases

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Mehta V, Pei W, Yang G, Li S, Swamy E, Boster A, et al. (2013).

11107: 10494:"Multidisciplinary rehabilitation for adults with multiple sclerosis" 9752: 7701: 7684: 4800: 4268: 3474:

Mazumder R, Murchison C, Bourdette D, Cameron M (25 September 2014).

2846: 2828: 2784: 2473: 2403: 2178: 2035:

was approved for medical use in the United States in September 2024.

2026: 2014: 1114: 960: 914: 896: 821: 795: 701: 569: 538: 522: 456: 448: 177: 13949: 13409: 13392: 11375: 9797: 8254:

Lublin FD, Coetzee T, Cohen JA, Marrie RA, Thompson AJ (June 2020).

6745: 2259:

population study conducted in Norway found that those with MS had a

1596:

was approved for medical use in the United States in December 2022.

1251:, which are inflammation markers found in 75–85% of people with MS. 16208:

Spinal muscular atrophy with lower extremity predominance (SMALED)

15913: 15905: 15871: 15725: 15628: 15098: 14887: 13485:"Sodium channel blockers for neuroprotection in multiple sclerosis" 12861: 11999:

Filippini G, Minozzi S, Borrelli F, Cinquini M, Dwan K (May 2022).

11194: 11009: 7424:"Central fatigue in multiple sclerosis: A review of the literature" 6624:. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Vol. 157. pp. 701–714. 4948:. Letchworth Garden City, United Kingdom: Multiple Sclerosis Trust. 4860:. Letchworth Garden City, United Kingdom: Multiple Sclerosis Trust. 4523:. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Vol. 159. pp. 237–250. 4271:. Letchworth Garden City, United Kingdom: Multiple Sclerosis Trust. 2858: 2491: 2128: 2084:

occurring with natalizumab (occurring in 1 in 600 people treated).

2022: 1858: 1401: 1090: 1011:

areas, where the processing is done, and the rest of the body. The

952: 753: 747: 741: 697: 466:

Difficulties thinking and emotional problems such as depression or

460: 321: 14668: 12666:"Multiple sclerosis pathology: evolution of pathogenetic concepts" 11012:"Palliative care interventions for people with multiple sclerosis" 5944:"A Brief Review of the Effects of Vitamin D on Multiple Sclerosis" 370:(or sclerae – essentially plaques or lesions) that develop on the 189:

Variable, including almost any neurological symptom or sign, with

16339: 15392: 14902: 13180: 11592:

Torres-Moreno MC, Papaseit E, Torrens M, Farré M (October 2018).

11591: 10778: 9463:

Filippini G, Del Giovane C, Clerico M, et al. (April 2017).

9156: 3473: 2792: 2743: 2483: 1742: 1274:

In an emergency setting, it is important to rule out a stroke or

1131: 1007:. The function of white matter cells is to carry signals between 888: 880: 879:—has been evaluated, but no clear conclusions have been reached. 876: 787: 637:

section of this article as well as the standalone article on the

621: 552: 407: 14726: 13431: 11998: 11396: 10111: 5678:

Lutterotti A, Hayward-Koennecke H, Sospedra M, Martin R (2021).

4801:

Zainal Abidin N, Tuan Jaffar TN, Ahmad Tajudin LS (March 2023).

4316: 3999:

Weinshenker BG (1994). "Natural history of multiple sclerosis".

2854: 16708: 15952: 15693: 15660: 14877: 14695: 14680: 14653: 14195:"Can metformin and clemastine repair myelin in people with MS?" 12418:"Epidemiologic evidence for multiple sclerosis as an infection" 11399:"Dietary interventions for multiple sclerosis-related outcomes" 10589: 9519:

Filippini G, Del Giovane C, Vacchi L, et al. (June 2013).

9312:

La Mantia L, Tramacere I, Firwana B, et al. (April 2016).

6968: 4608: 2804: 2583: 2218: 1638: 1098: 1075: 1031: 951:

17 cells. These autoreactive T-cells produce substances called

931: 837: 737: 440: 432: 277: 14600: 13897:"Quantifying the Metabolic Signature of Multiple Sclerosis by 13853: 12958:"A Norse contribution to the history of neurological diseases" 12250: 10862: 10827: 9798:

Marriott JJ, Miyasaki JM, Gronseth G, O'Connor PW (May 2010).

9726:

Conn's Current Therapy 2012: Expert Consult – Online and Print

9571: 8332: 7854: 5409:

Martinelli V (2000). "Trauma, stress and multiple sclerosis".

5318: 4646:"Cognitive Dysfunctions and Assessments in Multiple Sclerosis" 2663:(CCPD, which is considered another atypical MS presentation). 2655:

A third kind of auto-antibodies is accepted. They are several

2233:

probably reduce the severity of spasticity in the short term.

396:

As multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions can affect any part of the

16675: 16343: 12302: 11855: 10491: 8794: 8433: 7030: 6229:

International Multiple Sclerosis Genetics Consortium (2019).

5451: 4940: 4938: 4399: 4373: 1295: 1039: 872: 845: 829: 256: 16322: 13393:"Human endogenous retroviruses in viral disease and therapy" 12346:

Lunde HM, Assmus J, Myhr KM, Bø L, Grytten N (August 2017).

12055:"New drugs for multiple sclerosis: new treatment algorithms" 10662: 8925: 8753: 8016:"$ 7.2M NIH Grant Supports Study of MS Diagnostic Biomarker" 7774: 6369:

Kulie T, Groff A, Redmer J, Hounshell J, Schrager S (2009).

5091:"Outcome Measures in Clinical Trials for Multiple Sclerosis" 4459: 4108: 3902: 3430: 1501:

During symptomatic attacks, administration of high doses of

1157: 926:(also called plaques), inflammation, and the destruction of 758:. HLA differences account for an estimated 20 to 60% of the 292:, MS disrupts the ability of parts of the nervous system to 193:, visual, motor, and sensory problems being the most common. 14922: 14061: 12763: 11058: 10369:(Press release). Biogen Idec. 27 March 2013. Archived from 10110:

Balak DM, Hengstman GJ, Çakmak A, Thio HB (December 2012).

10084:(Press release). Halozyme Therapeutics. 13 September 2024. 9462: 8480:

Sørensen PS, Centonze D, Giovannoni G, et al. (2020).

8155: 7679: 7421: 6568:

Davis SL, Wilson TE, White AT, Frohman EM (November 2010).

6507: 4852: 4850: 4848: 4744:

Benedict RH, Amato MP, DeLuca J, Geurts JJ (October 2020).

4155:

Lane J, Ng HS, Poyser C, Lucas RM, Tremlett H (July 2022).

2751: 2613: 2600: 2587: 2312:

Deaths from multiple sclerosis per million persons in 2012

1342:

MS progression types. From bottom to top: RRMS, PPMS, SPMS.

1066:

Apart from demyelination, the other sign of the disease is

892: 713: 160: 15286:

Megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts

13894: 13221: 13131: 12208:

Ontaneda D (June 2019). "Progressive Multiple Sclerosis".

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Filippini G, Brusaferri F, Sibley WA, et al. (2000).

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Charcot J (1868). "Histologie de la sclerose en plaques".

778: 51:, or are excessively dated, are contained in this article. 14358: 12812: 11712: 11445: 10911: 9311: 8829: 8088: 7938: 7565: 6368: 5618: 4875: 4743: 3532: 3207:"Multiple sclerosis- diagnosis, management and prognosis" 2495: 1524: 716:

that have been linked with MS include differences in the

404:

symptom or sign referable to the central nervous system.

14456: 13719:"Neurofilaments as biomarkers in neurological disorders" 13716: 12108: 11907:

Sedel F, Bernard D, Mock DM, Tourbah A (November 2016).

11229: 10960: 10109: 8926:

Petzold A, Braithwaite T, van Oosten BW (January 2020).

8253: 7471:

Loy BD, Taylor RL, Fling BW, Horak FB (September 2017).

7132:

Chari DM (2007). "Remyelination in Multiple Sclerosis".

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Bakalidou D, Giannopapas V, Giannopoulos S (July 2023).

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Compston A, Coles A (April 2002). "Multiple sclerosis".

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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

3533:

Baecher-Allan C, Kaskow BJ, Weiner HL (February 2018).

3146: 3119:

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

1421:

progressive-relapsing) and "rapidly progressing PPMS".

895:

occurs less than would be expected and lower levels of

304:, and sometimes psychiatric problems. Symptoms include 13483:

Yang C, Hao Z, Zhang L, Zeng L, Wen J (October 2015).

12513: 9419: 9032:"Interferon in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis" 8130: 7912:

The Egyptian Journal of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine

7905: 2795:, for patients with non-active progressive MS, in the 1054:

due to the destruction of nearby neurons. A number of

684: 308:, vision loss, eye pain, muscle weakness, and loss of 14996:

Lesional demyelinations of the central nervous system

14492:"Population genomics of post-glacial western Eurasia" 13998: 13611:"Pathology of multiple sclerosis: where do we stand?" 11692:"Gut instinct: the miracle of the parasitic hookworm" 10205: 9918: 9916: 9234: 8633:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 20. 7570:. Geneva: World Health Organization. pp. 15–16. 7568:

Atlas: Multiple Sclerosis Resources in the World 2008

6836:

Hedström A, Hössjer O, Katsoulis M (September 2018).

6741: 6739: 6464: 5942:

Miclea A, Bagnoud M, Chan A, Hoepner R (6 May 2020).

4871: 4869: 4867: 3405:(6th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Saunders. 3295: 2127:, while others are little changed. Equipment such as 2047:

Irritation zone after injection of glatiramer acetate

16:

Disease that damages the myelin sheaths around nerves

14658: 12109:

Oh J, Vidal-Jordana A, Montalban X (December 2018).

11766:"Vitamin D for the management of multiple sclerosis" 11548: 11230:

Khan F, Amatya B, Bensmail D, Yelnik A (July 2019).

10914:"Psychological interventions for multiple sclerosis" 10781:"Exercise therapy for fatigue in multiple sclerosis" 9678:(Press release). TG Therapeutics. 28 December 2022. 9030:

Rice GP, Incorvaia B, Munari L, et al. (2001).

7906:

Al-Zandi SH, Fayadh NA, Al-Waely NK (1 March 2018).

5992: 5088: 5045: 4858:"Hot and bothered: how heat makes MS symptoms worse" 4319:"Thoughts on Fatigue in Multiple Sclerosis Patients" 2879: 2612:

Two members of the human endogenous retroviruses-W (

2569:

As of 2022, the pathogenesis of MS as it relates to

1496: 766:

have revealed at least 200 variants outside the HLA

13609:Popescu BF, Pirko I, Lucchinetti CF (August 2013). 10540: 10178: 9078: 9029: 7470: 7281:

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Clinics of North America

6096: 5180: 5131: 4923: 4921: 4559: 4044: 1074:explanation, the inflammatory process is caused by 499:The main measure of disability and severity is the 13895:Swanberg KM, Landheer K, Pitt D, Juchem C (2019). 12572:Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 12352:Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 12052: 11643:"Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for multiple sclerosis" 11278: 10961:Rosti-Otajärvi EM, Hämäläinen PI (February 2014). 9913: 9716: 8630:The Clinical Neuropsychiatry of Multiple Sclerosis 8131:Saguil A, Farnell Iv EA, Jordan TS (August 2022). 7330:Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 7182: 6884: 6736: 4864: 3535:"Multiple Sclerosis: Mechanisms and Immunotherapy" 3400: 2387:Detail of Carswell's drawing of MS lesions in the 167:in the area of a demyelinated lesion caused by MS. 15185:Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy 14268: 13570:"Anti-neurofascin autoantibody and demyelination" 13567: 12345: 9621: 9619: 9617: 9514: 9512: 9510: 9508: 8084: 8082: 8080: 7519: 7274: 7225: 7078:Hassani A, Reguraman N, Shehab S, Khan G (2021). 5619:Hassani A, Corboy JR, Al-Salam S, Khan G (2018). 4154: 3716: 3714: 3712: 3710: 3708: 3706: 3704: 3426: 3424: 3422: 3291: 3289: 3287: 3006: 3004: 3002: 3000: 2998: 2996: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2968: 2966: 2964: 2962: 2960: 2958: 2956: 2954: 2952: 2950: 2948: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2938: 2803:for the treatment of relapsing remitting MS, and 1991: 16905: 16794:Transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease 14577:"Scientists crack mystery of how MS gene spread" 13849: 13847: 13845: 13843: 13482: 13274: 13010: 13008: 12759: 12757: 11947: 11941: 11330: 11328: 11326: 11324: 11322: 11320: 11318: 9976: 9845: 9843: 9415: 9413: 9411: 9409: 9364:Xu Z, Zhang F, Sun F, et al. 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"Multiple sclerosis". 2936: 2934: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2924: 2922: 2920: 2918: 2607: 2538:, a keen observer, described possible bilateral 15281:Leukoencephalopathy with vanishing white matter 13017:"Historical descriptions of multiple sclerosis" 12561: 12559: 11143: 10830:Annales de Réadaptation et de Médecine Physique 10729: 10025: 9946: 9748: 9746: 8661: 8126: 8124: 8122: 8120: 7275:Ferré JC, Shiroishi MS, Law M (November 2012). 7127: 7125: 6974: 6782: 6780: 6778: 6679: 6414: 6412: 6410: 6408: 6406: 6175: 6173: 6171: 5777: 5614: 5612: 5137: 4455: 4453: 4451: 4449: 4447: 4104: 4102: 4100: 4098: 4096: 4094: 4092: 4040: 4038: 3353: 3351: 3349: 3347: 3345: 3343: 3341: 3339: 3337: 3335: 3247: 2714:Improvement in neuroimaging techniques such as 1239:Testing of cerebrospinal fluid obtained from a 1113:The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a part of the 14269:Wasko NJ, Nichols F, Clark RB (January 2020). 14224:Paediatric Neuroinflammatory Disorders Program 13657: 13085:"Optic Neuritis: Another Dickensian Diagnosis" 12868:Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders 12298: 12296: 12294: 10448: 10322: 9856:Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders 9614: 9505: 8747: 8077: 7422:Newland P, Starkweather A, Sorenson M (2016). 6786: 6619: 6039: 5485: 5483: 4560:Ghasemi N, Razavi S, Nikzad E (January 2017). 3816: 3766: 3764: 3762: 3760: 3592: 3588: 3586: 3584: 3582: 3580: 3578: 3419: 3284: 3204: 2578:is developed and shown to prevent MS as well. 1463:, are now considered outside the MS spectrum. 1130:The pathophysiology and mechanisms causing MS 1003:, or white matter tracts close to the lateral 455:manifesting as eye pain & vision loss, or 53:Please review the contents of the article and 16308: 15378: 14845: 14461:(2nd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 283–298. 13840: 13651: 13602: 13005: 12949: 12754: 12608: 12458: 12203: 12201: 11641:Bennett M, Heard R (2004). Bennett MH (ed.). 11634: 11439: 11355: 11315: 10821: 10665:"Occupational therapy for multiple sclerosis" 10656: 10583: 10485: 10442: 10273: 10230: 10172: 10105: 10103: 9894: 9840: 9722: 9406: 9302: 9259: 9185: 9150: 9107: 8655: 8579: 8522: 8427: 8369: 8326: 8034: 7725: 7670: 7594: 7561: 7559: 7513: 7011: 6885:Stowe J, Andrews N, Miller E (January 2020). 6673: 6615: 6613: 6455: 6313: 6186:Current Opinion in Genetics & Development 5820: 5402: 5223: 5002: 3889: 3807: 3681: 3357: 3010: 2915: 2661:combined central and peripheral demyelination 1622:Efficacy (annualized relapse reduction rate) 13534: 12556: 12464: 12409: 12053:Cree BA, Hartung HP, Barnett M (June 2022). 12048: 12046: 12044: 11640: 10385: 10236: 9849: 9743: 9025: 9023: 8475: 8473: 8117: 7731: 7268: 7226:Huang X, Hussain B, Chang J (January 2021). 7176: 7122: 6927: 6775: 6403: 6362: 6319: 6280: 6278: 6276: 6274: 6222: 6168: 6125: 5986: 5722: 5609: 5269: 5039: 4996: 4444: 4310: 4089: 4035: 3992: 3948:Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy 3332: 3200: 3198: 3196: 3194: 3192: 3190: 3188: 3186: 3149:Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology 2586:(B lymphocytes) and the involvement of anti- 47:, specifically: references that do not meet 16097: 14414:Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine 13489:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 12906: 12403:Multiple Sclerosis International Federation 12291: 12158:"Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis: A Review" 12005:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 11770:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 11647:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 11403:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 11150:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 11144:Amatya B, Young J, Khan F (December 2018). 11065:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 11016:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 10967:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 10918:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 10869:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 10785:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 10736:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 10672:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 10547:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 10498:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 10208:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 9983:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 9755:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 9729:. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 662–. 9072: 8984:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 8872: 8797:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 8380: 7650:Journal of the Belgian Society of Radiology 7600: 5780:"Epstein-Barr virus and multiple sclerosis" 5480: 5089:van Munster CE, Uitdehaag BM (March 2017). 4204: 4202: 4200: 4150: 4148: 3998: 3867:"NINDS Multiple Sclerosis Information Page" 3770: 3757: 3720: 3575: 3115:"NINDS Multiple Sclerosis Information Page" 2482:A young woman called Halldora who lived in 1022:MRI machine used as a tool for MS diagnosis 474:less commonly. Intelligence, language, and 16315: 16301: 15385: 15371: 14852: 14838: 13055: 12725: 12198: 12155: 12104: 12102: 12100: 12098: 11806: 10730:Amatya B, Khan F, Galea M (January 2019). 10423:. US Food and Drug Agency. 27 March 2013. 10398:. US Food and Drug Agency. 27 March 2013. 10100: 9723:Bope ET, Kellerman RD (22 December 2011). 9366:"Dimethyl fumarate for multiple sclerosis" 9363: 9359: 9357: 9265: 8973: 8971: 8092:Harrison's principles of internal medicine 7556: 6654: 6610: 6561: 6284: 6045: 5408: 3945: 3638: 3142: 3140: 3071: 3067: 3065: 3063: 3061: 3059: 3057: 3055: 3053: 2810: 2082:progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy 1604:Overview of medications available for MS. 1590:influence their risk to benefit profiles. 867:may be an independent risk factor for MS. 533:The condition begins in 85% of cases as a 151: 49:Knowledge's guidelines for medical content 15233:Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis 14606: 14525: 14515: 14433: 14384: 14335: 14286: 14156: 14146: 14079: 14024: 13975: 13926: 13916: 13871: 13693: 13683: 13634: 13585: 13552: 13541:Clinical and Experimental Neuroimmunology 13508: 13459: 13449: 13408: 13367: 13357: 13308: 13243: 13198: 13157: 13108: 13032: 12973: 12889: 12879: 12838: 12789: 12689: 12640: 12591: 12539: 12490: 12441: 12371: 12181: 12070: 12041: 12024: 11975: 11965: 11924: 11883: 11873: 11812: 11789: 11740: 11730: 11666: 11617: 11522: 11473: 11463: 11422: 11247: 11171: 11161: 11084: 11035: 10986: 10937: 10888: 10865:"Exercise therapy for multiple sclerosis" 10804: 10755: 10691: 10566: 10517: 10393:"NDA 204063 – FDA Approved Labeling Text" 10359: 10135: 10002: 9877: 9867: 9823: 9774: 9651: 9597: 9488: 9389: 9337: 9055: 9020: 9003: 8951: 8855: 8771: 8730: 8626: 8505: 8470: 8402: 8279: 8230: 8040: 7967: 7923: 7882: 7872: 7823: 7800: 7700: 7661: 7575: 7496: 7447: 7398: 7349: 7300: 7251: 7159: 7105: 7095: 6910: 6861: 6804: 6705: 6593: 6386: 6345: 6271: 6254: 6205: 6179: 6073: 6063: 6006: 5969: 5959: 5918: 5803: 5754: 5731:"Infectious causes of multiple sclerosis" 5705: 5695: 5654: 5644: 5592: 5517: 5507: 5385: 5336: 5163: 5114: 4979: 4901: 4828: 4818: 4769: 4720: 4671: 4661: 4585: 4480: 4427: 4417: 4344: 4334: 4172: 3967: 3834: 3664: 3550: 3509: 3499: 3183: 3109: 3107: 3105: 3103: 2506:Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex 2168: 1443:of MS have been described; these include 1254: 943: 937: 494: 15337:List of multiple sclerosis organizations 14407: 13530: 13528: 13390: 13001:. 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Psychiatric conditions such as 1161:Multiple sclerosis as seen on MRI 720:(HLA) system—a group of genes on 511: 364:multiple cerebro-spinal sclerosis 16504:Hemolytic disease of the newborn 15979:For more detailed coverage, see 15957:For more detailed coverage, see 15928:For more detailed coverage, see 15894:For more detailed coverage, see 15845:For more detailed coverage, see 15347:Multiple sclerosis drug pipeline 15223:Diffuse myelinoclastic sclerosis 15213:Marburg acute multiple sclerosis 15170:Diffuse myelinoclastic sclerosis 15024:Management of multiple sclerosis 14991:Radiologically isolated syndrome 14971:Expanded Disability Status Scale 14621: 14594: 14568: 14542: 14483: 14450: 14401: 14352: 14303: 14262: 14237: 14212: 14187: 14122: 14096: 14055: 13992: 13943: 13888: 13775: 13710: 13621:(4 Multiple Sclerosis): 901–21. 13476: 13425: 13384: 13325: 13268: 13215: 13174: 13125: 13076: 13049: 12990: 12855: 12806: 12657: 12507: 12388: 12339: 12286:Expanded Disability Status Scale 12244: 12149: 11992: 11926:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.08.028 11900: 11849: 11757: 11706: 11683: 11585: 11542: 11490: 11390: 11272: 11223: 11188: 11137: 11123:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2016.09.002 11101: 11052: 11003: 10954: 10905: 10856: 10772: 10723: 10534: 10316: 10199: 10074: 10044: 10019: 9970: 9924:"Ocrevus- ocrelizumab injection" 9791: 9668: 9565: 9456: 9280:10.2165/11634010-000000000-00000 9228: 9093:10.12968/hmed.2011.72.Sup11.M174 8932:J. 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Neurology 5107:10.1007/s40263-017-0412-5 5060:10.1191/1352458502ms845oa 4946:"Temperature sensitivity" 3645:Current Neuropharmacology 3161:10.1007/s12016-011-8287-6 2711:are under investigation. 2502:Augustus Frederick d'Este 2285:This section needs to be 2199:hyperbaric oxygen therapy 2033:Ocrelizumab/hyaluronidase 1973:Ocrelizumab/hyaluronidase 1449:Balo concentric sclerosis 1013:peripheral nervous system 610: 251: 231: 221: 213: 205: 197: 183: 171: 159: 150: 142: 137: 42:or relies too heavily on 16640:Henoch–Schönlein purpura 16455:Eosinophilic esophagitis 16246:Progressive bulbar palsy 16037:Intracranial hypotension 16020:Choroid plexus papilloma 15434:Herpesviral encephalitis 14467:10.1201/9781420039740-21 14310:Aranow C (August 2011). 13918:10.3389/fneur.2019.01173 12881:10.1177/1756286420935019 12664:Lassmann H (July 2005). 12532:10.1177/1352458520970841 12364:10.1136/jnnp-2016-315238 11875:10.3390/medicines6030095 11563:10.1177/1352458506070947 11337:International MS Journal 10128:10.1177/1352458512438239 10096:– via PR Newswire. 9869:10.1177/1756286419878323 8944:10.1136/jnnp-2019-321653 8705:Fujihara K (June 2019). 8639:10.1017/CBO9780511543760 8563:(Review) (in Japanese). 8498:10.1177/1756286420935019 7960:10.1177/1352458520943785 7342:10.1136/jnnp-2018-320050 6065:10.3389/fnins.2016.00016 5961:10.3389/fimmu.2020.00781 5729:Gilden DH (March 2005). 5509:10.3390/medicina56020049 5417:(4 Suppl 2): S849–S852. 