Julius Nyerere - Knowledge

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wanted to deny equal rights to East Africa's European and Asian minorities. In a 1951 essay written in Edinburgh, he proposed that "We must build up a society in which we shall belong to east Africa and not to our racial groups ... We appeal to all thinking Europeans and Indians to regard themselves as ordinary citizens of Tanganyika... We are all Tanganyikans and we are all east Africans." He argued that racial equality should be upheld on an individual basis, with individuals being legally protected against racial discrimination, rather than being enshrined in government with certain parliamentary seats reserved for different racial groups. This involvement in multi-racial politics differed from the approaches adopted by many other African nationalists in Tanganyika. When in power, Nyerere ensured that his government and close associates reflected a cross-section of East African society, including black Africans, Indians, Arabs, and Europeans, as well as practitioners of Christianity,

1985: 1834: 1773: 1977:" process. They hoped that doing so would improve agricultural productivity, allowing the country to export more and thus funding the development of light industry so that Tanzania would be able to produce more consumer goods and rely less on imports. Increasingly, farmers who refused to join the communal villages were regarded as opponents of TANU. Police began to round up farmers and forced them to move into the villages. 13 million people were eventually registered to 7000 villages. As a result, rural production was severely disrupted. According to a 1978 government survey, none of the villages had achieved the official targets for agricultural productivity. Many villages were left reliant on famine relief. In contrast to the government's intentions, food imports rose dramatically and inflation accelerated. Overall import levels tripled during the 1970s, while exports only doubled. The entire process also damaged Nyerere's reputation with the rural population. 1966: 1522: 2120:. Nyerere refused to recognise the legitimacy of Amin's administration and offered Obote refuge in Tanzania. Shortly after the coup, Nyerere announced the formation of a "people's militia", a type of home guard to improve Tanzania's national security. He also allowed exiled Ugandans to set up rebel bases in Tanzania. In 1971, Uganda bombed the Kagera Saw Mill in Tanzania in response to Nyerere's support for Obote. When Amin expelled all 50,000 Ugandan Asians from his country in 1972, Nyerere denounced the act as racist. One boatload of Ugandan Asian refugees attempted to land in Tanzania, although Nyerere's government refused to permit them, concerned that it would stoke domestic racial tensions. Having been informed of an alleged plot by Amin to overthrow him, Nyerere decided to allow Obote's followers to launch an operation to overthrow the Ugandan government. In September 1972, Obote loyalists 2922:

through his writing Nyerere became "one of the most respected contributors to the expanding literature on African Socialism". Smith noted that through his regular tours of Tanzania, Nyerere "has probably spoken directly to as large a percentage of his countrymen as any head of state on earth". In Pratt's view, Nyerere had been "a leader of unquestionable integrity who whatever his policy errors, was profoundly committed" to the welfare of his people. Bjerk characterised him as being "neither saint nor tyrant, Nyerere was a politician who kept his integrity and vision in a harsh and changing world." Bjerk added that Nyerere was "a brilliant intellectual, but some of his policies seem disastrously misguided to us today ." Bjerk noted that "Nyerere stabilized his government and kept the country at peace", something not achieved by most of Tanzania's neighbours.

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offering a lower wage. He took part in a public debate with two teachers from the Tabora Boys' School, in which he argued against the statement that "The African has benefitted more than the European since the partition of Africa"; after winning the debate, he was subsequently banned from returning to the school. Outside school hours, he gave free lessons in English to older locals, and also gave talks on political issues. He also worked briefly as a price inspector for the government, going into stores to check what they were charging, although quit the position after the authorities ignored his reports about false pricing. While in Tabora, the woman whom Nyerere was arranged to marry, Magori Watiha, was sent to live with him to pursue her primary education there, although he forwarded her to live with his mother. Instead, he began courting

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attain a high level of education, he grew concerned that they would form an elitist group apart from the rest of the people. In 1964 he stated that "some of our citizens still have large amounts of money spent on their education, while others have none. Those who receive that privilege therefore have a duty to repay the sacrifice which others have made." In 1965, it was made mandatory for all secondary school graduates to perform two years of service in the JKT. In October 1966, around 400 university students marched to State House to protest this. Nyerere spoke to the crowd in defence of the measure, and agreed to reduce government salaries, including his own. That year, Nyerere ceased using State House as his permanent residence, moving into a newly built private home on the seafront at

1784:, in August 1964 Nyerere allowed seven Chinese instructors and four interpreters to work with his army for six months. Responding to Western disapproval, he noted that most of Tanzania's military officers were British trained and that he had recently signed an agreement with West Germany to train an air wing. Over the following years, China became the main beneficiary of Tanzania's foreign relations. In February 1965, Nyerere made an eight-day state visit to China, opining that their socio-economic projects in moving an agrarian country towards socialism had much relevance for Tanzania. Nyerere was fascinated by Mao's China because it espoused the egalitarian values he shared; he was also inspired by the government's emphasis on frugality and economy. In June, Chinese Premier 1906:. This declaration affirmed the government's commitment to building a democratic socialist state and stressed the development of an ethos of self-reliance. In Nyerere's view, true independence was not possible while the country remained dependent on gifts and loans from other nations. It stipulated that renewed emphasis should be placed on developing the peasant agricultural economy to ensure greater self-sufficiency, even if this meant slower economic growth. After this point, the concept of socialism became central to the government's policy formation. To promote the Arusha Declaration, groups of TANU supporters marched through the countryside to raise awareness; in October, Nyerere accompanied one such eight-day march which covered 138 miles in his native Mara district. 2513:, the foundations of democracy are firmer than they can ever be when you have two or more parties, each representing only a section of the community!" He repeatedly wrote arguments on these ideas, often aimed at Western liberals. Following the 1965 parliamentary election, in which different candidates from the same party competed for most seats, Nyerere noted: "I don't blame Westerners for being sceptical. The only democracies they have known have been multi-party systems, and the only one-party systems they have seen have been non-democratic. But: a multiplicity of parties does not guarantee democracy". For Nyerere, it was the preservation of political and civil liberties, rather than the presence of multiple parties, that ensured democracy; he believed that 1443:

service called Jeshi la Kujenga Taifa (JKT – "army to build the country") was created to encourage young people to engage in public works and paramilitary training. In February 1962, the government announced its desire to convert the pervasive system of freehold land ownership into a leasehold system, the latter of which was deemed to be a better reflection of traditional indigenous ideas about communal land ownership. Nyerere wrote an article, "Ujamaa" ("Familyhood") in which he explained and praised this policy; in this article he expressed many of his ideas about African socialism. For Nyerere, ujamaa could provide a "national ethic" that was distinct from the colonial era and would help to cement Tanganyika's independent course amid the

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representation entirely with the European minority, but still meant that the three ethnic blocs would receive equal representation despite the fact that indigenous Africans made up over 98% of the country's population. For this reason, most of TANU's leadership believed that it should boycott the election. Nyerere disagreed. In his view, TANU should participate and seek to secure the majority of the indigenous African representatives to advance their political leverage. If they abstained, he argued, the UTP would win the elections, TANU would be forced to operate entirely outside of government, and it would delay the process of attaining independence. At a January 1958 conference in Tabora, Nyerere convinced TANU to take part. In

1263:, Dossa Aziz, and John Rupia, the latter an entrepreneur who had established himself as one of the wealthiest indigenous Africans in the country. Rupia served as the group's first treasurer and largely funded the organisation in its early years. The colony's governor appointed Nyerere to fill a temporary vacancy on its legislative council generated after David Makwaia was sent to London to serve on the Royal Commission for Land and Population Problems. His first speech at the legislative council dealt with the need for more schools in the country. When he said that he would oppose proposed government regulations to raise salaries for civil servants, the government recalled Makwaia from London to ensure Nyerere's removal. 1756:, a presidential vote took place across Tanzania, although parliamentary elections occurred only on the mainland and not on Zanzibar. Although the one-party state meant that only TANU candidates could stand, the party's national executive selected multiple candidates for all but six seats, providing some democratic choice for voters. Two ministers, six junior ministers, and nine backbenchers lost their seats and were replaced. Both Derek Bryceson and Amur Jamal, the two non-indigenous cabinet members, were re-elected over black opponents. Nyerere stood unopposed in the presidential election, although the ballot allowed space to vote against his candidacy; ultimately he secured nearly 97% support. 1736:

Revolutionary Council remained in charge, and there was no merging of TANU and the Afro-Shirazi Party. There would be no local or parliamentary elections on the island for many years. Zanzibaris made up only 350,000 out of Tanzania's total population of 13 million, although from 1967 they were given seven of the 22 cabinet positions and directly appointed 40 of the country's 183 members of parliament. Nyerere explained this disproportionately high representation by stressing the need for sensitivity to the islanders' national pride; in 1965, he stated that "The Zanzibaris are a proud people. No one has ever intended that they should become simply the Republic's eighteenth region."

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logical style of speechwriting." Nyerere was a modest man who was shy regarding the personality cult that followers established around him. In rejecting the personality cult, he for instance rejected ideas that statues be built to him. In a 1963 memorandum, he called on colleagues to help him in "stamping out the disease of pomposity" in Tanzanian society. As president, he for instance did not like to be referred to as either "Your Excellency" or "Dr Nyerere". Most staff members referred to him as "Mzee", a Swahili word meaning "old man". Smith noted that Nyerere had a "respect for spartan living" and an "abhorrence of luxury"; in his later years he always travelled by

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purchase of majority interest in seven other firms, including those producing cement, cigarettes, beer, and shoes. Some foreign specialists were employed to run these nationalised industries until sufficient numbers of Tanzanians had been trained to take over; the country's civil service nevertheless had little experience with economic planning, and eventually foreign companies had to be brought in to administer several nationalised industries. A year after these initial nationalisations, Nyerere praised the Tanzanian Asians for their role in ensuring the successful running of the nationalised banks, stating: "these people deserve the gratitude of our country".

1687:'s Third Battalion to keep order. Nyerere attributed the mutiny to the fact that his government had failed to do enough to change the army since colonial times: "We changed the uniforms a bit, we commissioned a few Africans, but at the top they were still solidly British... You could never consider it an army of the people." Acknowledging some of the mutineers' demands, he appointed Sarakikya as the new commander of the army and raised troop wages. After the mutiny, Nyerere's government became increasingly focused on security, placing TANU personnel into the army as well as state-owned industry to entrench party control throughout the country. 1878:, which Nyerere—like many African nationalists—despised. Explaining this antipathy to Tshombe, he said: "try to imagine a Jew who recruits ex-Nazis to go to Israel and assist him in his power struggle. How would the Jews take it?" Relations with the U.S. reached their worst point in January 1965, when Nyerere expelled two members of the U.S. embassy for subversive activities; evidence was not publicly produced to demonstrate their guilt. The U.S. responded by expelling a councillor from the Tanzanian embassy in Washington D.C.; in turn, Tanzania recalled its ambassador, Othman Shariff. After 1965, Tanzanian-U.S. relations gradually improved. 2387:. That year, he oversaw two negotiation sessions between competing factions in Mwanza, with additional sessions in Arusha in 1998 and 1999. Nyerere was adamant that a resolution for peace should arise from a regional initiative rather than one brought forth by the Western powers. He insisted on a process of inclusivity, with even the smallest political groups being invited to take part in the negotiation process, and also emphasised the construction of civilian political institutions as key to a lasting peace in Burundi. The negotiations would continue until Nyerere's death, at which his role was taken on by former President of South Africa 2453:. He was also influenced by the Indian independence movement, which successfully resulted in the creation of an Indian republic in 1947, just before Nyerere studied in Britain. Nyerere insisted that the situation in Tanganyika was such that non-violent protest was possible and should be pursued, stating: "I'm non-violent in the sense of Mohandas Gandhi... I feel violence is an evil with which one cannot become associated unless it is absolutely necessary". After becoming leader of his county, he became a prominent supporter of anti-colonial movements in southern Africa, providing said groups with material, diplomatic, and moral support. 2233:. In doing so, Nyerere—according to A. B. Assensoh—was "one of the few African leaders to have voluntarily, gracefully, and honourably bowed out" of governance. This brought him much respect internationally. Nyerere remained chair of CCM until 1990 and from this position became a vocal critic of Mwinyi's policies. Mwinyi wanted to pursue economic liberalisation, removing some of Nyerere's favourites from the cabinets who opposed his reforms. These reforms led to inflation and devaluation of currency, destroying the savings of many Tanzanians. Nyerere saw these reforms as an abandonment of his socialist ideals. 2035: 2577: 1721: 1701: 1350: 2428:, as well as by his reading of Adam Smith and John Stuart Mill, both of whom he had studied as a student. For much of his life he was a prolific writer and speaker, leaving much material behind espousing his ideology. The political economist Issa G. Shivji noted that although Nyerere was "a great man of principle" but that when in power, "at times pragmatism, even Machiavellism, overshadowed his avowed principles". As a result, Shivji argued, Nyerere exhibited "a great ability and talent to rationalise his political actions with an astute exposition of principles". 1497:

vulnerable and in 1962 introduced a law banning workers' strikes and the Preventative Detention Law, through which it could detain without trial individuals deemed a threat to national security. Nyerere defended this measure, pointing to similar laws in the United Kingdom and India, and stating that the government needed it as a safeguard given the weak state of both the police and army. He expressed the hope that the government would never have to use it, and noted that they were aware how it "could be a convenient tool in the hands of an unscrupulous government".

13044: 2729:. In his speeches and writings, Nyerere frequently quoted from the Bible, and in a 1970 address to the headquarters of the Maryknoll Mission, he argued that the Roman Catholic Church must involve itself in "the rebellion against those social structures and economic organizations which condemn men to poverty, humiliation and degradation", warning that if it failed to do so then it would lose relevance and "the Christian religion will degenerate into a series of superstitions accepted by the fearful". Despite his personal religious commitments, he espoused 1182:

British students were generally less prejudiced than other sectors of the population. In classes, he was generally treated as the equal of his white fellows, which gave him additional confidence, and may have help mould his belief in multi-racialism. During his time in Edinburgh, he may have engaged in part-time work to support himself and family in Tanganyika; he and other students went on a working holiday to a Welsh farm where they engaged in potato picking. In 1951, he travelled down to London to meet with other Tanganyikan students and attend the

2626:. He expressed the view that Marxist ideas about the construction of a socialist society from a capitalist one through the efforts of a revolutionary urban proletariat class were not applicable to post-colonial Africa, where there was little or no capitalism or proletariat and where—in Nyerere's view—traditional society was not stratified into competing economic classes. In most of Africa, Nyerere said, "we have to begin our socialism from tribal communalism and a colonial legacy which did not build much capitalism". He was also critical of the " 1369:. He suggested that Tanganyika could delay its attainment of independence from the British Empire until neighbouring Kenya and Uganda were able to do the same. In his view, it would be much easier for the three countries to unite at the same point as independence than after it, for beyond that point their respective governments might feel that they were losing sovereignty through unification. Many senior TANU members opposed the idea of delaying Tanganyikan independence; the party had been growing, and as of 1960 had over a million members. 1650:

tasks". Many trade unionists denounced the discontinuation of the policy and it proved the catalyst for an army mutiny. On 20 January, a small group of soldiers in the First Battalion calling themselves the Army Night Freedom Fighters launched an uprising, demanding the dismissal of their white officers and a pay rise. The mutineers left the Colito Barracks and entered Dar es Salaam, where they seized the State House. Nyerere narrowly escaped, hiding in a Roman Catholic mission for two days. The mutineers captured senior government figure

11407: 13696: 13684: 13672: 13647: 1509:, he secured 98.1% of the vote, defeating Mtemvu. After the election, Nyerere announced that TANU's National Executive Committee had voted to ask the party's national conference to widen membership to all Tanganyikans. During the anti-colonial struggle, only indigenous Africans had been permitted to join, but Nyerere now stated that it should welcome white and Asian members. He also stipulated that "complete political amnesty" should be granted to anyone expelled from the party since 1954, allowing them to rejoin. In early 1963, 2593:

African society. In his words from 1962, "We, in Africa, have no more need of being "converted" to socialism than we have of being "taught" democracy. Both are rooted in our past – in the traditional society which produced us." He presented the traditional African village—as well as the ancient Greek city state—as the model for the idealised society. Molony described Nyerere as having produced "romanticised accounts of idyllic village life in 'traditional society'", describing his as "a misty-eyed view" of this African past.

1333:(Voice of TANU) that had been written by Nyerere called on the party's members to avoid participating in violence. It also criticised two of the country's district commissioners, accusing one of trying to undermine TANU and another of putting a chief on trial for "cooked-up reasons". In response, the government filed three counts of criminal libel. The trial took almost three months. Nyerere was found guilty, with the judge stipulating that he could either pay a £150 fine or go to prison for six months; he chose the former. 1240:(TAA). His ability to take on the position was influenced by his good oratorical skills and by the fact that he was Zanaki; had he been from one of the larger ethnic groups he may have faced greater opposition from members of rival tribes. Under Nyerere, the TAA gained an increasingly political dimension, devoted to the pursuit of Tanganyikan independence from the British Empire. Nyerere himself was, according to Bjerk, "catapulted to prominence" as "a standard-bearer of the burgeoning independence movement". 13995: 13947: 13899: 13851: 13586: 2934:. For Kosukhin, Nyerere was "a recognized standard bearer of the struggle for African liberation and a tireless champion of the idea of equitable economic relations between the rich North and the developing South". In this way, Kosukhin thought, Nyerere "belongs not only to Tanzania and Africa, but also to all mankind". In Mwakikagile's view, Nyerere "epitomized the best" among "the founding fathers" of independence African states, citing him alongside such "Big Men" as Kenyatta, Nkrumah, Sekou Toure, 1887: 1103:

declared itself committed to supporting independence for Tanganyika. With Tibandebage he worked on rewriting the TAA's constitution and used the group to mobilise opposition to Colonial Paper 210 in the district, believing that the electoral reform was designed to further privilege the white minority. At St Mary's, Father Richard Walsh—an Irish priest who was director of the school—encouraged Nyerere to consider additional education in the United Kingdom. Walsh convinced Nyerere to take the

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market economy linked in with the international capitalist economy. Bjerk noted that although Nyerere was "an advocate for democracy", his pursuit of a democracy adapted to East African society led to him forming "a one-party state that regularly violated democratic values". He thought that "few would deny" that Nyerere "became a dictator", although noted that "he maintained his authority without mass violence", unlike many other dictatorial leaders in Africa. In 2007, the politician

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his parents' resting places were maintained. Smith referred to Nyerere as "a scholar at heart". In later life, Twining described Nyerere as "a very shrewd politician, an emotionalist... he is not greedy, not corrupt; I think he is a good man." Molony suggested that there was "a very shrewd side to his character", in that he was capable of playing to his audience by portraying himself as "the betrayed righteous figure, employing melodrama and even extortion to get what he wanted".

13598: 2962: 2352: 2242: 2070:, who had a better relationship with Nyerere. In early 1978, ministers decided to increase their strategies. Students accusing them of abandoning socialist principles and launched protests. After these clashed with police, CCM officials ordered the university to expel 350 protesters, including one of Nyerere's sons. In the late 1970s, several members of the military began organising a coup although this was exposed before it could occur and the suspects were imprisoned. 13416: 2946: 13536: 13488: 13476: 13635: 2132:. Nyerere rejected his generals' urges to respond with force and agreed to Somali mediation, which resulted in the signing of a peace agreement between Uganda and Tanzania. Nevertheless, relations between Nyerere and Amin remained tense. The Tanzanian President allowed Ugandan rebels to continue to operate in Tanzania, though he urged them to keep a low profile. In 1977, the East African Community that Tanzania had formed with Kenya and Uganda formally collapsed. 1029: 14616: 13021: 13011: 13377: 2437: 13983: 1919:

the example of the Ruvuma Development Association (RDA), an agricultural commune formed in 1962, and believed its example could be followed throughout Tanzania. By the end of 1970, there were reportedly a thousand villages in Tanzania referring to themselves as ujamaa. The peasants brought into these new villages often lacked the self-reliant enthusiasm of the RDA members; despite Nyerere's hopes, villagization rarely improved agricultural production.

13755: 13524: 13500: 13512: 13429: 13390: 2402:, London. There, in early October he had a major stroke and was placed in intensive care. He died on 14 October 1999, with his wife and six of his children at his bedside. Benjamin Mkapa, Tanzanian president at the time, announced Nyerere's death on national television, and also proclaimed a 30-day mourning period. Nyerere was honoured by Tanzanian state radio playing funeral music while video footage of him were broadcast on television. A 1981:

reaching 2,600. Education was also expanded, and by 1978 80% of Tanzania's children were in school. By 1980, Tanzania was one of the few African countries that had almost eliminated illiteracy. Throughout the 1970s, bribery and embezzlement also became increasingly common in Tanzania; a parliamentary enquiry found that government losses from theft and corruption rose from 10 million shillings in 1975 to nearly 70 million shillings in 1977.

