33:
2089:
smaller municipalities under different acts. Various processes including rules for elections, recruitment of staff, and demarcation of urban areas derived from the state municipal acts. Most
Municipal Acts are enforced across all statutory urban areas in the respective states except the cantonment areas. The Government of India had issued a Model Municipal Law in 2003 which aimed to consolidate and amend the laws relating to the municipal governments in the various states and bring them into conformity with the provisions of the 74th CAA.
71:
1884:
2752:, is an urban local body that administers a smaller urban area with a minimum population of 100,000 but less than 1,000,000. However, there are exceptions to that, as previously municipalities were constituted in urban centers with a population over 20,000 were reclassified as Municipality even if their population was under 100,000. Locally, the municipality is known as
2025:: All Administrative units satisfying the following three criteria simultaneously: i) A minimum population of 5,000 persons; ii) 75 percent and above of the male main working population being engaged in non–agricultural pursuits, and iii) A density of population of at least 400 persons per km. As per the 2011 Census, there were 3,784 Census Towns against 1,362 in 2001.
2080:
governments directly. On the other hand, municipalities or Nagar panchayats have less autonomy, smaller jurisdictions, and have to deal with the state governments through the
Directorate of Municipalities or through the collector of a district. These local bodies are subject to detailed supervisory control and guidance by the state governments.
2258:, water supply and sewerage works are being carried out by the state-level Public Health Engineering Department or the Water Supply and Sewerage Boards, while liability for repayment of loans and maintenances are with the municipalities. Besides these state-level agencies, City Improvement Trusts and Urban Development Authorities, like
2690:, which has a population of more than 1 million. The growing population and urbanisation in various cities of India were in need of a local governing body that can work for providing necessary community services like health centres, educational institutes, and housing and property tax. They also replace street lights.
2829:
Each Nagar
Panchayat has a committee consisting of a chairman with ward members. Membership consists of a minimum of ten elected ward members and three nominated members. The members of the Nagar Panchayat are elected from the several wards of the Nagar Panchayat on the basis of adult franchise for a
2273:
functions. Similarly, functions that involve substantial economics of scale or are of national interest may not be assigned to small local bodies. For valid reasons, certain functions of higher authorities are appropriate to be entrusted with the
Municipalities – as if under principal-agent contracts
2771:
It interacts directly with the state government, though it is administratively part of the district it is located in. Generally smaller district cities and bigger towns have a
Municipality. Municipalities are also a form of local self-government, entrusted with some duties and responsibilities, as
2779:
The members of the
Municipal Councils are elected representatives for a term of five years. The town is divided into wards according to its population, and representatives are elected from each ward. The members elect a chairperson and vice chairperson among themselves to preside over and conduct
1967:
Municipal governance in India in its current form has existed since the year 1664. In 1664, Fort Kochi
Municipality was established by Dutch, making it the first municipality in Indian subcontinent, which got dissolved when Dutch authority got weaker in the 18th century. British followed with the
2079:
Among all urban local governments, municipal corporations enjoy a greater degree of fiscal autonomy and functions, although the specific fiscal and functional powers vary across the states. These local governments have larger populations, a more diversified economic base, and deal with the state
1979:
In 1919, a
Government of India Act incorporated the need of the resolution and the powers of democratically elected government were formulated. In 1935 another Government of India act brought local government under the preview of the state or provincial government and specific powers were given.
2088:
State
Municipal Acts are legislations enacted by state governments to establish municipal governments, administer them, and provide a framework of governance for cities within the state. Every state has its own municipal act and some states have more than one municipal act, governing larger and
2693:
They are formed under the
Corporations Act of 1835 which mainly deals in providing essential services in a major city. Their elections are held once in five-year and the people choose the candidates. The largest corporations are in the eight metropolitan cities of India, namely
2759:
Municipalities in India are categorized into City Municipal Councils and Town Municipal Councils or grades, the classification of which depends on factors like population, economic growth, employment, and more. This classification varies from state to state. For instance, in
1958:
and can differ in names, election method, or tier structure. The classification of these areas is at the discretion of the states, considering factors such as total population, population density, non-agricultural employment, annual revenue generation, among other criteria.
2780:
meetings. A chief officer, along with officers like an engineer, sanitary inspector, health officer, and education officer who come from the state public service are appointed by the state government to control the administrative affairs of the municipality.
1968:
formation of Madras Municipal Corporation in 1687, and then Calcutta and Bombay Municipal Corporation in 1726. In the early part of the nineteenth century almost all towns in India had experienced some form of municipal governance. In 1882 the then
2014:
Statutory Towns: All areas under statutory urban administrative units like Municipal Corporation, Municipality, Cantonment Board, Notified Town Area Committee, Town Panchayat, Nagar Palika, etc., are known as Statutory Towns. According to 2011
1934:
In India, the Urban Local Bodies (ULBs), also called municipalities, are self-government institutions responsible for the administration of cities, towns, and transitional areas within a state or Union Territory. The 74th amendment to the
3115:
2830:
term of five years. There are seats reserved for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, backward classes, and women. The Councillors or Ward Members are chosen by direct election from electoral wards in the Nagar Panchayats.
2811:) is a form of an urban political unit in India comparable to a municipality. The composition of Town Panchayats varies across states, serving as the governing body for areas transitioning from 'rural' to 'urban.'