5290:10.1177/1352458506070772 4713:10.1177/1352458518803785 4663:10.3389/fneur.2019.00581 4578:10.22074/cellj.2016.4867 4521:Balance, Gait, and Falls 4215:International MS Journal 2842:Antigen-presenting cells 2638:Anti-AQP4 autoantibodies 2571:Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) 2412:Georg Eduard Rindfleisch 975:Demyelination in MS: On 859: 662:infectious mononucleosis 528: 345:immune-mediated disorder 16756:Hashimoto's thyroiditis 16543:Guillain–Barré syndrome 15758:Frontotemporal dementia 15444:Encephalitis lethargica 14135:Frontiers in Immunology 13782:Petzold A (June 2005). 13438:Frontiers in Immunology 12584:10.1136/jnnp.51.10.1249 11732:10.1186/1471-2377-14-15 11690:Adams T (23 May 2010). 11465:10.1074/jbc.M111.277814 10599:Clinical Rehabilitation 7826:"The Central Vein Sign" 7084:Frontiers in Immunology 6247:10.1126/science.aav7188 5948:Frontiers in Immunology 5852:10.1126/science.abj8222 5684:Frontiers in Immunology 4161:Mult Scler Relat Disord 4123:10.1001/jama.2020.26858 3917:10.1001/jama.2020.26858 2870:Yamnaya area of culture 2811:Other emerging theories 2646:anti-MOG autoantibodies 1300:Guillain-Barré syndrome 718:human leukocyte antigen 692:MS is not considered a 591:, physical trauma, and 16857:Autoimmune adrenalitis 16063:Hepatic encephalopathy 15149:Demyelinating diseases 14862:central nervous system 13905:Frontiers in Neurology 13056:Barbellion WN (1919). 12633:10.1098/rstb.1999.0508 11197:Eur J Phys Rehabil Med 9959:. FDA. 28 March 2017. 8670:(Suppl 4): S319–S322. 8486:Ther Adv Neurol Disord 7746:10.1055/s-2007-1019127 7379:Neuropsychology Review 6522:10.1212/wnl.57.10.1891 4981:10.1212/WNL.33.11.1444 4650:Frontiers in Neurology 4209:Clanet M (June 2008). 2799:, in combination with 2720:magnetization transfer 2696: 2476: 2396: 2351: 2169:Alternative treatments 2078:acute myeloid leukemia 2048: 1491:Alternative treatments 1391:central nervous system 1343: 1255:Differential diagnosis 1214: 1162: 1154: 1023: 980: 924:central nervous system 919: 783: 760:genetic predisposition 689: 674:nuclear antigen of EBV 495:Measures of disability 398:central nervous system 393: 349:central nervous system 300:, including physical, 16121:Ataxia–telangiectasia 16078:Static encephalopathy 15801:Mitochondrial disease 15639:Spasmodic torticollis 15549:Basal ganglia disease 14377:10.1084/jem.147.2.446 13860:Archives of Neurology 13236:10.1056/NEJMoa1601277 13187:Archives of Neurology 11505:(Systematic review). 11281:Am J Phys Med Rehabil 10451:The Lancet. Neurology 10282:Neurological Sciences 9954:"BLA Approval Letter" 9422:The Lancet. Neurology 9200:(1 Suppl 1): S14-25. 9159:Clinical Therapeutics 9122:(1 Suppl 1): S26-34. 8664:Neurological Sciences 8436:The Lancet. Neurology 8383:The Lancet. Neurology 8335:The Lancet. Neurology 7734:Seminars in Neurology 7534:10.1007/s100720100044 7522:Neurological Sciences 7037:The Lancet. Neurology 6421:The Lancet. Neurology 6146:10.1007/s100720170011 6134:Neurological Sciences 5995:The Lancet. Neurology 5879:25 April 2022 at the 5735:The Lancet. Neurology 5423:10.1007/s100720070024 5411:Neurological Sciences 4750:The Lancet. Neurology 4469:The Lancet. Neurology 4013:10.1002/ana.410360704 2687: 2668:heterogeneous disease 2494:(1380–1433), a Dutch 2471: 2386: 2364:geographical patterns 2311: 2183:relaxation techniques 2141:palliative approaches 2119:Both medications and 2046: 1412:to SPMS is 19 years. 1355:Lublin classification 1341: 1160: 1152: 1058:have been described. 1021: 974: 917: 852:Impact of temperature 781: 687: 639:pathophysiology of MS 576:increase their risk. 391: 290:demyelinating disease 288:are damaged. Being a 16862:Autoimmune hepatitis 16841:Transplant rejection 16751:Giant cell arteritis 16681:Rheumatoid arthritis 16538:Goodpasture syndrome 16450:Autoimmune urticaria 16068:Toxic encephalopathy 15774:Lewy bodies dementia 15251:Adrenoleukodystrophy 15175:MOG antibody disease 14977:Serological and CSF 14928:Uhthoff's phenomenon 14275:Autoimmunity Reviews 12874:: 1756286420935019. 12728:Autoimmunity Reviews 12311:(10130): 1622–1636. 12168:(12): 1380–1390.e2. 11236:Ann Phys Rehabil Med 10836:(6): 373–6, 369–72. 10239:Journal of Neurology 9930:. 13 December 2019. 9862:: 1756286419878323. 8492:: 1756286420935019. 8314:on 30 September 2023 8018:. BioNews Services. 7663:10.5334/jbr-btr.1426 7528:(Suppl 2): S98-102. 6287:Autoimmunity Reviews 5911:10.1084/jem.20040730 5585:10.1084/jem.20071030 4820:10.7759/cureus.36835 4611:Journal of Neurology 4336:10.7759/cureus.42146 3610:10.1212/WNL.46.4.907 3250:Autoimmunity Reviews 3074:Autoimmunity Reviews 2642:neuromyelitis optica 2544:Uhthoff's phenomenon 2522:erectile dysfunction 2504:(1794–1848), son of 2070:systolic dysfunction 1717:Teva Pharmaceuticals 1015:is rarely involved. 938:Immune dysregulation 794:(UVB) radiation and 628:Immune dysregulation 593:Uhthoff's phenomenon 548:neuromyelitis optica 482:Uhthoff's phenomenon 445:problems with speech 425:changes in sensation 338:occupational therapy 244:Occupational therapy 69:"Multiple sclerosis" 16328:autoimmune diseases 16116:Friedreich's ataxia 15499:Meningoencephalitis 15439:Limbic encephalitis 15079:Monomethyl fumarate 14633:National MS Society 14508:2024Natur.625..301A 13676:2013PLoSO...857573M 13350:2017PLoSO..1272415M 13293:2022Natur.603..321L 13089:Neuro-Ophthalmology 12770:Annals of Neurology 12434:10.1128/CMR.6.4.382 10325:Practical Neurology 8308:National MS Society 7830:Practical Neurology 7689:Annals of Neurology 6793:Annals of Neurology 5893:Münz C (May 2004). 5844:2022Sci...375..296B 5637:2018PLoSO..1392109H 5454:Practical Neurology 4059:2014FEBSL.588.4207B 4001:Annals of Neurology 3877:on 13 February 2016 3823:Annals of Neurology 3492:2014PLoSO...9j7620M 3366:(9313): 1221–1231. 3125:on 13 February 2016 3022:(9648): 1502–1517. 2597:Stanford University 2526:W. N. P. Barbellion 2510:Lady Augusta Murray 2426:sclerose en plaques 2422:Jean-Martin Charcot 2121:neurorehabilitation 2115:Associated symptoms 1368:Relapsing-remitting 1316:conversion disorder 1109:Blood–brain barrier 1084:blood–brain barrier 724:that serves as the 605:who become pregnant 603:Many women with MS 451:, visual problems ( 433:pronounced reflexes 421:loss of sensitivity 358:The name "multiple 353:Jean-Martin Charcot 16914:Multiple sclerosis 16771:Reactive arthritis 16761:Multiple sclerosis 16655:Reactive arthritis 16553:Pemphigus vulgaris 16533:Bullous pemphigoid 16434:Penicillin allergy 16370:Allergic urticaria 16152:Pseudobulbar palsy 15890:Status epilepticus 15841:Multiple sclerosis 15678:Myoclonic epilepsy 15541:movement disorders 15487:Acute disseminated 15429:Viral encephalitis 15180:Multiple sclerosis 15064:Interferon beta-1b 15059:Interferon beta-1a 15054:Glatiramer acetate 15044:Diroximel fumarate 15017:Approved treatment 14870:Signs and symptoms 14807:Multiple sclerosis 14759:External resources 14650:Multiple sclerosis 14635:. 10 January 2024. 13554:10.1111/cen3.12491 13083:Petzold A (2013). 13021:European Neurology 13015:Pearce JM (2005). 12962:European Neurology 12520:Multiple Sclerosis 11551:Multiple Sclerosis 10116:Multiple Sclerosis 10030:. Springer, Cham. 9702:"MS Decisions aid" 8561:Rinsho Shinkeigaku 7948:Multiple Sclerosis 5278:Multiple Sclerosis 5048:Multiple Sclerosis 5005:Multiple Sclerosis 4929:"Heat Sensitivity" 4701:Multiple Sclerosis 2736:N-acetyl aspartate 2697: 2565:Epstein-Barr virus 2512:and a grandson of 2477: 2446:telegraphic speech 2397: 2352: 2153:Non-pharmaceutical 2068:from interferons, 2049: 1812:Diroximel fumarate 1764:Interferon beta-1a 1712:Glatiramer acetate 1686:Interferon beta-1b 1660:Interferon beta-1a 1634:Interferon beta-1a 1583:glatiramer acetate 1575:Interferon beta-1b 1567:interferon beta-1a 1539:glatiramer acetate 1520:Chronic management 1510:methylprednisolone 1344: 1334:Types and variants 1163: 1155: 1070:. Fitting with an 1036:electrical signals 1024: 981: 920: 918:Multiple sclerosis 784: 698:genetic variations 694:hereditary disease 690: 618:Epstein-Barr Virus 472:executive function 394: 378:Signs and symptoms 298:signs and symptoms 274:autoimmune disease 266:Multiple sclerosis 138:Multiple sclerosis 16901: 16900: 16897: 16896: 16802: 16801: 16694: 16693: 16603: 16602: 16599: 16598: 16591:Pernicious anemia 16586:Myasthenia gravis 16463: 16462: 16386:Atopic dermatitis 16375:Allergic rhinitis 16290: 16289: 16286: 16285: 16282: 16281: 16086: 16085: 15991: 15990: 15930:Template:Headache 15896:Template:Epilepsy 15817: 15816: 15791:Vascular dementia 15634:Status dystonicus 15507: 15506: 15482:Encephalomyelitis 15360: 15359: 15325: 15324: 15256:Alexander disease 15039:Dimethyl fumarate 14981:Oligoclonal bands 14949:McDonald criteria 14827: 14826: 14502:(7994): 301–311. 14476:978-0-429-12860-8 14011:(4): 473–485.e8. 13287:(7900): 321–327. 13034:10.1159/000087387 12975:10.1159/000091431 12956:Holmøy T (2006). 12782:10.1002/ana.22366 12627:(1390): 1635–40. 12526:(14): 1816–1821. 12405:. September 2020. 11954:Neurotherapeutics 11919:(Pt B): 644–653. 11913:Neuropharmacology 11598:JAMA Network Open 11515:10.1159/000345122 11503:Neuroepidemiology 10037:978-3-031-13498-2 9736:978-1-4557-0738-6 9165:(1): 159–176.e5. 8648:978-0-521-85234-0 8605:978-3-540-73676-9 8266:(24): 1088–1092. 8102:978-1-264-26849-8 7787:(12): 1446–1456. 7587:978-92-4-156375-8 7244:10.1111/cns.13569 7151:978-0-12-373736-6 6953:978-3-540-73676-9 6806:10.1002/ana.21141 6639:978-0-444-64074-1 5905:(10): 1301–1304. 5883:of 13 April 2022. 5838:(6578): 296–301. 5579:(12): 2899–2912. 5372:(10): 1098–1104. 5247:10.1159/000094233 5235:Neuroepidemiology 4962:(November 1983). 4707:(13): 1665–1680. 4538:978-0-444-63916-5 4475:(12): 1120–1134. 3836:10.1002/ana.21117 3412:978-1-4377-0434-1 2709:N-acetylaspartate 2432:Diagnosis history 2379:Medical discovery 2306: 2305: 2136:multidisciplinary 2093:slowed heart rate 2062:flu-like symptoms 2056:tissue, known as 1989: 1988: 1788:Dimethyl fumarate 1555:dimethyl fumarate 1531:disease-modifying 1245:oligoclonal bands 1179:McDonald criteria 1173:McDonald criteria 660:(EBV), can cause 651:encephalomyelitis 645:Infectious agents 284:in the brain and 278:insulating covers 263: 262: 223:Diagnostic method 132:Medical condition 128: 127: 104: 16936: 16929:Myelin disorders 16884:Sjögren syndrome 16813: 16812: 16715: 16714: 16620: 16619: 16516: 16515: 16495: 16494: 16355: 16354: 16324:Hypersensitivity 16317: 16310: 16303: 16294: 16293: 16104: 16103: 16095: 16094: 16053:Brain herniation 15864: 15863: 15704:Intention tremor 15699:Essential tremor 15564:Postencephalitic 15532: 15531: 15523: 15522: 15412: 15411: 15393:Diseases of the 15387: 15380: 15373: 15364: 15363: 15153: 15152: 15123:Other treatments 15001:Dawson's fingers 14854: 14847: 14840: 14831: 14830: 14660: 14659: 14637: 14636: 14625: 14619: 14618: 14610: 14598: 14592: 14591: 14589: 14587: 14572: 14566: 14565: 14563: 14561: 14546: 14540: 14539: 14529: 14519: 14487: 14481: 14480: 14454: 14448: 14447: 14437: 14405: 14399: 14398: 14388: 14356: 14350: 14349: 14339: 14307: 14301: 14300: 14290: 14266: 14260: 14259: 14257: 14255: 14241: 14235: 14234: 14232: 14230: 14216: 14210: 14209: 14207: 14205: 14191: 14185: 14184: 14178: 14170: 14160: 14150: 14126: 14120: 14119: 14117: 14115: 14100: 14094: 14093: 14083: 14059: 14053: 14052: 14046: 14038: 14028: 13996: 13990: 13989: 13979: 13962:(8): 3093–3099. 13947: 13941: 13940: 13930: 13920: 13892: 13886: 13885: 13875: 13851: 13838: 13837: 13835: 13833: 13827: 13788: 13779: 13773: 13772: 13770: 13768: 13762: 13723: 13714: 13708: 13707: 13697: 13687: 13655: 13649: 13648: 13638: 13606: 13600: 13599: 13589: 13565: 13559: 13558: 13556: 13532: 13523: 13522: 13512: 13495:(10): CD010422. 13480: 13474: 13473: 13463: 13453: 13429: 13423: 13422: 13412: 13388: 13382: 13381: 13371: 13361: 13329: 13323: 13322: 13312: 13272: 13266: 13265: 13247: 13219: 13213: 13212: 13202: 13178: 13172: 13171: 13161: 13129: 13123: 13122: 13112: 13080: 13074: 13073: 13053: 13047: 13046: 13036: 13012: 13003: 13002: 12997:Firth D (1948). 12994: 12988: 12987: 12977: 12953: 12947: 12946: 12910: 12904: 12903: 12893: 12883: 12859: 12853: 12852: 12842: 12810: 12804: 12803: 12793: 12761: 12752: 12751: 12734:(4–5): 518–524. 12723: 12712: 12711: 12693: 12661: 12655: 12654: 12644: 12612: 12606: 12605: 12595: 12563: 12554: 12553: 12543: 12511: 12505: 12504: 12494: 12462: 12456: 12455: 12445: 12413: 12407: 12406: 12400: 12392: 12386: 12385: 12375: 12343: 12337: 12336: 12300: 12289: 12284: 12259:(4): 1210–1221. 12248: 12242: 12241: 12205: 12196: 12195: 12185: 12153: 12147: 12146: 12115:Curr Opin Neurol 12106: 12093: 12092: 12074: 12059:Curr Opin Neurol 12050: 12039: 12038: 12028: 11996: 11990: 11989: 11979: 11969: 11945: 11939: 11938: 11928: 11904: 11898: 11897: 11887: 11877: 11853: 11847: 11846: 11810: 11804: 11803: 11793: 11761: 11755: 11754: 11744: 11734: 11710: 11704: 11703: 11687: 11681: 11680: 11670: 11638: 11632: 11631: 11621: 11589: 11583: 11582: 11546: 11540: 11539: 11526: 11494: 11488: 11487: 11477: 11467: 11458:(46): 40133–41. 11443: 11437: 11436: 11426: 11394: 11388: 11387: 11359: 11353: 11352: 11332: 11313: 11312: 11276: 11270: 11269: 11251: 11227: 11221: 11220: 11192: 11186: 11185: 11175: 11165: 11156:(12): CD012622. 11141: 11135: 11134: 11105: 11099: 11098: 11088: 11071:(11): CD012475. 11056: 11050: 11049: 11039: 11022:(10): CD012936. 