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common good. He believed it important to balance the rights of the individual with their duty to society, expressing the view that Western countries placed too much of an emphasis on individual rights; he regarded what he saw as the ensuing self-centred materialism as repulsive. To determine what balance to strike between the freedom of the individual and their responsibilities to society, he turned to the ideas of Genevan philosopher

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stressed that British Tanzanians remained welcome in the country and that violence towards them would not be tolerated. Despite the cessation of diplomatic contact, Tanzania cooperated with the UK in airlifting emergency oil supplies to landlocked Zambia, whose normal oil supply had been cut off by Smith's Rhodesian government. In 1970, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia all threatened to leave the Commonwealth after British Prime Minister

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political maturation, chiefly in absorbing and developing the views of leading black thinkers of the time." In 1943, Nyerere, Andrew Tibandebage, and Hamza Kibwana Bakari Mwapachu founded the Tanganyika African Welfare Association (TAWA) to assist the small number of Tanganyikan students at Makerere. TAWA was allowed to die off, and in its place Nyerere revived the largely moribund Makerere chapter of the

2202:(IMF) and in early 1979 came to an agreement that the country would receive debt relief in exchange for a program of austerity measures including parastatal restricting, wage freezes, raising interest rates, and relaxing import controls. When Mtei brought the deal to Nyerere, the latter rejected it, seeing it as a rejection of his socialist message. Mtei then resigned. Nyerere viewed the IMF as a 2136: 1953:, were arrested, accused of plotting to kill Nyerere and overthrow the government, convicted, and imprisoned. In 1969, Nyerere made a state visit to Canada. In 1969, Nyerere informed a journalist that he was contemplating retirement from the presidency, hoping to encourage new leadership, although at the same time had a desire to remain in place to oversee the implementation of his ideas. In 1107:'s matriculation examination, which he passed with second division in January 1948. He applied for funding from the Colonial Development and Welfare Scheme and was initially unsuccessful, although succeeded on his second attempt, in 1949. He agreed to study abroad, although expressed some reluctance because it meant that he would no longer be able to provide for his mother and siblings. 928:; his position was also endorsed by the incoming British imperial administration. Burito had 22 wives, of whom Julius' mother, Mugaya Nyang'ombe, was the fifth. She had been born in 1892 and had married the chief in 1907, when she was fifteen. Mugaya bore Burito four sons and four daughters, of which Nyerere was the second child; two of his siblings died in infancy. 1341:, which took place over the course of 1958 and 1959, TANU won every seat it contested. Nyerere stood as TANU's candidate in the Eastern Province seat against an independent candidate, Patrick Kunambi, securing 2600 votes to Kunambi's 800. Some of the European and Asian candidates elected were TANU sympathisers, ensuring that the council was dominated by the party. 1044:. He secured a bursary to fund a teacher training course there, arriving in Uganda in January 1943. At Makerere, he studied alongside many of East Africa's most talented students, although spent little time socialising with others, instead focusing on his reading. He took courses in chemistry, biology, Latin, and Greek. Deepening his Catholicism, he studied the 1740:

but—contrary to Nyerere's intentions—the arrested men were tried in secret and four of them secretly executed. Nyerere was further embarrassed by the habit of Karume and other Zanzibari Revolutionary Council members for pressuring Arab girls into marriage and then arresting their relatives to ensure compliance. As a result of rising international prices in

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percent of the 5000-strong police force, and oversaw the arrest of around 550 people under the Preventative Detention Act, although most were swiftly released. He denounced the ringleaders of the mutiny for trying to "intimidate our nation at the point of a gun", and fourteen of them were given sentences of between five and fifteen years imprisonment.

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necessary to stem the growth of corruption in Tanzania; he was aware of how this problem had become endemic in some African countries like Nigeria and Ghana and regarded it as a threat to his vision of African freedom. To ensure his own compliance with these measures, Nyerere sold his house in Magomeni and his wife donated her poultry farm in

1513:, an Asian Tanganyikan, became the party's first non-indigenous member; the white Derek Bryceson became its second. Nyerere welcomed Asians and Europeans into the cabinet to counter potential racial resentment from these minorities. Nyerere saw it as importance to build a "national consciousness" that transcended ethnic and religious lines. 2678:. He stressed the need for hard work. Nyerere appealed to the idea of tradition when trying to convince Tanzanians of his ideas. He stated that Tanzania could only be developed "through the religion of socialism and self-reliance". He reiterated the ideas of freedom, equality, and unity as being central to his concept of African socialism. 1082:(TAA), although this too had ceased functioning by 1947. Although aware of racial prejudice from the white colonial minority, he insisted on treating people as individuals, recognising that many white individuals were not bigoted towards indigenous Africans. After three years, Nyerere graduated from Makerere with a diploma in education. 2158:, slaughtering many of the civilians living there. Nyerere was appalled and ordered measures to ensure the Tanzanians would not attack civilian targets in future. Nyerere also lobbied foreign ambassadors to cut off supplies of oil and weapons to Uganda. Over following months, the Tanzanian army pushed further into Uganda. After they 2391:. In 1997, he made his final visit to Edinburgh, delivering the Lothian European Lecture and teaching seminars at the university's Centre of African Studies. The government and army contributed funds to build Nyerere a house in his home village; it was finished in 1999, although he only spent two weeks there prior to his death. 2772:

deeply than his office". For Huddleston, Nyerere displayed much humility, a trait that was "rare indeed" among politicians and statesmen. Molony noted that, in Edinburgh, Nyerere was "quiet and fairly unremarkable, and therefore forgettable", "an unobtrusive and quietly competitive young man who kept his ambitions to himself."

2663:. His ideas on societal collectivity may also have been influenced by the work of the social anthropologist Ralph Piddington, under whom Nyerere studied at Edinburgh. It was Nyerere's belief that Africa would resolve the tension between the individual and society, a balance which other continents had failed to achieve. 936:; they would only be united under the kingship of Chief Wanzagi Nyerere, Burito's half-brother, in the 1960s. Nyerere's clan were the Abhakibhweege. At birth, Nyerere was given the personal name "Mugendi" ("Walker" in Zanaki) but this was soon changed to "Kambarage", the name of a female rain spirit, at the advice of a 1411: 2315:, something Nyerere criticised, arguing that foreign affairs was a federal issue and should not be delegated to the Zanzibari state. In 1993, 55 mainland parliamentarians called for the establishment of a mainland regional government, which Nyerere attacked in a pamphlet the following year. In 1995, he gave the 2017:, and films and magazines considered to be of an inappropriate nature. In 1973, the government banned most foreign music from being played on national radio programmes. Nyerere believed that homosexuality was alien to Africa and thus Tanzania did not need to legislate against the discrimination of homosexuals. 1384:" speech, indicating British willingness to dismantle the empire in Africa. In March 1961, a constitutional conference was held in Dar es Salaam to determine the nature of an independent constitution; both anti-colonial campaigners and British officials attended. As a concession to the UK's colonial secretary 1196:, which he and co-author John Keto noted was designed to further white minority control in the region. In February 1952, he attended a meeting on the issue of the Federation that was organised by the World Church Group; among those speaking at the meeting was the medical student—and future Malawian leader— 1236:, closer to Dar es Salaam, when Nyerere was hired to teach history at St Francis' College, one of the leading schools for indigenous Africans in Tanganyika. In 1953 the couple had their first child, Andrew. Nyerere became increasingly involved in politics; in April 1953, he was elected president of the 1020:

Nyerere's brother, Edward Wanzagi Nyerere, was appointed as their father's successor. Nyerere then decided to be baptised as a Roman Catholic; at his baptism, he took on the name "Julius", although later stated that it was "silly" that Catholics should "take a name other than a tribal name" on baptism.

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Nyerere was remembered "in African nationalist history as an uncompromising socialist"; Molony stated that "Nyerere's contribution to socialism was to make it African; and, in his eyes at least, to bring 'traditional' communal societies into the modern world." According to the historian W. O. Maloba,

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Those who knew Nyerere in Edinburgh recall him as 'not the usual type', 'a very decent fellow', 'of a very independent turn of mind', 'a delightful person; a student with a clearly evident awareness of opportunity to learn; a quiet, likeable young man of integrity', and 'a quiet, unassuming person...

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but focused attention on how to "Africanize" democracy. He emphasized that post-colonial African states were in a very different situation to Western countries and thus required a different governance structure; specifically, he favoured a representative democratic system within a one-party state. He

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estimated that in 1977, there were a thousand people detained under the Preventative Detention Act, although this had declined to under 100 by 1981. In June 1976, Kambona resigned from the government, ostensibly for health reasons, and relocated to London. He then claimed to have been the victim of a

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Nyerere followed his declaration with a series of additional policy papers covering such areas as foreign policy and rural development. "Education for Self-Reliance" stressed that schools should place a new emphasis on teaching agricultural skills. Another, "Socialism and Rural Development", outlined

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In April he visited Karume; the following day they announced the political unification of Tanganyika and Zanzibar. Nyerere dismissed suggestions that this had anything to do with Cold War power struggles, presenting it as a response to Pan-Africanist ideology: "Unity in our continent does not have to

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In January 1964, Nyerere ended affirmative action hiring for the civil service. Believing the colonial imbalance to have been redressed, he stated: "it would be wrong for us to continue to distinguish between Tanganyikan citizens on any grounds other than those of character and ability to do specific

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in Dar es Salaam, the former official residence of British governors. Nyerere disliked life in the building, but remained there until 1966. Nyerere appointed Kawawa his vice president. In 1963, he put his name forward to be Rector of Edinburgh University, vowing to travel to Scotland whenever needed;

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in New York City, with TANU sending Nyerere to be its representative there. At the British government's request, the United States agreed to prevent Nyerere staying for more than 24 hours before the meeting or moving outside an eight-block radius of the UN headquarters. Nyerere arrived in the city in

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In Tabora, he intensified his political activities, joining the local branch of the TAA and becoming its treasurer. The branch opened a co-operative shop selling basic goods like sugar, flour, and soap. In April 1946 he attended the organisation's conference in Dar es Salaam, where the TAA officially

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which outlined his vision of ujamaa. Banks and other major industries and companies were nationalized; education and healthcare were significantly expanded. Renewed emphasis was placed on agricultural development through the formation of communal farms, although these reforms hampered food production

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stated that it was Nyerere's ideals of "equality and social justice" which "sustained Tanzania and earned it a reputation as one of the most stable and peaceful countries in Africa, and one of the most united; a rare feat on this turbulent continent." For Mwakikagile, Nyerere was "one of the world's

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and interpreted it as evidence for Nyerere's perceived desire for greater links with the Marxist–Leninist government in China. Nyerere objected to the tendency in Western countries to view Africa through the prism of Cold War politics. After the formation of Tanzania, Nyerere took to wearing a style

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Nyerere's secretary, Joseph Namata, said that the leader "jokes about everything" and "can shout if he is angry". When planners suggested infrastructure developments for his home area, Nyerere rejected the proposals, not wanting to present the appearance of giving favours to it. Nyerere ensured that

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Nyerere detested elitism and sought to reflect that attitude in the manner in which he conducted himself as president. He was cautious to prevent the replacement of the colonial elite with an indigenous elite, and to this end insisted that the most educated sectors of the Tanzanian population should

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The Nyalali Commission had also recommended a transition to a "three-government" federation, with independent state governments for both Zanzibar and the mainland in addition to the unified federal government. This was designed to placate calls for Zanzibari autonomy, although Nyerere opposed it. He

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Freedom of speech was such that government policy was criticised within TANU, in parliament, and in the press. However, those regarded as political subversives were still detained without trial, often in poor conditions. Nyerere rarely initiated such detentions personally, although had the final say

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In early 1971, the National Assembly passed a measure authorising the nationalisation of all commercial buildings, apartments, and houses worth more than 100,000 Tanzanian shillings unless the owner resided in them. This measure was designed to stop the real estate profiteering that had grown across

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The Arusha Declaration announced the introduction of a code of conduct for TANU and government leaders to adhere to. This forbade them from owning shares or holding directorates in private companies, receiving more than one salary, or owning any houses that they rented to others. Nyerere saw this as

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co-operative villages. The first step was to convince farmers to move into a single village, with their crops planted nearby. The second was to establish communal plots where these farmers would experiment working collectively. The third was to establish a communal farm. Nyerere had been inspired by

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Karume was erratic and unpredictable. He was a source of repeated embarrassment to Nyerere, who tolerated him for the sake of Tanzanian unity. In one instance in August 1969, Zanzibari authorities arrested 14 men whom they accused of plotting a coup. Mainland authorities had assisted in the arrests,

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were helicoptered into the city, where they landed next to the Colito Barracks; the mutineers soon surrendered. In the wake of the mutiny, Nyerere disbanded the First Battalion and dismissed hundreds of soldiers from the Second Battalion. Concerned about dissent more broadly, he discharged about ten

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as its head of state into a republic with an elected president as head of state. This president would be elected by the population, and they would then appoint a vice president, who would preside over the National Assembly, Tanganyika's parliament. Biographer William Edgett Smith later noted that it

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You go through two stages in these colonial countries. One is when midnight comes; the clock strikes, and you are independent. Fine. But then begins a whole process of changing conditions and changing people. I had been talking to the people, telling them that the second process would not be easy...

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Six months after independence, the government abolished the jobs and salaries of hereditary chiefs, whose positions conflicted with government officials and who were often regarded as too close to the colonial authorities. The government also pursued the "Africanization" of the civil service, giving

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Nyerere was a controversial figure. Across Africa he gained widespread respect as an anti-colonialist and in power received praise for ensuring that, unlike many of its neighbours, Tanzania remained stable and unified in the decades following independence. His construction of the one-party state and

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Richard Turnbull, the last British governor of Tanganyika, described Nyerere as having "a tremendous adherence to principle" and exhibiting "rather a Gandhian streak". The scholar of education J. Roger Carter noted that Nyerere's peaceful withdrawal from the leadership "suggests a leader of unusual

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in the early mornings, and while in Edinburgh enjoyed spending time sitting quietly in church. There is some evidence that while in Scotland, he considered ordination as a Catholic priest. He avoided Christian sectarianism and was friends with Christians of other denominations. Into his later life,

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newspaper. Where he learned the term is not clear, for it would not become widely used until the 1960s. Nyerere saw socialism not as an alien idea to Africa but as something that reflected traditional African lifestyles. In his view, a "socialist attitude of mind" was already present in traditional

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Although opposing European colonialism, Nyerere was not antagonistic towards white Europeans; from his experiences he was aware that they were not all colonialists and racists. Prior to independence he insisted on a non-racialist front against colonialism, challenging those African nationalists who

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on 16 October. His body was then flown back to Tanzania, where it was carried past crowds in Dar es Salaam and taken to his coastal home. There, another requiem mass was held at St Joseph's Cathedral. A funeral was then held at the National Stadium, in which hundreds passed by the body as it lay in

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In August 1990 Nyerere stepped down as the chair of CCM. Before stepping down as CCM chair, he advocated Tanzania's transition into a multi-party democracy. He believed that the CCM had become too hidebound and corrupt and that competition with other parties would force it to improve. His belief in

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accused the Tanzanians of supporting government ministers who he claimed opposed him. Nyerere strongly disapproved of Banda's co-operation with the Portuguese colonial governments in Angola and Mozambique and the white minority governments of Rhodesia and South Africa. In 1967, Nyerere's government

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declared himself president of a one-party state and began redistributing Arab-owned land among black African peasants. Hundreds of Arabs and Indians left, as did most of the island's British community. Western powers were reluctant to recognise Karume's government, whereas the Soviet Union, Eastern

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Opposition to TANU's rule formalised into two small political parties: the senior trade unionist Christopher S. K. Tumbo founded the People's Democratic Party, while Zuberi Mtemvu formed the African National Congress, which wanted a more racialist anti-colonial stance. The government thought itself

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On leaving Makerere, Nyerere returned home to Zanaki territory to build a house for his widowed mother, before spending his time reading and farming in Butiama. He was offered teaching positions at both the state-run Tabora Boys' School and the mission-run St Mary's, but chose the latter despite it

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Nyerere was not aware of his date of birth for much of his life; he claimed that he was born in February 1921 for at least his first twenty-five years. He discovered his actual date of birth in the late 1960s, when it was revealed that a local elder, Mtokambali Bukiri, had made a note of it in his

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Assessing his early life, Molony described Nyerere as "down-to-earth, principled, and had a strong sense of fairness. He was modest and unpretentious. In contrast to a good number of his contemporaries at Tabora Boys, he was neither arrogant nor conceited." In focusing heavily on his studies, some

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In July 1987, Nyerere returned to the University of Edinburgh to attend a conference on "The Making of Constitutions and the Development of National Identity", where he gave the opening address on post-independence Africa. He was invited to chair an international committee on the economic problems

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to the local co-operative village. In 1969, Nyerere sponsored a bill to provide gratuities for ministers and regional and area commissioners which could be used as a retirement income for them. The Tanzanian Parliament did not pass the bill into law, the first time that it had rejected legislation

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The government pressured Nyerere's employer to sack him because of his pro-independence activities. On his return from New York, Nyerere resigned from the school, in part because he did not wish his ongoing employment to cause trouble for the missionaries. In April 1955 he and his wife returned to

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was alien to Africa and that the continent should turn to "African socialism". His letter went on to state that "the educated African should take the lead" in moving the population towards a more explicitly socialist model. Molony thought that the letter "serves to mark the beginnings of Nyerere's

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said of Nyerere: "He wanted to preserve power. Maybe he did not kill people as other dictators, but by suppressing dissent he was not different to any other dictator." Shivji disagreed, stating that "to be sure, Nyerere was not a dictator", although described the policies which Nyerere enacted as

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At his death, Western commentators repeatedly claimed that Nyerere had served his people poorly as president. Many Western governments and economists used Nyerere's Tanzania as an example of why, to ensure economic growth, post-colonial African states should embrace limited state regulation and a

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With his wife Maria Gabriel, Nyerere had seven children. When Nyerere was president, he insisted that his children go to state school and receive no special privileges. Two of his children suffered from mental illness. During the 1970s, Nyerere's relationship with his wife became strained and she

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There is not the slightest necessity for people to study metaphysics and decide whether there is one God, many Gods, or no God, before they can be socialist... What matters in socialism and to socialists is that you should care about a particular kind of social relationship on this earth. Why you

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During the war, Nyerere had been planning for how to establish a post-Amin government in Uganda. Although Obote retained a level of popularity in Uganda, many other exiles warned him not to restore Obote to the presidency, noting that he had alienated too many sectors of society. Nyerere accepted

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Nyerere remained committed to backing anti-colonialist groups throughout southern Africa, including those fighting the white minority governments in Southern Rhodesia and South Africa and the Portuguese colonial administrations in Mozambique and Angola. In 1980 an election took place in Zimbabwe,

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and the Baraza la Muzikila Taifa music council, the government exerted considerable control over the development of popular culture in the country. Juxtaposing idealised rural lifestyles against urban lifestyles which were labelled "decadent", Nyerere's government launched its Operation Vijana in

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Relations were also strained with the United States. In November 1964, Kambona publicly announced the discovery of evidence of a U.S.-Portuguese plot to invade Tanzania. The evidence—which consisted of three photostat documents—was labelled a forgery by the U.S. Embassy and after Nyerere returned

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In the early 1960s, Nyerere had private telephone lines installed linking him to Kenyatta and Obote, although these were later eliminated in a cost-saving exercise. Although the East African Federation that Nyerere desired failed to develop, he still pursued greater integration between Tanzania,

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Tanzania experienced rapid population growth; the December 1967 census revealed a 35% population increase since 1957. This rising number of children made the government's desire for universal primary education more difficult to achieve. Observing that a small sector of the population were able to

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On 22 January, Nyerere came out of hiding; the next day he gave a press conference stating that Tanganyika's reputation had been damaged by the mutiny and that he would not call for military assistance from the UK. Two days later, he requested British military assistance, which was granted. On 25

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Nyerere gained many friends in Edinburgh, and socialised with Nigerians and West Indians living in the city. There are no reports of Nyerere experiencing racial prejudice while in Scotland; although it is possible he did encounter it, many black students in Britain at the time reported that white

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The British colonial administration encouraged the education of chiefs' sons, believing that this would help to perpetuate the chieftain system and prevent the development of a separate educated indigenous elite who might challenge colonial governance. At his father's prompting, Nyerere began his

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Huddleston recalled conversations with Nyerere as being "exciting and stimulating", with the Tanzanian leader focusing on world issues rather than talking about himself. In Huddleston's view, Nyerere was "a great human being who has always treasured his human-ness (his humanity if you like) more

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had overseen economic reform in China. Nyerere stated: "we cannot remain an island. We must manage our own change – don't wait to be pushed". Mwinyi then established the Nyalali Commission to examine the question of a transition to a multi-party system. It concluded that although most Tanzanians

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The villagization process had greater success in ensuring wider public access to social services. Nyerere's government pursued the rapid expansion of healthcare. During the 1970s, the number of health centres more than doubled, reaching 239, while the number of rural dispensaries nearby doubled,

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as its second vice president. In August, the government launched a competition to find a new name for the country; two months later it announced that the winning proposal was "United Republic of Tanzania". There was no immediate change to the structure of the Zanzibari government; Karume and his

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in Ethiopia, there echoing his previous message, stating that "the real humiliating truth is that Africa is not free; and therefore it is Africa which should take the necessary collective measures to free Africa." He hosted the OAU's Liberation Committee in Dar es Salaam and provided weapons and

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must come from the individual's commitment to a just society in which all talents and abilities were used to the full. He desired a society in which the interests of the individual and society were identical and thought this could be achieved because individuals ultimately wanted to promote the

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Nyerere's ideology, a form of African socialism, is known as Ujamaa. Although attaining some of his early ideas from African Association contemporaries in Tanganyika, many of Nyerere's political beliefs were developed while he was studying in Edinburgh; he noted that he "evolved the whole of my

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speech in which he warned of "cracks" in the Tanzanian state caused by corruption, separatism, and tribalism. He expressed concerns about growing mainland chauvinism as a response to Zanzibari separatism and argued that it would develop into tribal resentments and rivalries. These concerns were

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in November, Nyerere demanded the British take immediate action to stop them. When the UK did not, in December Tanzania broke off diplomatic relations with them. This resulted in the loss of British aid, but Nyerere thought it necessary to demonstrate that Africans would stand by their word. He

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was overthrown and replaced by a government consisting largely of indigenous Africans. Nyerere was taken by surprise by the revolution. Like Kenya and Uganda, he quickly recognised the new government, although allowed the deposed Sultan to land in Tanganyika and from there fly to London. At the

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Twining announced that elections for a new legislative council would take place in early 1958. These would be organised around ten constituencies, each electing three members of the council: one indigenous African, one European, and one South Asian. This would end the concentration of political

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with a girl named Magori Watiha, who was then only three or four years old but had been selected for him by his father. At the time they continued to live apart. In March 1942, during Nyerere's final year at Tabora, his father died; the school refused his request to return home for the funeral.