2147:
and development of commercial markets. In addition to the legally assigned functions, the sectoral departments of the state government often assign unilaterally, and on an agency basis, various functions such as
1671:
2234:
There is a lot of difference in the assignment of obligatory and discretionary functions to the municipal bodies among the states. Whereas functions like planning for the social and economic development,
2002:
in 1992 that brought constitutional validity to municipal or local governments. Until amendments were made in respective state municipal legislations as well, municipal authorities were organised on an
2262:(DDA), have been set up in a number of cities. These agencies usually undertake land acquisition and development works and take up remunerative projects such as markets and commercial complexes, etc.
2049:
The municipal corporations and municipalities are fully representative bodies, while the notified area committees and town area committees are either fully or partially nominated bodies. As per the
101:
2768:, the classification is denoted as Class A, B, C. The criteria for these classifications include population, population density, non-agricultural employment, and other relevant parameters.
2167:
programs, and promotion of cultural, educational, and aesthetic aspects. However, conformity legislation enacted by the state governments indicates wide variations in this regard. Whereas
2007:(beyond the authority) basis and the state governments were free to extend or control the functional sphere through executive decisions without an amendment to the legislative provisions.
2783:
City Municipal Councils are known regionally by different names, including Town Municipal Council, Town Municipality, Nagar Palika, Nagarasabe, Purasabe, Nagara Sabha and Nagaraatchi.
1384:
1806:
1446:
1441:
2818:
are established based on a population range of above 5000 and below 30,000, categorized into grades determined by criteria including population and economic growth. In
2250:
The provision of water supply and sewerage in several states has either been taken over by the state governments or transferred to state agencies. For example, in
2918:
2097:
The municipal bodies of India are vested with a long list of functions delegated to them by the state governments under their respective municipal legislations.
1976:, known as the Father of Local Self Government, passed a resolution of local self-government which lead the democratic forms of municipal governance in India.
2837:, Taluk Panchayat, Municipal Board, Town Panchayat, and Pura Panchayat. Certain states lack Town Panchayats or equivalent urban local bodies. In the case of
1989:
621:
3218:
1850:
1622:
1618:
1085:
1336:
666:
3084:
Reforming Municipal Finances: Some suggestions in the context of India's Decentralization Initiative, by Mohanty P.K., Urban India, January–June 1995.
2686:(translated as "Municipal Corporation/City Corporation") in India are state government formed urban local bodies that work for the development of a
1726:
1039:
2053:, 74th Amendment Act of 1992, the latter two categories of towns are to be designated as municipalities or Nagar panchayats with elected bodies.
1769:
1870:
1865:
1298:
2231:
states have amended their municipal laws to add additional functions in the list of municipal functions as suggested in the twelfth schedule.
1408:
1403:
1306:
3146:
1921:
240:
2841:, Town Panchayats currently may not be in existence or may not be constituted, despite being stipulated in the Kerala Municipality Act.
1051:
902:
380:
1458:
1056:
770:
493:
484:
3123:
2143:, etc.; public works measures such as construction and maintenance of inner-city roads, etc.; and development functions related to
1265:
3138:
3211:
2850:
2278:
functions that need to be financed by intergovernmental revenues. Thus instead of continuing the traditional distinction between
2072:
1834:
933:
446:
17:
1995:
1396:
920:
915:
910:
91:
2897:
2730:. These cities not only have a large population but are also the administrative as well as commercial centres of the country.
1894:
1650:
1436:
1081:
875:
756:
661:
626:
407:
340:
274:
1613:
1609:
1554:
1545:
807:
468:
245:
228:
2239:
and protection of the environment and promotion of ecological aspects are obligatory functions for the municipalities of
1787:
1782:
1658:
1431:
1331:
1275:
696:
3380:
3204:
1811:
1759:
1721:
1415:
1046:
568:
362:
36:
2306:
The suggested functions to municipal corporations, municipalities, and town panchayats are listed in the table below.
2968:
1824:
1731:
1071:
988:
893:
888:
883:
845:
775:
424:
2155:
Besides the traditional core functions of municipalities, it also includes development functions like planning for
1372:
929:
683:
644:
202:
180:
3248:
2060:
2033:
1914:
1741:
604:
582:
318:
301:
2683:
3276:
3253:
2674:
2019:, there were 4041 statutory urban local bodies (ULBs) in the country as compared to 3799 as per Census of 2001.