11007: 11001: 11000: 10990: 10958: 10952: 10951: 10941: 10909: 10903: 10902: 10892: 10860: 10854: 10853: 10825: 10819: 10818: 10808: 10776: 10770: 10769: 10759: 10727: 10721: 10720: 10718: 10716: 10710: 10695: 10669: 10660: 10654: 10653: 10651: 10649: 10643: 10596: 10587: 10581: 10580: 10570: 10553:(10): CD008757. 10538: 10532: 10531: 10521: 10489: 10483: 10482: 10446: 10440: 10439: 10437: 10435: 10429: 10422: 10414: 10412: 10410: 10404: 10397: 10389: 10383: 10382: 10380: 10378: 10363: 10357: 10356: 10320: 10314: 10313: 10277: 10271: 10270: 10245:(11): 1297–303. 10234: 10228: 10227: 10203: 10197: 10196: 10176: 10170: 10169: 10167: 10165: 10139: 10107: 10098: 10097: 10095: 10093: 10078: 10072: 10071: 10069: 10067: 10048: 10042: 10041: 10023: 10017: 10016: 10006: 9974: 9968: 9967: 9965: 9958: 9950: 9944: 9943: 9941: 9939: 9920: 9911: 9910: 9898: 9892: 9891: 9881: 9871: 9847: 9838: 9837: 9827: 9795: 9789: 9788: 9778: 9750: 9741: 9740: 9720: 9714: 9713: 9711: 9709: 9698: 9692: 9691: 9689: 9687: 9672: 9666: 9665: 9655: 9623: 9612: 9611: 9601: 9584:(11): CD009333. 9569: 9563: 9562: 9560: 9558: 9552: 9525: 9516: 9503: 9502: 9492: 9460: 9454: 9453: 9417: 9404: 9403: 9393: 9361: 9352: 9351: 9341: 9309: 9300: 9299: 9263: 9257: 9256: 9232: 9226: 9225: 9189: 9183: 9182: 9154: 9148: 9147: 9111: 9105: 9104: 9076: 9070: 9069: 9059: 9027: 9018: 9017: 9007: 8975: 8966: 8965: 8955: 8923: 8917: 8916: 8914: 8912: 8876: 8870: 8869: 8859: 8827: 8821: 8820: 8792: 8786: 8785: 8775: 8751: 8745: 8744: 8734: 8702: 8696: 8695: 8659: 8653: 8652: 8624: 8618: 8617: 8583: 8577: 8576: 8556: 8550: 8549: 8547: 8545: 8526: 8520: 8519: 8509: 8477: 8468: 8467: 8431: 8425: 8424: 8406: 8378: 8367: 8366: 8330: 8324: 8323: 8321: 8319: 8310:. Archived from 8300: 8294: 8293: 8283: 8251: 8245: 8244: 8234: 8202: 8196: 8195: 8159: 8153: 8152: 8128: 8115: 8114: 8086: 8075: 8074: 8038: 8032: 8031: 8029: 8027: 8011: 8005: 8004: 8002: 8000: 7994: 7971: 7954:(7): 1057–1065. 7945: 7936: 7930: 7929: 7927: 7903: 7897: 7896: 7886: 7876: 7852: 7846: 7845: 7843: 7841: 7821: 7815: 7814: 7804: 7772: 7766: 7765: 7729: 7723: 7722: 7704: 7702:10.1002/ana.1032 7677: 7668: 7667: 7665: 7641: 7635: 7634: 7598: 7592: 7591: 7579: 7563: 7554: 7553: 7517: 7511: 7510: 7500: 7468: 7462: 7461: 7451: 7419: 7413: 7412: 7402: 7370: 7364: 7363: 7353: 7321: 7315: 7314: 7304: 7272: 7266: 7265: 7255: 7223: 7217: 7216: 7180: 7174: 7173: 7163: 7129: 7120: 7119: 7109: 7099: 7075: 7069: 7068: 7028: 7009: 7008: 6972: 6966: 6965: 6931: 6925: 6924: 6914: 6882: 6876: 6875: 6865: 6833: 6827: 6826: 6808: 6784: 6773: 6772: 6743: 6734: 6733: 6726: 6720: 6719: 6709: 6692:(7): 1298–1302. 6677: 6671: 6670: 6658: 6652: 6651: 6617: 6608: 6607: 6597: 6580:(5): 1531–1537. 6565: 6559: 6558: 6551: 6542: 6541: 6505: 6499: 6498: 6462: 6453: 6452: 6416: 6401: 6400: 6390: 6366: 6360: 6359: 6349: 6317: 6311: 6310: 6282: 6269: 6268: 6258: 6226: 6220: 6219: 6209: 6177: 6166: 6165: 6129: 6123: 6122: 6094: 6088: 6087: 6077: 6067: 6043: 6037: 6036: 6010: 5990: 5984: 5983: 5973: 5963: 5939: 5933: 5932: 5922: 5890: 5884: 5871: 5827: 5818: 5817: 5807: 5775: 5769: 5768: 5758: 5726: 5720: 5719: 5709: 5699: 5675: 5669: 5668: 5658: 5648: 5616: 5607: 5606: 5596: 5564: 5558: 5552: 5546: 5545: 5538: 5532: 5531: 5521: 5511: 5487: 5478: 5477: 5449: 5443: 5442: 5406: 5400: 5399: 5389: 5357: 5351: 5350: 5340: 5316: 5310: 5309: 5273: 5267: 5266: 5230: 5221: 5220: 5184: 5178: 5177: 5167: 5135: 5129: 5128: 5118: 5086: 5080: 5079: 5043: 5037: 5036: 5000: 4994: 4993: 4983: 4956: 4950: 4949: 4942: 4933: 4932: 4925: 4916: 4915: 4905: 4873: 4862: 4861: 4854: 4843: 4842: 4832: 4822: 4798: 4792: 4791: 4773: 4741: 4735: 4734: 4724: 4692: 4686: 4685: 4675: 4665: 4641: 4635: 4634: 4617:(8): 2372–2382. 4606: 4600: 4599: 4589: 4557: 4551: 4550: 4516: 4510: 4509: 4507: 4505: 4484: 4466: 4457: 4442: 4441: 4431: 4421: 4397: 4391: 4390: 4388: 4386: 4365: 4359: 4358: 4348: 4338: 4314: 4308: 4307: 4279: 4273: 4272: 4265: 4259: 4258: 4245: 4243: 4241: 4236:on 30 March 2019 4235: 4229:. Archived from 4206: 4195: 4194: 4176: 4152: 4143: 4142: 4106: 4087: 4086: 4042: 4033: 4032: 4007:(Suppl): S6-11. 3996: 3990: 3989: 3971: 3943: 3937: 3936: 3900: 3887: 3886: 3884: 3882: 3863: 3857: 3856: 3838: 3814: 3805: 3804: 3768: 3755: 3754: 3718: 3679: 3678: 3668: 3636: 3630: 3629: 3590: 3573: 3572: 3554: 3530: 3524: 3523: 3513: 3503: 3471: 3465: 3464: 3428: 3417: 3416: 3398: 3392: 3391: 3355: 3330: 3329: 3293: 3282: 3281: 3245: 3239: 3238: 3236: 3234: 3202: 3181: 3180: 3144: 3135: 3134: 3132: 3130: 3111: 3098: 3097: 3069: 3048: 3047: 3008: 2892: 2887: 2886: 2885: 2787:, could promote 2724:diffusion tensor 2657:anti-neurofascin 2464:Historical cases 2442:intention tremor 2408:Jean Cruveilhier 2347: 2341: 2335: 2329: 2323: 2317: 2301: 2298: 2292: 2280: 2279: 2272: 2195:medical cannabis 1607: 1606: 1308:Behçet's disease 1292:neurosarcoidosis 1101:, activation of 1028:oligodendrocytes 875:—mainly organic 702:microglial cells 486:Lhermitte's sign 334:Physical therapy 326:viral infections 294:transmit signals 155: 135: 134: 123: 122: 114: 111: 105: 103: 62: 27: 26: 19: 16944: 16943: 16939: 16938: 16937: 16935: 16934: 16933: 16904: 16903: 16902: 16893: 16845: 16808: 16798: 16780: 16776:Type 1 diabetes 16746:Coeliac disease 16734: 16706: 16690: 16664: 16630:Arthus reaction 16611: 16595: 16581:Graves' disease 16562: 16558:Rheumatic fever 16507: 16475: 16459: 16438: 16365:Allergic asthma 16346: 16330: 16321: 16291: 16278: 16204:Congenital DSMA 16125: 16082: 16041: 15987: 15975:Sleep disorders 15963: 15940:Cerebrovascular 15934: 15900: 15857: 15851: 15813: 15795: 15720: 15666:Choreoathetosis 15539: 15516: 15503: 15467: 15401: 15391: 15361: 15356: 15352:Pathophysiology 15321: 15295: 15291:CAMFAK syndrome 15261:Canavan disease 15237: 15189: 15144: 15118: 15012: 14932: 14864: 14858: 14828: 14823: 14822: 14754: 14753: 14671: 14646: 14641: 14640: 14627: 14626: 14622: 14599: 14595: 14585: 14583: 14573: 14569: 14559: 14557: 14555:Washington Post 14547: 14543: 14488: 14484: 14477: 14455: 14451: 14406: 14402: 14357: 14353: 14308: 14304: 14267: 14263: 14253: 14251: 14243: 14242: 14238: 14228: 14226: 14218: 14217: 14213: 14203: 14201: 14193: 14192: 14188: 14172: 14171: 14127: 14123: 14113: 14111: 14102: 14101: 14097: 14060: 14056: 14040: 14039: 13997: 13993: 13948: 13944: 13893: 13889: 13866:(12): 1514–20. 13852: 13841: 13831: 13829: 13825: 13797:(1–2): 183–98. 13786: 13780: 13776: 13766: 13764: 13760: 13732:(10): 577–589. 13721: 13715: 13711: 13656: 13652: 13607: 13603: 13566: 13562: 13533: 13526: 13481: 13477: 13430: 13426: 13410:10.1002/ctd2.38 13389: 13385: 13344:(2): e0172415. 13330: 13326: 13273: 13269: 13220: 13216: 13179: 13175: 13130: 13126: 13081: 13077: 13070: 13054: 13050: 13013: 13006: 12995: 12991: 12954: 12950: 12911: 12907: 12860: 12856: 12811: 12807: 12762: 12755: 12724: 12715: 12670:Brain Pathology 12662: 12658: 12613: 12609: 12578:(10): 1249–52. 12564: 12557: 12512: 12508: 12463: 12459: 12414: 12410: 12398: 12394: 12393: 12389: 12344: 12340: 12301: 12292: 12249: 12245: 12206: 12199: 12154: 12150: 12107: 12096: 12051: 12042: 12011:(5): CD013444. 11997: 11993: 11946: 11942: 11905: 11901: 11854: 11850: 11821:(12): 965–966. 11811: 11807: 11776:(9): CD008422. 11762: 11758: 11711: 11707: 11688: 11684: 11653:(1): CD003057. 11639: 11635: 11590: 11586: 11547: 11543: 11495: 11491: 11444: 11440: 11409:(5): CD004192. 11395: 11391: 11376:10.1002/oti.266 11360: 11356: 11333: 11316: 11287:(11): 793–807. 11277: 11273: 11228: 11224: 11193: 11189: 11142: 11138: 11106: 11102: 11057: 11053: 11008: 11004: 10973:(2): CD009131. 10959: 10955: 10924:(1): CD004431. 10910: 10906: 10875:(1): CD003980. 10861: 10857: 10826: 10822: 10791:(9): CD009956. 10777: 10773: 10742:(1): CD012732. 10728: 10724: 10714: 10712: 10708: 10678:(3): CD003608. 10667: 10661: 10657: 10647: 10645: 10641: 10594: 10588: 10584: 10539: 10535: 10504:(2): CD006036. 10490: 10486: 10447: 10443: 10433: 10431: 10427: 10420: 10416: 10415: 10408: 10406: 10402: 10395: 10391: 10390: 10386: 10376: 10374: 10365: 10364: 10360: 10321: 10317: 10278: 10274: 10235: 10231: 10210:(5): CD004678. 10204: 10200: 10181:Acta Virologica 10177: 10173: 10163: 10161: 10122:(12): 1705–17. 10108: 10101: 10091: 10089: 10080: 10079: 10075: 10065: 10063: 10050: 10049: 10045: 10038: 10024: 10020: 9989:(5): CD013247. 9975: 9971: 9963: 9956: 9952: 9951: 9947: 9937: 9935: 9922: 9921: 9914: 9899: 9895: 9848: 9841: 9810:(18): 1463–70. 9796: 9792: 9761:(5): CD002127. 9751: 9744: 9737: 9721: 9717: 9707: 9705: 9700: 9699: 9695: 9685: 9683: 9674: 9673: 9669: 9638:(1): CD011381. 9624: 9615: 9570: 9566: 9556: 9554: 9550: 9530:(6): CD008933. 9523: 9517: 9506: 9475:(4): CD012200. 9461: 9457: 9428:(11): 1026–34. 9418: 9407: 9376:(4): CD011076. 9362: 9355: 9324:(4): CD009371. 9310: 9303: 9274:(9): 1195–211. 9264: 9260: 9239:(2): CD005278. 9233: 9229: 9190: 9186: 9155: 9151: 9112: 9108: 9077: 9073: 9042:(4): CD002002. 9028: 9021: 8990:(3): CD009882. 8976: 8969: 8924: 8920: 8910: 8908: 8893: 8877: 8873: 8842:(4): CD001331. 8828: 8824: 8793: 8789: 8766:(17): 777–788. 8752: 8748: 8703: 8699: 8660: 8656: 8649: 8625: 8621: 8606: 8584: 8580: 8557: 8553: 8543: 8541: 8528: 8527: 8523: 8478: 8471: 8432: 8428: 8379: 8370: 8331: 8327: 8317: 8315: 8302: 8301: 8297: 8252: 8248: 8203: 8199: 8160: 8156: 8129: 8118: 8103: 8087: 8078: 8039: 8035: 8025: 8023: 8012: 8008: 7998: 7996: 7992: 7943: 7937: 7933: 7904: 7900: 7853: 7849: 7839: 7837: 7822: 7818: 7773: 7769: 7730: 7726: 7678: 7671: 7642: 7638: 7599: 7595: 7588: 7564: 7557: 7518: 7514: 7469: 7465: 7420: 7416: 7371: 7367: 7322: 7318: 7273: 7269: 7224: 7220: 7185:The Neurologist 7181: 7177: 7152: 7130: 7123: 7076: 7072: 7029: 7012: 6973: 6969: 6954: 6932: 6928: 6883: 6879: 6834: 6830: 6785: 6776: 6744: 6737: 6728: 6727: 6723: 6678: 6674: 6659: 6655: 6640: 6618: 6611: 6566: 6562: 6553: 6552: 6545: 6506: 6502: 6463: 6456: 6417: 6404: 6367: 6363: 6318: 6314: 6283: 6272: 6227: 6223: 6178: 6169: 6130: 6126: 6105:(10): M146-51. 6095: 6091: 6044: 6040: 6008:10.1.1.334.1312 5991: 5987: 5940: 5936: 5891: 5887: 5881:Wayback Machine 5874:BBC lay summary 5828: 5821: 5776: 5772: 5727: 5723: 5676: 5672: 5631:(2): e0192109. 5617: 5610: 5565: 5561: 5553: 5549: 5540: 5539: 5535: 5488: 5481: 5450: 5446: 5407: 5403: 5358: 5354: 5317: 5313: 5274: 5270: 5231: 5224: 5195:(12): 689–690. 5185: 5181: 5136: 5132: 5087: 5083: 5044: 5040: 5001: 4997: 4974:(11): 1444–52. 4957: 4953: 4944: 4943: 4936: 4927: 4926: 4919: 4874: 4865: 4856: 4855: 4846: 4799: 4795: 4756:(10): 860–871. 4742: 4738: 4693: 4689: 4642: 4638: 4607: 4603: 4558: 4554: 4539: 4517: 4513: 4503: 4501: 4464: 4458: 4445: 4398: 4394: 4384: 4382: 4367: 4366: 4362: 4315: 4311: 4280: 4276: 4267: 4266: 4262: 4246: 4239: 4237: 4233: 4207: 4198: 4153: 4146: 4107: 4090: 4053:(22): 4207–13. 4043: 4036: 3997: 3993: 3944: 3940: 3901: 3890: 3880: 3878: 3865: 3864: 3860: 3815: 3808: 3769: 3758: 3729:(4): 988–1005. 3719: 3682: 3637: 3633: 3591: 3576: 3531: 3527: 3472: 3468: 3429: 3420: 3413: 3399: 3395: 3356: 3333: 3294: 3285: 3246: 3242: 3232: 3230: 3217:(12): 948–955. 3203: 3184: 3145: 3138: 3128: 3126: 3113: 3112: 3101: 3070: 3051: 3009: 2916: 2911: 2890:Medicine portal 2888: 2883: 2881: 2878: 2813: 2781:type 2 diabetes 2777: 2768: 2682: 2676: 2631: 2622: 2610: 2567: 2562: 2556: 2536:Charles Dickens 2518:amaurosis fugax 2466: 2434: 2400:Robert Carswell 2381: 2376: 2350: 2349: 2345: 2343: 2339: 2337: 2333: 2331: 2327: 2325: 2321: 2319: 2315: 2302: 2296: 2293: 2290: 2281: 2277: 2270: 2261:life expectancy 2239: 2191:herbal medicine 2171: 2159:aquatic therapy 2155: 2117: 2041: 2039:Adverse effects 2008:Cochrane review 1994: 1969:Ocrevus Zunovo 1602: 1527: 1522: 1506:corticosteroids 1499: 1487:adverse effects 1475: 1469: 1461:Devic's disease 1437: 1418: 1416:Special courses 1336: 1257: 1249:electrophoresis 1241:lumbar puncture 1237: 1217: 1175: 1167:medical imaging 1147: 1141: 1128: 1111: 1064: 1056:lesion patterns 969: 950: 940: 912: 906: 904:Pathophysiology 862: 854: 828:, and Canada's 776: 730:type 1 diabetes 682: 667:cytomegalovirus 647: 635:pathophysiology 630: 613: 601: 574:gastroenteritis 561: 531: 519: 517:Prodromal phase 514: 497: 476:semantic memory 459:manifesting as 386: 380: 362:" is short for 247: 133: 124: 120: 115: 109: 106: 63: 52: 44:primary sources 28: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 16942: 16932: 16931: 16926: 16921: 16916: 16899: 16898: 16895: 16894: 16892: 16891: 16886: 16881: 16880: 16879: 16874: 16864: 16859: 16853: 16851: 16847: 16846: 16844: 16843: 16838: 16832: 16831: 16830: 16819: 16817: 16810: 16804: 16803: 16800: 16799: 16797: 16796: 16790: 16788: 16782: 16781: 16779: 16778: 16773: 16768: 16763: 16758: 16753: 16748: 16742: 16740: 16736: 16735: 16733: 16732: 16727: 16721: 16719: 16712: 16696: 16695: 16692: 16691: 16689: 16688: 16683: 16678: 16672: 16670: 16666: 16665: 16663: 16662: 16660:Serum sickness 16657: 16652: 16647: 16642: 16637: 16632: 16626: 16624: 16617: 16614:Immune complex 16605: 16604: 16601: 16600: 16597: 16596: 16594: 16593: 16588: 16583: 16577: 