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After his death, Nyerere received far less attention than other, contemporary African leaders like Kenyatta, Nkrumah, and Mandela. Much of the literature published about him has been un-critical and hagiographic, ignoring elements of his life that might not be considered flattering. Also often

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Smith described Nyerere as "a slight, wiry man with a high forehead and a toothbrush moustache". He was described as an eloquent speaker, and a skilled debater, with Bjerk describing him as having "a scholar's mind". According to Molony, "articulated his sometimes complex ideas in a simple and

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During Tanganyika's first year of independence, its government focused largely on domestic problems. Under a government self-help programme, villagers were encouraged to devote a day's work a week to a community project, such as constructing roads, wells, schools, and clinics. A national youth

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The day after the declaration, the government announced the nationalisation of all Tanzanian banks, with compensation provided to their owners. Over the following days, it announced plans to nationalise various insurance companies, import-export firms, mills, and sisal estates, as well as the

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on the latter's June 1963 state visit, the government closed it. When the white-dominated Dar es Salaam Club refused admission to 69 TANU members, the government dissolved the club and appropriated its assets. Nyerere avoided becoming personally embroiled in these controversies, which brought

2490:, whose influence he acknowledged. It was also influenced by forms of localised decision making found in various indigenous African societies, with Nyerere stating that discussing an issue till everyone agreed was "the very essence of traditional African democracy". He absorbed the values of 2030:

he was charged with treason. By 1977, Kambona had turned against Nyerere, accusing the latter of being a dictator. Over the following years, various MPs were expelled for corruption and other crimes—they claimed, however, that they were being expelled for dissenting from Nyerere's positions.

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or a bore; in addition, Molony noted, Nyerere could be "manipulative at times, increasingly shrewd with experience, and always tenacious". Bjerk noted that Nyerere "delighted in wry irony", and "wore his emotions on his sleeve. His joy, anger, and sadness often poured out into public view".

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as their battalion leader. Having agreed to many of their demands, Kambona convinced the First Battalion mutineers to return to their barracks. Similar yet smaller mutinies broke out in Kenya and Uganda, with the governments of both calling for British military assistance in suppressing the

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as its head of state for a year before becoming a republic. In May, Tanganyika achieved self-governance. One of Nyerere's first acts as prime minister was to stop the supply of Tanganyikan labourers to South African gold mines. Although this resulted in a loss of around £500,000 a year for

1874:, Congo, Nyerere condemned them, expressing anger that they would go to such efforts to save 1000 white lives while doing nothing to prevent the subjugation of millions of black people in southern Africa. He believed that the operation was designed to bolster the Congolese government of 2838:

at the age of 20 and remained a practitioner throughout his life. Christianity strongly influenced Nyerere's life and his political beliefs. Nyerere described Christianity as "a revolutionary creed" but believed that its message had often been corrupted by churches. He liked to attend

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visited Dar es Salaam. China provided Tanzania with millions of pounds in loans and grants, and invested in a range of projects including a textile mill near Dar es Salaam, a farm implement factory, an experimental farm, and a radio transmitter. Seeking financial support to build

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quality and a national spirit, largely of his own creation, of some maturity". The Russian historian Nikolai Kosukhin described Nyerere as a leader of a "charismatic type, symbolizing the ideals and expectations of the people", in this manner comparing him to Gandhi, Nkrumah,

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a legacy which continues to inspire millions of people in Tanzania and elsewhere especially in other parts of Africa. But it is also a legacy that has drawn mixed reactions from many other people, depending on how they saw him as a leader and the kind of policies he pursued.

2367:. In 1997, he gave a speech marking the fortieth anniversary of Ghanaian independence in which he expressed renewed support for Pan-African ideals and warning against a "return to the tribe" across the continent. He pointed to the example of growing European unity within the 2193:

The war cost Tanzania approximately US$ 500 million, further damaging its fragile economy. There were widespread shortages of consumer goods that encouraged a growth of hoarding and smuggling, while many returning soldiers resorted to criminality. Tanzania's Finance Minister

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On 9 December 1961, Tanganyika gained independence, an event marked by a ceremony at National Stadium. A law was soon presented to the Assembly that would restrict citizenship to indigenous Africans; Nyerere spoke out against the bill, comparing its racialism to the ideas of

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Nyerere's belief in socialism was retained after his socialist reforms failed to generate economic growth. He stated that "They keep saying you've failed. But what is wrong with urging people to pull together? Did Christianity fail because the world is not all Christian?"

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much of post-independence Africa. The measure further depleted the wealth of the Tanzanian Asian community, which had invested much in property accumulation; in ensuing months, nearly 15,000 Asians left the country. Various media outlets began complaining increasingly of "

2638:, seeing their ideas as largely irrelevant to the Tanzanian situation. In his view, these European socialist writers had not produced ideas suited to the African context because they had not considered the history of "colonial domination" which Africa had experienced. 1455:

was discriminatory towards white and Asian citizens, but argued that it was temporarily necessary to redress the imbalance caused by colonialism. By the end of 1963, about half of senior and middle-grade posts in the civil service were held by indigenous Africans.

2055:, which meant the leaders passing on control to a younger generation. He also proposed that having TANU govern the mainland and ASP govern Zanzibar contravened the concept of a one-party state and called for their merger. This took place in 1977, when they formed 1361:, gave TANU five of the twelve ministerial posts available in the colony's government. Turnbull was prepared to work for a peaceful transition to independence. In 1959, Nyerere visited Edinburgh. In 1960, he attended a conference of independent African states in 1924:

The Arusha Declaration was a turning point in Tanzanian history and a widely influential speech in Africa. The speech defined the terms of political debate in Tanzania, and was initially widely popular in the country. But there were also voices of dissent.

1593:'s view that this could be achieved quickly. Instead, Nyerere stressed the idea of forming regional confederations as short-term steps towards the eventual unification of the continent. Pursuing these ideals, in June 1963 Nyerere met with Kenyan President 1427:, and threatened to resign if it passed. Six weeks after independence, in January 1962 Nyerere resigned as prime minister, intent on focusing on restructuring TANU and trying to "work out our own pattern of democracy". Retreating to become a parliamentary 2485:

as a principle. He described democracy as "government by the people... Ideally, it is a form of government whereby the people – all the people – settle their affairs through free discussion." This is a definition close to that generated by the clergyman

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come via Moscow or Washington." Later biographer William Edgett Smith however suggested that a key reason for Nyerere's desire for unification was to prevent Zanzibar falling into a Cold War proxy conflict akin to those then raging in Congo and Vietnam.

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At TANU meetings, Nyerere insisted on the need for Tanganyikan independence, but maintained that the country's European and Asian minorities would not be ejected by an African-led independent government. He greatly admired the Indian independence leader

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It is said that Nyerere was great master of a Masonic lodge. Besides, his support to Frelimo when the latter processed and imprisoned Mozambican politicians who were in opposition to it (and who were later killed), arises criticism in Mozambique today.

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arrived in Tanzania to investigate these calls in January 2005. Although his ujamaa ideals were largely abandoned by the governments that succeeded him, the historian Sidney J. Lemelle argued that these values could be identified in the later Tanzanian

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The only way to defeat our present poverty is to accept the fact that it exists, to live as poor people, and to spend every cent that we have surplus to our basic needs on the things which will make us richer, healthier and more educated in the future.

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plot to overthrow Nyerere orchestrated by a group opposed to the Arusha Declaration. Nyerere was angered by these statements and asked Kambona to return. It was revealed that Kambona had taken at least $ 100,000 of public funds with him to Britain;

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belief system of the Zanaki, and lived at his mother's house, assisting in the farming of the millet, maize and cassava. With other local boys he also took part in the herding of goats and cattle. At some point he underwent the Zanaki's traditional

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opposed the formation of different parties and other political organisations with differing objectives in Tanzania, deeming them disruptive to his idea of the harmonious society and fearing their ability to further destabilise the fragile state.

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At the heart and centre of Nyerere's political values was an affirmation of the fundamental equality of all humankind and a commitment to the building of social, economic and political institutions which would reflect and ensure this equality.

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as a model for African states to imitate. In the late 1990s he also reflected on his presidency, noting that although he made mistakes, particularly in prematurely pursuing nationalisation, he stood by the principles of the Arusha Declaration.

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backed by Nyerere. The majority of parliamentarians argued that its granting of additional funds to said officials broke the spirit of the Arusha Declaration. Nyerere decided not to push the issue, conceding that parliament had valid concerns.

990:, to learn more about the Christian religion; although Marwa eventually stopped, Nyerere continued. His elementary schooling ended in 1936; his final exam results were the highest of any pupil in the Lake Province and Western Province region. 1654:, forcing him to dismiss all white officers and appoint the indigenous Elisha Kavana as head of the Tanganyika Rifles. The Second Battalion, based in Tabora, also mutineed, with Kambona acceding to their demands to appoint the indigenous 2444:

Nyerere was an African nationalist. He despised colonialism, and felt duty bound to oppose the colonial state in Tanganyika. In campaigning against colonialism, Nyerere acknowledged that he was inspired by the principles behind both the

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and endorsed Gandhi's approach to attaining independence through non-violent protest. The colonial government closely monitored his activities; they had concerns that Nyerere would instigate a violent anti-colonial rebellion akin to the

1488:. Nyerere defended the deportations, stating: "for many years we Africans have suffered humiliations in our own country. We are not going to suffer them now." After the Safari Hotel in Arusha was accused of insulting Guinean President 2050:

By the mid-1970s, there was much speculation that Nyerere would resign. TANU again nominated him for the presidency in 1975, but in his speech he warned against repeatedly electing the same person. He spoke of the Zanaki concept of

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Bloc, and People's Republic of China quickly did so and offered the country aid. Nyerere was angry at this Western response as well as the wider Western failure to appreciate why black Zanzibaris had revolted in the first place.

3031:, also honours him in various ways. Ten years after his death, it put up a plaque in his name on the external wall of its School of Social and Political Science, and provides three Julius Nyerere Masters Scholarships each year. 1301:, who were preparing a mission amongst the Zanaki. By the late 1950s, TANU had extended its influence throughout the country and gained considerable support. TANU had 100,000 members in 1955, which had grown to 500,000 by 1957. 1056:. He won a literary competition with an essay on the subjugation of women, for which he had applied Mill's ideas to Zanaki society. Nyerere was also an active member of the Makere Debating Society, and established a branch of 807:, becoming prime minister. Negotiations with the British authorities resulted in Tanganyikan independence in 1961. In 1962, Tanganyika became a republic, with Nyerere elected as its first president. His administration pursued 952:

ritual at Gabizuryo. As the son of a chief he was exposed to African-administered power and authority, and living in the compound gave him an appreciation for communal living that would influence his later political ideas.

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These wives lived in various huts around Burito's cattle corral, in the centre of which was his roundhouse. The Zanaki were one of the smallest of the 120 tribes in the British colony and were then sub-divided among eight

10670: 1944:

Although the Arusha Declaration was domestically popular, some politicians spoke against it. In October 1969 a group of army officers and former politicians, including former head of the National Women's Organisation

11817: 1817:, to set up operations in the country to work towards overthrowing the colonial and white-minority governments of these countries. Nyerere's government had warm relations with the neighbouring Zambian government of 2229:, a Zanzibari Muslim, had arisen as the most prominent candidate as Nyerere's successor, and Nyerere ultimately agreed to support his candidature. Nyerere stood down as president, with Mwinyi replacing him at the 924:) after a plague of worm caterpillars infested the local area at the time of his birth. Burito had been appointed chief in 1915, installed in that position by the German imperial administrators of what was then 2472:

Nyerere was also a Pan-Africanist. He nevertheless saw a tension between his governance of a nation-state and his Pan-Africanist values, referring to this as "dilemma of the pan-Africanist" in a 1964 address.

2905:(teacher). He gained recognition for the successful merger between Tanganyika and Zanzibar, and for leaving Tanzania as a united and stable state. Molony noted that Nyrere was "often depicted as Tanganyika's 1325:(UTP) to combat TANU's African nationalist message. Nyerere nevertheless stipulated that "we are fighting against colonialism, not against the whites". He befriended members of the white minority, such as 981:

ritual to have his upper-front teeth sharpened into triangular points. It may have been at this point that he took up smoking, a habit he retained for several decades. He also began to take an interest in

986:, although was initially concerned about abandoning the veneration of his people's traditional gods. With school friend Mang'ombe Marwa, Nyerere trekked 14 miles to the Nyegina Mission Centre, run by the 1283:

had sent a mission to Tanganyika which subsequently published a report recommending a twenty to twenty-five year timetable for the colony's independence. The UN was set to discuss the issue further at a

1015:, and teachers recommended him as head prefect, but this was vetoed by the headmaster, who described Nyerere as being "too kind" for the position. In keeping with Zanaki custom, Nyerere entered into an 3015:

omitted from accounts of his life are the more ruthless elements of his rule, especially the imprisonment of some political dissenters. In 2009, his life was portrayed in a South African production by

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back into Uganda, but to invade the latter and overthrow Amin. To achieve this, he mobilized tens of thousands of civilian-soldiers to aid the regular army. In January 1979, three Tanzanian battalions

13297: 1178:. Although his grades were not outstanding, they enabled him to pass all of his courses. His tutor in moral philosophy described him as "a bright and lively member of the class and of the parties". 1135:, he began with a short course in chemistry and physics and also passed Higher English in the Scottish Universities Preliminary Examination. In October 1949 he was accepted for entry to study for a 1321:, disliked Nyerere, regarding him as a racialist who wanted to impose indigenous domination over the European and South Asian minorities. In December 1955, Twining established the "multi-racial" 1095:, a teacher at Nyegina Primary School in Musoma; although from the Simbiti tribe, she shared with Nyerere a devout Catholicism. He proposed marriage to her and they became informally engaged at 2004:

Nyerere's government established a Ministry of National Culture and Youth through which to encourage the growth of a distinctly Tanzanian culture. Through organisations it established, such as

1609:

was launched in 1967, to facilitate some cooperation between the three countries. Later, Nyerere saw his inability to establish an East African Federation as the biggest failure of his career.

10189:

Ivaska, Andrew M. (2004). ""Anti-Mini Militants Meet Modern Misses": Urban Style, Gender, and the Politics of "National Culture" in 1960s Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania". In Jean Marie Allman (ed.).

12857: 2776: 1007:. Fellow pupils later remembered him as being ambitious and competitive, eager to come top of the class in examinations. He used books in the school library to advance his knowledge of the 966:

in February 1934, about 35 km from his home. This placed him in a privileged position; most of his contemporaries at Butiama could not afford a primary education. His education was in

2517:

was possible in a one-party state. However, his opposition to the formation of competing political groups led critics to argue that there were anti-democratic implications to his thought.

2001:" and "parasites", fuelling racial tensions around Asian shopkeepers. Many Roman Catholics were angered when the government nationalised Catholic schools and made them non-denominational. 834:

was unified with Tanganyika to form Tanzania. After this, Nyerere placed a growing emphasis on national self-reliance and socialism. Although his socialism differed from that promoted by

1664:

The whole week has been one of most grievous shame for our nation. It will take months and even years to erase from the mind of the world what it has heard about these events this week.

1451:

severance pay to several hundred white British civil servants and appointing indigenous Africans in their place, many of whom were insufficiently trained. Nyerere acknowledged that such

1642: 875:

led to accusations of dictatorial governance, while he has also been blamed for economic mismanagement. He is held in deep respect within Tanzania, where he is often referred to by the

787:

in Scotland. In 1952 he returned to Tanganyika, married, and worked as a school teacher. In 1954, he helped form TANU, through which he campaigned for Tanganyikan independence from the

2787:

The style of suit that Nyerere wore was widely imitated in Tanzania, which led to it being known as a "Tanzanian suit". Many European and American observers believed it similar to a

2671:

and the British monarchy. He endorsed the equality of the sexes, stating that "it is essential that our women live on terms of full equality with their fellow citizens who are men".

14781: 811:

and the "Africanisation" of the civil service while promoting unity between indigenous Africans and the country's Asian and European minorities. He encouraged the formation of a

13290: 1957:, Nyerere again stood unopposed, securing 97% support for him to serve another five-year term. Again, parliamentary elections took place on the mainland but not in Zanzibar. 1232:

before reaching Zanaki lands. There, he built a mud-brick house for himself and his fiancé, Maria; they were married at Musoma mission on 24 January 1953. They soon moved to

847:

and left areas dependent on food aid. His government provided training and aid to anti-colonialist groups fighting white-minority rule throughout southern Africa and oversaw

10899:

Pallotti, Arrigo (2009). "Post-Colonial Nation-building and Southern African Liberation: Tanzania and the Break of Diplomatic Relations with the United Kingdom, 1965–1968".

1616:, a pair of islands off of Tanganyika's coast. He noted that it was "very vulnerable to outside influences", which could in turn impact Tanganyika. Nyerere was keen to keep 1146:

In 1949, Nyerere was one of only two black students from the British East African territories studying in Scotland. In the first year of his MA studies, he took courses in

11781: 10073: 2339:

succeeded Mwinyi as its leader. He campaigned in support of the CCM candidates in Tanzania's 1995 presidential election. Mkapa won the election, but there were charges of

2973:

around Nyerere. By the time he died, he was increasingly viewed as a symbol of the nation. A museum and mausoleum devoted to him were built in Butiama. Posthumously, the

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degree at the University of Edinburgh's Faculty of Arts; his was an Ordinary Degree of Master of Arts, which was considered an undergraduate degree, the equivalent of a

358: 198: 176: 1376:, TANU won 70 of the 71 available seats. As TANU's leader, Nyerere was called to form a new government; he became its chief minister. That year, British Prime Minister 14806: 10213: 1744:, Karume amassed £30 million in foreign exchange reserves, which he kept from the central Tanzanian government. In April 1972, Karume was assassinated by four gunmen. 1731:

An interim constitution for the "United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar" presented Nyerere as the country's president, with Karume as its first vice president and

1605:

by the end of the year. This, however, never materialised. In December 1963, Nyerere lamented that this failure was the major disappointment of the year. Instead, the

2706:

Much of Nyerere's political ideology was inspired by his Christian belief, although he stipulated the view that one did not have to be a Christian to be a socialist:

1435:

as the new prime minister. He toured the country, giving speeches in towns and villages in which he emphasised the need for self-reliance and hard work. In 1962, his

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into Swahili, publishing these in 1961 and 1972 respectively. In later life, he—like many other Anglophone African statesmen—was known to be an avid listener of the

12830: 1525:

President Nyerere and U.S. President John F. Kennedy in 1963. Nyerere later commented that he had "great respect" for Kennedy, whom he regarded as a "good man".

14666: 13081: 9921: 2654:

Nyerere firmly believed in egalitarianism and in creating a society of equals, referring to his desire for a "classless society". In his view, the equality of

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resulted in Obote once again becoming leader. Nyerere withdrew most of the Tanzanian army, leaving only a small training contingent, although Uganda entered

1309:

Nyerere returned to Dar es Salaam in October 1955. From then until Tanzania secured independence, he toured the country almost continuously, often in TANU's

14801: 12845: 11850: 9588: 2218:, Nyerere again stood as CCM's candidate for the presidency. He took an active role in trying to find a successor. One of his favourites was the Zanzibari 1850: 1833: 1772: 1965: 11706: 1984: 1297:

his Zanaki homestead. He turned down offers of employment from a newspaper and an oil company, instead accepting a job as a translator and tutor for the

1247:

In campaigning for Tanganyikan independence using non-violent methods, Nyerere was inspired by the example of Indian independence leader Mahatma Gandhi.

2311:

argued that there was no evidence it would improve government and that it would waste tax-payer's money. In 1992, the Zanzibari government joined the

14716: 11743: 10601:

Lal, Priya (2015). "African Socialism and the Limits of Global Familyhood: Tanzania and the New International Economic Order in Sub-Saharan Africa".