1485:
824:
3271:
1860:
1764:
1635:
1321:
961:
2195:
have included all the functions as enlisted in the Twelfth Schedule in their amended state municipal laws,
1736:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1290:
1034:
952:
947:
942:
798:
3359:
2739:
2259:
2066:
1490:
1453:
1379:
1326:
1255:
815:
705:
573:
158:
3243:
1955:
1907:
1829:
1749:
1535:
1359:
1316:
1311:
979:
974:
969:
866:
739:
722:
233:
212:
2822:, Town Panchayats are constituted for populations ranging from above 12,000 to below 40,000, while in
3283:
3235:
3227:
2944:
2860:
2855:
2403:
1947:
1666:
1593:
1571:
1468:
1423:
861:
651:
613:
510:
3317:
3100:
2119:, eradication of communicable diseases etc.; welfare includes public facilities such as education,
2039:
Municipality (municipal council, municipal board, municipal committee) (Nagar Parishad)(नगर परिषद्)
1855:
1517:
639:
458:
352:
284:
113:
96:
3309:
2595:
1842:
1686:
1247:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
765:
563:
415:
390:
190:
168:
3161:
2269:, functions whose benefits largely confine to municipal jurisdictions and may be termed as the
1630:
1391:
600:
591:
436:
330:
2315:
2050:
1999:
1943:
1936:
108:
82:
2594:
Safeguarding the interests of weaker sections of society, including the handicapped and the
2056:
After the 74th Amendment was enacted there are only three categories of urban local bodies:
2156:
1796:
1645:
837:
656:
634:
8:
2475:
Burials and burial grounds, cremations, cremation ghats/grounds, and electric crematoria
2164:
1701:
1579:
1349:
555:
476:
432:
260:
136:
32:
3017:
2833:
Town boards are also known by different names depending on the region, including: Nagar
3064:
2128:
1939:
in 1992 provided constitutional framework for the establishment of Urban Local Bodies.
1792:
1601:
1584:
1512:
853:
688:
536:
454:
146:
123:
2879:
2100:
The Twelfth Schedule of Constitution (Article 243 w) provides an illustrative list of
2320:
2266:
2132:
1954:
governing transitional areas from rural to urban. They are established by individual
1108:
788:
713:
518:
118:
59:
3322:
2996:
2176:
1969:
1819:
1754:
1367:
1143:
730:
398:
176:
3299:
2799:
2325:
2149:
2140:
2136:
2016:
1951:
1801:
1777:
1640:
678:
2461:
Provision of urban amenities and facilities such as parks, gardens, playgrounds
3334:
2792:
2776:
is a city which is big but its population is 451,000 so it has a Municipality.
2236:
2208:
2196:
2188:
2160:
2112:
1522:
1504:
1495:
1163:
1103:
154:
2905:
Department of Legal Affairs, Ministry of Law and Justice - Government of India
3374:
3327:
3094:
2224:
2144:
2124:
1562:
1228:
1198:
1095:
832:
326:
198:
3196:
2772:
enshrined and guided upon by the Constitutional (74th Amendment) Act, 1992.
2108:
2010:
As per the 2011 Census, the key urbanised areas were classified as follows
1888:
1123:
747:
546:
501:
348:
3139:"An overview of urban local bodies (ULBs) in Karnataka. (Chapter 3 Sec.A)"
3116:"An Overview of the Functioning of the Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) in Bihar"
2756:
and these are constituted by the Municipal Acts of the respective states.
3043:
2240:
2228:
2212:
2022:
1285:
1238:
1233:
1168:
376:
220:
2815:
2687:
2251:
2220:
2120:
2116:
1973:
1691:
1260:
1213:
673:
523:
2880:"Nagrika - The Constitution and the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act"
2199:
has not made any changes in the existing list of municipal functions.
2029:
Statutory towns are of various kinds and the major categories include
2823:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2244:
2200:
2192:
2152:, nutrition and slum improvement, disease and Epidemic control, etc.
1942:
There are three types of Urban Local Bodies in India, which includes
1218:
1203:
1178:
1153:
1148:
270:
3339:
3181:
1188:
292:
3192:
Official site of Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike, Govt of India
2580:
Protection of the environment and promotion of ecological aspects
2123:, etc.; regulatory functions related to prescribing and enforcing
70:
2773:
2707:
2703:
2255:
2184:
2180:
2172:
1223:
1183:
1173:
1138:
1133:
3182:
Official site of Tiruchirappalli (Trichy) Municipal Corporation
2898:"A Consultation paper on "Decentralization And Municipalities""
2838:
2761:
2695:
2216:
2204:
1280:
1208:
1193:
1158:
40:
2819:
2765:
2723:
2699:
2503:
Vital statistics including registration of births and deaths
2286:
functions the municipal responsibilities may be grouped into
2168:
1681:
1270:
1118:
1113:
3186:
2727:
1676:
2919:"Good municipal governance key to improve quality of life"
2907:. All India Institute Of Local Self-government, New Delhi.
2388:
Water supply domestic, industrial and commercial purposes
3187:
Official site of Ministry of Panchayat Raj, Govt of India
2092:
1696:
1128:
2625:
Promotion of cultural, education, and aesthetic aspects
3191:
2346:
Regulation of land-use and construction of buildings
2075:(Notified Area Council or Town Panchayat)(नगर पंचायत)
1990:
Seventy-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India
2764:, municipalities are graded as I, II, III, while in
1983:
2826:, the criteria are above 10,000 and below 20,000.
2531:Parking lots, bus stops, and public conveniences
3372:
2489:Cattle pounds, prevention of cruelty to animals
2301:
3051:International Environmental Law Research Center
2104:, that may be entrusted to the municipalities.
3226:
3212:
2545:Regulation of slaughter-houses and tanneries
2360:Planning for economic and social development
1915:
2402:Public health, sanitation, conservancy, and
102:Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and
1619:Ambassadors and High Commissioners of India
3219:
3205:
1922:
1908:
771:National Judicial Appointments Commission
3124:Comptroller and Auditor General of India
2668:
1266:Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu
31:
2851:List of municipal corporations in India
2332:Urban planning including town planning
2083:
51:This article is part of a series on the
14:
3373:
2093:Responsibilities of urban local bodies
1807:State Visits by Indian Prime Ministers
3200:
2969:"Handbook of Urban Statistics, India"
2063:(Municipal Corporation) (महानगर निगम)
1299:Proposed states and union territories
3099:Commissionerate of Town Panchayats,
3018:"Nagrika - What is a Municipal Act?"