16575: 16564: 16563: 16561: 16560: 16555: 16550: 16545: 16540: 16535: 16530: 16524: 16522: 16513: 16509: 16508: 16506: 16501: 16499: 16492: 16491: 16490: 16489: 16488: 16483: 16465: 16464: 16461: 16460: 16458: 16457: 16452: 16446: 16444: 16440: 16439: 16437: 16436: 16431: 16430: 16429: 16424: 16419: 16414: 16409: 16404: 16399: 16388: 16383: 16378: 16372: 16367: 16361: 16359: 16352: 16332: 16331: 16320: 16319: 16312: 16305: 16297: 16288: 16287: 16284: 16283: 16280: 16279: 16277: 16276: 16275: 16274: 16263: 16262: 16261: 16260: 16259: 16258: 16253: 16243: 16238: 16237: 16236: 16231: 16226: 16225: 16224: 16219: 16214: 16206: 16201: 16196: 16191: 16186: 16176: 16162: 16161: 16160: 16159: 16154: 16149: 16135: 16133: 16127: 16126: 16124: 16123: 16118: 16112: 16110: 16101: 16092: 16088: 16087: 16084: 16083: 16081: 16080: 16075: 16070: 16065: 16060: 16055: 16049: 16047: 16043: 16042: 16040: 16039: 16034: 16032:Cerebral edema 16029: 16028: 16027: 16022: 16017: 16012: 16001: 15999: 15993: 15992: 15989: 15988: 15986: 15985: 15984: 15983: 15981:Template:Sleep 15971: 15969: 15965: 15964: 15962: 15961: 15955: 15950: 15944: 15942: 15936: 15935: 15933: 15932: 15926: 15921: 15916: 15910: 15908: 15902: 15901: 15899: 15898: 15892: 15887: 15882: 15876: 15874: 15861: 15853: 15852: 15850: 15849: 15843: 15838: 15833: 15827: 15825: 15819: 15818: 15815: 15814: 15812: 15811: 15809:Leigh syndrome 15805: 15803: 15797: 15796: 15794: 15793: 15782: 15781: 15776: 15771: 15770: 15769: 15755: 15754: 15753: 15748: 15747: 15746: 15730: 15728: 15722: 15721: 15719: 15718: 15713: 15708: 15707: 15706: 15701: 15690: 15689: 15688: 15687: 15682: 15681: 15680: 15670: 15669: 15668: 15658: 15653: 15652: 15651: 15646: 15641: 15636: 15620: 15619: 15618: 15617: 15612: 15607: 15602: 15597: 15596: 15595: 15585: 15584: 15583: 15573: 15572: 15571: 15566: 15561: 15545: 15543: 15536:Extrapyramidal 15529: 15520: 15518:encephalopathy 15509: 15508: 15505: 15504: 15502: 15501: 15496: 15491: 15490: 15489: 15478: 15476: 15469: 15468: 15466: 15465: 15464: 15463: 15453: 15448: 15447: 15446: 15441: 15436: 15431: 15420: 15418: 15409: 15403: 15402: 15395:nervous system 15390: 15389: 15382: 15375: 15367: 15358: 15357: 15355: 15354: 15349: 15344: 15339: 15333: 15331: 15327: 15326: 15323: 15322: 15320: 15319: 15314: 15309: 15303: 15301: 15297: 15296: 15294: 15293: 15288: 15283: 15278: 15273: 15268: 15266:Krabbe disease 15263: 15258: 15253: 15247: 15245: 15239: 15238: 15236: 15235: 15230: 15225: 15220: 15215: 15210: 15205: 15199: 15197: 15191: 15190: 15188: 15187: 15182: 15177: 15172: 15167: 15161: 15159: 15150: 15146: 15145: 15143: 15142: 15137: 15136: 15135: 15126: 15124: 15120: 15119: 15117: 15116: 15111: 15106: 15101: 15096: 15093:+hyaluronidase 15086: 15081: 15076: 15071: 15066: 15061: 15056: 15051: 15046: 15041: 15036: 15031: 15026: 15020: 15018: 15014: 15013: 15011: 15010: 15005: 15004: 15003: 14998: 14993: 14985: 14984: 14983: 14975: 14974: 14973: 14968: 14959: 14958: 14956:Poser criteria 14953: 14952: 14951: 14940: 14938: 14934: 14933: 14931: 14930: 14925: 14920: 14918:Optic neuritis 14915: 14910: 14905: 14900: 14895: 14890: 14885: 14880: 14874: 14872: 14866: 14865: 14857: 14856: 14849: 14842: 14834: 14825: 14824: 14821: 14820: 14809: 14798: 14775: 14763: 14762: 14760: 14756: 14755: 14752: 14751: 14740: 14729: 14718: 14703: 14688: 14672: 14667: 14666: 14664: 14663:Classification 14657: 14656: 14645: 14644:External links 14642: 14639: 14638: 14620: 14593: 14567: 14541: 14482: 14475: 14449: 14420:(3): a028936. 14400: 14371:(2): 446–458. 14351: 14322:(6): 881–886. 14302: 14261: 14236: 14211: 14186: 14121: 14095: 14068:Brain Research 14054: 14005:Cell Stem Cell 13991: 13942: 13887: 13839: 13774: 13709: 13650: 13601: 13560: 13524: 13475: 13424: 13383: 13324: 13267: 13230:(3): 221–234. 13214: 13193:(6): 839–844. 13173: 13144:(3): 296–310. 13124: 13095:(6): 247–250. 13075: 13068: 13048: 13004: 12989: 12948: 12905: 12854: 12805: 12776:(2): 292–302. 12753: 12713: 12656: 12607: 12555: 12506: 12477:(2): 129–135. 12457: 12428:(4): 382–427. 12408: 12387: 12358:(8): 621–625. 12338: 12290: 12243: 12216:(3): 736–752. 12197: 12148: 12121:(6): 752–759. 12094: 12065:(3): 262–270. 12040: 11991: 11960:(3): 968–970. 11940: 11899: 11848: 11805: 11756: 11705: 11682: 11633: 11604:(6): e183485. 11584: 11541: 11489: 11438: 11389: 11354: 11343:(1): 5–12, 4. 11314: 11271: 11242:(4): 265–273. 11222: 11203:(6): 944–952. 11187: 11136: 11100: 11051: 11002: 10953: 10904: 10855: 10820: 10771: 10722: 10655: 10582: 10533: 10484: 10457:(10): 643–52. 10441: 10418:"NDA Approval" 10384: 10373:on 12 May 2013 10358: 10315: 10288:(S2): S155-8. 10272: 10229: 10198: 10171: 10099: 10073: 10043: 10036: 10018: 9969: 9945: 9912: 9893: 9839: 9790: 9742: 9735: 9715: 9693: 9667: 9613: 9564: 9504: 9455: 9405: 9353: 9301: 9258: 9227: 9184: 9149: 9106: 9087:(11): M174-6. 9071: 9019: 8967: 8918: 8891: 8871: 8822: 8787: 8746: 8717:(3): 385–394. 8697: 8654: 8647: 8619: 8604: 8578: 8551: 8521: 8469: 8426: 8389:(10): 903–12. 8368: 8325: 8295: 8246: 8217:(3): 278–286. 8197: 8170:(3): 611–635. 8154: 8143:(2): 173–183. 8116: 8101: 8076: 8049:(1–2): 17–28. 8033: 8006: 7931: 7918:(1): 158–164. 7898: 7847: 7816: 7781:JAMA Neurology 7767: 7724: 7669: 7636: 7593: 7586: 7555: 7512: 7463: 7434:(4): 386–399. 7414: 7385:(3): 506–519. 7365: 7336:(6): 642–651. 7316: 7287:(4): 699–713. 7267: 7218: 7175: 7150: 7121: 7070: 7043:(2): 162–173. 7010: 6983:(3): 596–610. 6967: 6952: 6926: 6877: 6848:(5): 455–462. 6828: 6774: 6735: 6721: 6672: 6653: 6638: 6609: 6560: 6543: 6516:(10): 1891–3. 6500: 6454: 6427:(12): 709–18. 6402: 6381:(6): 698–706. 6361: 6332:(2): 129–135. 6312: 6293:(5): A387-94. 6270: 6221: 6167: 6124: 6089: 6038: 5985: 5934: 5885: 5819: 5770: 5741:(3): 195–202. 5721: 5670: 5608: 5559: 5547: 5533: 5479: 5460:(2): 106–114. 5444: 5401: 5366:JAMA Neurology 5352: 5331:(5): 319–326. 5311: 5284:(2): 143–148. 5268: 5222: 5179: 5150:(8): 515–521. 5130: 5101:(3): 217–236. 5081: 5038: 4995: 4951: 4934: 4917: 4888:(3): 208–223. 4863: 4844: 4793: 4736: 4687: 4636: 4601: 4552: 4537: 4511: 4443: 4392: 4360: 4309: 4274: 4260: 4196: 4144: 4117:(8): 765–779. 4088: 4034: 3991: 3954:(5): 399–414. 3938: 3911:(8): 765–779. 3888: 3858: 3829:(4): 288–299. 3806: 3756: 3680: 3651:(3): 409–416. 3631: 3604:(4): 907–911. 3574: 3545:(4): 742–768. 3525: 3486:(9): e107620. 3466: 3418: 3411: 3393: 3331: 3283: 3240: 3182: 3136: 3099: 3080:(5): A387-94. 3049: 2913: 2912: 2910: 2907: 2906: 2905: 2900: 2894: 2893: 2877: 2874: 2825:gut–brain axis 2812: 2809: 2776: 2773: 2767: 2764: 2701:neurofilaments 2678:Main article: 2675: 2672: 2640:were found in 2630: 2627: 2621: 2618: 2609: 2606: 2566: 2563: 2558:Main article: 2555: 2552: 2540:optic neuritis 2465: 2462: 2433: 2430: 2380: 2377: 2375: 2372: 2344: 2338: 2332: 2326: 2320: 2314: 2313: 2304: 2303: 2284: 2282: 2275: 2269: 2266: 2238: 2235: 2170: 2167: 2154: 2151: 2116: 2113: 2040: 2037: 1993: 1990: 1987: 1986: 1984: 1982: 1977: 1975: 1970: 1966: 1965: 1962: 1959: 1954: 1952: 1947: 1943: 1942: 1939: 1936: 1931: 1929: 1924: 1920: 1919: 1916: 1913: 1908: 1906: 1901: 1897: 1896: 1893: 1890: 1885: 1883: 1878: 1874: 1873: 1870: 1868: 1863: 1861: 1856: 1852: 1851: 1848: 1845: 1840: 1838: 1833: 1829: 1828: 1825: 1822: 1817: 1814: 1809: 1805: 1804: 1801: 1798: 1793: 1790: 1785: 1781: 1780: 1777: 1774: 1769: 1766: 1761: 1757: 1756: 1753: 1750: 1745: 1740: 1735: 1731: 1730: 1727: 1724: 1719: 1714: 1709: 1705: 1704: 1701: 1698: 1693: 1691:Bayer Schering 1688: 1683: 1679: 1678: 1675: 1672: 1667: 1662: 1657: 1653: 1652: 1649: 1646: 1641: 1636: 1631: 1627: 1626: 1623: 1620: 1617: 1614: 1611: 1601: 1598: 1526: 1523: 1521: 1518: 1514:plasmapheresis 1498: 1495: 1471:Main article: 1468: 1465: 1436: 1433: 1417: 1414: 1378: 1377: 1374: 1371: 1365: 1335: 1332: 1269:nervous system 1265:cranial nerves 1256: 1253: 1236: 1233: 1225:contrast agent 1216: 1213: 1209: 1208: 1204: 1201: 1198: 1195: 1187:Poser criteria 1174: 1171: 1143:Main article: 1140: 1137: 1127: 1124: 1110: 1107: 1063: 1060: 977:Klüver-Barrera 968: 965: 948: 944:causes section 939: 936: 928:myelin sheaths 908:Main article: 905: 902: 861: 858: 853: 850: 824:, New Zealand 775: 772: 706:identical twin 696:, but several 681: 678: 646: 643: 629: 626: 612: 609: 600: 597: 589:breast feeding 560: 557: 544:optic neuritis 542:MS-associated 530: 527: 521:MS may have a 518: 515: 513: 512:Disease course 510: 496: 493: 453:optic neuritis 429:blurred vision 382:Main article: 379: 376: 347:affecting the 261: 260: 253: 249: 248: 246: 245: 242: 239: 235: 233: 229: 228: 225: 219: 218: 215: 211: 210: 207: 203: 202: 199: 195: 194: 187: 181: 180: 175: 169: 168: 157: 156: 148: 147: 144: 140: 139: 131: 126: 125: 118: 116: 31: 29: 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 16941: 16930: 16927: 16925: 16922: 16920: 16917: 16915: 16912: 16911: 16909: 16890: 16887: 16885: 16882: 16878: 16875: 16873: 16870: 16869: 16868: 16865: 16863: 16860: 16858: 16855: 16854: 16852: 16848: 16842: 16839: 16836: 16835:Latex allergy 16833: 16829: 16826: 16825: 16824: 16821: 16820: 16818: 16814: 16811: 16805: 16795: 16792: 16791: 16789: 16787: 16783: 16777: 16774: 16772: 16769: 16767: 16764: 16762: 16759: 16757: 16754: 16752: 16749: 16747: 16744: 16743: 16741: 16737: 16731: 16728: 16726: 16723: 16722: 16720: 16716: 16713: 16710: 16705: 16704:cell-mediated 16701: 16697: 16687: 16684: 16682: 16679: 16677: 16674: 16673: 16671: 16667: 16661: 16658: 16656: 16653: 16651: 16648: 16646: 16643: 16641: 16638: 16636: 16635:Farmer's lung 16633: 16631: 16628: 16627: 16625: 16621: 16618: 16615: 16610: 16606: 16592: 16589: 16587: 16584: 16582: 16579: 16578: 16576: 16574: 16570: 16565: 16559: 16556: 16554: 16551: 16549: 16546: 16544: 16541: 16539: 16536: 16534: 16531: 16529: 16526: 16525: 16523: 16521: 16517: 16514: 16510: 16505: 16502: 16500: 16496: 16493: 16487: 16484: 16482: 16479: 16478: 16477: 16476: 16474: 16470: 16466: 16456: 16453: 16451: 16448: 16447: 16445: 16441: 16435: 16432: 16428: 16425: 16423: 16420: 16418: 16415: 16413: 16410: 16408: 16405: 16403: 16400: 16398: 16394: 16393: 16392: 16389: 16387: 16384: 16382: 16379: 16376: 16373: 16371: 16368: 16366: 16363: 16362: 16360: 16356: 16353: 16350: 16345: 16341: 16337: 16333: 16329: 16325: 16318: 16313: 16311: 16306: 16304: 16299: 16298: 16295: 16273: 16270: 16269: 16268: 16265: 16264: 16257: 16254: 16252: 16249: 16248: 16247: 16244: 16242: 16239: 16235: 16232: 16230: 16227: 16223: 16220: 16218: 16215: 16213: 16210: 16209: 16207: 16205: 16202: 16200: 16197: 16195: 16192: 16190: 16187: 16185: 16182: 16181: 16180: 16177: 16175: 16172: 16171: 16170: 16168: 16164: 16163: 16158: 16155: 16153: 16150: 16148: 16145: 16144: 16143: 16141: 16137: 16136: 16134: 16132: 16128: 16122: 16119: 16117: 16114: 16113: 16111: 16109: 16105: 16102: 16100: 16096: 16093: 16089: 16079: 16076: 16074: 16071: 16069: 16066: 16064: 16061: 16059: 16058:Reye syndrome 16056: 16054: 16051: 16050: 16048: 16044: 16038: 16035: 16033: 16030: 16026: 16023: 16021: 16018: 16016: 16013: 16011: 16010:Hydrocephalus 16008: 16007: 16006: 16003: 16002: 16000: 15998: 15994: 15982: 15978: 15977: 15976: 15973: 15972: 15970: 15966: 15960: 15956: 15954: 15951: 15949: 15946: 15945: 15943: 15941: 15937: 15931: 15927: 15925: 15922: 15920: 15917: 15915: 15912: 15911: 15909: 15907: 15903: 15897: 15893: 15891: 15888: 15886: 15883: 15881: 15878: 15877: 15875: 15873: 15869: 15865: 15862: 15860: 15854: 15848: 15844: 15842: 15839: 15837: 15834: 15832: 15829: 15828: 15826: 15824: 15823:Demyelinating 15820: 15810: 15807: 15806: 15804: 15802: 15798: 15792: 15789: 15788: 15787: 15786: 15780: 15777: 15775: 15772: 15768: 15765: 15764: 15763: 15759: 15756: 15752: 15749: 15745: 15742: 15741: 15740: 15737: 15736: 15735: 15732: 15731: 15729: 15727: 15723: 15717: 15714: 15712: 15711:Restless legs 15709: 15705: 15702: 15700: 15697: 15696: 15695: 15692: 15691: 15686: 15683: 15679: 15676: 15675: 15674: 15671: 15667: 15664: 15663: 15662: 15659: 15657: 15654: 15650: 15649:Blepharospasm 15647: 15645: 15642: 15640: 15637: 15635: 15632: 15631: 15630: 15627: 15626: 15625: 15622: 15621: 15616: 15613: 15611: 15608: 15606: 15605:Hemiballismus 15603: 15601: 15598: 15594: 15591: 15590: 15589: 15586: 15582: 15579: 15578: 15577: 15574: 15570: 15567: 15565: 15562: 15560: 15557: 15556: 15555: 15552: 15551: 15550: 15547: 15546: 15544: 15542: 15537: 15533: 15530: 15528: 15524: 15521: 15519: 15514: 15510: 15500: 15497: 15495: 15492: 15488: 15485: 15484: 15483: 15480: 15479: 15477: 15475: 15470: 15462: 15459: 15458: 15457: 15456:Brain abscess 15454: 15452: 15449: 15445: 15442: 15440: 15437: 15435: 15432: 15430: 15427: 15426: 15425: 15422: 15421: 15419: 15417: 15413: 15410: 15408: 15404: 15400: 15396: 15388: 15383: 15381: 15376: 15374: 15369: 15368: 15365: 15353: 15350: 15348: 15345: 15343: 15340: 15338: 15335: 15334: 15332: 15328: 15318: 15315: 15313: 15310: 15308: 15305: 15304: 15302: 15298: 15292: 15289: 15287: 15284: 15282: 15279: 15277: 15274: 15272: 15269: 15267: 15264: 15262: 15259: 15257: 15254: 15252: 15249: 15248: 15246: 15244: 15240: 15234: 15231: 15229: 15226: 15224: 15221: 15219: 15216: 15214: 15211: 15209: 15206: 15204: 15201: 15200: 15198: 15196: 15192: 15186: 15183: 15181: 15178: 15176: 15173: 15171: 15168: 15166: 15163: 15162: 15160: 15158: 15154: 15151: 15147: 15141: 15138: 15134: 15131: 15130: 15128: 15127: 15125: 15121: 15115: 15114:Teriflunomide 15112: 15110: 15107: 15105: 15102: 15100: 15097: 15094: 15090: 15087: 15085: 15082: 15080: 15077: 15075: 15072: 15070: 15067: 15065: 15062: 15060: 15057: 15055: 15052: 15050: 15047: 15045: 15042: 15040: 15037: 15035: 15032: 15030: 15027: 15025: 15022: 15021: 15019: 15015: 15009: 15006: 15002: 14999: 14997: 14994: 14992: 14989: 14988: 14987:Radiological 14986: 14982: 14979: 14978: 14976: 14972: 14969: 14967: 14964: 14963: 14961: 14960: 14957: 14954: 14950: 14947: 14946: 14945: 14942: 14941: 14939: 14935: 14929: 14926: 14924: 14921: 14919: 14916: 14914: 14911: 14909: 14906: 14904: 14901: 14899: 14896: 14894: 14891: 14889: 14886: 14884: 14881: 14879: 14876: 14875: 14873: 14871: 14867: 14863: 14855: 14850: 14848: 14843: 14841: 14836: 14835: 14832: 14819: 14815: 14814: 14810: 14808: 14804: 14803: 14799: 14797: 14794: 14791: 14788: 14785: 14781: 14780: 14776: 14774: 14770: 14769: 14765: 14764: 14761: 14757: 14750: 14746: 14745: 14741: 14739: 14735: 14734: 14730: 14728: 14724: 14723: 14719: 14717: 14713: 14712: 14708: 14704: 14702: 14698: 14697: 14693: 14689: 14687: 14683: 14682: 14678: 14674: 14673: 14670: 14665: 14661: 14655: 14651: 14648: 14647: 14634: 14630: 14624: 14617: 14616: 14609: 14604: 14597: 14582: 14578: 14571: 14556: 14552: 14545: 14537: 14533: 14528: 14523: 14518: 14513: 14509: 14505: 14501: 14497: 14493: 14486: 14478: 14472: 14468: 14464: 14460: 14453: 14445: 14441: 14436: 14431: 14427: 14423: 14419: 14415: 14411: 14404: 14396: 14392: 14387: 14382: 14378: 14374: 14370: 14366: 14362: 14355: 14347: 14343: 14338: 14333: 14329: 14325: 14321: 14317: 14313: 14306: 14298: 14294: 14289: 14284: 14281:(1): 102430. 