1200:. In July 1952, Nyerere graduated from the university with an Ordinary Degree of Master of Arts. Leaving Edinburgh that week, he was granted a short 3095: 11859: 11387: 1845:. In September 1965, Nyerere threatened to withdraw from the Commonwealth if Britain's government negotiated for the independence of Rhodesia with 1521: 1474:

this! If they have been spitting in his face, now it must stop! After midnight! This cannot take twenty years! We had to drive this lesson home.

1329:, a U.S.-born widow of a British farmer, who served as a liaison between TANU and Twining's government. A 1958 editorial in the TANU newsletter 14706: 11092: 1554: 10253:

Lemelle, Sidney J. (2006). "'Ni Wapi Tunakwenda': Hip Hop Culture and the Children of Arusha". In Dipannita Basu and Sidney J. Lemelle (ed.).

2222:, whom Nyerere brought into the CCM's Central Committee. His relationship with Jumbe became strained, and he encouraged the latter to resign. 14711: 11483: 11085: 1127:, England. He then travelled, by train, from London to Edinburgh. In the city, Nyerere took lodgings in a building for "colonial persons" in 14721: 14696: 1830:, which had seceded from Nigeria. Though three other African states followed, it put Nyerere at odds with most other African nationalists. 1170:, whom Nyerere later described as "a wise man who taught me very much about what makes these British tick". In the third year, he took the 12775: 1289:

March 1955, as part of a trip funded largely by Rupia. To the trusteeship council he said that: "with your help and with the help of the

993:

His academic excellence allowed him to gain a government scholarship to attend the elite Tabora Government School, a secondary school in

14736: 13074: 2692:

society. A man's relationship with God is a personal matter for him and him alone; his beliefs about the hereafter are his own affair.

11101: 11042:Žák, Tomáš František (2016). "Applying the Weapon of Theory: Comparing the Philosophy of Julius Kambarage Nyerere and Kwame Nkrumah". 2098:

administration; Tanzania had been supporting ZANU for many years, and Bjerk termed this "a great foreign policy victory for Nyerere".

13336: 12815: 2383:. In 1996 the Mwalimu Nyerere Foundation was established though which the negotiations could take place; it was modelled on the U.S. 2343:

in coastal regions.In a speech at the CCM general assembly, Nyerere indicated that he intended to pull out from politics altogether.

1338: 14796: 14726: 14671: 13323: 12233: 11843: 10781:

Mulenga, Derek C. (2001). "Mwalimu Julius Nyerere: A Critical Review of his Contributions to Adult Education and Postcolonialism".

2552: 800: 970:, a language he had to learn while there. Nyerere excelled at the school, and after six months his exam results were such that he 14816: 14741: 2800: 1793:

to the coast and through Tanzania, he secured Chinese backing in 1970 after Western countries refused to finance the operation.

1293:

we would be governing ourselves long before twenty to twenty-five years." This seemed highly ambitious to everyone at the time.

14751: 14676: 2614: 1506: 12851: 2178:

as an interim replacement. After Amin's ouster, Lule was declared president, but was soon removed from office and replaced by

14681: 13067: 12729: 10990:

Schneider, Leander (2004). "Freedom and Unfreedom in Rural Development: Julius Nyerere, Ujamaa Vijijini, and Villagization".

10368: 10154: 10039: 8631: 859:, who reversed many of Nyerere's policies. He remained chair of Chama Cha Mapinduzi until 1990, supporting a transition to a 10819: 10464:

Shivji, Issa G. (2012). "Nationalism and Pan-Africanism: Decisive Moments in Nyerere's Intellectual and Political Thought".

13309: 12810: 11380: 1358: 1193: 60: 11828: 736:; 13 April 1922 – 14 October 1999) was a Tanzanian anti-colonial activist, politician and political theorist. He governed 14701: 11836: 11044: 9989: 3045: 2312: 10820:""For Poor Nations a Library Service Is Vital": Establishing a National Public Library Service in Tanzania in the 1960s" 2307:

appeared, although CCM remained dominant. Freedom of speech was also expanded with a range of new newspapers appearing.

14756: 14746: 14731: 13202: 12966: 12780: 10651: 10539: 10312: 10289: 10243: 10202: 10179: 10129: 10104: 2066:

In 1972, Karume was assassinated; his removal from power in Zanzibar was a relief for Nyerere. Karume was succeeded by

1849:'s white minority government rather than with representatives of the country's black majority. When Smith's government 1553:

The early years of Nyerere's presidency were preoccupied largely by African affairs. In February 1963, he attended the

1285: 2540:. Like Kant, Nyerere believed that the purpose of the state was to promote liberty and the freedom of the individual. 14786: 14766: 12840: 11807: 11476: 11166: 11131: 10520: 10266: 10081: 10058: 1373: 1256: 804: 745: 740:

as prime minister from 1961 to 1962 and then as president from 1962 to 1964, after which he led its successor state,

565: 14661: 11863: 11326: 3040: 2857: 2420:

political philosophy while I was there". In the city, he was influenced by texts produced within the traditions of

1629: 1500:

The government drew up plans to create a new constitution which would convert Tanganyika from a monarchy with the

14771: 14686: 14510: 13306: 12920: 11373: 11080: 10951:

Saul, John S. (2012). "Tanzania Fifty Years On (1961–2011): Rethinking Ujamaa, Nyerere and Socialism in Africa".

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but kept this from the public. In September 1999 he travelled to England for medical care, being hospitalised in

2230: 2215: 1954: 1753: 1484:

Over the following year, several Britons accused of racism were deported; concerns were raised about the lack of

1314: 9596: 2124:, but were routed by Amin's security forces. Ugandan forces retaliated by bombing the Tanzanian border towns of 14761: 14610: 13951: 13903: 11212: 1574: 1237: 1079: 14608: 14605: 14602: 14446: 8673: 8647: 1624:

out of eastern Africa. Zanzibar secured independence from the British Empire in 1963, and in January 1964 the

12991: 12820: 12749: 12135: 2950: 2183: 14791: 14562: 12805: 12790: 12226: 11469: 11304: 11293: 11269: 11262: 2584:

Nyerere was a socialist, with his views on socialism intertwined with his ideas on democracy. He promoted "

2466: 2005: 792: 419: 368: 13819: 3105: 14300: 13759: 13480: 12935: 12469: 11691: 2974: 2840: 2295:

wanted to retain the one-party system, Tanzania would benefit from competing parties. Rival parties like

2199: 2148: 1891: 14776: 13915: 13516: 13118: 12744: 11969: 10744:

Mhina, Mary Ann (2014). "The Poetry of an Orphaned Nation: Newspaper Poetry and the Death of Nyerere".

10643: 10360: 8700:"Preparing earth constitution | Global Strategies & Solutions | The Encyclopedia of World Problems" 2931: 2827:

broadcasts. According to Smith, Nyerere had "a great fondness for British character and eccentricity".

2548: 2147:, annexing the Kagera Salient. Nyerere decided that Tanzania's response should be not only to push the 737: 709: 131: 10070:

Building a Peaceful Nation: Julius Nyerere and the Establishment of Sovereignty in Tanzania, 1960–1964

1546:

and although they personally liked each other, he failed to convince Kennedy to toughen his stance on

799:, Nyerere preached non-violent protest to achieve this aim. Elected to the Legislative Council in the 12800: 12765: 11096: 10901: 1542:, the United States, Canada, Algeria, Scandinavia, Guinea, and Nigeria. In the U.S. he met President 1505:

was "a foregone conclusion" that Nyerere would be selected as TANU's candidate for president. In the

1115: 674: 10870:

Otunnu, Ogenga (2015). "Mwalimu Julius Kambarage Nyerere's Philosophy, Contribution, and Legacies".

10663:"Julius Nyerere's Influence and Legacy: From a Proponent of Familyhood to a Candidate for Sainthood" 1529:

On 9 December 1962, a year after independence, Tanganyika became a republic. Nyerere moved into the

1470:. This must change after midnight. The colonized are now the rulers, and the man in the street must 13975: 13275: 13218: 12956: 12705: 12610: 12534: 12374: 10194: 2063:

nature of the Tanzanian one-party state. Nyerere began promoting Jumbe as his potential successor.

1633:

request of the new Zanzibar government, he sent 300 policemen to the island to help restore order.

1032:

The main building at Makerere University in Uganda, where Nyerere studied a teacher training course

31: 8648:"Letters from Thane Read asking Helen Keller to sign the World Constitution for world peace. 1961" 14646: 14056: 13014: 12986: 12981: 12971: 12825: 12785: 12414: 12360: 12219: 12150: 12069: 12039: 11717: 11240: 11195: 10146: 2505:

he had observed in Britain, describing it as "foot-ball politics". In his words, "where there is

2139:

During the Uganda-Tanzania War, Nyerere's troops ousted Idi Amin (pictured) from power in Uganda.

2121: 2111: 2107: 1842: 1602: 1535: 1381: 1366: 1322: 1188: 1132: 872: 848: 820: 670: 655: 294: 253: 17: 14126: 13492: 10417:"The Uganda–Tanzania War, the Fall of Idi Amin, and the Failure of African Diplomacy, 1978–1979" 2848:

moved to live with her sister, near to the Kenyan border, for a while. He had 26 grandchildren.

14350: 14282: 14274: 14234: 14046: 13987: 13783: 13563: 13162: 12795: 12519: 12434: 12283: 12200: 11909: 10140: 2819: 2399: 2086: 1867: 1810: 1798: 1606: 1489: 1290: 978: 905: 10171: 10165: 2206:

tool which imposed policies on poorer countries that benefitted their wealthier counterparts.

14136: 14131: 14036: 13939: 13254: 13036: 12700: 11984: 11949: 11396: 11319: 11251: 11204: 11021: 10322:

Neve, Herbert T. (1976). "The Political Life of Julius K. Nyerere in Religious Perspective".

10121: 10115: 10096: 8674:"Letter from World Constitution Coordinating Committee to Helen, enclosing current materials" 3376: 2660: 2407: 2022: 1589:

idea of unifying Africa as a single state, although he disagreed with the Ghanaian President

1128: 1065: 823:

with Uganda and Kenya. A 1963 mutiny within the army was suppressed with British assistance.

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Metz, Steven (1982). "In Lieu of Orthodoxy: The Socialist Theories of Nkrumah and Nyerere".

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The Critical Phase in Tanzania 1945–1968: Nyerere and the Emergence of a Socialist Strategy

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Within Tanzania, Nyerere has been termed the "Father of the Nation", and was also known as

2813: 2631: 2619: 2421: 2360: 1104: 835: 784: 664: 513: 448: 9948: 6905: 3720: 974:. He avoided sporting activities and preferred to read in his dormitory during free time. 900:

Julius Kambarage Nyerere was born on 13 April 1922 in Mwitongo, an area of the village of

8: 14162: 14026: 13736: 13540: 13453: 13194: 13126: 12925: 12899: 12620: 12263: 11492: 11441: 11179: 11141: 3512: 3100: 2970: 2914: 2893: 2808: 2730: 2726: 2446: 2380: 2056: 1780:

Although Western powers urged Nyerere not to accept support from China, then governed by

1625: 1570: 1501: 1326: 1183: 1155: 864: 827: 753: 749: 660: 559: 336: 14041: 12185: 10973: 10486: 10164:

Huddleston, Trevor (1995). "The Person Nyerere". In Colin Legum; Geoffrey Mmari (eds.).

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after midnight: the attitudes of the colonial people, their way of treating Africans as

14578: 14406: 14366: 13879: 13444: 13210: 13178: 13090: 12951: 12930: 12655: 12605: 12580: 12570: 12555: 12509: 12494: 12130: 11924: 11884: 11802: 11797: 11641: 11580: 11061: 11019:

Spalding, Nancy (1996). "The Tanzanian Peasant and Ujamaa: A Study in Contradictions".

11007: 10978: 10918: 10887: 10858: 10850: 10806: 10769: 10732: 10695: 10626: 10499: 10452: 10403: 10353: 10339: 10304: 10281: 10218: 2759:. Bjerk described to Nyerere as giving "meandering speeches spiced with barbed humor." 2722: 2544: 2536:. His conception of freedom was strongly influenced by the ideas of German philosopher 2300: 2152: 2144: 2082: 1946: 1903: 1452: 1171: 1147: 925: 860: 843: 704: 141: 13927: 12059: 10930:

Pratt, Cranford (1999). "Julius Nyerere: Reflections on the Legacy of his Socialism".

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Nyerere published widely over the course of his life. He wrote poetry, and translated

2543:

He was one of the signatories of the agreement to convene a convention for drafting a

1813:. Nyerere's Tanzania welcomed various liberation groups from southern Africa, such as 14254: 14141: 13999: 13807: 13366: 12888: 12575: 12347: 12288: 12268: 12105: 12074: 12024: 11701: 11585: 11513: 11421: 11352: 11222: 11151: 11065: 11011: 10982: 10922: 10891: 10862: 10842: 10810: 10798: 10773: 10761: 10736: 10724: 10687: 10647: 10630: 10618: 10589: 10535: 10516: 10503: 10491: 10456: 10444: 10407: 10395: 10364: 10331: 10308: 10285: 10262: 10239: 10198: 10175: 10150: 10125: 10100: 10077: 10054: 10035: 8627: 3684: 2869: 2824: 2718: 2627: 2585: 2514: 2491: 2450: 2271: 2226: 2219: 1151: 1045: 1016: 1003: 983: 856: 757: 699: 624: 191: 149: 120: 13238: 12419: 12404: 11406: 10699: 10278:

The Anatomy of Neo-Colonialism in Kenya: British Imperialism and Kenyatta, 1963–1978

2588:" from at least July 1943, when he wrote an article referring to the concept in the 2116:

In January 1971, President Obote of Uganda was overthrown by a military coup led by

1388:, Nyerere agreed that after independence, Tanganyika would retain the British Queen 1204:

Visitorship to study educational institutions in England, basing himself in London.

14691: 14588: 14583: 14486: 14470: 14462: 14382: 14358: 14224: 14157: 14102: 14013: 13795: 13110: 12904: 12680: 12615: 12595: 12590: 12409: 12278: 12140: 12100: 11904: 11738: 11053: 11030: 11003: 10999: 10968: 10960: 10943: 10939: 10910: 10879: 10834: 10790: 10753: 10716: 10679: 10610: 10579: 10571: 10481: 10473: 10436: 10428: 10387: 7499: 3004: 2597: 2502: 2321: 2304: 2187: 2155: 1950: 1655: 1424: 1393:

Tanganyika, Nyerere regarded it as a necessary act in expressing opposition to the

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In October 1941, Nyerere completed his secondary education and decided to study at

1012: 1008: 967: 876: 780: 732: 633: 13867: 12009: 11057: 4487: 3628: 1902:. There, he presented its committee with a new statement of party principles: the 1479:— Julius Nyerere on the deportation of white British individuals accused of racism 1397:

system of white-minority rule and racial segregation implemented in South Africa.

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African Political Leadership: Jomo Kenyatta, Kwame Nkrumah, and Julius K. Nyerere

8883: 8699: 2935: 2910: 2865: 2835: 2487: 2340: 2263: 2179: 2171: 2159: 2043: 1821:. Conversely, it had poor relations with another neighbour, Malawi, whose leader 1566: 1558: 1543: 1201: 1057: 921: 812: 13170: 12444: 10378:

Pratt, Cranford (2000). "Julius Nyerere: The Ethical Foundation of his Legacy".

4051: 3120: 2909:", and is "remembered as one of Africa's most respected statesmen". A Tanzanian 2667:

remain fully integrated with society as a whole. He criticised the existence of

1601:

in Nairobi, where they agreed to unite their respective countries into a single

1052:; most influential however were the writings of the liberal British philosopher 14454: 14438: 14326: 14308: 14239: 14183: 14071: 14031: 13994: 13946: 13898: 13850: 13614: 13590: 13585: 13351: 13230: 13146: 13059: 12996: 12961: 12710: 12670: 12660: 12529: 12524: 12514: 12439: 12399: 12308: 12242: 12120: 12079: 12004: 11959: 11919: 11914: 11899: 11879: 11626: 11616: 11611: 11590: 11559: 11523: 11518: 11431: 11426: 11279: 10662: 6301: 2977:

began the processing of beatifying Nyerere, hoping to have him recognised as a

2873: 2623: 2605: 2425: 2388: 2376: 2368: 2336: 2255: 2203: 2014: 1822: 1818: 1790: 1732: 1725: 1586: 1432: 1318: 1280: 1268: 1233: 1197: 971: 816: 808: 796: 788: 412: 317: 230: 157: 107: 102: 43: 14259: 14021: 13651: 12165: 12160: 11034: 10914: 10854: 10794: 10720: 10560:"Remembering Nyerere: Political Rhetoric and Dissent in Contemporary Tanzania" 10559: 10391: 8704:

The Encyclopedia of World Problems | Union of International Associations (UIA)

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October 1968. This targeted forms of culture considered "decadent", including

1886: 1224:, Nyerere arrived back in Dar es Salaam in October 1952. He took the train to 14640: 14518: 14478: 14398: 14292: 14229: 14199: 14178: 14081: 13855: 13688: 13639: 13602: 13356: 13048: 12894: 12770: 12690: 12685: 12665: 12645: 12630: 12585: 12499: 12484: 12464: 12449: 12429: 12155: 12054: 12034: 12014: 11974: 11889: 11728: 11636: 11631: 11621: 11549: 11528: 11436: 10846: 10802: 10765: 10728: 10691: 10640:

African Socialism in Postcolonial Tanzania: Between the Village and the World

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The Vinyl Ain't Final: Hip Hop and the Globalization of Black Popular Culture

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this advice, and when organising a March 1979 conference for exile groups in

2091: 1974: 1875: 1684: 1676: 1651: 1594: 1590: 1252: 1218: 1167: 1136: 1092: 987: 913: 776: 581: 14530: 10238:. Translated by B. G. Petruk. Dar Es Salaam: Mkuki na Nyota. pp. 6–13. 9618: 9419: 5737: 2775: 1212: 744:, as president from 1964 to 1985. He was a founding member and chair of the 14494: 14430: 14374: 14076: 13831: 13771: 13700: 13597: 13421: 13346: 13186: 13142: 12675: 12600: 12389: 12273: 12044: 11934: 11776: 11646: 11575: 11533: 11232: 11200: 11106: 10683: 10584: 10575: 10114:

Carter, J. Roger (1995). "Preface". In Colin Legum; Geoffrey Mmari (eds.).

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Privately, he remained involved in CCM politics and lobbied to ensure that

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Kosukhin, Nikolai (2005). "Julius Nyerere: Statesman, Thinker, Humanist".

10214:"Julius Nyerere of Tanzania Dies; Preached African Socialism to the World" 6681: 4119: 4099: 3576: 3452: 2241: 2073:

In 1977, Nyerere made his second state visit to the U.S., where President

1365:, Ethiopia, at which he presented a paper calling for the formation of an 912:. He was one of 25 surviving children of Nyerere Burito, the chief of the 14390: 13963: 13714: 13468: 12862: 12550: 12474: 12334: 12170: 12115: 12095: 12029: 11994: 11766: 11696: 11606: 11554: 11365: 11337: 10258: 5717: 5253: 3548: 2945: 2927: 2794: 2675: 2668: 2635: 2276: 2174:

convinced Obote not to attend. The conference decided that it would back

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magazine in which he criticised plans to incorporate Tanganyika into the

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reform was influenced by his observation of what had occurred in other

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hailed him as "a senior statesman whose integrity is unquestioned". In

2010: 1898:

In January 1967, Nyerere attended a TANU National Executive meeting at

1801:, a common market and administrative union, which was headquartered in 1785: 1781: 1510: 1439:

at Edinburgh awarded Nyerere with a Honorary Degree of Doctor of Laws.

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Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League

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Nyerere remained active in international affairs, attending the 1994

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he acknowledged that this was a possibility. After the U.S. launched

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when speaking to certain audiences, he was critical of the idea of "

1493:

accusations of government hypersensitivity from some foreign media.

14318: 14086: 13982: 13754: 13523: 13499: 13434: 13395: 13031: 12394: 11944: 11451: 10838: 9990:"Mwalimu: The Legacy of Julius Kambarage Nyerere (2009) – The List" 8266: 7614: 7543: 6261: 6134: 6132: 6031: 3484: 2965:

A statue stands in the centre of Nyerere Square in Dodoma, Tanzania

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and the right for individuals to change their religious adherence.

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resulting in the transition from the white minority government to

1243: 13826: 13511: 13408: 12976: 12211: 10534:(second ed.). Dar Es Salaam and Pretoria: New Africa Press. 9926: 8434: 6992: 4674: 4023: 2987: 2954: 2601: 2521: 2403: 2364: 2296: 2163: 2095: 2078: 1960: 1814: 1761: 1041: 901: 768: 505: 47: 9648: 9523: 8843: 8355: 8125: 7471: 7287: 7119: 6764: 6397: 6364: 6204: 6188: 6129: 6047: 5853: 5701: 5100: 4459: 4431: 4191: 2524:, titling his three major compilations of speeches and writings 13970: 13886: 13814: 13661: 13463: 12354: 12313: 11812: 5412: 5379: 5363: 5143: 4960: 4850: 4798: 4721: 4705: 4163: 4071: 3995: 3947: 3883: 3836: 3596: 3324: 2744:

who drew no attention to himself in the way some students do'.