2963:
2961:
2733:
2247:these are discretionary functions.
2034:Municipal corporation (Nagar Nigam)
1950:governing smaller urban areas, and
24:
3057:
2559:Slum improvement and up-gradation
569:Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita
69:
37:Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation
25:
3392:
3175:
2958:
2786:
1984:74th Constitutional Amendment Act
1380:Lieutenant Governor/Administrator
776:National Legal Services Authority
485:Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs
3162:"Kerala Municipality Act (1960)"
2127:, encroachments on public land,
1882:
3154:
3131:
3108:
3095:"Town Panchayats in Tamil Nadu"
3087:
3078:
2684:other names in different states
2312:Essentially Municipal Functions
2135:, etc.; public safety includes
3166:India Code: (indiacode.nic.in)
3036:
3010:
2989:
2937:
2911:
2890:
2872:
2675:Municipal Corporation of India
27:Urban self-governance in India
13:
1:
2866:
2302:Suggested municipal functions
1946:governing large urban areas,
1861:Pan-African e-Network project
3065:"74th Amendment Act of 1992"
2997:"74th Amendment Act of 1992"
2308:
1546:Ministry of External Affairs
1082:States and union territories
757:Additional Solicitor General
7:
3360:National Panchayati Raj Day
3044:"Model Municipal Law, 2003"
2844:
2740:Nagar Palika (Municipality)
2260:Delhi Development Authority
1327:Community Development Block
903:Vice Presidential elections
808:Chief Election Commissioner
697:Ministry of Law and Justice
574:Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam
104:Fundamental Duties of India
10:
3397:
2790:
2737:
2672:
2611:Urban poverty alleviation
2069:(Municipality)(नगर पालिका)
1987:
1962:
3381:Local government in India
3350:
3323:Block Development Council
3308:
3292:
3262:
3234:
3228:Local government in India
2861:Municipal council (India)
2856:Local government in India
2575:
846:State Election Commission
614:Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud
3101:Government of Tamil Nadu
2793:Town Panchayats in India
1073:Administrative divisions
989:State Assembly elections
447:Leader of the Opposition
341:Leader of the Opposition
97:Basic structure doctrine
2945:"Census 2011 Meta Data"
2596:intellectually disabled
2447:Preventive Health Care
2107:Public health includes
2045:Notified area committee
684:Pendency of court cases
583:Code of Civil Procedure
564:Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita
416:Harivansh Narayan Singh
191:Prime Minister of India
169:Vice President of India
18:Municipalities in India
3277:Municipal Commissioner
2404:solid waste management
1944:municipal corporations
1610:Diplomatic missions of
876:Presidential elections
790:Elections and Politics
592:Supreme Court of India
74:
43:
3272:Municipal Corporation
2669:Municipal Corporation
2316:Municipal Corporation
2288:essentially municipal
2271:essentially municipal
2254:, Madhya Pradesh and
2051:Constitution of India
2000:Constitution of India
1937:Constitution of India
1812:State Visits to India
1486:Municipal Corporation
1404:Deputy Chief Minister
962:Rajya Sabha elections
825:Election Commissioner
73:
35:
2653:Primary Health Care
2157:economic development
2125:building regulations
2084:State Municipal Acts
1830:Sino-Indian Disputes
1793:Foreign aid by India
1788:Extradition Treaties
1722:Non-Aligned Movement
1636:Overseas Citizenship
1478:Municipal Governance
1437:Legislative Assembly
1337:Urban Agglomerations
1307:Autonomous Divisions
1031:National coalitions
838:Sukhbir Singh Sandhu
2814:Town Panchayats in
2165:poverty alleviation
2042:Town area committee
1835:Disputes with Nepal
1825:Indo-Pakistani Wars
1580:Kirti Vardhan Singh
1454:Official Opposition
1432:Legislative Council
1256:Andaman and Nicobar
930:Lok Sabha elections
799:Election Commission
556:Indian criminal law
477:Pramod Chandra Mody
433:Jagat Prakash Nadda
425:Leader of the House
319:Leader of the House
2925:. 24 February 2017
2923:The Times of India
2639:Primary Education
2374:Roads and bridges
2274:and may be called
2129:birth registration
2102:eighteen functions
1948:municipal councils
1602:Vinay Mohan Kwatra