14280: 14276: 14272: 14265: 14250: 14249:MS Society UK 14246: 14240: 14225: 14221: 14215: 14200: 14199:MS Society UK 14196: 14190: 14182: 14176: 14168: 14164: 14159: 14154: 14149: 14144: 14140: 14136: 14132: 14125: 14110:. 6 June 2023 14109: 14108:www.qub.ac.uk 14105: 14099: 14091: 14087: 14082: 14077: 14073: 14069: 14065: 14058: 14050: 14044: 14036: 14032: 14027: 14022: 14018: 14014: 14010: 14006: 14002: 13995: 13987: 13983: 13978: 13973: 13969: 13965: 13961: 13957: 13953: 13946: 13938: 13934: 13929: 13924: 13919: 13914: 13910: 13906: 13902: 13900: 13891: 13883: 13879: 13874: 13869: 13865: 13861: 13857: 13850: 13848: 13846: 13844: 13824: 13820: 13816: 13812: 13808: 13804: 13800: 13796: 13792: 13785: 13778: 13759: 13755: 13751: 13747: 13743: 13739: 13735: 13731: 13727: 13720: 13713: 13705: 13701: 13696: 13691: 13686: 13681: 13677: 13673: 13670:(3): e57573. 13669: 13665: 13661: 13654: 13646: 13642: 13637: 13632: 13628: 13624: 13620: 13616: 13612: 13605: 13597: 13593: 13588: 13583: 13579: 13575: 13571: 13564: 13555: 13550: 13546: 13542: 13538: 13531: 13529: 13520: 13516: 13511: 13506: 13502: 13498: 13494: 13490: 13486: 13479: 13471: 13467: 13462: 13457: 13452: 13447: 13443: 13439: 13435: 13428: 13420: 13416: 13411: 13406: 13402: 13398: 13394: 13387: 13379: 13375: 13370: 13365: 13360: 13355: 13351: 13347: 13343: 13339: 13335: 13328: 13320: 13316: 13311: 13306: 13302: 13298: 13294: 13290: 13286: 13282: 13278: 13271: 13263: 13259: 13255: 13251: 13246: 13241: 13237: 13233: 13229: 13225: 13218: 13210: 13206: 13201: 13196: 13192: 13188: 13184: 13177: 13169: 13165: 13160: 13155: 13151: 13147: 13143: 13139: 13135: 13128: 13120: 13116: 13111: 13106: 13102: 13098: 13094: 13090: 13086: 13079: 13071: 13069:0-7012-1906-8 13065: 13061: 13060: 13052: 13044: 13040: 13035: 13030: 13026: 13022: 13018: 13011: 13009: 13000: 12993: 12985: 12981: 12976: 12971: 12967: 12963: 12959: 12952: 12944: 12940: 12936: 12932: 12928: 12924: 12921:(3): 189–92. 12920: 12916: 12909: 12901: 12897: 12892: 12887: 12882: 12877: 12873: 12869: 12865: 12858: 12850: 12846: 12841: 12836: 12832: 12828: 12825:(3): 278–86. 12824: 12820: 12816: 12809: 12801: 12797: 12792: 12787: 12783: 12779: 12775: 12771: 12767: 12760: 12758: 12749: 12745: 12741: 12737: 12733: 12729: 12722: 12720: 12718: 12709: 12705: 12701: 12697: 12692: 12687: 12683: 12679: 12676:(3): 217–22. 12675: 12671: 12667: 12660: 12652: 12648: 12643: 12638: 12634: 12630: 12626: 12622: 12618: 12611: 12603: 12599: 12594: 12589: 12585: 12581: 12577: 12573: 12569: 12562: 12560: 12551: 12547: 12542: 12537: 12533: 12529: 12525: 12521: 12517: 12510: 12502: 12498: 12493: 12488: 12484: 12480: 12476: 12472: 12468: 12461: 12453: 12449: 12444: 12439: 12435: 12431: 12427: 12423: 12419: 12412: 12404: 12397: 12396:"Atlas of MS" 12391: 12383: 12379: 12374: 12369: 12365: 12361: 12357: 12353: 12349: 12342: 12334: 12330: 12326: 12322: 12318: 12314: 12310: 12306: 12299: 12297: 12295: 12287: 12282: 12278: 12274: 12270: 12266: 12262: 12258: 12254: 12247: 12239: 12235: 12231: 12227: 12223: 12219: 12215: 12211: 12204: 12202: 12193: 12189: 12184: 12179: 12175: 12171: 12167: 12163: 12159: 12152: 12144: 12140: 12136: 12132: 12128: 12124: 12120: 12116: 12112: 12105: 12103: 12101: 12099: 12090: 12086: 12082: 12078: 12073: 12068: 12064: 12060: 12056: 12049: 12047: 12045: 12036: 12032: 12027: 12022: 12018: 12014: 12010: 12006: 12002: 11995: 11987: 11983: 11978: 11973: 11968: 11963: 11959: 11955: 11951: 11944: 11936: 11932: 11927: 11922: 11918: 11914: 11910: 11903: 11895: 11891: 11886: 11881: 11876: 11871: 11867: 11863: 11859: 11852: 11844: 11840: 11836: 11832: 11828: 11824: 11820: 11816: 11815:Lancet Neurol 11809: 11801: 11797: 11792: 11787: 11783: 11779: 11775: 11771: 11767: 11760: 11752: 11748: 11743: 11738: 11733: 11728: 11724: 11720: 11719:BMC Neurology 11716: 11709: 11701: 11697: 11693: 11686: 11678: 11674: 11669: 11664: 11660: 11656: 11652: 11648: 11644: 11637: 11629: 11625: 11620: 11615: 11611: 11607: 11603: 11599: 11595: 11588: 11580: 11576: 11572: 11568: 11564: 11560: 11557:(5): 646–51. 11556: 11552: 11545: 11538: 11534: 11530: 11525: 11520: 11516: 11512: 11509:(3): 147–53. 11508: 11504: 11500: 11493: 11485: 11481: 11476: 11471: 11466: 11461: 11457: 11453: 11449: 11442: 11434: 11430: 11425: 11420: 11416: 11412: 11408: 11404: 11400: 11393: 11385: 11381: 11377: 11373: 11369: 11365: 11358: 11350: 11346: 11342: 11338: 11331: 11329: 11327: 11325: 11323: 11321: 11319: 11310: 11306: 11302: 11298: 11294: 11290: 11286: 11282: 11275: 11267: 11263: 11259: 11255: 11250: 11245: 11241: 11237: 11233: 11226: 11218: 11214: 11210: 11206: 11202: 11198: 11191: 11183: 11179: 11174: 11169: 11164: 11159: 11155: 11151: 11147: 11140: 11132: 11128: 11124: 11120: 11116: 11112: 11104: 11096: 11092: 11087: 11082: 11078: 11074: 11070: 11066: 11062: 11055: 11047: 11043: 11038: 11033: 11029: 11025: 11021: 11017: 11013: 11006: 10998: 10994: 10989: 10984: 10980: 10976: 10972: 10968: 10964: 10957: 10949: 10945: 10940: 10935: 10931: 10927: 10923: 10919: 10915: 10908: 10900: 10896: 10891: 10886: 10882: 10878: 10874: 10870: 10866: 10859: 10851: 10847: 10843: 10839: 10835: 10831: 10824: 10816: 10812: 10807: 10802: 10798: 10794: 10790: 10786: 10782: 10775: 10767: 10763: 10758: 10753: 10749: 10745: 10741: 10737: 10733: 10726: 10707: 10703: 10699: 10694: 10689: 10685: 10681: 10677: 10673: 10666: 10659: 10640: 10636: 10632: 10628: 10624: 10620: 10616: 10612: 10608: 10605:(3): 247–54. 10604: 10600: 10593: 10586: 10578: 10574: 10569: 10564: 10560: 10556: 10552: 10548: 10544: 10537: 10529: 10525: 10520: 10515: 10511: 10507: 10503: 10499: 10495: 10488: 10480: 10476: 10472: 10468: 10464: 10460: 10456: 10452: 10445: 10426: 10419: 10401: 10394: 10388: 10372: 10368: 10362: 10354: 10350: 10346: 10342: 10338: 10334: 10330: 10326: 10319: 10311: 10307: 10303: 10299: 10295: 10291: 10287: 10283: 10276: 10268: 10264: 10260: 10256: 10252: 10248: 10244: 10240: 10233: 10225: 10221: 10217: 10213: 10209: 10202: 10194: 10190: 10187:(3): 151–62. 10186: 10182: 10175: 10159: 10155: 10151: 10147: 10143: 10138: 10133: 10129: 10125: 10121: 10117: 10113: 10106: 10104: 10087: 10083: 10077: 10061: 10057: 10053: 10047: 10039: 10033: 10029: 10022: 10014: 10010: 10005: 10000: 9996: 9992: 9988: 9984: 9980: 9973: 9962: 9955: 9949: 9933: 9929: 9925: 9919: 9917: 9908: 9904: 9897: 9889: 9885: 9880: 9875: 9870: 9865: 9861: 9857: 9853: 9846: 9844: 9835: 9831: 9826: 9821: 9817: 9813: 9809: 9805: 9801: 9794: 9786: 9782: 9777: 9772: 9768: 9764: 9760: 9756: 9749: 9747: 9738: 9732: 9728: 9727: 9719: 9703: 9697: 9681: 9677: 9671: 9663: 9659: 9654: 9649: 9645: 9641: 9637: 9633: 9629: 9622: 9620: 9618: 9609: 9605: 9600: 9595: 9591: 9587: 9583: 9579: 9575: 9568: 9549: 9545: 9541: 9537: 9533: 9529: 9522: 9515: 9513: 9511: 9509: 9500: 9496: 9491: 9486: 9482: 9478: 9474: 9470: 9466: 9459: 9451: 9447: 9443: 9439: 9435: 9431: 9427: 9423: 9416: 9414: 9412: 9410: 9401: 9397: 9392: 9387: 9383: 9379: 9375: 9371: 9367: 9360: 9358: 9349: 9345: 9340: 9335: 9331: 9327: 9323: 9319: 9315: 9308: 9306: 9297: 9293: 9289: 9285: 9281: 9277: 9273: 9269: 9262: 9254: 9250: 9246: 9242: 9238: 9231: 9223: 9219: 9215: 9211: 9207: 9203: 9199: 9195: 9188: 9180: 9176: 9172: 9168: 9164: 9160: 9153: 9145: 9141: 9137: 9133: 9129: 9125: 9121: 9117: 9110: 9102: 9098: 9094: 9090: 9086: 9082: 9075: 9067: 9063: 9058: 9053: 9049: 9045: 9041: 9037: 9033: 9026: 9024: 9015: 9011: 9006: 9001: 8997: 8993: 8989: 8985: 8981: 8974: 8972: 8963: 8959: 8954: 8949: 8945: 8941: 8937: 8933: 8929: 8922: 8906: 8902: 8898: 8894: 8892:1-86016-182-0 8888: 8884: 8883: 8875: 8867: 8863: 8858: 8853: 8849: 8845: 8841: 8837: 8833: 8826: 8818: 8814: 8810: 8806: 8802: 8798: 8791: 8783: 8779: 8774: 8769: 8765: 8761: 8757: 8750: 8742: 8738: 8733: 8728: 8724: 8720: 8716: 8712: 8708: 8701: 8693: 8689: 8685: 8681: 8677: 8673: 8669: 8665: 8658: 8650: 8644: 8640: 8636: 8632: 8631: 8623: 8615: 8611: 8607: 8601: 8597: 8593: 8589: 8582: 8574: 8570: 8567:(11): 796–8. 8566: 8562: 8555: 8539: 8535: 8531: 8525: 8517: 8513: 8508: 8503: 8499: 8495: 8491: 8487: 8483: 8476: 8474: 8465: 8461: 8457: 8453: 8449: 8445: 8442:(4): 343–54. 8441: 8437: 8430: 8422: 8418: 8414: 8410: 8405: 8400: 8396: 8392: 8388: 8384: 8377: 8375: 8373: 8364: 8360: 8356: 8352: 8348: 8344: 8340: 8336: 8329: 8313: 8309: 8305: 8299: 8291: 8287: 8282: 8277: 8273: 8269: 8265: 8261: 8257: 8250: 8242: 8238: 8233: 8228: 8224: 8220: 8216: 8212: 8208: 8201: 8193: 8189: 8185: 8181: 8177: 8173: 8169: 8165: 8158: 8150: 8146: 8142: 8138: 8134: 8127: 8125: 8123: 8121: 8112: 8108: 8104: 8098: 8094: 8093: 8085: 8083: 8081: 8072: 8068: 8064: 8060: 8056: 8052: 8048: 8044: 8037: 8021: 8017: 8010: 7991: 7987: 7983: 7979: 7975: 7970: 7969:2078.1/239849 7965: 7961: 7957: 7953: 7949: 7942: 7935: 7926: 7921: 7917: 7913: 7909: 7902: 7894: 7890: 7885: 7880: 7875: 7870: 7866: 7862: 7858: 7851: 7835: 7831: 7827: 7820: 7812: 7808: 7803: 7798: 7794: 7790: 7786: 7782: 7778: 7771: 7763: 7759: 7755: 7751: 7747: 7743: 7739: 7735: 7728: 7720: 7716: 7712: 7708: 7703: 7698: 7694: 7690: 7686: 7682: 7676: 7674: 7664: 7659: 7655: 7651: 7647: 7640: 7632: 7628: 7624: 7620: 7616: 7612: 7609:(3): 147–58. 7608: 7604: 7597: 7589: 7583: 7578: 7573: 7569: 7562: 7560: 7551: 7547: 7543: 7539: 7535: 7531: 7527: 7523: 7516: 7508: 7504: 7499: 7494: 7490: 7486: 7482: 7478: 7474: 7467: 7459: 7455: 7450: 7445: 7441: 7437: 7433: 7429: 7425: 7418: 7410: 7406: 7401: 7396: 7392: 7388: 7384: 7380: 7376: 7369: 7361: 7357: 7352: 7347: 7343: 7339: 7335: 7331: 7327: 7320: 7312: 7308: 7303: 7298: 7294: 7290: 7286: 7282: 7278: 7271: 7263: 7259: 7254: 7249: 7245: 7241: 7237: 7233: 7229: 7222: 7214: 7210: 7206: 7202: 7198: 7194: 7190: 7186: 7179: 7171: 7167: 7162: 7157: 7153: 7147: 7143: 7139: 7135: 7128: 7126: 7117: 7113: 7108: 7103: 7098: 7093: 7089: 7085: 7081: 7074: 7066: 7062: 7058: 7054: 7050: 7046: 7042: 7038: 7034: 7027: 7025: 7023: 7021: 7019: 7017: 7015: 7006: 7002: 6998: 6994: 6990: 6986: 6982: 6978: 6971: 6963: 6959: 6955: 6949: 6945: 6941: 6937: 6930: 6922: 6918: 6913: 6908: 6904: 6900: 6896: 6892: 6888: 6881: 6873: 6869: 6864: 6859: 6855: 6851: 6847: 6843: 6839: 6832: 6824: 6820: 6816: 6812: 6807: 6802: 6799:(6): 504–13. 6798: 6794: 6790: 6783: 6781: 6779: 6770: 6766: 6762: 6758: 6754: 6750: 6742: 6740: 6731: 6725: 6717: 6713: 6708: 6703: 6699: 6695: 6691: 6687: 6683: 6676: 6668: 6664: 6657: 6649: 6645: 6641: 6635: 6631: 6627: 6623: 6616: 6614: 6605: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6587: 6583: 6579: 6575: 6571: 6564: 6556: 6550: 6548: 6539: 6535: 6531: 6527: 6523: 6519: 6515: 6511: 6504: 6496: 6492: 6488: 6484: 6480: 6476: 6473:(3): 182–91. 6472: 6468: 6461: 6459: 6450: 6446: 6442: 6438: 6434: 6430: 6426: 6422: 6415: 6413: 6411: 6409: 6407: 6398: 6394: 6389: 6384: 6380: 6376: 6372: 6365: 6357: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6339: 6335: 6331: 6327: 6323: 6316: 6308: 6304: 6300: 6296: 6292: 6288: 6281: 6279: 6277: 6275: 6266: 6262: 6257: 6252: 6248: 6244: 6240: 6236: 6232: 6225: 6217: 6213: 6208: 6203: 6199: 6195: 6192:(3): 317–24. 6191: 6187: 6183: 6176: 6174: 6172: 6163: 6159: 6155: 6151: 6147: 6143: 6140:(2): 117–39. 