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Nyerere's ideas about socialism owed little to either European

2129: 2125: 1998: 1899: 1827: 1802: 1741: 1229: 1225: 994: 963: 761: 529: 7446: 7444: 7442: 5428: 5273: 3412: 3207: 3152: 2254:", where he worked alongside the future Indian Prime Minister 1582:

support to anti-colonial movements active in southern Africa.

1353:

Nyerere campaigning for Tanganyikan independence in March 1961

916:. Burito had been born in 1860 and given the name "Nyerere" (" 13958: 13934: 13922: 13910: 13874: 13862: 13838: 13802: 13790: 13778: 13766: 13609: 13558: 9723: 9115: 9113: 9111: 7189: 3020: 2978: 2458: 2329: 1530: 882: 7855: 7853: 1259:(TANU). Among the early TANU members were the three sons of 1011:

to a high standard. He was heavily involved in the school's

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education at the Native Administration School in Mwisenge,

359:

President of the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar

199:

President of the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar

177:

President of the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar

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state. Finally, the body was flown to Butiama and buried.

2182:. Binaisa too was only in power for a brief time, and the 2081:, Nyerere met with African-American civil rights activist 1973:

In the early 1970s, Nyerere's government accelerated the "

1747: 11167: 11132: 9889: 9245: 9243: 9241: 9228: 9226: 9224: 9222: 9173: 9171: 9146: 9144: 9059: 9057: 9055: 9016: 8833: 8831: 8467: 8465: 8424: 8422: 8316: 8314: 8312: 8287: 8285: 8256: 8254: 8252: 8113: 8013: 8011: 8009: 7931: 7904: 7850: 7756: 7744: 7705: 7693: 7654: 7602: 7395: 7371: 7063: 7061: 6752: 6713: 6654: 6618: 6606: 6582: 6506: 6413: 6232: 6220: 6164: 6087: 6063: 5932: 5841: 5793: 4695: 4693: 4447: 4383: 4291: 2876:. The postulator for Nyererees was Dr. Waldery Hilgeman. 1826:

was the first to grant recognition of the newly declared

1213:

Founding the Tanganyika African National Union: 1952–1955

887:("teacher") and described as the "Father of the Nation". 14782:

Recipients of the Order of the Companions of O. R. Tambo

12831:

Pan-African Freedom Movement for East and Central Africa

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President of the People's Republic of Zanzibar and Pemba

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Nyerere was keen to associate himself with the idea of

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asked Nyerere to step in as a mediator to help end the

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In March 1959, the new British Governor of Tanganyika,

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Nyerere's portrait on the Tanzanian 1000 shilling note

1809:, the 1967 autobiography of Kenyan leftist politician 1516: 1255:, transformed the TAA into a new political party, the 1023: 863:, and later served as mediator in attempts to end the 14558:

World Committee for a World Constitutional Convention

10827:

The Library Quarterly: Information, Community, Policy

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List of awards and honours received by Julius Nyerere

851:

which resulted in the overthrow of Ugandan President

779:

chief. After completing his schooling, he studied at

12846:

Popular and Social League of the Great Sahara Tribes

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most influential leaders of the twentieth century".

2715:

Elsewhere, he declared that "socialism is secular".

2476: 1894:, later erected to memorialise Nyerere's declaration 1881: 10671:

International Journal of Sociology and Anthropology

9922:"Tanzanians wonder whether Nyerere saint or sinner" 9771: 9183: 8477: 8237: 6822: 6740: 4475: 4179: 3708: 3223: 3183: 3168: 2763:regarded him as "a touch precocious", or even as a 2432:

Anti-colonialism, non-racialism, and Pan-Africanism

855:. In 1985, Nyerere stood down and was succeeded by 14812:Converts to Roman Catholicism from pagan religions 10352: 10191:Fashioning Africa: Power and the Politics of Dress 9463: 2868:and a man of recognized integrity. On 13 May 2005 2209: 2166:, Amin and many of his followers fled into exile. 1695: 1573:. In May, he attended the founding session of the 1123:In April 1949, Nyerere flew from Dar es Salaam to 1110: 11860:Chairpersons of the Organisation of African Unity 10142:Human Rights and Homosexuality in Southern Africa 2969:Bureaucrats from TANU subsequently established a 2085:and accompanied her to the grave of her husband, 14822:World Constitutional Convention call signatories 14638: 13089: 11327:Chairperson of the Organization of African Unity 10053:. Malabar, Florida: Krieger Publishing Company. 8626:. Institute for Economic Democracy. p. 50. 2736: 2721:thought that Nyerere could be considered both a 2394:By 1998, Nyerere was aware that he had terminal 1344: 1304: 1048:and read the work of Catholic philosophers like 1858:appeared to resume arms sales to South Africa. 1683:As the British marines left, he brought in the 10660: 10138: 7195: 1961:Economic crises and war with Uganda: 1971–1979 760:, he promoted a political philosophy known as 30:"Nyerere" redirects here. For other uses, see 14667:Tanganyika African National Union politicians 13291: 13075: 12227: 11844: 11477: 11381: 10236:Julius Nyerere: Humanist, Politician, Thinker 10170:. London: Britain-Tanzania Society. pp. 10120:. London: Britain-Tanzania Society. pp. 2681: 2509:party, and that party is identified with the 2236: 1969:Nyerere on a visit to the Netherlands in 1985 1870:to retrieve white hostages held by rebels in 1776:Nyerere on a visit to the Netherlands in 1965 1186:. That same year, he co-wrote an article for 14807:International Simón Bolívar Prize recipients 11111: 10034:. Dar es Salaam: Tanzania Publishing House. 10022: 7537: 7450: 2355:Nyerere died in St Thomas' Hospital, London. 1414:Nyerere as leader of the Legislative Council 1085: 14802:Tanzanian expatriates in the United Kingdom 10783:International Journal of Lifelong Education 10529: 9854: 9729: 9642: 9119: 8621: 8349: 6476: 5628: 2834:traditional religion, Nyerere converted to 2804:which served as a symbol of his authority. 1841:At independence, Tanganyika had joined the 1797:Uganda, and Kenya, in 1967 co-founding the 13298: 13284: 13082: 13068: 12234: 12220: 11851: 11837: 11484: 11470: 11395: 11388: 11374: 10163: 9674: 9348: 9162: 9131: 8998: 8926: 8889: 6391: 6283: 6267: 2697:— Julius Nyerere on socialism and religion 2688:Socialism is concerned with man's life in 1166:and British history, the latter taught by 977:While at the school he also underwent the 803:, Nyerere then led TANU to victory at the 89:29 October 1964 – 5 November 1985 59: 13337:World Constitution Coordinating Committee 12816:Organisation of African Trade Union Unity 10989: 10972: 10661:Mesaki, Simeon; Malipula, Mrisho (2011). 10583: 10485: 9949:""Teatrino africano" di Giancarlo Coccia" 3104:. London. 15 October 1999. Archived from 3027:. The University of Edinburgh, Nyerere's 2851: 2674:He remained dedicated to a belief in the 2346: 1690: 1612:Nyerere was concerned by developments in 14717:Recipients of the Eduardo Mondlane Order 13324:Constitution for the Federation of Earth 12776:All-African People's Revolutionary Party 11018: 10898: 10233: 10048: 9842: 9830: 9741: 9705: 9690: 9589:"Beatification cause for Julius Nyerere" 9413: 8000: 7777: 6541: 3822: 3730: 3666: 3634: 3558: 3522: 3386: 3310: 3256: 2960: 2944: 2774: 2575: 2553:Constitution for the Federation of Earth 2435: 2350: 2240: 2134: 2101: 2033: 1983: 1964: 1885: 1832: 1771: 1719: 1699: 1640: 1520: 1409: 1401:Premiership and Presidency of Tanganyika 1348: 1242: 1162:. In the second, he selected courses in 1114: 1027: 307:9 December 1962 – 26 April 1964 211:26 April 1964 – 29 October 1964 12535:I. T. A. Wallace-Johnson 11491: 10780: 10414: 10252: 10212:Kaufman, Michael T. (15 October 1999). 10211: 9913: 9883: 9619:"Servo di Dio Julius Kambarage Nyerere" 8131: 7988: 7620: 7580: 7549: 7525: 7509: 7417: 7171: 7156: 2879: 2320:influenced by the recent events of the 1748:Domestic and foreign affairs: 1964–1966 1724:Nyerere meeting with visitors from the 1534:the position instead went to the actor 1063:In July 1943, he wrote a letter to the 956: 895: 27:President of Tanzania from 1964 to 1985 14: 14639: 10869: 10557: 10463: 10298: 10275: 10188: 10113: 10006: 9976: 9919: 9871: 9818: 9765: 9753: 9717: 9658: 9517: 9505: 9481: 9445: 9429: 9372: 9360: 9321: 9273: 9249: 9232: 9201: 9177: 9150: 9135: 9102: 9075: 9063: 9046: 9034: 8974: 8962: 8897: 8877: 8837: 8822: 8798: 8768: 8609: 8549: 8537: 8471: 8456: 8444: 8428: 8401: 8377: 8320: 8303: 8291: 8276: 8272: 8260: 8231: 8219: 8203: 8191: 8095: 8083: 8017: 7823: 7183: 7067: 6998: 6919: 6311: 5926: 5525: 5181: 4699: 4684: 4548: 4536: 4520: 4497: 4469: 4453: 4437: 4425: 4413: 4401: 4389: 4377: 4362: 4350: 4338: 4326: 4314: 4297: 4285: 4273: 4261: 4249: 4237: 4225: 4213: 4197: 4169: 4157: 4145: 4129: 4109: 4093: 4081: 4061: 4045: 4017: 4005: 3989: 3973: 3957: 3941: 3925: 3909: 3889: 3877: 3858: 3842: 3826: 3806: 3789: 3774: 3762: 3750: 3734: 3694: 3670: 3654: 3638: 3618: 3606: 3586: 3570: 3542: 3526: 3506: 3490: 3478: 3462: 3446: 3434: 3406: 3390: 3370: 3358: 3346: 3330: 3314: 3298: 3286: 3271: 3241: 3213: 3201: 3189: 3177: 3162: 3146: 3126: 3025:The Legacy of Julius Kambarage Nyerere 2313:Organisation of the Islamic Conference 1569:, describing it as part of a "second" 838:, Tanzania developed close links with 752:, from 1954 to 1990. Ideologically an 432:2 September 1960 – 1 May 1961 14707:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh 13279: 13063: 12215: 11832: 11465: 11369: 11356: 11110: 10929: 10817: 10743: 10709:The Journal of Modern African Studies 10510: 10377: 10350: 10139:Dunton, Chris; Palmberg, Mai (1996). 10090: 10067: 10032:War in Uganda: The Legacy of Idi Amin 9907: 9895: 9806: 9794: 9782: 9678: 9670: 9654: 9575: 9560: 9545: 9533: 9529: 9493: 9457: 9433: 9425: 9401: 9389: 9333: 9309: 9297: 9285: 9261: 9213: 9090: 9022: 9010: 8986: 8950: 8938: 8909: 8893: 8865: 8853: 8849: 8810: 8783: 8753: 8738: 8726: 8597: 8585: 8573: 8561: 8525: 8510: 8498: 8440: 8413: 8389: 8365: 8361: 8337: 8215: 8179: 8164: 8152: 8135: 8119: 8107: 8071: 8059: 8047: 8032: 7973: 7961: 7949: 7937: 7925: 7910: 7898: 7886: 7874: 7859: 7844: 7811: 7794: 7762: 7750: 7738: 7723: 7711: 7699: 7687: 7675: 7660: 7648: 7636: 7624: 7608: 7596: 7584: 7568: 7553: 7513: 7505: 7493: 7481: 7477: 7465: 7433: 7421: 7413: 7401: 7389: 7377: 7365: 7353: 7338: 7326: 7309: 7297: 7293: 7281: 7269: 7265: 7253: 7241: 7226: 7214: 7144: 7129: 7125: 7113: 7109: 7097: 7082: 7052: 7037: 7014: 7002: 6986: 6974: 6962: 6950: 6938: 6923: 6911: 6899: 6884: 6869: 6857: 6845: 6828: 6816: 6804: 6789: 6774: 6770: 6758: 6746: 6734: 6719: 6707: 6695: 6691: 6687: 6675: 6660: 6648: 6636: 6624: 6612: 6600: 6588: 6576: 6561: 6557: 6545: 6529: 6512: 6500: 6488: 6464: 6452: 6435: 6431: 6419: 6407: 6403: 6374: 6370: 6358: 6339: 6327: 6315: 6307: 6295: 6271: 6255: 6238: 6226: 6214: 6210: 6198: 6194: 6182: 6170: 6158: 6154: 6142: 6138: 6123: 6108: 6093: 6081: 6069: 6057: 6053: 6041: 6037: 6025: 6013: 6001: 5989: 5977: 5965: 5950: 5938: 5922: 5910: 5898: 5879: 5875: 5863: 5859: 5847: 5835: 5823: 5811: 5799: 5787: 5783: 5779: 5767: 5763: 5751: 5743: 5731: 5723: 5711: 5707: 5695: 5680: 5676: 5664: 5652: 5640: 5616: 5601: 5586: 5574: 5559: 5544: 5513: 5501: 5489: 5477: 5462: 5450: 5434: 5422: 5418: 5406: 5389: 5385: 5373: 5369: 5357: 5345: 5330: 5315: 5298: 5279: 5267: 5259: 5247: 5235: 5220: 5208: 5193: 5169: 5165: 5153: 5149: 5137: 5122: 5110: 5106: 5094: 5082: 5070: 5055: 5040: 5028: 5005: 4990: 4973: 4969: 4954: 4950: 4938: 4926: 4911: 4899: 4887: 4872: 4860: 4856: 4844: 4832: 4820: 4808: 4804: 4792: 4777: 4773: 4761: 4746: 4731: 4727: 4715: 4711: 4680: 4668: 4656: 4639: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4602: 4587: 4568: 4560: 4524: 4516: 4501: 4493: 4481: 4465: 4441: 4201: 4185: 4173: 4133: 4125: 4113: 4105: 4077: 4065: 4057: 4033: 4029: 4001: 3977: 3969: 3953: 3937: 3913: 3905: 3893: 3862: 3846: 3830: 3818: 3738: 3726: 3714: 3702: 3698: 3690: 3678: 3674: 3642: 3622: 3602: 3590: 3582: 3554: 3530: 3518: 3494: 3466: 3458: 3422: 3418: 3394: 3382: 3334: 3318: 3229: 3217: 3158: 3134: 3130: 2622:" promoted by Marxists like Marx and 2414: 1628:took place, in which the Arab Sultan 1207: 731: 381:1 May 1961 – 22 January 1962 14712:Recipients of the Gandhi Peace Prize 12811:International African Service Bureau 10950: 10706: 10321: 9469: 9189: 8486: 8243: 6915: 5747: 5727: 5438: 5283: 5263: 4564: 2558: 1805:. Nyerere wrote an introduction for 1708:Following the Zanzibari Revolution, 1431:, he appointed close political ally 1406:Premiership of Tanganyika: 1961–1962 1251:On 7 July 1954 Nyerere, assisted by 1194:Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland 1174:course run by Lawrence Saunders and 1131:suburb. Starting his studies at the 849:Tanzania's 1978–1979 war with Uganda 748:(TANU) party, and of its successor, 14722:Recipients of the Lenin Peace Prize 14697:Tabora Boys Secondary School alumni 12852:Rassemblement Démocratique Africain 11045:Journal of African Cultural Studies 11041: 10992:Canadian Journal of African Studies 10953:Review of African Political Economy 10932:Canadian Journal of African Studies 10637: 10600: 10466:Review of African Political Economy 9961: 8680:. American Foundation for the Blind 8654:. American Foundation for the Blind 3075:medical records for the community. 3046:List of prime ministers of Tanzania 2324:, during which members of Rwanda's 1791:a railway that would connect Zambia 1754:the September 1965 general election 1669:— Julius Nyerere on the army mutiny 1517:Presidency of Tanganyika: 1962–1964 1158:; in the latter, he was tutored by 1024:Makerere College, Uganda: 1943–1947 733:[ˈdʒuliuskɑᵐbɑˈɾɑɠɛɲɛˈɾɛɾɛ] 24: 12781:All-African Trade Union Federation 12241: 11358:Articles related to Julius Nyerere 10746:Journal of Eastern African Studies 10550: 10421:Journal of Eastern African Studies 2604:; he detested the Marxist idea of 1914:a three step process for creating 1851:unilaterally declared independence 1767: 1069:in which he discussed the ongoing 25: 14833: 14737:20th-century venerated Christians 12841:Pan Africanist Congress of Azania 11081:SouthCentre Nyerere Memorial Site 11074: 10167:Mwalimu: The Influence of Nyerere 10117:Mwalimu: The Influence of Nyerere 9964:"URIA SIMANGO um homem uma causa" 2477:Democracy and the one-party state 1992:, Dutch Minister of Finance, 1985 1882:The Arusha Declaration: 1967–1970 1257:Tanganyika African National Union 746:Tanganyika African National Union 14615: 14614: 13993: 13981: 13969: 13957: 13945: 13933: 13921: 13909: 13897: 13885: 13873: 13861: 13849: 13837: 13825: 13813: 13801: 13789: 13777: 13765: 13753: 13730: 13694: 13682: 13670: 13645: 13633: 13608: 13596: 13584: 13557: 13534: 13522: 13510: 13498: 13486: 13474: 13462: 13427: 13414: 13401: 13388: 13375: 13042: 13030: 13020: 13019: 13010: 13009: 11685:Ideology and Publicity Secretary 11450: 11405: 9982: 9955: 9941: 9611: 9581: 8692: 8666: 8640: 8622:Amerasinghe, Terence P. (2009). 8615: 3041:List of presidents of Tanganyika 2551:convened to draft and adopt the 1636: 14797:Tanzanian expatriates in Uganda 14727:Deaths from leukemia in England 14672:Chama Cha Mapinduzi politicians 13307:World Constitutional Convention 12967:All-African Peoples' Conference 2481:Nyerere emphasised the idea of 2216:1980 Tanzanian general election 2210:Final term in office: 1980–1985 2153:pushed into Uganda and levelled 1696:Unification with Zanzibar: 1964 1620:conflicts between the U.S. and 1111:Edinburgh University: 1949–1952 815:and unsuccessfully pursued the 590: 14817:Nansen Refugee Award laureates 14742:Tanzanian Christian socialists 11004:10.1080/00083968.2004.10751289 10944:10.1080/00083968.1999.10751158 10511:Smith, William Edgett (1973). 9920:Nguyen, Katie (2 March 2007). 3088: 3068: 2375:After the 1995 elections, the 2363:, held in the Ugandan city of 2198:entered negotiations with the 1704:Nyerere in a public procession 1575:Organisation for African Unity 1507:November presidential election 1238:Tanganyika African Association 1143:in most English universities. 1080:Tanganyika African Association 943:. Nyerere was raised into the 842:. In 1967, Nyerere issued the 540:Butiama, Mara Region, Tanzania 13: 1: 14752:Tanzanian non-fiction writers 14677:Prime ministers of Tanganyika 14304:(Righteous Among the Nations) 12992:United States of Latin Africa 12821:Organisation of African Unity 12750:African Leadership University 11058:10.1080/13696815.2015.1053798 10530:Mwakikagile, Godfrey (2006). 3056: 2951:Mwalimu Nyerere Museum Centre 2864:of Nyerere, who was a devout 2737:Personality and personal life 1538:. He made official visits to 1345:TANU in government: 1959–1961 1305:Touring Tanganyika: 1955–1959 890: 14682:Heads of state of Tanganyika 14563:Provisional World Parliament 13091:Gandhi Peace Prize laureates 12806:First Pan-African Conference 11305:Prime Minister of Tanganyika 11294:Chief Minister of Tanganyika 11270:Prime Minister of Tanganyika 11263:Chief Minister of Tanganyika 10974:10.1080/03056244.2012.662386 10965:10.1080/03056244.2012.662386 10884:10.1080/14725843.2014.961278 10758:10.1080/17531055.2014.917857 10487:10.1080/03056244.2012.662387 10478:10.1080/03056244.2012.662387 10433:10.1080/17531055.2014.946236 10145:(second ed.). Uppsala: 8624:Emerging World Law, Volume 1 3082: 2844:he regularly attended Mass. 2830:Raised as a practitioner of 2467:African traditional religion 2122:invaded Uganda from Tanzania 2006:Radio Tanzania Dar es Salaam 1374:August 1960 general election 1119:The Old College in Edinburgh 420:Chief Minister of Tanganyika 369:Prime Minister of Tanganyika 7: 14447:Maurício Campos de Medeiros 13760:Ahmed Ebrahim Haroon Jaffer 13481:Francisco Orlich Bolmarcich 3034: 2975:Catholic Church in Tanzania 2792:of Zanzibaran hat called a 2630:" promoted by figures like 2328:majority had turned on its 2200:International Monetary Fund 1949:and former Labour Minister 1892:Arusha Declaration Monument 1228:and then a lake steamer to 972:was allowed to skip a grade 10: 14838: 14702:Makerere University alumni 13916:Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi 12745:African Leadership Academy 10644:Cambridge University Press 10558:Becker, Felicitas (2013). 10515:. London: Victor Gollanz. 10361:Cambridge University Press 10074:Rochester University Press 10015: 9593:www.catholicstandardgh.com 7196:Dunton & Palmberg 1996 3096:"Obituary: Julius Nyerere" 2749:— Biographer Thomas Molony 2682:Socialism and Christianity 2608:. Although he quoted from 2549:World Constituent Assembly 2237:Post-presidential activity 2105: 2038:Nyerere with US President 1563:recent Congolese situation 29: 14757:Tanzanian pan-Africanists 14747:Tanzanian Servants of God 14732:Tanzanian Roman Catholics 14597: 14571: 14550: 14335: 14317: 14291: 14273: 14215: 14192: 14171: 14150: 14119: 14095: 14064: 14055: 14012: 13820:Ezequiel Padilla Peñaloza 13745: 13722: 13713: 13660: 13623: 13574: 13549: 13452: 13443: 13365: 13317: 13097: 13037:Pan-Africanism portal 13005: 12944: 12913: 12875: 12801:Economic Freedom Fighters 12791:Convention People's Party 12766:African Unification Front 12758: 12737: 12728: 12543: 12382: 12373: 12322: 12256: 12249: 12088: 11870: 11790: 11752: 11715: 11684: 11660: 11599: 11568: 11542: 11501: 11448: 11412: 11403: 11363: 11333: 11324: 11316: 11311: 11300: 11291: 11286: 11276: 11267: 11258: 11247: 11238: 11229: 11219: 11210: 11191: 11186: 11175: 11163: 11158: 11148: 11138: 11127: 11122: 11117: 11102:Julius Nyerere Fellowship 11097:African National Congress 11086:Mwalimu Neyerere Speeches 11035:10.1080/01436599650035798 10915:10.1080/17532521003607393 10902:African Historical Review 10795:10.1080/02601370110088436 10721:10.1017/S0022278X00056883 10392:10.1080/00358530050083442 2860:opened the cause for the 1217:Having sailed aboard the 1086:Early teaching: 1947–1949 1001:'s brigade after reading 718: 692: 684: 646: 600: 575: 552: 544: 536: 519: 488: 483: 479: 466: 454: 444: 436: 425: 418: 406: 393: 385: 374: 367: 345: 323: 311: 300: 293: 271: 240: 215: 204: 197: 185: 163: 129: 93: 82: 74: 70: 58: 41: 14787:20th-century translators 14767:Translators from English 14534:(teacher & pacifist) 14410:(scholar & pacifist) 13976:Pascoal Ranieri Mazzilli 13219:Akshaya Patra Foundation 12957:African-American leftism 12706:Henry Sylvester Williams 12470:Ochola Ogaye Mak'Anyengo 11569:Vice Chairmen (Zanzibar) 11543:Vice Chairmen (mainland) 11123:Party political offices 11112:Offices and distinctions 10415:Roberts, George (2014). 10351:Pratt, Cranford (1976). 10301:Nyerere: The Early Years 10257:. London and Ann Arbor: 10195:Indiana University Press 10049:Assensoh, A. B. (1998). 7538:Avirgan & Honey 1983 7451:Avirgan & Honey 1983 3061: 2981:. A delegation from the 2711:care is your own affair. 2580:The National Archives UK 2143:In October 1978, Uganda 2046:at the White House, 1977 1837:Nyerere pictured in 1965 725:Julius Kambarage Nyerere 32:Nyerere (disambiguation) 14662:People from Mara Region 14203:(Chemistry & Peace) 13015:Pan-Africanism category 12987:United States of Africa 12982:Union of African States 12972:East African Federation 12921:Ethnic groups of Africa 12826:Pan African Association 12415:Jean-Jacques Dessalines 12361:United States of Africa 11241:President of Tanganyika 11196:President of Tanganyika 11178:Himself as Chairman of 11130:Himself as Chairman of 10818:Olden, Anthony (2005). 10303:. Woodbridge, Suffolk: 10299:Molony, Thomas (2014). 10147:Nordic Africa Institute 2779:Nyerere smiling in 1976 2534:Freedom and Development 2108:1972 invasion of Uganda 1603:East African Federation 1536:James Robertson Justice 1367:East African Federation 1323:United Tanganyika Party 1313:. The British colonial 1291:Administering Authority 1276:in neighbouring Kenya. 1133:University of Edinburgh 1040:in the Ugandan city of 873:detention without trial 830:of 1964, the island of 821:East African Federation 671:University of Edinburgh 656:University of Fort Hare 295:President of Tanganyika 254:President of Tanganyika 14772:Translators to Swahili 14687:Presidents of Tanzania 14442:(writer & scholar) 14351:David Alfaro Siqueiros 14301:André and Magda Trocmé 14283:Martin Luther King Jr. 14275:Human rights activists 14235:Edris Rice-Wray Carson 14120:Physiology or Medicine 13988:Patrick Wolrige-Gordon 13784:B. Satya Narayan Reddy 13564:Jaramogi Oginga Odinga 13163:Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan 12796:East African Community 12435:Alieu Ebrima Cham Joof 12284:Anti-Western sentiment 11716:Political Affairs and 11661:Organisation Secretary 11397:Presidents of Tanzania 10276:Maloba, W. O. (2017). 3129:, pp. 11, 37–38; 2966: 2958: 2889: 2852:Cause for canonization 2820:The Merchant of Venice 2780: 2746: 2713: 2694: 2646: 2581: 2568: 2441: 2406:mass was then held at 2356: 2347:Final years: 1994–1999 2246: 2140: 2087:Martin Luther King Jr. 2047: 1993: 1970: 1930:— Historian Paul Bjerk 1927: 1895: 1868:Operation Dragon Rouge 1838: 1811:Jaramogi Oginga Odinga 1799:East African Community 1777: 1728: 1705: 1691:Presidency of Tanzania 1666: 1646: 1607:East African Community 1597:and Ugandan President 1526: 1476: 1415: 1354: 1315:Governor of Tanganyika 1248: 1120: 1033: 883: 729:Swahili pronunciation: 621:John Guido (1957–2015) 14762:Tanzanian translators 14137:Hermann Joseph Muller 14132:Dickinson W. Richards 13940:Komla Agbeli Gbedemah 13517:Léopold Sédar Senghor 13255:Sheikh Mujibur Rahman 12701:Frances Cress Welsing 11753:Economic Affairs and 11320:Mengistu Haile Mariam 11252:President of Tanzania 11213:President of Tanzania 11205:President of Zanzibar 11140:National Chairman of 11022:Third World Quarterly 10615:10.1353/hum.2015.0011 10097:Ohio University Press 5223:, pp. 64, 77–78. 