1585:Pabitra Margherita
1513:District Panchayat
1332:Metropolitan Areas
455:Mallikarjun Kharge
147:President of India
124:Uniform Civil Code
75:
44:
3368:
3367:
3284:Municipal Council
2750:Municipal Council
2734:Municipal Council
2688:metropolitan city
2666:
2665:
2573:Agency Functions
2321:Municipal Council
2267:fiscal federalism
2133:death certificate
1956:state governments
1932:
1931:
1659:Foreign Relations
1651:Visa requirements
1594:Foreign Secretary
1572:Minister of State
1537:Foreign Relations
1276:Jammu and Kashmir
1248:Union territories
1109:Arunachal Pradesh
1047:Political parties
867:Electronic voting
862:Electoral College
740:Solicitor General
714:Arjun Ram Meghwal
538:Law and Judiciary
519:Arjun Ram Meghwal
511:Minister of State
469:Secretary General
370:Utpal Kumar Singh
363:Secretary General
213:Cabinet secretary
64:
61:Politics of India
16:(Redirected from
3388:
3318:District Council
3221:
3214:
3207:
3198:
3197:
3170:
3169:
3158:
3152:
3151:
3143:
3135:
3129:
3128:
3120:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3091:
3085:
3082:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3071:
3061:
3055:
3054:
3048:
3040:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3029:
3014:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3003:
2993:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2973:
2965:
2956:
2955:
2949:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2915:
2909:
2908:
2902:
2894:
2888:
2887:
2876:
2805:Nagar Panchayat'
2517:Street lighting
2309:
2177:Himachal Pradesh
1994:It was the 74th
1970:Viceroy of India
1952:nagar panchayats
1924:
1917:
1910:
1889:India portal
1887:
1886:
1885:
1856:Look East policy
1820:Kashmir Conflict
1555:Cabinet Minister
1538:
1469:Local Government
1352:
1144:Himachal Pradesh
1074:
1052:National parties
791:
731:R. Venkataramani
723:Attorney-General
539:
494:Cabinet Minister
399:Jagdeep Dhankhar
263:
177:Jagdeep Dhankhar
139:
85:
62:
58:
52:
46:
45:
21:
3396:
3395:
3391:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3386:
3385:
3371:
3370:
3369:
3364:
3346:
3304:
3300:Nagar panchayat
3288:
3258:
3230:
3225:
3178:
3173:
3160:
3159:
3155:
3141:
3137:
3136:
3132:
3118:
3114:
3113:
3109:
3093:
3092:
3088:
3083:
3079:
3069:
3067:
3063:
3062:
3058:
3046:
3042:
3041:
3037:
3027:
3025:
3016:
3015:
3011:
3001:
2999:
2995:
2994:
2990:
2980:
2978:
2971:
2967:
2966:
2959:
2947:
2943:
2942:
2938:
2928:
2926:
2917:
2916:
2912:
2900:
2896:
2895:
2891:
2878:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2847:
2803:(also known as
2795:
2789:
2742:
2736:
2677:
2671:
2433:Urban forestry
2304:
2150:family planning
2141:street lighting
2137:fire protection
2095:
2086:
2073:Nagar Panchayat
2061:Mahanagar Nigam
2017:Census of India
1992:
1986:
1965:
1928:
1899:
1895:Other countries
1883:
1881:
1876:
1875:
1845:
1816:
1774:
1770:Pacific Islands
1746:
1661:
1631:Nationality law
1627:
1606:
1589:
1567:
1548:
1540:
1536:
1528:
1527:
1518:Block Panchayat
1500:
1471:
1426:
1362:
1354:
1350:
1342:
1341:
1303:
1295:
1243:
1089:
1076:
1072:
1064:
1063:
1028:
984:
957:
925:
898:
871:
856:
842:
820:
801:
793:
789:
781:
780:
762:
752:
735:
718:
699:
689:Other tribunals
679:Nyaya Panchayat
631:
627:Bar Association
618:
594:
578:
549:
541:
537:
529:
528:
506:
487:
464:
442:
420:
403:
384:
358:
336:
314:
297:
278:
265:
261:
253:
252:
225:
208:
186:
164:
141:
137:
129:
128:
114:Judicial review
103:
87:
83:
60:
50:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3394:
3384:
3383:
3366:
3365:
3363:
3362:
3356:
3354:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3344:
3343:
3342:
3335:Gram panchayat
3332:
3331:
3330:
3320:
3314:
3312:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3302:
3296:
3294:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3286:
3281:
3280:
3279:
3268:
3266:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3240:
3238:
3232:
3231:
3224:
3223:
3216:
3209:
3201:
3195:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3177:
3176:External links
3174:
3172:
3171:
3153:
3130:
3107:
3086:
3077:
3056:
3035:
3009:
2988:
2957:
2936:
2910:
2889:
2886:. 28 May 2020.