6139: 6135: 6128: 6120: 6116: 6112: 6108: 6104: 6100: 6093: 6085: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6057: 6053: 6049: 6042: 6034: 6030: 6026: 6022: 6018: 6014: 6009: 6004: 6001:(2): 104–10. 6000: 5996: 5989: 5981: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5953: 5949: 5945: 5938: 5930: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5912: 5908: 5904: 5900: 5896: 5889: 5882: 5878: 5875: 5869: 5865: 5861: 5857: 5853: 5849: 5845: 5841: 5837: 5833: 5826: 5824: 5815: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5797: 5793: 5789: 5785: 5781: 5774: 5766: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5748: 5744: 5740: 5736: 5732: 5725: 5717: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5689: 5685: 5681: 5674: 5666: 5662: 5657: 5652: 5647: 5642: 5638: 5634: 5630: 5626: 5622: 5615: 5613: 5604: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5586: 5582: 5578: 5574: 5570: 5563: 5556: 5551: 5543: 5537: 5529: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5501: 5497: 5493: 5486: 5484: 5475: 5471: 5467: 5463: 5459: 5455: 5448: 5440: 5436: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5420: 5416: 5412: 5405: 5397: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5379: 5375: 5371: 5367: 5363: 5356: 5348: 5344: 5339: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5322: 5315: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5272: 5264: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5248: 5244: 5240: 5236: 5229: 5227: 5218: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5194: 5190: 5183: 5175: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5134: 5126: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5085: 5077: 5073: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5054:(5): 359–65. 5053: 5049: 5042: 5034: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5006: 4999: 4991: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4955: 4947: 4941: 4939: 4930: 4924: 4922: 4913: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4872: 4870: 4868: 4859: 4853: 4851: 4849: 4840: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4813:(3): e36835. 4812: 4808: 4804: 4797: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4740: 4732: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4691: 4683: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4640: 4632: 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3828: 3824: 3820: 3813: 3811: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3767: 3765: 3763: 3761: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3717: 3715: 3713: 3711: 3709: 3707: 3705: 3703: 3701: 3699: 3697: 3695: 3693: 3691: 3689: 3687: 3685: 3676: 3672: 3667: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3635: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3589: 3587: 3585: 3583: 3581: 3579: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3553: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3529: 3521: 3517: 3512: 3507: 3502: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3470: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3427: 3425: 3423: 3414: 3408: 3404: 3397: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3354: 3352: 3350: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3342: 3340: 3338: 3336: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3292: 3290: 3288: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3256:(6): 102826. 3255: 3251: 3244: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3201: 3199: 3197: 3195: 3193: 3191: 3189: 3187: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3143: 3141: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3110: 3108: 3106: 3104: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3068: 3066: 3064: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3056: 3054: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3007: 3005: 3003: 3001: 2999: 2997: 2995: 2993: 2991: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2981: 2979: 2977: 2975: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2967: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2959: 2957: 2955: 2953: 2951: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2929: 2927: 2925: 2923: 2921: 2919: 2914: 2904: 2901: 2899: 2896: 2895: 2891: 2880: 2873: 2871: 2866: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2830: 2826: 2821: 2819: 2808: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2789:remyelination 2786: 2782: 2772: 2763: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2712: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2681: 2671: 2669: 2664: 2662: 2658: 2653: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2626: 2617: 2615: 2605: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2589: 2585: 2579: 2577: 2572: 2561: 2551: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2532: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2488:Saint Lidwina 2485: 2480: 2475: 2470: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2438:Charcot Triad 2429: 2427: 2423: 2420: 2415: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2394: 2390: 2385: 2371: 2367: 2365: 2360: 2357: 2310: 2300: 2288: 2283: 2274: 2273: 2265: 2262: 2257: 2256:brain atrophy 2251: 2247: 2243: 2234: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2166: 2162: 2160: 2150: 2147: 2142: 2137: 2132: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2112: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2097:macular edema 2094: 2090: 2085: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2054: 2045: 2036: 2034: 2030: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2011: 2009: 2004: 1998: 1985: 1983: 1981: 1978: 1976: 1974: 1971: 1968: 1967: 1963: 1960: 1958: 1955: 1953: 1951: 1948: 1945: 1944: 1940: 1937: 1935: 1932: 1930: 1928: 1925: 1922: 1921: 1917: 1914: 1912: 1909: 1907: 1905: 1902: 1899: 1898: 1894: 1891: 1889: 1886: 1884: 1882: 1879: 1876: 1875: 1871: 1869: 1867: 1864: 1862: 1860: 1857: 1854: 1853: 1849: 1846: 1844: 1841: 1839: 1837: 1834: 1831: 1830: 1826: 1823: 1821: 1818: 1815: 1813: 1810: 1807: 1806: 1802: 1799: 1797: 1794: 1791: 1789: 1786: 1783: 1782: 1778: 1775: 1773: 1770: 1767: 1765: 1762: 1759: 1758: 1754: 1751: 1749: 1746: 1744: 1741: 1739: 1738:Teriflunomide 1736: 1733: 1732: 1728: 1725: 1723: 1720: 1718: 1715: 1713: 1710: 1707: 1706: 1702: 1699: 1697: 1694: 1692: 1689: 1687: 1684: 1681: 1680: 1676: 1673: 1671: 1668: 1666: 1663: 1661: 1658: 1655: 1654: 1650: 1647: 1645: 1644:Intramuscular 1642: 1640: 1637: 1635: 1632: 1629: 1628: 1624: 1621: 1618: 1615: 1612: 1609: 1608: 1605: 1597: 1595: 1591: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1558: 1556: 1552: 1551:teriflunomide 1548: 1542: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1517: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1504: 1494: 1492: 1488: 1483: 1479: 1474: 1464: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1432: 1429: 1427: 1422: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1403: 1399: 1394: 1392: 1388: 1387:demyelination 1384: 1375: 1372: 1369: 1366: 1363: 1360: 1359: 1358: 1356: 1351: 1349: 1340: 1331: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1272: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1252: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1232: 1228: 1226: 1222: 1221:intravenously 1212: 1205: 1202: 1199: 1196: 1193: 1192: 1191: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1170: 1168: 1159: 1151: 1146: 1136: 1133: 1123: 1121: 1116: 1106: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1087: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1072:immunological 1069: 1059: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1044:remyelination 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1020: 1016: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 997:basal ganglia 994: 990: 986: 978: 973: 964: 962: 957: 954: 945: 935: 933: 929: 925: 916: 911: 901: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 857: 849: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 815: 810: 806: 803: 800: 797: 793: 792:ultraviolet B 789: 780: 771: 769: 765: 761: 757: 755: 750: 749: 744: 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 723: 719: 715: 710: 709:than others. 707: 703: 699: 695: 686: 677: 675: 670: 668: 663: 659: 656: 652: 642: 640: 636: 625: 623: 619: 608: 606: 596: 594: 590: 586: 581: 579: 575: 571: 567: 556: 554: 549: 545: 540: 536: 526: 524: 509: 506: 502: 492: 489: 487: 483: 479: 477: 473: 469: 468:unstable mood 464: 462: 461:double vision 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 437:muscle spasms 434: 430: 426: 422: 417: 415: 411: 409: 405: 403: 399: 390: 385: 375: 373: 369: 365: 361: 356: 354: 350: 346: 341: 339: 335: 329: 327: 323: 319: 314: 311: 307: 306:double vision 303: 299: 295: 291: 287: 283: 279: 276:in which the 275: 271: 267: 258: 254: 250: 243: 241:Physiotherapy 240: 237: 236: 234: 230: 226: 224: 220: 216: 212: 208: 204: 200: 196: 192: 188: 186: 182: 179: 176: 174: 170: 166: 162: 158: 154: 149: 145: 141: 136: 130: 117: 113: 102: 99: 95: 92: 88: 85: 81: 78: 74: 71: – 70: 66: 65:Find sources: 60: 56: 50: 46: 45: 41: 37: 32:This article 30: 21: 20: 16760: 16730:Mantoux test 16391:Food allergy 16266: 16165: 16138: 16099:Degenerative 15840: 15836:Inflammatory 15783: 15716:Stiff-person 15554:Parkinsonism 15527:Degenerative 15424:Encephalitis 15407:Inflammation 15397:, primarily 15195:Inflammatory 15179: 15074:Mitoxantrone 14908:Incontinence 14811: 14800: 14777: 14766: 14742: 14731: 14720: 14705: 14690: 14675: 14632: 14623: 14612: 14596: 14584:. Retrieved 14580: 14570: 14558:. Retrieved 14554: 14544: 14499: 14495: 14485: 14458: 14452: 14417: 14413: 14403: 14368: 14364: 14354: 14319: 14315: 14305: 14278: 14274: 14264: 14252:. Retrieved 14248: 14239: 14227:. Retrieved 14223: 14214: 14202:. Retrieved 14198: 14189: 14175:cite journal 14138: 14134: 14124: 14112:. Retrieved 14107: 14098: 14071: 14067: 14057: 14043:cite journal 14008: 14004: 13994: 13959: 13955: 13945: 13908: 13904: 13898: 13890: 13863: 13859: 13832:19 September 13830:. Retrieved 13794: 13790: 13777: 13767:19 September 13765:. 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Retrieved 7829: 7819: 7784: 7780: 7770: 7740:(1): 46–55. 7737: 7733: 7727: 7695:(1): 121–7. 7692: 7688: 7653: 7649: 7639: 7606: 7602: 7596: 7567: 7525: 7521: 7515: 7480: 7476: 7466: 7431: 7427: 7417: 7382: 7378: 7368: 7333: 7329: 7319: 7284: 7280: 7270: 7238:(1): 36–47. 7235: 7231: 7221: 7191:(2): 45–56. 7188: 7184: 7178: 7133: 7087: 7083: 7073: 7040: 7036: 6980: 6976: 6970: 6935: 6929: 6894: 6890: 6880: 6845: 6841: 6831: 6796: 6792: 6752: 6748: 6724: 6689: 6685: 6675: 6666: 6656: 6621: 6577: 6573: 6563: 6513: 6509: 6503: 6470: 6466: 6424: 6420: 6378: 6374: 6364: 6329: 6325: 6315: 6290: 6286: 6238: 6234: 6224: 6189: 6185: 6137: 6133: 6127: 6102: 6098: 6092: 6055: 6051: 6041: 5998: 5994: 5988: 5951: 5947: 5937: 5902: 5898: 5888: 5835: 5831: 5790:(1): 51–64. 5787: 5783: 5773: 5738: 5734: 5724: 5687: 5683: 5673: 5628: 5624: 5576: 5572: 5562: 5550: 5536: 5499: 5495: 5457: 5453: 5447: 5414: 5410: 5404: 5369: 5365: 5355: 5328: 5324: 5314: 5281: 5277: 5271: 5241:(1): 28–32. 5238: 5234: 5192: 5188: 5182: 5147: 5143: 5133: 5098: 5094: 5084: 5051: 5047: 5041: 5011:(4): 216–9. 5008: 5004: 4998: 4971: 4967: 4954: 4885: 4881: 4810: 4806: 4796: 4753: 4749: 4739: 4704: 4700: 4690: 4653: 4649: 4639: 4614: 4610: 4604: 4569: 4566:Cell Journal 4565: 4555: 4520: 4514: 4502:. Retrieved 4472: 4468: 4409: 4405: 4395: 4383:. Retrieved 4372: 4363: 4326: 4322: 4312: 4287: 4283: 4277: 4263: 4254: 4250: 4238:. Retrieved 4231:the original 4221:(2): 59–61. 4218: 4214: 4164: 4160: 4114: 4110: 4050: 4047:FEBS Letters 4046: 4004: 4000: 3994: 3951: 3947: 3941: 3908: 3904: 3879:. Retrieved 3875:the original 3870: 3861: 3826: 3822: 3776: 3772: 3726: 3722: 3648: 3644: 3634: 3601: 3597: 3542: 3538: 3528: 3483: 3479: 3469: 3436: 3432: 3402: 3396: 3363: 3359: 3301: 3297: 3253: 3249: 3243: 3231:. Retrieved 3214: 3210: 3155:(1): 26–34. 3152: 3148: 3127:. Retrieved 3123:the original 3118: 3077: 3073: 3019: 3015: 2867: 2863:astrogliosis 2851:nitric oxide 2838:CD4+ T cells 2834:autoreactive 2822: 2820:hypotheses. 2814: 2778: 2769: 2713: 2698: 2692: 2665: 2654: 2636: 2632: 2629:Pathogenesis 2623: 2611: 2580: 2568: 2547: 2529: 2500: 2481: 2478: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2435: 2425: 2416: 2398: 2368: 2361: 2353: 2294: 2286: 2268:Epidemiology 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2227:Cannabinoids 2172: 2163: 2156: 2133: 2118: 2089:hypertension 2086: 2066:liver damage 2050: 2031: 2012: 1999: 1995: 1980:Subcutaneous 1888:Subcutaneous 1772:Subcutaneous 1722:Subcutaneous 1696:Subcutaneous 1670:Subcutaneous 1665:Merck Serono 1603: 1592: 1587:mitoxantrone 1559: 1543: 1528: 1500: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1438: 1430: 1423: 1419: 1410: 1406: 1395: 1383:inflammation 1379: 1352: 1345: 1320:CNS lymphoma 1284:Lyme disease 1273: 1261:differential 1258: 1238: 1229: 1218: 1210: 1176: 1164: 1129: 1112: 1088: 1078:, a kind of 1068:inflammation 1065: 1062:Inflammation 1025: 985:white matter 982: 958: 941: 921: 881:Vaccinations 863: 855: 842:Palestinians 811: 807: 804: 801: 785: 752: 746: 740: 722:chromosome 6 711: 691: 671: 655:Epstein-Barr 648: 631: 614: 602: 582: 562: 532: 520: 498: 490: 480: 465: 418: 412: 406: 402:neurological 395: 372:white matter 363: 357: 342: 330: 315: 269: 265: 264: 129: 107: 97: 90: 83: 76: 64: 40:verification 33: 16381:Anaphylaxis 16377:(Hay fever) 16251:Fazio–Londe 16091:Both/either 15885:Generalised 15744:Early-onset 15739:Alzheimer's 15474:spinal cord 15089:Ocrelizumab 15084:Natalizumab 15029:Alemtuzumab 14813:GeneReviews 14768:MedlinePlus 14245:"Metformin" 14141:: 1362629. 