2964: 2948: 2884: 2856:In January 2005, the 2778: 2741: 2708: 2686: 2661:Jean-Jacques Rousseau 2641: 2579: 2563: 2530:Freedom and Socialism 2439: 2408:Westminster Cathedral 2354: 2244: 2231:1985 general election 2188:a cycle of civil wars 2184:1980 general election 2138: 2106:Further information: 2102:Conflicts with Uganda 2037: 2023:Amnesty International 2021:on all such arrests. 1987: 1968: 1922: 1889: 1836: 1775: 1723: 1703: 1662: 1644: 1585:Nyerere endorsed the 1565:as an example of the 1561:, where he cited the 1555:Afro-Asian Solidarity 1524: 1459: 1413: 1352: 1246: 1118: 1031: 805:1960 general election 285:President of Tanzania 154:Second Vice President 77:President of Tanzania 14343:Arthur Ernest Bishop 14127:Albert Szent-Györgyi 13493:José Figueres Ferrer 13223:Sulabh International 12883:Black Star of Africa 12836:Pan-African Congress 12786:Conseil de l'Entente 12566:Edward Wilmot Blyden 12490:Abdias do Nascimento 12455:Toussaint Louverture 10576:10.1093/afraf/adt019 10261:. pp. 230–254. 10197:. pp. 104–121. 10091:Bjerk, Paul (2017). 10068:Bjerk, Paul (2015). 8678:Helen Keller Archive 8652:Helen Keller Archive 8222:, pp. 159, 204. 7889:, pp. 131, 132. 7268:, pp. 185–187; 7112:, pp. 172–173; 6560:, pp. 146–147; 6434:, pp. 162–163; 6157:, pp. 133–134; 5878:, pp. 116–117; 5782:, pp. 110–111; 5766:, pp. 109–112; 4500:, pp. 188–189; 2957:dedicated to Nyerere 2880:Reception and legacy 2632:Henri de Saint-Simon 2620:scientific socialism 2440:10 tz shillings back 2422:classical liberalism 2361:Pan-African Congress 1843:British Commonwealth 1675:January, 60 British 1645:Julius Nyerere, 1977 1630:Jamshid bin Abdullah 1279:In August 1954, the 1105:University of London 957:Schooling: 1934–1942 896:Childhood: 1922–1934 791:. Influenced by the 785:Edinburgh University 514:Tanganyika Territory 461:Position established 449:Sir Richard Turnbull 138:First Vice President 14792:Catholic socialists 14514:(cultural theorist) 14163:Salvatore Quasimodo 14027:Dana McLean Greeley 13737:Cornelis Berkhouwer 13541:Otilio Ulate Blanco 13445:Head of governments 13195:Chandi Prasad Bhatt 13127:Ramakrishna Mission 12936:Conflicts in Africa 12926:Languages of Africa 12900:Pan-African colours 12621:Yosef Ben-Jochannan 12264:African nationalism 11600:Secretaries General 11494:Chama Cha Mapinduzi 11160:New political party 11142:Chama Cha Mapinduzi 10638:Lal, Priya (2015). 10513:Nyerere of Tanzania 9898:, pp. 365–366. 9375:, pp. 120–121. 9037:, pp. 153–154. 9025:, pp. 367–368. 8977:, pp. 163–164. 8965:, pp. 154–155. 8612:, pp. 156–157. 8540:, pp. 125–126. 8459:, pp. 157–158. 8122:, pp. 145–146. 7940:, pp. 134–135. 7913:, pp. 132–133. 7862:, pp. 130–131. 7826:, pp. 196–197. 7765:, pp. 124–125. 7753:, pp. 123–124. 7714:, pp. 119–120. 7702:, pp. 118–119. 7663:, pp. 116–117. 7611:, pp. 114–115. 7587:, pp. 113–114. 7516:, pp. 111–112. 7404:, pp. 110–111. 7380:, pp. 102–103. 7186:, pp. 107–108. 6761:, pp. 176–181. 6722:, pp. 170–171. 6663:, pp. 143–144. 6627:, pp. 140–142. 6615:, pp. 139–140. 6591:, pp. 148–149. 6515:, pp. 157–158. 6422:, pp. 163–164. 6241:, pp. 151–152. 6229:, pp. 152–153. 6173:, pp. 24, 136. 6096:, pp. 131–132. 6072:, pp. 130–131. 5941:, pp. 119–120. 5850:, pp. 118–119. 5802:, pp. 112–113. 5528:, pp. 195–196. 4621:, pp. 22, 23; 4456:, pp. 180–181. 4392:, pp. 115–116. 4300:, pp. 112–113. 3641:, pp. 13, 59; 3561:, pp. 125–126. 3493:, pp. 48, 50; 3393:, pp. 43, 46; 3101:The Daily Telegraph 2971:cult of personality 2915:Godfrey Mwakikagile 2894:Godfrey Mwakikagile 2809:William Shakespeare 2731:freedom of religion 2727:Christian socialist 2590:Tanganyika Standard 2447:American Revolution 2400:St Thomas' Hospital 2381:Burundian Civil War 2112:Uganda–Tanzania War 2057:Chama Cha Mapinduzi 1626:Zanzibar Revolution 1571:Scramble for Africa 1502:Queen of Tanganyika 1327:Lady Marion Chesham 1286:trusteeship council 1184:Festival of Britain 1156:social anthropology 1066:Tanganyika Standard 1060:at the university. 979:Zanaki tooth filing 865:Burundian Civil War 828:Zanzibar Revolution 801:1958–1959 elections 793:Indian independence 783:in Uganda and then 754:African nationalist 750:Chama Cha Mapinduzi 661:Makerere University 475:(as Prime Minister) 402:(as Chief Minister) 337:Queen of Tanganyika 14579:World constitution 14407:Hugh J. Schonfield 14367:Edward J. Sparling 13892:Irène de Lipkowski 13880:Inder Kumar Gujral 13529:Muhammad Ayub Khan 13211:Vivekananda Kendra 13179:Coretta Scott King 12952:African philosophy 12931:Religion in Africa 12656:Zephania Mothopeng 12606:Amy Ashwood Garvey 12581:John Henrik Clarke 12571:Stokely Carmichael 12556:Molefi Kete Asante 12510:John Nyathi Pokela 12495:Gamal Abdel Nasser 11798:Arusha Declaration 11187:Political offices 10872:African Identities 10532:Life Under Nyerere 10305:Boydell and Brewer 10282:Palgrave Macmillan 10219:The New York Times 9599:on 23 October 2021 8741:, pp. 63, 70. 7901:, pp. 131–32. 7229:, pp. 99–100. 6918:, pp. 42–43; 6310:, pp. 27–29; 5679:, pp. 97–98; 5492:, pp. 23, 88. 5168:, pp. 81–82; 4953:, pp. 68–69; 4776:, pp. 56–57; 4064:, pp. 89–91; 4032:, pp. 47–48; 3976:, pp. 79–80; 3912:, pp. 76–77; 3861:, pp. 68–69; 3673:, pp. 62–63; 3621:, pp. 82–83; 3557:, pp. 45–46; 3204:, pp. 13, 34. 3108:on 14 October 2010 2967: 2959: 2781: 2723:Christian humanist 2582: 2545:world constitution 2498:He criticised the 2442: 2415:Political ideology 2357: 2301:Civic United Front 2247: 2141: 2083:Coretta Scott King 2048: 1994: 1971: 1947:Bibi Titi Mohammad 1904:Arusha Declaration 1896: 1839: 1828:Republic of Biafra 1778: 1729: 1706: 1647: 1527: 1453:affirmative action 1416: 1355: 1249: 1208:Political activism 1172:constitutional law 1148:English literature 1121: 1034: 926:German East Africa 861:multi-party system 844:Arusha Declaration 840:Mao Zedong's China 710:Joliot-Curie Medal 705:Gandhi Peace Prize 142:Abeid Amani Karume 14777:Anti-imperialists 14634: 14633: 14628: 14627: 14543: 14535: 14527: 14515: 14507: 14499: 14491: 14483: 14475: 14467: 14459: 14451: 14443: 14435: 14427: 14419: 14411: 14403: 14395: 14387: 14379: 14371: 14363: 14355: 14347: 14305: 14255:Priyadaranjan Ray 14211: 14210: 14204: 14142:Macfarlane Burnet 14107: 14014:Religious leaders 14008: 14007: 14000:William Beveridge 13808:Diwan Chaman Lall 13709: 13708: 13273: 13272: 13057: 13056: 13049:Africa portal 12889:Le Marron Inconnu 12871: 12870: 12724: 12723: 12520:Ahmed Sékou Touré 12369: 12368: 12289:Black nationalism 12269:African socialism 12209: 12208: 11826: 11825: 11755:Finance Secretary 11502:National Chairmen 11459: 11458: 11422:Ali Hassan Mwinyi 11350: 11349: 11345: 11344: 11334:Succeeded by 11312:Diplomatic posts 11301:Succeeded by 11277:Succeeded by 11248:Succeeded by 11223:Ali Hassan Mwinyi 11220:Succeeded by 11176:Succeeded by 11152:Ali Hassan Mwinyi 11149:Succeeded by 10370:978-0-521-20824-6 10156:978-91-7106-402-8 10072:. Rochester, NY: 10041:978-9976-1-0056-3 9732:, pp. 14–15. 9312:, pp. 24–25. 8941:, pp. 21–22. 8813:, pp. 73–74. 8633:978-1-933567-16-7 8588:, pp. 68–69. 8564:, pp. 66–67. 8528:, pp. 77–78. 8513:, pp. 67–68. 8098:, pp. 14–15. 7392:, pp. 94–95. 6872:, pp. 88–89. 6860:, pp. 86–87. 6330:, pp. 25–26. 6044:, pp. 69–70. 5754:, pp. 64–66. 5589:, pp. 88–89. 5360:, pp. 86–87. 5238:, pp. 83–84. 5125:, pp. 77–78. 5097:, pp. 56–57. 4957:, pp. 48–49. 4941:, pp. 70–71. 4914:, pp. 64–65. 4504:, pp. 38–39. 4068:, pp. 35–36. 4048:, pp. 83–84. 4020:, pp. 86–87. 3944:, pp. 78–79. 3928:, pp. 66–67. 3833:, pp. 32–33. 3777:, pp. 65–66. 3545:, pp. 54–56. 3301:, pp. 16–17. 3149:, pp. 37–38. 2870:Pope Benedict XVI 2858:Diocese of Musoma 2825:BBC World Service 2719:Trevor Huddleston 2628:utopian socialism 2586:African socialism 2559:African socialism 2526:Freedom and Unity 2515:freedom of speech 2511:nation as a whole 2492:liberal democracy 2451:French Revolution 2272:Mikhail Gorbachev 2227:Ali Hassan Mwinyi 2220:Seif Sharif Hamad 1955:the 1970 election 1490:Ahmed Sékou Touré 1299:Maryknoll Fathers 1152:political economy 1046:Papal Encyclicals 1017:arranged marriage 1004:Scouting for Boys 984:Roman Catholicism 857:Ali Hassan Mwinyi 758:African socialist 722: 721: 700:Lenin Peace Prize 639:Pauleta Nyabanane 625:Charles Makongoro 493:Kambarage Nyerere 192:Ali Hassan Mwinyi 150:Ali Hassan Mwinyi 121:Salim Ahmed Salim 16:(Redirected from 14829: 14618: 14617: 14589:World federalism 14584:World government 14541: 14533: 14521: 14513: 14505: 14497: 14489: 14487:Shigeri Yamataka 14481: 14473: 14471:Rameshwari Nehru 14465: 14457: 14449: 14441: 14433: 14425: 14417: 14409: 14401: 14394:(science editor) 14393: 14385: 14383:Gregorio Bermann 14377: 14369: 14361: 14359:E. M. L. Odjidja 14354:(Social realist) 14353: 14345: 14303: 14225:Charles C. Price 14202: 14158:Bertrand Russell 14105: 14103:Frederick Sanger 14062: 14061: 14042:Martin Niemöller 13998: 13997: 13986: 13985: 13974: 13973: 13962: 13961: 13950: 13949: 13938: 13937: 13926: 13925: 13914: 13913: 13902: 13901: 13890: 13889: 13878: 13877: 13866: 13865: 13854: 13853: 13842: 13841: 13830: 13829: 13818: 13817: 13806: 13805: 13796:Chiyo Sakakibara 13794: 13793: 13782: 13781: 13770: 13769: 13758: 13757: 13735: 13734: 13733: 13720: 13719: 13699: 13698: 13687: 13686: 13675: 13674: 13650: 13649: 13638: 13637: 13613: 13612: 13601: 13600: 13589: 13588: 13562: 13561: 13539: 13538: 13527: 13526: 13515: 13514: 13503: 13502: 13491: 13490: 13479: 13478: 13467: 13466: 13450: 13449: 13433: 13431: 13430: 13420: 13418: 13417: 13407: 13405: 13404: 13394: 13392: 13391: 13381: 13379: 13378: 13327: 13300: 13293: 13286: 13277: 13276: 13266: 13258: 13250: 13242: 13234: 13226: 13214: 13206: 13198: 13190: 13182: 13174: 13166: 13158: 13150: 13138: 13130: 13122: 13114: 13111:A. T. Ariyaratne 13106: 13084: 13077: 13070: 13061: 13060: 13047: 13046: 13045: 13035: 13034: 13023: 13022: 13013: 13012: 12905:Pan-African flag 12735: 12734: 12681:Randall Robinson 12616:Leonard Jeffries 12596:W. E. B. Du Bois 12591:Cheikh Anta Diop 12586:Martin R. Delany 12410:David Comissiong 12380: 12379: 12279:Anti-imperialism 12254: 12253: 12236: 12229: 12222: 12213: 12212: 11853: 11846: 11839: 11830: 11829: 11720: 11495: 11486: 11479: 11472: 11463: 11462: 11454: 11409: 11390: 11383: 11376: 11367: 11366: 11354: 11353: 11340: 11317:Preceded by 11259:Preceded by 11230:Preceded by 11192:Preceded by 11169: 11134: 11128:Preceded by 11120: 11119: 11108: 11107: 11093:Nyerere Obituary 11069: 11038: 11015: 10986: 10976: 10959:(131): 117–125. 10947: 10926: 10895: 10866: 10824: 10814: 10777: 10740: 10703: 10667: 10657: 10634: 10597: 10587: 10570:(447): 238–261. 10545: 10526: 10507: 10489: 10472:(131): 103–116. 10460: 10411: 10386:(355): 365–374. 10374: 10358: 10347: 10318: 10295: 10272: 10249: 10230: 10228: 10226: 10208: 10185: 10160: 10135: 10110: 10095:. Athens, Ohio: 10087: 10064: 10045: 10010: 10004: 9998: 9997: 9986: 9980: 9974: 9968: 9967: 9959: 9953: 9952: 9945: 9939: 9938: 9936: 9934: 9917: 9911: 9905: 9899: 9893: 9887: 9881: 9875: 9869: 9858: 9855:Mwakikagile 2006 9852: 9846: 9840: 9834: 9828: 9822: 9816: 9810: 9804: 9798: 9792: 9786: 9780: 9769: 9763: 9757: 9751: 9745: 9739: 9733: 9730:Mwakikagile 2006 9727: 9721: 9715: 9709: 9703: 9694: 9688: 9682: 9668: 9662: 9652: 9646: 9643:Mwakikagile 2006 9640: 9634: 9633: 9631: 9629: 9615: 9609: 9608: 9606: 9604: 9595:. Archived from 9585: 9579: 9573: 9564: 9558: 9549: 9543: 9537: 9527: 9521: 9515: 9509: 9503: 9497: 9491: 9485: 9479: 9473: 9467: 9461: 9455: 9449: 9443: 9437: 9423: 9417: 9411: 9405: 9399: 9393: 9387: 9376: 9370: 9364: 9358: 9352: 9346: 9337: 9331: 9325: 9319: 9313: 9307: 9301: 9295: 9289: 9283: 9277: 9271: 9265: 9259: 9253: 9247: 9236: 9230: 9217: 9211: 9205: 9199: 9193: 9187: 9181: 9175: 9166: 9160: 9154: 9148: 9139: 9129: 9123: 9120:Mwakikagile 2006 9117: 9106: 9100: 9094: 9088: 9079: 9073: 9067: 9061: 9050: 9044: 9038: 9032: 9026: 9020: 9014: 9008: 9002: 8996: 8990: 8984: 8978: 8972: 8966: 8960: 8954: 8948: 8942: 8936: 8930: 8924: 8913: 8907: 8901: 8887: 8881: 8875: 8869: 8863: 8857: 8847: 8841: 8835: 8826: 8820: 8814: 8808: 8802: 8796: 8787: 8781: 8772: 8766: 8757: 8751: 8742: 8736: 8730: 8724: 8715: 8714: 8712: 8710: 8696: 8690: 8689: 8687: 8685: 8670: 8664: 8663: 8661: 8659: 8644: 8638: 8637: 8619: 8613: 8607: 8601: 8595: 8589: 8583: 8577: 8571: 8565: 8559: 8553: 8547: 8541: 8535: 8529: 8523: 8514: 8508: 8502: 8496: 8490: 8484: 8475: 8469: 8460: 8454: 8448: 8438: 8432: 8426: 8417: 8411: 8405: 8399: 8393: 8387: 8381: 8375: 8369: 8359: 8353: 8350:Mwakikagile 2006 8347: 8341: 8335: 8324: 8318: 8307: 8301: 8295: 8289: 8280: 8270: 8264: 8258: 8247: 8241: 8235: 8229: 8223: 8213: 8207: 8201: 8195: 8189: 8183: 8177: 8168: 8162: 8156: 8150: 8139: 8129: 8123: 8117: 8111: 8105: 8099: 8093: 8087: 8081: 8075: 8069: 8063: 8057: 8051: 8045: 8036: 8030: 8021: 8015: 8004: 7998: 7992: 7986: 7977: 7971: 7965: 7959: 7953: 7947: 7941: 7935: 7929: 7923: 7914: 7908: 7902: 7896: 7890: 7884: 7878: 7872: 7863: 7857: 7848: 7842: 7827: 7821: 7815: 7809: 7798: 7792: 7781: 7775: 7766: 7760: 7754: 7748: 7742: 7736: 7727: 7721: 7715: 7709: 7703: 7697: 7691: 7685: 7679: 7673: 7664: 7658: 7652: 7646: 7640: 7634: 7628: 7618: 7612: 7606: 7600: 7594: 7588: 7578: 7572: 7566: 7557: 7547: 7541: 7535: 7529: 7523: 7517: 7503: 7497: 7491: 7485: 7475: 7469: 7463: 7454: 7448: 7437: 7431: 7425: 7411: 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6253: 6242: 6236: 6230: 6224: 6218: 6208: 6202: 6192: 6186: 6180: 6174: 6168: 6162: 6152: 6146: 6136: 6127: 6121: 6112: 6106: 6097: 6091: 6085: 6079: 6073: 6067: 6061: 6051: 6045: 6035: 6029: 6023: 6017: 6011: 6005: 5999: 5993: 5987: 5981: 5975: 5969: 5963: 5954: 5948: 5942: 5936: 5930: 5920: 5914: 5908: 5902: 5896: 5883: 5873: 5867: 5857: 5851: 5845: 5839: 5833: 5827: 5821: 5815: 5809: 5803: 5797: 5791: 5777: 5771: 5761: 5755: 5741: 5735: 5721: 5715: 5705: 5699: 5693: 5684: 5674: 5668: 5662: 5656: 5650: 5644: 5638: 5632: 5629:Mwakikagile 2006 5626: 5620: 5614: 5605: 5599: 5590: 5584: 5578: 5572: 5563: 5557: 5548: 5542: 5529: 5523: 5517: 5511: 5505: 5499: 5493: 5487: 5481: 5475: 5466: 5460: 5454: 5448: 5442: 5432: 5426: 5416: 5410: 5404: 5393: 5383: 5377: 5367: 5361: 5355: 5349: 5343: 5334: 5328: 5319: 5313: 5302: 5296: 5287: 5277: 5271: 5257: 5251: 5245: 5239: 5233: 5224: 5218: 5212: 5206: 5197: 5191: 5185: 5179: 5173: 5163: 5157: 5147: 5141: 5135: 5126: 5120: 5114: 5104: 5098: 5092: 5086: 5080: 5074: 5068: 5059: 5053: 5044: 5038: 5032: 5026: 5009: 5003: 4994: 4988: 4977: 4967: 4958: 4948: 4942: 4936: 4930: 4924: 4915: 4909: 4903: 4897: 4891: 4885: 4876: 4870: 4864: 4854: 4848: 4842: 4836: 4830: 4824: 4818: 4812: 4802: 4796: 4790: 4781: 4771: 4765: 4759: 4750: 4744: 4735: 4725: 4719: 4709: 4703: 4697: 4688: 4678: 4672: 4666: 4660: 4654: 4643: 4637: 4626: 4612: 4606: 4600: 4591: 4585: 4572: 4558: 4552: 4546: 4540: 4534: 4528: 4514: 4505: 4491: 4485: 4479: 4473: 4463: 4457: 4451: 4445: 4435: 4429: 4423: 4417: 4411: 4405: 4399: 4393: 4387: 4381: 4375: 4366: 4360: 4354: 4348: 4342: 4336: 4330: 4324: 4318: 4312: 4301: 4295: 4289: 4283: 4277: 4271: 4265: 4259: 4253: 4247: 4241: 4235: 4229: 4223: 4217: 4211: 4205: 4195: 4189: 4183: 4177: 4167: 4161: 4155: 4149: 4143: 4137: 4123: 4117: 4103: 4097: 4091: 4085: 4075: 4069: 4055: 4049: 4043: 4037: 4027: 4021: 4015: 4009: 3999: 3993: 3987: 3981: 3967: 3961: 3951: 3945: 3935: 3929: 3923: 3917: 3903: 3897: 3887: 3881: 3875: 3866: 3856: 3850: 3840: 3834: 3816: 3810: 3804: 3793: 3787: 3778: 3772: 3766: 3760: 3754: 3748: 3742: 3724: 3718: 3712: 3706: 3688: 3682: 3664: 3658: 3652: 3646: 3632: 3626: 3616: 3610: 3600: 3594: 3580: 3574: 3568: 3562: 3552: 3546: 3540: 3534: 3516: 3510: 3504: 3498: 3488: 3482: 3476: 3470: 3456: 3450: 3444: 3438: 3432: 3426: 3416: 3410: 3404: 3398: 3380: 3374: 3368: 3362: 3356: 3350: 3344: 3338: 3328: 3322: 3308: 3302: 3296: 3290: 3284: 3275: 3269: 3260: 3254: 3245: 3239: 3233: 3227: 3221: 3211: 3205: 3199: 3193: 3187: 3181: 3175: 3166: 3156: 3150: 3144: 3138: 3124: 3118: 3117: 3115: 3113: 3092: 3076: 3072: 2949:Entrance of the 2897: 2750: 2698: 2650: 2649:— Julius Nyerere 2598:social democracy 2572: 2503:two-party system 2426:Fabian socialism 2322:Rwandan genocide 2264:socialist states 2145:invaded Tanzania 1951:Michael Kamaliza 1931: 1670: 1656:Mrisho Sarakikya 1480: 1425:Hendrik Verwoerd 1378:Harold Macmillan 1359:Richard Turnbull 1274:Mau Mau Uprising 1176:moral philosophy 1164:economic history 1160:Ralph Piddington 1141:Bachelor of Arts 1073:and argued that 1071:Second World War 1054:John Stuart Mill 1050:Jacques Maritain 1038:Makerere College 1013:debating society 1009:English language 886: 836:Marxism–Leninism 819:formation of an 781:Makerere College 735: 730: 634:Rosemary Nyerere 630:Godfrey Madaraka 594: 592: 526: 502: 500: 484:Personal details 469: 457: 430: 409: 396: 379: 348: 326: 314: 305: 274: 243: 218: 209: 188: 166: 134: 96: 87: 63: 39: 38: 21: 14837: 14836: 14832: 14831: 14830: 14828: 14827: 14826: 14637: 14636: 14635: 14630: 14629: 14624: 14593: 14567: 14546: 14539:Toyohiko Kagawa 14503:Stanley Slotkin 14474:(social worker) 14331: 14313: 14287: 14269: 14265:Wilder Penfield 14250:Pitirim Sorokin 14207: 14188: 14167: 14146: 14115: 14091: 14057:Nobel laureates 14051: 14004: 13992: 13980: 13968: 13956: 13944: 13932: 13928:Kenzō Matsumura 13920: 13908: 13896: 13884: 13872: 13860: 13848: 13844:Hisato Ichimada 13836: 13824: 13812: 13800: 13788: 13776: 13764: 13752: 13741: 13731: 13729: 13705: 13693: 13681: 13669: 13656: 13644: 13632: 13619: 13607: 13595: 13583: 13576:Prime Ministers 13570: 13556: 13550:Vice-presidents 13545: 13533: 13521: 13509: 13497: 13485: 13473: 13461: 13439: 13428: 13426: 13415: 13413: 13402: 13400: 13389: 13387: 13376: 13374: 13361: 13321: 13313: 13304: 13274: 13269: 13261: 13253: 13247:Qaboos bin Said 13245: 13237: 13229: 13217: 13209: 13201: 13193: 13185: 13177: 13169: 13161: 13153: 13141: 13133: 13125: 13119:Gerhard Fischer 13117: 13109: 13101: 13093: 13088: 13058: 13053: 13043: 13041: 13029: 13025:Africa category 13001: 12940: 12909: 12867: 12754: 12720: 12716:Omali Yeshitela 12696:Issa Laye Thiaw 12626:Maulana Karenga 12611:John G. Jackson 12539: 12460:Patrice Lumumba 12425:Muammar Gaddafi 12365: 12330:African century 12318: 12245: 12240: 12210: 12205: 12084: 11872: 11871:Organisation of 11866: 11857: 11827: 11822: 11786: 11754: 11748: 11718: 11711: 11680: 11656: 11595: 11564: 11538: 11497: 11493: 11490: 11460: 11455: 11446: 11410: 11399: 11394: 11359: 11351: 11346: 11341: 11336: 11330: 11322: 11307: 11297: 11282: 11273: 11265: 11254: 11244: 11236: 11225: 11216: 11208: 11199: 11182: 11172: 11154: 11145: 11136: 11113: 11077: 11072: 10822: 10684:1854/LU-6884875 10665: 10654: 10585:1854/LU-8553956 10564:African Affairs 10553: 10551:Further reading 10548: 10542: 10523: 10380:The Round Table 10371: 10315: 10292: 10269: 10246: 10224: 10222: 10205: 10193:. Bloomington: 10182: 10157: 10132: 10107: 10084: 10061: 10042: 10018: 10013: 10005: 10001: 9994:film.list.co.uk 9988: 9987: 9983: 9975: 9971: 9962:Benzane, Jose. 9960: 9956: 9947: 9946: 9942: 9932: 9930: 9918: 9914: 9906: 9902: 9894: 9890: 9882: 9878: 9870: 9861: 9853: 9849: 9841: 9837: 9829: 9825: 9817: 9813: 9805: 9801: 9793: 9789: 9781: 9772: 9764: 9760: 9752: 9748: 9740: 9736: 9728: 9724: 9716: 9712: 9704: 9697: 9689: 9685: 9675:Huddleston 1995 9669: 9665: 9653: 9649: 9645:, pp. 8–9. 