2870:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2846:
2843:
2800:Town Panchayat
2791:Main article:
2788:
2787:Town Panchayat
2785:
2738:Main article:
2735:
2732:
2673:Main article:
2670:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2660:
2657:
2654:
2650:
2649:
2646:
2643:
2640:
2636:
2635:
2632:
2629:
2626:
2622:
2621:
2618:
2615:
2612:
2608:
2607:
2604:
2601:
2598:
2591:
2590:
2587:
2584:
2581:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2570:
2569:
2566:
2563:
2560:
2556:
2555:
2552:
2549:
2546:
2542:
2541:
2538:
2535:
2532:
2528:
2527:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2514:
2513:
2510:
2507:
2504:
2500:
2499:
2496:
2493:
2490:
2486:
2485:
2482:
2479:
2476:
2472:
2471:
2468:
2465:
2462:
2458:
2457:
2454:
2451:
2448:
2444:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2434:
2430:
2429:
2426:
2423:
2420:
2419:Fire services
2416:
2415:
2412:
2409:
2406:
2399:
2398:
2395:
2392:
2389:
2385:
2384:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2371:
2370:
2367:
2364:
2361:
2357:
2356:
2353:
2350:
2347:
2343:
2342:
2339:
2336:
2333:
2329:
2328:
2326:Town Panchayat
2323:
2318:
2313:
2303:
2300:
2237:urban forestry
2209:Madhya Pradesh
2197:Andhra Pradesh
2161:social justice
2094:
2091:
2085:
2082:
2077:
2076:
2070:
2064:
2047:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2027:
2026:
2020:
1988:Main article:
1985:
1982:
1964:
1961:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1926:
1919:
1912:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1897:
1891:
1878:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1843:Foreign Policy
1841:
1838:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1815:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1773:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1760:European Union
1757:
1752:
1745:
1744:
1739:
1737:United Nations
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1626:
1625:
1616:
1605:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1588:
1587:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1566:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1550:
1549:
1544:
1541:
1534:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1523:Gram Panchayat
1520:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1505:Panchayati Raj
1499:
1498:
1496:Town Panchayat
1493:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1473:
1472:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1462:
1461:
1451:
1450:
1449:
1439:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1413:
1412:
1411:
1401:
1400:
1399:
1392:Chief Minister
1389:
1388:
1387:
1377:
1376:
1375:
1364:
1363:
1358:
1355:
1348:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1302:
1301:
1294:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1252:
1251:
1242:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1164:Madhya Pradesh
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1104:Andhra Pradesh
1100:
1099:
1091:
1090:
1080:
1077:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1054:
1044:
1043:
1042:
1037:
1027:
1026:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
993:
992:
983:
982:
977:
972:
966:
965:
956:
955:
950:
945:
939:
938:
934:Constituencies
924:
923:
918:
913:
907:
906:
897:
896:
891:
886:
880:
879:
870:
869:
864:
858:
857:
852:
849:
848:
841:
840:
835:
829:
828:
819:
818:
812:
811:
803:
802:
797:
794:
787:
786:
783:
782:
779:
778:
773:
768:
766:Law Commission
761:
760:
751:
750:
744:
743:
734:
733:
727:
726:
717:
716:
710:
709:
701:
700:
695:
692:
691:
686:
681:
676:
671:
670:
669:
664:
662:Chief Justices
654:
652:Gram Nyayalaya
649:
648:
647:
640:District Court
637:
630:
629:
624:
617:
616:
610:
609:
596:
595:
590:
587:
586:
577:
576:
571:
566:
560:
559:
551:
550:
545:
542:
535:
534:
531:
530:
527:
526:
521:
515:
514:
505:
504:
498:
497:
489:
488:
483:
480:
479:
473:
472:
463:
462:
451:
450:
441:
440:
429:
428:
419:
418:
412:
411:
408:Deputy Speaker
402:
401:
395:
394:
386:
385:
375:
372:
371:
367:
366:
357:
356:
345:
344:
335:
334:
323:
322:
313:
312:
306:
305:
302:Deputy Speaker
296:
295:
289:
288:
280:
279:
269:
266:
259:
258:
255:
254:
251:
250:
249:
248:
238:
237:
236:
224:
223:
217:
216:
207:
206:
195:
194:
185:
184:
173:
172:
163:
162:
155:Droupadi Murmu
151:
150:
142:
135:
134:
131:
130:
127:
126:
121:
116:
111:
106:
99:
94:
88:
81:
80:
77:
76:
66:
65:
55:
54:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3393:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3355:
3353:
3349:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3336:
3333:
3329:
3328:Block pramukh
3326:
3325:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3311:
3307:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3291:
3285:
3282:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3265:
3261:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3222:
3217:
3215:
3210:
3208:
3203:
3202:
3199:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3167:
3163:
3157:
3149:
3148:
3140:
3134:
3126:
3125:
3117:
3111:
3103:
3102:
3096:
3090:
3081:
3066:
3060:
3052:
3045:
3039:
3024:. 4 June 2020
3023:
3019:
3013:
2998:
2992:
2977:
2970:
2964:
2962:
2953:
2946:
2940:
2924:
2920:
2914:
2906:
2899:
2893:
2885:
2881:
2875:
2871:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2842:
2840:
2836:
2831:
2827:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2812:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2801:
2794:
2784:
2781:
2777:
2775:
2769:
2767:
2763:
2757:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2741:
2731:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2691:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2676:
2661:
2658:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2647:
2644:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2633:
2630:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2619:
2616:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2605:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2593:
2592:
2588:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2572:
2571:
2567:
2564:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2553:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2525:
2522:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2511:
2508:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2487:
2483:
2480:
2477:
2474:
2473:
2469:
2466:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2455:
2452:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2441:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2427:
2424:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2413:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2401:
2400:
2396:
2393:
2390:
2387:
2386:
2382:
2379:
2376:
2373:
2372:
2368:
2365:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2354:
2351:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2340:
2337:
2334:
2331:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2307:
2299:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2284:discretionary
2281:
2277:
2272:
2268:
2263:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2248:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2232:
2230:
2226:
2225:Uttar Pradesh
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2153:
2151:
2146:
2145:town planning
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2105:
2103:
2098:
2090:
2081:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2044:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2030:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2013:
2012:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2001:
1997:
1991:
1981:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1960:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1940:
1938:
1925:
1920:
1918:
1913:
1911:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1902:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1880:
1879:
1872:
1871:Narendra Modi
1869:
1867:
1866:Indira Gandhi
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1765:Latin America
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1591:
1590:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1563:S. Jaishankar
1561:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1552:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1542:
1539:
1532:
1531:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1465:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1455:
1452:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1405:
1402:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1390:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1381:
1378:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1356:
1353:
1346:
1345:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1322:Sub-districts
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1244:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1229:Uttar Pradesh
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1092:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1078:
1075:
1068:
1067:
1058:
1057:State parties
1055:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1048:
1045:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1030:
1029:
1025:
1024:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
994:
991:
990:
986:
985:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
967:
964:
963:
959:
958:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
940:
937:
935:
931:
927:
926:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
908:
905:
904:
900:
899:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
881:
878:
877:
873:
872:
868:
865:
863:
860:
859:
855:
851:
850:
847:
844:
843:
839:
836:
834:
833:Gyanesh Kumar
831:
830:
827:
826:
822:
821:
817:
814:
813:
810:
809:
805:
804:
800:
796:
795:
792:
785:
784:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
763:
759:
758:
754:
753:
749:
746:
745:
742:
741:
737:
736:
732:
729:
728:
725:
724:
720:
719:
715:
712:
711:
708:
707:
703:
702:
698:
694:
693:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
668:
665:
663:
660:
659:
658:
655:
653:
650:
646:
643:
642:
641:
638:
636:
633:
632:
628:
625:
623:
620:
619:
615:
612:
611:
608:
606:
602:
601:Chief Justice
598:
597:
593:
589:
588:
585:
584:
580:
579:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
561:
558:
557:
553:
552:
548:
544:
543:
540:
533:
532:
525:
522:
520:
517:
516:
513:
512:
508:
507:
503:
500:
499:
496:
495:
491:
490:
486:
482:
481:
478:
475:
474:
471:
470:
466:
465:
460:
456:
453:
452:
449:
448:
444:
443:
438:
434:
431:
430:
427:
426:
422:
421:
417:
414:
413:
410:
409:
405:
404:
400:
397:
396:
393:
392:
388:
387:
382:
378:
374:
373:
369:
368:
365:
364:
360:
359:
354:
350:
347:
346:
343:
342:
338:
337:
332:
328:
327:Narendra Modi
325:
324:
321:
320:
316:
315:
311:
308:
307:
304:
303:
299:
298:
294:
291:
290:
287:
286:
282:
281:
276:
272:
268:
267:
264:
257:
256:
247:
244:
243:
242:
239:
235:
232:
231:
230:
227:
226:
222:
219:
218:
215:
214:
210:
209:
204:
200:
199:Narendra Modi
197:
196:
193:
192:
188:
187:
182:
178:
175:
174:
171:
170:
166:
165:
160:
156:
153:
152:
149:
148:
144:
143:
140:
133:
132:
125:
122:
120:
117:
115:
112:
110:
107:
105:
100:
98:
95:
93:
90:
89:
86:
79:
78:
72:
68:
67:
63:
57:
56:
53:
48:
47:
42:
38:
34:
30:
19:
3351:
3293:Intermediate
3263:
3165:
3156:
3145:
3133:
3122:
3110:
3098:
3089:
3080:
3068:. Retrieved
3059:
3050:
3038:
3026:. Retrieved
3021:
3012:
3000:. Retrieved
2991:
2979:. Retrieved
2975:
2952:Census India
2951:
2939:
2927:. Retrieved
2922:
2913:
2904:
2892:
2883:
2874:
2834:
2832:
2828:
2813:
2808:
2804:
2798:
2796:
2782:
2778:
2770:
2758:
2754:Nagar Palika
2753:
2749:
2746:Municipality
2745:
2743:
2692:
2679:
2678:
2305:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2270:
2265:In terms of
2264:
2249:
2233:
2154:
2109:water supply
2106:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2087:
2078:
2067:Nagar Palika
2055:
2048:
2028:
2023:Census Towns
2009:
2004:
1993:
1978:
1966:
1941:
1933:
1687:Commonwealth
1592:
1570:
1553:
1503:
1491:Municipality
1477:
1476:
1246:
1124:Chhattisgarh
1094:
1022:
987:
960:
928:
901:
874:
823:
806:
755:
748:Tushar Mehta
738:
721:
704:
599:
581:
554:
547:Law of India
509:
502:Kiren Rijiju
492:
467:
445:
423:
406:
389:
361:
349:Rahul Gandhi
339:
317:
309:
300:
283:
211:
189:
167:
145:
109:Human rights
84:Constitution
49:
29:
3249:Maharashtra
2929:19 December
2680:Nagar Nigam
2298:functions.