13547:(1): 9–17. 13444:: 1057791. 13245:2445/178507 12968:(1): 57–8. 10164:5 September 9776:2434/533488 9686:29 December 8938:(1): 9–14. 8544:12 November 7861:Diagnostics 7681:McDonald WI 7577:10665/43968 4882:Temperature 4572:(1): 1–10. 3969:10379/16066 3304:: 188–195. 3233:28 December 2832:peripheral 2760:macrophages 2740:myoinositol 2620:Medications 2593:ocrelizumab 2576:EBV vaccine 2548:Bleak House 2419:neurologist 2417:The French 2393:spinal cord 2348: 13–25 2215:mindfulness 2211:acupuncture 2207:reflexology 2193:(including 2074:infertility 2058:lipoatrophy 1957:Intravenous 1950:Ocrelizumab 1934:Intravenous 1927:Alemtuzumab 1610:Medication 1600:Medications 1594:Ublituximab 1563:Natalizumab 1535:Interferons 1503:intravenous 1103:macrophages 1080:lymphocytes 1009:grey matter 1001:spinal cord 989:optic nerve 820:, Canadian 818:Amerindians 585:vaccination 566:common cold 368:glial scars 286:spinal cord 282:nerve cells 198:Usual onset 165:macrophages 143:Other names 34:needs more 16908:Categories 16850:Autoimmune 16739:Autoimmune 16669:Autoimmune 16512:Autoimmune 16443:Autoimmune 15859:paroxysmal 15831:Autoimmune 15624:Dyskinesia 15494:Meningitis 15472:Brain and 15243:Hereditary 15157:Autoimmune 15133:Daclizumab 15069:Laquinimod 15049:Fingolimod 15034:Cladribine 15008:Frexalimab 14893:Dysarthria 14883:Depression 14802:Patient UK 14744:DiseasesDB 14586:11 January 14560:11 January 14074:: 148648. 13956:Neurol Sci 13580:: 104360. 11199:(Review). 10619:1871/26505 10137:1765/73097 9708:3 December 8934:(Review). 8713:(Review). 8488:(Review). 8404:1871/24666 8111:1282172709 7656:(S1): 12. 7090:: 764937. 6897:(1): 1–8. 6755:: 104075. 5690:: 640935. 4960:Kurtzke JF 4412:(1): 252. 4369:"MS Signs" 4290:: 103954. 4240:21 October 4167:: 103932. 3779:: 577935. 3439:: 102740. 3012:Compston A 2909:References 2847:Astrocytes 2818:microbiome 2801:clemastine 2674:Biomarkers 2389:brain stem 2356:prevalence 2342: 6–12 2231:nabiximols 2125:spasticity 2019:cladribine 1904:Cladribine 1900:Mavenclad 1895:0.09-0.14 1881:Ofatumumab 1872:0.18-0.24 1850:0.22-0.25 1836:Fingolimod 1827:0.11-0.15 1784:Tecfidera 1547:fingolimod 1508:, such as 1467:Management 1348:phenotypes 1247:of IgG on 1183:Schumacher 1126:MS fatigue 1120:Gadolinium 1095:antibodies 1005:ventricles 993:brain stem 834:Sardinians 822:Hutterites 449:swallowing 80:newspapers 16520:Cytotoxic 15856:Episodic/ 15734:Tauopathy 15685:Akathisia 15673:Myoclonus 15656:Athetosis 15588:Tauopathy 15109:Siponimod 15104:Ponesimod 14962:Clinical 14913:Nystagmus 14898:Dysphagia 14796:radio/461 14790:emerg/321 14784:neuro/228 14779:eMedicine 13615:Continuum 13419:247750447 13262:205099904 12943:221422840 12819:Neurology 12471:Neurology 12281:198999832 12238:174808956 12210:Continuum 12089:249438715 11868:(3): 95. 11862:Medicines 11843:225049079 11266:207497395 11117:: 33–42. 10715:5 October 10056:Genentech 9804:Neurology 9557:5 October 9450:206160178 9194:Neurology 9116:Neurology 8911:5 October 8760:Neurology 8318:4 October 8260:Neurology 8211:Neurology 8192:173991777 8164:Continuum 8026:5 October 7999:5 October 7986:220976821 7840:5 October 7762:260317568 7065:206164600 7005:174806511 6977:Continuum 6891:CNS Drugs 6842:Neurology 6510:Neurology 6326:Neurology 6162:207051545 6003:CiteSeerX 5868:245983763 5502:(2): 49. 5217:204887642 5095:CNS Drugs 4968:Neurology 4788:221744328 4499:252564095 4385:7 October 4269:"Fatigue" 4191:249188137 4139:232019589 3986:220436640 3933:232019589 3801:251152784 3751:251375096 3723:Continuum 3598:Neurology 3594:Lublin FD 3461:231624230 3278:233325057 3044:195686659 2859:monocytes 2836:effector 2829:Vitamin D 2785:metformin 2775:Metformin 2748:glutamate 2474:Muybridge 2404:pathology 2336: 3–5 2297:July 2022 2237:Prognosis 2179:vitamin D 2129:catheters 2027:ponesimod 2015:siponimod 2013:In 2019, 1923:Lemtrada 1918:0.1-0.14 1877:Kesimpta 1808:Vumerity 1760:Plegridy 1708:Copaxone 1616:Producer 1613:Compound 1579:Betaseron 1529:Multiple 1439:Atypical 1398:remission 1370:MS (RRMS) 1139:Diagnosis 1115:capillary 1091:cytokines 961:microglia 953:cytokines 897:uric acid 838:Sicilians 836:, inland 796:vitamin D 774:Geography 712:Specific 599:Pregnancy 570:influenza 539:brainstem 523:prodromal 457:nystagmus 414:Autonomic 360:sclerosis 310:sensation 252:Frequency 232:Treatment 209:Long term 201:Age 20–50 191:autonomic 178:Neurology 173:Specialty 110:July 2022 16809:multiple 16807:Unknown/ 16609:Type III 16573:receptor 16422:Tree nut 16222:SMALED2B 16217:SMALED2A 15914:Migraine 15906:Headache 15872:epilepsy 15868:Seizures 15726:Dementia 15629:Dystonia 15099:Ozanimod 14888:Diplopia 14818:Overview 14581:BBC News 14536:38200295 14527:10781627 14444:29358320 14346:21527855 14297:31734400 14167:38680485 14158:11046490 14090:37890574 14035:31585093 13986:34100130 13937:31803127 13911:: 1173. 13882:22159052 13823:Archived 13819:18311152 13811:15896809 13758:Archived 13754:52140127 13746:30171200 13704:23516409 13664:PLOS ONE 13645:23917093 13596:30582947 13519:26486929 13470:36518758 13378:28207850 13338:PLOS ONE 13319:35073561 13254:28002679 13209:16606758 13168:31862243 13119:28167994 13043:16103678 12984:16479124 12900:32636933 12849:24871874 12800:21387374 12748:24424194 12700:16196388 12651:10603616 12550:33174475 12501:18606967 12382:28365589 12325:29576504 12273:31363847 12253:J Neurol 12230:31162314 12192:32682869 12162:Am J Med 12135:30300239 12081:35674067 12035:35510826 11986:32761325 11935:26327679 11894:31547410 11835:33222766 11800:30246874 11751:24438384 11700:Archived 11677:14974004 11628:30646241 11579:34692470 11571:17086912 11533:23257784 11484:21965673 11433:32428983 11384:19222053 11349:16420779 11309:44156766 11301:29794531 11258:29042299 11217:28215060 11182:30567012 11131:27772557 11095:31778221 11046:31637711 10997:24515630 10988:10966661 10948:16437487 10899:15674920 10850:17482708 10815:26358158 10766:30637728 10706:Archived 10702:12917976 10639:Archived 10635:18785849 10627:15859525 10577:30317542 10528:17443610 10479:28253186 10471:16168933 10425:Archived 10400:Archived 10353:46326042 10345:22258169 10310:25910077 10302:19882365 10267:12529733 10259:15592724 10224:20464733 10193:17131933 10158:Archived 10154:20343951 10146:22371220 10086:Archived 10060:Archived 10013:35583174 9961:Archived 9938:26 March 9932:Archived 9928:DailyMed 9907:Archived 9905:. STAT. 9888:31598138 9834:20439849 9785:23728638 9680:Archived 9662:38174776 9653:10765473 9608:27880972 9548:Archived 9544:23744561 9499:28440858 9442:22014437 9400:25900414 9391:10663978 9348:27091121 9339:10401910 9296:20323687 9288:22642799 9253:18425915 9214:21205678 9179:22284996 9144:16929304 9136:21205679 9101:22082979 9066:11687131 9014:27003123 9005:10493042 8962:31740484 8905:Archived 8901:21290636 8866:11034713 8857:11391333 8817:23235634 8782:29686116 8741:30893099 8692:21212935 8684:15727225 8614:18219812 8573:15651294 8538:Archived 8516:32636933 8464:39503553 8456:16545751 8421:31389841 8413:17884680 8363:36401666 8355:15847841 8290:32471886 8241:24871874 8184:31162308 8149:35977131 8071:22724352 8063:16945427 8020:Archived 7990:Archived 7978:32749948 7893:33260401 7834:Archived 7811:31424490 7754:18256986 7719:13870943 7711:11456302 7631:23452341 7623:15177763 7542:11794488 7507:28789787 7458:27146427 7409:33961198 7360:30683707 7311:23088946 7262:33381913 7205:17351524 7170:17531860 7116:34899715 7057:29275977 6997:31162307 6962:18219824 6921:31576507 6872:29970406 6823:36999504 6815:17492755 6769:35963205 6716:24561056 6648:30459034 6604:20671034 6538:34895995 6530:11723283 6487:12127652 6441:15556803 6397:19897699 6356:18606967 6307:19932200 6265:31604244 6241:(6460). 6216:21247752 6154:11603614 6119:22041658 6084:26858593 6033:16707321 6025:14747002 5980:32435244 5929:15148332 5877:Archived 5860:35025605 5814:35931816 5765:15721830 5716:33828551 5665:29394264 5625:PLOS ONE 5603:17984305 5528:31973138 5496:Medicina 5474:30612100 5431:11205361 5396:37669073 5387:10481324 5347:11172162 5298:17439878 5263:20870484 5255:16804331 5209:31654040 5174:34155379 5125:28185158 5076:31529508 5068:12356200 5025:10467378 4912:30377640 4839:37123672 4830:10147486 4780:32949546 4771:10011205 4731:30303036 4682:31214113 4631:32350648 4596:28367411 4547:30482317 4491:36179757 4438:37488623 4429:10364432 4379:Archived 4355:37602098 4346:10438195 4304:35716477 4257:: 554–5. 4227:18782501 4183:35667315 4131:33620411 4075:24746689 3978:32643486 3925:33620411 3845:17444504 3793:35931008 3743:35938654 3675:22379455 3626:40213123 3561:29470968 3520:25254633 3480:PLOS ONE 3453:33450500 3388:14207583 3380:11955556 3326:86669723 3318:30935529 3270:33878488 3227:Archived 3223:22146321 3177:21058811 3169:22189514 3094:19932200 3036:18970977 2876:See also 2766:COVID-19 2554:Research 2492:Schiedam 2223:Cannabis 2185:such as 2023:ozanimod 2003:Phase IV 1946:Ocrevus 1859:Ozanimod 1855:Zeposia 1832:Gilenya 1734:Aubagio 1682:Extavia 1441:variants 1435:Variants 1402:problems 1346:Several 1288:syphilis 1276:bleeding 1099:swelling 877:solvents 754:HLA-DRB1 748:HLA-C554 680:Genetics 622:peptides 559:Relapses 553:relapses 322:genetics 272:) is an 255:0.032% ( 206:Duration 185:Symptoms 16816:Foreign 16718:Foreign 16709:T cells 16700:Type IV 16623:Foreign 16498:Foreign 16469:Type II 16412:Seafood 16358:Foreign 16340:allergy 16234:SMA-PME 16229:SMA-PCH 16212:SMALED1 15924:Tension 15919:Cluster 15644:Meige's 15461:Amoebic 15129:Former 14903:Fatigue 14787:oph/179 14738:D009103 14603:bioRxiv 14504:Bibcode 14435:5830904 14386:2184496 14337:3166406 14254:30 July 14229:30 July 14204:30 July 14114:30 July 14026:6863391 13977:8184129 13928:6876616 13899:in vivo 13695:3597727 13672:Bibcode 13636:3915566 13510:9242538 13461:9744114 13369:5313176 13346:Bibcode 13310:9382663 13289:Bibcode 13159:7106557 13110:5291069 12891:7318823 12840:4117366 12791:3084507 12708:8342303 12691:8095927 12642:1692680 12602:3066846 12593:1032909 12541:7720355 12492:4109189 12452:8269393 12373:5537547 12333:4313310 12183:7704606 12143:6103857 12026:9069991 11977:7609671 11885:6789617 11791:6513642 11742:3900731 11668:8407327 11619:6324456 11524:3649517 11475:3220534 11424:7388136 11173:6516893 11086:6953359 11037:6803560 10939:8406851 10890:6485797 10806:9554249 10757:6353175 10693:9022193 10568:6517040 10519:8992048 10434:5 April 10409:5 April 10004:9115862 9879:6764045 9825:2871006 9599:6464642 9490:6478290 9057:7017973 8953:6952848 8732:6522202 8507:7318823 8281:7455332 8232:4117366 7884:7760678 7802:6704746 7550:3057096 7498:5875709 7483:: 1–7. 7449:5102292 7400:9381450 7351:6581095 7302:3479680 7253:7804893 7213:2993523 7161:7112255 7107:8656284 6912:7224038 6863:6093765 6707:4071126 6595:2980380 6347:4109189 6256:7241648 6235:Science 6207:3105160 6075:4730103 5971:7218089 5954:: 781. 5920:2211815 5840:Bibcode 5832:Science 5805:9362539 5756:7129502 5707:8019937 5656:5796799 5633:Bibcode 5594:2118531 5519:7074401 5439:2376078 5306:8262595 5165:8324569 5116:5336539 5033:6763447 4990:6685237 4903:6205043 4722:6238181 4673:6558141 4656:: 581. 4587:5241505 4083:2772656 4055:Bibcode 4029:7140070 4021:8017890 3881:6 March 3853:7682774 3666:3151595 3618:8780061 3569:3499974 3511:4177842 3488:Bibcode 3129:6 March 2793:Belgium 2744:choline 2584:B-cells 2484:Iceland 2374:History 2330: 2 2324: 1 2318: 0 2287:updated 2072:(12%), 1816:Biogen 1792:Biogen 1768:Biogen 1743:Genzyme 1630:Avonex 1389:of the 1312:anxiety 1132:fatigue 1076:T cells 987:in the 967:Lesions 932:neurons 889:hormone 865:Smoking 788:equator 408:Fatigue 217:Unknown 94:scholar 59:removed 16837:(I+IV) 16569:Type V 16407:Peanut 16336:Type I 15953:Stroke 15767:Pick's 15694:Tremor 15661:Chorea 14878:Ataxia 14793:pmr/82 14773:000737 14727:126200 14654:Curlie 14605: 14534: 14524: 14496:Nature 14473: 14442: 14432: 14395:415110 14393: 14383: 14344: 14334: 14295: 14165: 14155: 14088: 14033: 14023: 13984: 13974: 13935: 13925: 13880: 13817: 13809: 13752: 13744: 13702: 13692: 13643: 13633: 13594: 13517: 13507: 13468: 13458: 13417: 13376: 13366: 13317: 13307: 13281:Nature 13260: 13252: 13207: 13166: 13156: 13117: 13107: 13066: 13041: 12982: 12941: 12935:390966 12933: 12898: 12888: 12847: 12837: 12798: 12788: 12746: 12706: 12698: 12688: 12649: 12639: 12600: 12590: 12548: 12538: 12499: 12489: 12450: 12443:358295 12440: 12380: 12370: 12331: 12323: 12305:Lancet 12279: 12271: 12236: 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