2241:Maharashtra
2229:West Bengal
2213:Maharashtra
2005:ultra vires
1646:Visa policy
1424:Legislative
1286:Lakshadweep
1239:West Bengal
1234:Uttarakhand
1169:Maharashtra
816:Rajiv Kumar
635:Bar Council
377:Rajya Sabha
246:Secretaries
241:Departments
221:Rajiv Gauba
3352:Observance
3254:Tamil Nadu
3070:18 January
3002:18 January
2867:References
2816:Tamil Nadu
2809:Town Board
2280:obligatory
2252:Tamil Nadu
2221:Tamil Nadu
2121:recreation
2117:sanitation
2036:(नगर निगम)
1974:Lord Ripon
1416:Ministries
1351:Federalism
1291:Puducherry
1261:Chandigarh
1214:Tamil Nadu
674:Lok Adalat
657:High Court
524:L. Murugan
262:Parliament
229:Ministries
138:Government
3147:CAG India
3028:8 October
2981:8 October
2835:Panchayat
2824:Karnataka
2720:Ahmedabad
2716:Hyderabad
2712:Bangalore
2245:Karnataka
2201:Karnataka
2193:Rajasthan
1996:amendment
1802:Sanctions
1755:East Asia
1641:Passports
1360:Executive
1317:Districts
1312:Divisions
1219:Telangana
1204:Rajasthan
1179:Meghalaya
1154:Karnataka
1149:Jharkhand
854:Elections
271:Lok Sabha
234:Ministers
92:Amendment
3375:Category
3340:Sarpanch
3236:By state
2845:See also
2163:, urban
2113:sewerage
1797:to India
1778:Diaspora
1623:to India
1614:in India
1368:Governor
1189:Nagaland
1086:Capitals
706:Minister
391:Chairman
293:Om Birla
119:Taxation
3022:Nagrika
2884:Nagrika
2774:Udaipur
2708:Chennai
2704:Kolkata
2256:Gujarat
2185:Manipur
2181:Haryana
2173:Gujarat
1998:to the
1963:History
1783:History
1672:BIMSTEC
1442:Speaker
1224:Tripura
1184:Mizoram
1174:Manipur
1139:Haryana
1134:Gujarat
381:Members
285:Speaker
3244:Kerala
2839:Kerala
2762:Kerala
2726:, and
2696:Mumbai
2296:agency
2276:agency
2217:Odisha
2205:Kerala
2189:Punjab
1750:Africa
1281:Ladakh
1209:Sikkim
1199:Punjab
1194:Odisha
1159:Kerala
1096:States
667:Judges
622:Judges
310:Vacant
41:Mumbai
3310:Rural
3264:Urban
3142:(PDF)
3119:(PDF)
3047:(PDF)
2976:MoHUA
2972:(PDF)
2948:(PDF)
2901:(PDF)
2820:Bihar
2766:Bihar
2748:, or
2724:Surat
2700:Delhi
2292:joint
2243:, in
2169:Bihar
1727:SAARC
1682:BRICS
1271:Delhi
1119:Bihar
1114:Assam
1040:INDIA
3072:2009
3030:2020
3004:2009
2983:2020
2931:2019
2728:Pune
2682:and
2662:Yes
2659:Yes
2656:Yes
2648:Yes
2645:Yes
2642:Yes
2634:Yes
2631:Yes
2628:Yes
2620:Yes
2617:Yes
2614:Yes
2606:Yes
2603:Yes
2600:Yes
2589:Yes
2586:Yes
2583:Yes
2568:Yes
2565:Yes
2562:Yes
2554:Yes
2551:Yes
2548:Yes
2540:Yes
2537:Yes
2534:Yes
2526:Yes
2523:Yes
2520:Yes
2512:Yes
2509:Yes
2506:Yes
2498:Yes
2495:Yes
2492:Yes
2484:Yes
2481:Yes
2478:Yes
2470:Yes
2467:Yes
2464:Yes
2456:Yes
2453:Yes
2450:Yes
2442:Yes
2439:Yes
2436:Yes
2425:Yes
2422:Yes
2414:Yes
2411:Yes
2408:Yes
2397:Yes
2394:Yes
2391:Yes
2383:Yes
2380:Yes
2377:Yes
2369:Yes
2366:Yes
2363:Yes
2355:Yes
2352:Yes
2349:Yes
2341:Yes
2338:Yes
2335:Yes
2294:and
2282:and
2227:and
2191:and
2159:and
2131:and
2115:and
1851:ITEC
1742:QUAD
1712:IORA
1707:IONS
1702:IBSA
1677:BBIN
1459:List
1447:List
1409:List
1397:List
1385:List
1373:List
1023:2024
1017:2023
1012:2022
1007:2021
1002:2020
997:2019
980:2022
975:2023
970:2024
953:2024
948:2019
943:2014
921:2012
916:2017
911:2022
894:2012
889:2017
884:2022
645:List
605:50th
275:18th
203:14th
181:14th
159:15th
2807:or
2428:No
1732:SCO
1717:MGC
1697:G20
1667:2+2
1129:Goa
1035:NDA
459:INC
437:BJP
353:INC
331:BJP
39:in
3377::
3164:.
3144:.
3121:.
3097:.
3049:.
3020:.
2974:.
2960:^
2950:.
2921:.
2903:.
2882:.
2797:A
2744:A
2722:,
2718:,
2714:,
2710:,
2706:,
2702:,
2698:,
2290:,
2223:,
2219:,
2215:,
2211:,
2207:,
2203:,
2187:,
2183:,
2179:,
2175:,
2171:,
2139:,
2111:,
1972:,
1795:/
1692:G4
1621:/
1612:/
3220:e
3213:t
3206:v
3168:.
3150:.
3127:.
3104:.
3074:.
3053:.
3032:.
3006:.
2985:.
2954:.
2933:.
1923:e
1916:t
1909:v
1088:)
1084:(
936:)
932:(
607:)
603:(
461:)
457:(
439:)
435:(
383:)
379:(
355:)
351:(
333:)
329:(
277:)
273:(
205:)
201:(
183:)
179:(
161:)
157:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