9641: 9637: 9627: 9625: 9617: 9616: 9612: 9602: 9600: 9587: 9586: 9582: 9574: 9567: 9559: 9552: 9544: 9540: 9528: 9524: 9516: 9512: 9504: 9500: 9492: 9488: 9480: 9476: 9468: 9464: 9456: 9452: 9444: 9440: 9432:, p. 111; 9424: 9420: 9412: 9408: 9400: 9396: 9388: 9379: 9371: 9367: 9359: 9355: 9349:Huddleston 1995 9347: 9340: 9332: 9328: 9320: 9316: 9308: 9304: 9296: 9292: 9284: 9280: 9272: 9268: 9260: 9256: 9248: 9239: 9231: 9220: 9212: 9208: 9200: 9196: 9188: 9184: 9176: 9169: 9163:Huddleston 1995 9161: 9157: 9149: 9142: 9132:Huddleston 1995 9130: 9126: 9118: 9109: 9101: 9097: 9089: 9082: 9074: 9070: 9062: 9053: 9045: 9041: 9033: 9029: 9021: 9017: 9009: 9005: 8999:Huddleston 1995 8997: 8993: 8985: 8981: 8973: 8969: 8961: 8957: 8949: 8945: 8937: 8933: 8927:Huddleston 1995 8925: 8916: 8908: 8904: 8896:, p. 366; 8890:Huddleston 1995 8888: 8884: 8876: 8872: 8864: 8860: 8852:, p. 169; 8848: 8844: 8836: 8829: 8821: 8817: 8809: 8805: 8797: 8790: 8782: 8775: 8767: 8760: 8752: 8745: 8737: 8733: 8725: 8718: 8708: 8706: 8698: 8697: 8693: 8683: 8681: 8672: 8671: 8667: 8657: 8655: 8646: 8645: 8641: 8634: 8620: 8616: 8608: 8604: 8596: 8592: 8584: 8580: 8572: 8568: 8560: 8556: 8548: 8544: 8536: 8532: 8524: 8517: 8509: 8505: 8497: 8493: 8485: 8478: 8470: 8463: 8455: 8451: 8439: 8435: 8427: 8420: 8412: 8408: 8400: 8396: 8388: 8384: 8376: 8372: 8360: 8356: 8348: 8344: 8336: 8327: 8319: 8310: 8302: 8298: 8290: 8283: 8275:, p. 103; 8271: 8267: 8259: 8250: 8242: 8238: 8230: 8226: 8214: 8210: 8202: 8198: 8190: 8186: 8178: 8171: 8163: 8159: 8151: 8142: 8130: 8126: 8118: 8114: 8106: 8102: 8094: 8090: 8082: 8078: 8070: 8066: 8058: 8054: 8046: 8039: 8031: 8024: 8016: 8007: 7999: 7995: 7987: 7980: 7972: 7968: 7960: 7956: 7948: 7944: 7936: 7932: 7924: 7917: 7909: 7905: 7897: 7893: 7885: 7881: 7873: 7866: 7858: 7851: 7843: 7830: 7822: 7818: 7810: 7801: 7793: 7784: 7776: 7769: 7761: 7757: 7749: 7745: 7737: 7730: 7722: 7718: 7710: 7706: 7698: 7694: 7686: 7682: 7674: 7667: 7659: 7655: 7647: 7643: 7635: 7631: 7623:, p. 705; 7619: 7615: 7607: 7603: 7595: 7591: 7583:, p. 699; 7579: 7575: 7567: 7560: 7552:, p. 695; 7548: 7544: 7536: 7532: 7524: 7520: 7512:, p. 693; 7508:, p. 157; 7504: 7500: 7492: 7488: 7480:, p. 157; 7476: 7472: 7464: 7457: 7449: 7440: 7432: 7428: 7420:, p. 693; 7416:, p. 157; 7412: 7408: 7400: 7396: 7388: 7384: 7376: 7372: 7364: 7360: 7352: 7345: 7337: 7333: 7325: 7316: 7308: 7304: 7296:, p. 188; 7292: 7288: 7280: 7276: 7264: 7260: 7252: 7248: 7240: 7233: 7225: 7221: 7213: 7202: 7194: 7190: 7182: 7178: 7170: 7163: 7155: 7151: 7143: 7136: 7128:, p. 173; 7124: 7120: 7108: 7104: 7096: 7089: 7081: 7074: 7066: 7059: 7051: 7044: 7036: 7021: 7013: 7009: 7001:, p. 110; 6997: 6993: 6985: 6981: 6973: 6969: 6961: 6957: 6949: 6945: 6937: 6930: 6922:, p. 107; 6914:, p. 171; 6910: 6906: 6898: 6891: 6883: 6876: 6868: 6864: 6856: 6852: 6844: 6835: 6827: 6823: 6815: 6811: 6803: 6796: 6788: 6781: 6773:, p. 171; 6769: 6765: 6757: 6753: 6745: 6741: 6733: 6726: 6718: 6714: 6706: 6702: 6690:, p. 170; 6686: 6682: 6674: 6667: 6659: 6655: 6647: 6643: 6635: 6631: 6623: 6619: 6611: 6607: 6599: 6595: 6587: 6583: 6575: 6568: 6556: 6552: 6540: 6536: 6528: 6519: 6511: 6507: 6499: 6495: 6487: 6483: 6475: 6471: 6463: 6459: 6451: 6442: 6430: 6426: 6418: 6414: 6406:, p. 161; 6402: 6398: 6392:Huddleston 1995 6390: 6381: 6373:, p. 160; 6369: 6365: 6357: 6346: 6338: 6334: 6326: 6322: 6314:, p. 106; 6306: 6302: 6294: 6290: 6284:Huddleston 1995 6282: 6278: 6268:Huddleston 1995 6266: 6262: 6254: 6245: 6237: 6233: 6225: 6221: 6213:, p. 152; 6209: 6205: 6197:, p. 151; 6193: 6189: 6181: 6177: 6169: 6165: 6153: 6149: 6141:, p. 134; 6137: 6130: 6122: 6115: 6107: 6100: 6092: 6088: 6080: 6076: 6068: 6064: 6056:, p. 130; 6052: 6048: 6040:, p. 127; 6036: 6032: 6024: 6020: 6012: 6008: 6000: 5996: 5988: 5984: 5976: 5972: 5964: 5957: 5949: 5945: 5937: 5933: 5925:, p. 119; 5921: 5917: 5909: 5905: 5897: 5886: 5874: 5870: 5862:, p. 115; 5858: 5854: 5846: 5842: 5834: 5830: 5822: 5818: 5810: 5806: 5798: 5794: 5778: 5774: 5762: 5758: 5742: 5738: 5722: 5718: 5710:, p. 100; 5706: 5702: 5694: 5687: 5675: 5671: 5663: 5659: 5651: 5647: 5639: 5635: 5627: 5623: 5615: 5608: 5600: 5593: 5585: 5581: 5573: 5566: 5558: 5551: 5543: 5532: 5524: 5520: 5512: 5508: 5500: 5496: 5488: 5484: 5476: 5469: 5461: 5457: 5449: 5445: 5433: 5429: 5417: 5413: 5405: 5396: 5384: 5380: 5368: 5364: 5356: 5352: 5344: 5337: 5329: 5322: 5314: 5305: 5297: 5290: 5278: 5274: 5258: 5254: 5246: 5242: 5234: 5227: 5219: 5215: 5207: 5200: 5192: 5188: 5180: 5176: 5164: 5160: 5148: 5144: 5136: 5129: 5121: 5117: 5105: 5101: 5093: 5089: 5081: 5077: 5069: 5062: 5054: 5047: 5039: 5035: 5027: 5012: 5004: 4997: 4989: 4980: 4968: 4961: 4949: 4945: 4937: 4933: 4925: 4918: 4910: 4906: 4898: 4894: 4886: 4879: 4871: 4867: 4855: 4851: 4843: 4839: 4831: 4827: 4819: 4815: 4803: 4799: 4791: 4784: 4772: 4768: 4760: 4753: 4745: 4738: 4726: 4722: 4710: 4706: 4698: 4691: 4679: 4675: 4667: 4663: 4655: 4646: 4638: 4629: 4613: 4609: 4601: 4594: 4586: 4575: 4559: 4555: 4547: 4543: 4535: 4531: 4523:, p. 189; 4515: 4508: 4492: 4488: 4480: 4476: 4464: 4460: 4452: 4448: 4440:, p. 180; 4436: 4432: 4424: 4420: 4412: 4408: 4400: 4396: 4388: 4384: 4376: 4369: 4361: 4357: 4349: 4345: 4337: 4333: 4325: 4321: 4313: 4304: 4296: 4292: 4284: 4280: 4272: 4268: 4260: 4256: 4248: 4244: 4236: 4232: 4224: 4220: 4212: 4208: 4200:, p. 101; 4196: 4192: 4184: 4180: 4168: 4164: 4156: 4152: 4144: 4140: 4124: 4120: 4104: 4100: 4092: 4088: 4076: 4072: 4056: 4052: 4044: 4040: 4028: 4024: 4016: 4012: 4000: 3996: 3988: 3984: 3968: 3964: 3952: 3948: 3936: 3932: 3924: 3920: 3904: 3900: 3888: 3884: 3876: 3869: 3857: 3853: 3841: 3837: 3825:, p. 126; 3817: 3813: 3805: 3796: 3788: 3781: 3773: 3769: 3761: 3757: 3749: 3745: 3733:, p. 126; 3729:, p. 461; 3725: 3721: 3713: 3709: 3689: 3685: 3669:, p. 125; 3665: 3661: 3653: 3649: 3637:, p. 125; 3633: 3629: 3617: 3613: 3601: 3597: 3581: 3577: 3569: 3565: 3553: 3549: 3541: 3537: 3525:, p. 125; 3517: 3513: 3505: 3501: 3489: 3485: 3477: 3473: 3457: 3453: 3445: 3441: 3433: 3429: 3417: 3413: 3405: 3401: 3389:, p. 125; 3381: 3377: 3369: 3365: 3357: 3353: 3345: 3341: 3329: 3325: 3313:, p. 125; 3309: 3305: 3297: 3293: 3285: 3278: 3270: 3263: 3255: 3248: 3240: 3236: 3228: 3224: 3212: 3208: 3200: 3196: 3188: 3184: 3176: 3169: 3157: 3153: 3145: 3141: 3125: 3121: 3111: 3109: 3094: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3080: 3079: 3073: 3069: 3064: 3059: 3037: 2936:Patrice Lumumba 2911:African studies 2899: 2891: 2882: 2872:declared him a 2854: 2752: 2748: 2739: 2700: 2696: 2684: 2652: 2648: 2574: 2570: 2561: 2488:Theodore Parker 2479: 2434: 2417: 2349: 2341:electoral fraud 2270:had collapsed, 2239: 2212: 2180:Godfrey Binaisa 2114: 2104: 2044:Rosalynn Carter 2042:and First Lady 2015:beauty contests 1963: 1933: 1929: 1884: 1862:from a week at 1770: 1768:Foreign affairs 1750: 1698: 1693: 1672: 1668: 1639: 1567:neo-colonialism 1544:John F. Kennedy 1519: 1482: 1478: 1408: 1403: 1347: 1339:these elections 1307: 1215: 1210: 1202:British Council 1113: 1088: 1058:Catholic Action 1026: 959: 898: 893: 813:one-party state 728: 714: 680: 642: 609: 608: 596: 593: 1953) 588: 584: 571: 553:Political party 528: 524: 523:14 October 1999 504: 498: 496: 495: 494: 467: 455: 431: 426: 407: 394: 380: 375: 363: 346: 341: 324: 312: 306: 301: 289: 272: 267: 241: 236: 216: 210: 205: 186: 181: 164: 156: 152: 148: 144: 140: 130: 125: 94: 88: 83: 66: 65:Nyerere in 1975 54: 51: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 14835: 14825: 14824: 14819: 14814: 14809: 14804: 14799: 14794: 14789: 14784: 14779: 14774: 14769: 14764: 14759: 14754: 14749: 14744: 14739: 14734: 14729: 14724: 14719: 14714: 14709: 14704: 14699: 14694: 14689: 14684: 14679: 14674: 14669: 14664: 14659: 14654: 14649: 14647:Julius Nyerere 14632: 14631: 14626: 14625: 14623: 14622: 14612: 14598: 14595: 14594: 14592: 14591: 14586: 14581: 14575: 14573: 14569: 14568: 14566: 14565: 14560: 14554: 14552: 14548: 14547: 14545: 14544: 14536: 14528: 14516: 14508: 14500: 14492: 14484: 14476: 14468: 14460: 14455:Oscar Niemeyer 14452: 14444: 14439:Mark Van Doren 14436: 14428: 14420: 14418:(union leader) 14412: 14404: 14396: 14388: 14380: 14372: 14364: 14356: 14348: 14339: 14337: 14333: 14332: 14330: 14329: 14327:Hugh B. Hester 14323: 14321: 14315: 14314: 14312: 14311: 14309:Brock Chisholm 14306: 14297: 14295: 14289: 14288: 14286: 14285: 14279: 14277: 14271: 14270: 14268: 14267: 14262: 14257: 14252: 14247: 14242: 14240:Harlow Shapley 14237: 14232: 14227: 14221: 14219: 14213: 14212: 14209: 14208: 14206: 14205: 14196: 14194: 14190: 14189: 14187: 14186: 14184:Joseph Rotblat 14181: 14175: 14173: 14169: 14168: 14166: 14165: 14160: 14154: 14152: 14148: 14147: 14145: 14144: 14139: 14134: 14129: 14123: 14121: 14117: 14116: 14114: 14113: 14108: 14099: 14097: 14093: 14092: 14090: 14089: 14084: 14079: 14074: 14072:Alfred Kastler 14068: 14066: 14059: 14053: 14052: 14050: 14049: 14044: 14039: 14034: 14032:George MacLeod 14029: 14024: 14018: 14016: 14010: 14009: 14006: 14005: 14003: 14002: 13990: 13978: 13966: 13954: 13942: 13930: 13918: 13906: 13894: 13882: 13870: 13858: 13846: 13834: 13822: 13810: 13798: 13786: 13774: 13762: 13749: 13747: 13743: 13742: 13740: 13739: 13726: 13724: 13717: 13711: 13710: 13707: 13706: 13704: 13703: 13691: 13679: 13666: 13664: 13658: 13657: 13655: 13654: 13642: 13629: 13627: 13621: 13620: 13618: 13617: 13615:Tetsu Katayama 13605: 13593: 13591:Clement Attlee 13580: 13578: 13572: 13571: 13569: 13568: 13566: 13553: 13551: 13547: 13546: 13544: 13543: 13531: 13519: 13507: 13505:Julius Nyerere 13495: 13483: 13471: 13458: 13456: 13447: 13441: 13440: 13438: 13437: 13424: 13411: 13398: 13385: 13371: 13369: 13363: 13362: 13360: 13359: 13354: 13352:Margaret Isely 13349: 13344: 13339: 13333: 13332: 13329: 13328: 13318: 13315: 13314: 13303: 13302: 13295: 13288: 13280: 13271: 13270: 13268: 13267: 13259: 13251: 13243: 13239:Yōhei Sasakawa 13235: 13231:Ekal Vidyalaya 13227: 13215: 13207: 13199: 13191: 13183: 13175: 13167: 13159: 13151: 13147:Nelson Mandela 13139: 13131: 13123: 13115: 13107: 13103:Julius Nyerere 13098: 13095: 13094: 13087: 13086: 13079: 13072: 13064: 13055: 13054: 13052: 13051: 13039: 13027: 13017: 13006: 13003: 13002: 13000: 12999: 12997:Year of Africa 12994: 12989: 12984: 12979: 12974: 12969: 12964: 12962:Africanization 12959: 12954: 12948: 12946: 12942: 12941: 12939: 12938: 12933: 12928: 12923: 12917: 12915: 12911: 12910: 12908: 12907: 12902: 12897: 12892: 12885: 12879: 12877: 12873: 12872: 12869: 12868: 12866: 12865: 12860: 12855: 12848: 12843: 12838: 12833: 12828: 12823: 12818: 12813: 12808: 12803: 12798: 12793: 12788: 12783: 12778: 12773: 12768: 12762: 12760: 12756: 12755: 12753: 12752: 12747: 12741: 12739: 12732: 12726: 12725: 12722: 12721: 12719: 12718: 12713: 12711:Amos N. Wilson 12708: 12703: 12698: 12693: 12688: 12683: 12678: 12673: 12671:Runoko Rashidi 12668: 12663: 12661:George Padmore 12658: 12653: 12648: 12643: 12638: 12633: 12628: 12623: 12618: 12613: 12608: 12603: 12598: 12593: 12588: 12583: 12578: 12573: 12568: 12563: 12558: 12553: 12547: 12545: 12541: 12540: 12538: 12537: 12532: 12530:Robert Sobukwe 12527: 12525:Haile Selassie 12522: 12517: 12515:Thomas Sankara 12512: 12507: 12505:Julius Nyerere 12502: 12497: 12492: 12487: 12482: 12477: 12472: 12467: 12462: 12457: 12452: 12447: 12442: 12440:Kenneth Kaunda 12437: 12432: 12427: 12422: 12420:Anténor Firmin 12417: 12412: 12407: 12405:Amílcar Cabral 12402: 12400:Nnamdi Azikiwe 12397: 12392: 12386: 12384: 12377: 12371: 12370: 12367: 12366: 12364: 12363: 12358: 12351: 12344: 12337: 12332: 12326: 12324: 12320: 12319: 12317: 12316: 12311: 12309:Uhuru Movement 12306: 12301: 12296: 12291: 12286: 12281: 12276: 12271: 12266: 12260: 12258: 12251: 12247: 12246: 12243:Pan-Africanism 12239: 12238: 12231: 12224: 12216: 12207: 12206: 12204: 12203: 12198: 12193: 12188: 12183: 12178: 12173: 12168: 12163: 12158: 12153: 12148: 12143: 12138: 12133: 12128: 12123: 12118: 12113: 12108: 12103: 12098: 12092: 12090: 12086: 12085: 12083: 12082: 12077: 12072: 12067: 12062: 12057: 12052: 12047: 12042: 12037: 12032: 12027: 12022: 12017: 12012: 12007: 12002: 11997: 11992: 11987: 11982: 11977: 11972: 11967: 11962: 11957: 11952: 11947: 11942: 11937: 11932: 11927: 11922: 11917: 11912: 11907: 11902: 11897: 11892: 11887: 11882: 11876: 11874: 11868: 11867: 11856: 11855: 11848: 11841: 11833: 11824: 11823: 11821: 11820: 11818:2020 Primaries 11815: 11810: 11805: 11800: 11794: 11792: 11788: 11787: 11785: 11784: 11779: 11774: 11769: 11764: 11758: 11756: 11750: 11749: 11747: 11746: 11741: 11736: 11731: 11725: 11723: 11713: 11712: 11710: 11709: 11704: 11699: 11694: 11692:Ngombale-Mwiru 11688: 11686: 11682: 11681: 11679: 11678: 11673: 11668: 11664: 11662: 11658: 11657: 11655: 11654: 11649: 11644: 11639: 11634: 11629: 11624: 11619: 11614: 11609: 11603: 11601: 11597: 11596: 11594: 11593: 11588: 11583: 11578: 11572: 11570: 11566: 11565: 11563: 11562: 11557: 11552: 11546: 11544: 11540: 11539: 11537: 11536: 11531: 11526: 11521: 11516: 11511: 11505: 11503: 11499: 11498: 11489: 11488: 11481: 11474: 11466: 11457: 11456: 11449: 11447: 11445: 11444: 11439: 11434: 11432:Jakaya Kikwete 11429: 11427:Benjamin Mkapa 11424: 11419: 11417:Julius Nyerere 11413: 11411: 11404: 11401: 11400: 11393: 11392: 11385: 11378: 11370: 11364: 11361: 11360: 11348: 11347: 11343: 11342: 11335: 11332: 11323: 11318: 11314: 11313: 11309: 11308: 11302: 11299: 11290: 11284: 11283: 11280:Rashidi Kawawa 11278: 11275: 11266: 11260: 11256: 11255: 11249: 11246: 11237: 11231: 11227: 11226: 11221: 11218: 11209: 11193: 11189: 11188: 11184: 11183: 11177: 11174: 11162: 11156: 11155: 11150: 11147: 11137: 11129: 11125: 11124: 11118: 11115: 11114: 11105: 11104: 11099: 11090: 11089: 11088: 11076: 11075:External links 11073: 11071: 11070: 11052:(2): 147–160. 11039: 11016: 10998:(2): 344–392. 10987: 10948: 10938:(1): 136–152. 10927: 10896: 10867: 10855:10.1086/502785 10839:10.1086/502785 10833:(4): 421–445. 10815: 10789:(6): 446–470. 10778: 10752:(3): 497–514. 10741: 10715:(3): 377–392. 10704: 10658: 10653:978-1107104525 10652: 10635: 10598: 10554: 10552: 10549: 10547: 10546: 10541:978-0980258721 10540: 10527: 10521: 10508: 10461: 10427:(4): 692–709. 10412: 10375: 10369: 10348: 10319: 10314:978-1847010902 10313: 10296: 10291:978-3319509648 10290: 10273: 10267: 10250: 10245:978-9987417513 10244: 10231: 10209: 10204:978-0253216892 10203: 10186: 10181:978-0852553862 10180: 10161: 10155: 10136: 10131:978-0852553862 10130: 10111: 10106:978-0821422601 10105: 10093:Julius Nyerere 10088: 10082: 10065: 10059: 10046: 10040: 10019: 10017: 10014: 10012: 10011: 10009:, p. 198. 9999: 9981: 9969: 9954: 9940: 9912: 9910:, p. 372. 9900: 9888: 9886:, p. 230. 9876: 9859: 9847: 9835: 9823: 9821:, p. vii. 9811: 9799: 9787: 9770: 9758: 9756:, p. 162. 9746: 9734: 9722: 9720:, p. 199. 9710: 9695: 9683: 9673:, p. 11; 9663: 9657:, p. 14; 9647: 9635: 9623:Santiebeati.it 9610: 9580: 9578:, p. 129. 9565: 9563:, p. 104. 9550: 9548:, p. 103. 9538: 9536:, p. 103. 9532:, p. 26; 9522: 9520:, p. 174. 9510: 9508:, p. 176. 9498: 9486: 9484:, p. 173. 9474: 9462: 9460:, p. 149. 9450: 9448:, p. 123. 9438: 9428:, p. 33; 9418: 9406: 9404:, p. 128. 9394: 9377: 9365: 9353: 9338: 9326: 9324:, p. 201. 9314: 9302: 9290: 9278: 9266: 9254: 9252:, p. 204. 9237: 9235:, p. 200. 9218: 9206: 9204:, p. 170. 9194: 9182: 9180:, p. 171. 9167: 9155: 9153:, p. 149. 9140: 9138:, p. 171. 9124: 9107: 9105:, p. 157. 9095: 9080: 9078:, p. 148. 9068: 9066:, p. 172. 9051: 9039: 9027: 9015: 9003: 8991: 8979: 8967: 8955: 8943: 8931: 8914: 8912:, p. 202. 8902: 8900:, p. 154. 8882: 8880:, p. 152. 8870: 8868:, p. 169. 8858: 8842: 8840:, p. 151. 8827: 8825:, p. 108. 8815: 8803: 8788: 8773: 8758: 8743: 8731: 8729:, p. 366. 8716: 8691: 8665: 8639: 8632: 8614: 8602: 8590: 8578: 8576:, p. 153. 8566: 8554: 8552:, p. 125. 8542: 8530: 8515: 8503: 8491: 8476: 8474:, p. 158. 8461: 8449: 8447:, p. 157. 8443:, p. 65; 8433: 8431:, p. 104. 8418: 8406: 8404:, p. 203. 8394: 8382: 8380:, p. 144. 8370: 8368:, p. 367. 8364:, p. 64; 8354: 8342: 8325: 8323:, p. 156. 8308: 8306:, p. 154. 8296: 8294:, p. 202. 8281: 8279:, p. 202. 8265: 8263:, p. 103. 8248: 8236: 8234:, p. 147. 8224: 8218:, p. 63; 8208: 8206:, p. 115. 8196: 8194:, p. 2p3. 8184: 8169: 8167:, p. 147. 8157: 8155:, p. 146. 8140: 8138:, p. 146. 8124: 8112: 8110:, p. 145. 8100: 8088: 8086:, p. 197. 8076: 8074:, p. 143. 8064: 8062:, p. 140. 8052: 8050:, p. 142. 8037: 8035:, p. 139. 8022: 8020:, p. 113. 8005: 8003:, p. 149. 7993: 7978: 7976:, p. 138. 7966: 7964:, p. 136. 7954: 7952:, p. 135. 7942: 7930: 7928:, p. 133. 7915: 7903: 7891: 7879: 7877:, p. 131. 7864: 7849: 7847:, p. 127. 7828: 7816: 7814:, p. 125. 7799: 7797:, p. 126. 7782: 7767: 7755: 7743: 7741:, p. 123. 7728: 7726:, p. 120. 7716: 7704: 7692: 7690:, p. 118. 7680: 7678:, p. 117. 7665: 7653: 7651:, p. 116. 7641: 7639:, p. 115. 7629: 7627:, p. 116. 7613: 7601: 7599:, p. 114. 7589: 7573: 7571:, p. 113. 7558: 7556:, p. 112. 7542: 7530: 7528:, p. 693. 7518: 7498: 7486: 7470: 7468:, p. 112. 7455: 7438: 7436:, p. 159. 7426: 7406: 7394: 7382: 7370: 7368:, p. 102. 7358: 7356:, p. 122. 7343: 7341:, p. 110. 7331: 7329:, p. 109. 7314: 7302: 7286: 7274: 7258: 7256:, p. 100. 7246: 7244:, p. 107. 7231: 7219: 7200: 7188: 7176: 7174:, p. 234. 7161: 7159:, p. 233. 7149: 7147:, p. 108. 7134: 7118: 7102: 7087: 7072: 7070:, p. 110. 7057: 7055:, p. 106. 7042: 7019: 7007: 6991: 6989:, p. 201. 6979: 6977:, p. 191. 6967: 6965:, p. 195. 6955: 6953:, p. 194. 6943: 6941:, p. 174. 6928: 6904: 6889: 6874: 6862: 6850: 6848:, p. 173. 6833: 6821: 6819:, p. 371. 6809: 6794: 6792:, p. 172. 6779: 6763: 6751: 6739: 6737:, p. 171. 6724: 6712: 6710:, p. 170. 6700: 6680: 6678:, p. 146. 6665: 6653: 6651:, p. 143. 6641: 6639:, p. 141. 6629: 6617: 6605: 6603:, p. 199. 6593: 6581: 6579:, p. 148. 6566: 6550: 6544:, p. 26; 6534: 6532:, p. 196. 6517: 6505: 6503:, p. 157. 6493: 6491:, p. 155. 6481: 6469: 6467:, p. 156. 6457: 6440: 6424: 6412: 6396: 6379: 6363: 6361:, p. 160. 6344: 6342:, p. 137. 6332: 6320: 6300: 6288: 6276: 6260: 6258:, p. 193. 6243: 6231: 6219: 6203: 6187: 6185:, p. 151. 6175: 6163: 6147: 6128: 6126:, p. 136. 6113: 6111:, p. 132. 6098: 6086: 6084:, p. 131. 6074: 6062: 6046: 6030: 6028:, p. 128. 6018: 6016:, p. 127. 6006: 6004:, p. 126. 5994: 5992:, p. 125. 5982: 5980:, p. 124. 5970: 5968:, p. 122. 5955: 5943: 5931: 5929:, p. 105. 5915: 5913:, p. 118. 5903: 5901:, p. 119. 5884: 5868: 5852: 5840: 5838:, p. 116. 5828: 5826:, p. 113. 5816: 5814:, p. 114. 5804: 5792: 5772: 5756: 5750:, p. 38; 5746:, p. 89; 5736: 5730:, p. 38; 5726:, p. 89; 5716: 5700: 5698:, p. 102. 5685: 5669: 5657: 5645: 5633: 5621: 5606: 5591: 5579: 5577:, p. 158. 5564: 5549: 5530: 5518: 5506: 5494: 5482: 5480:, p. 168. 5467: 5455: 5443: 5437:, p. 85; 5427: 5421:, p. 85; 5411: 5394: 5388:, p. 87; 5378: 5372:, p. 86; 5362: 5350: 5335: 5320: 5303: 5288: 5282:, p. 89; 5272: 5266:, p. 38; 5262:, p. 87; 5252: 5240: 5225: 5213: 5198: 5186: 5184:, p. 194. 5174: 5158: 5152:, p. 79; 5142: 5127: 5115: 5113:, p. 368. 5109:, p. 77; 5099: 5087: 5075: 5060: 5045: 5033: 5010: 4995: 4978: 4972:, p. 69; 4959: 4943: 4931: 4916: 4904: 4892: 4877: 4865: 4859:, p. 63; 4849: 4837: 4825: 4813: 4807:, p. 57; 4797: 4782: 4766: 4751: 4736: 4730:, p. 55; 4720: 4714:, p. 55; 4704: 4702:, p. 193. 4689: 4687:, p. 192. 4683:, p. 58; 4673: 4661: 4644: 4627: 4617:, p. 54; 4607: 4592: 4573: 4567:, p. 35; 4563:, p. 51; 4553: 4551:, p. 191. 4541: 4539:, p. 192. 4529: 4519:, p. 51; 4506: 4496:, p. 51; 4486: 4474: 4472:, p. 183. 4468:, p. 51; 4458: 4446: 4430: 4428:, p. 141. 4418: 4416:, p. 138. 4406: 4404:, p. 135. 4394: 4382: 4380:, p. 175. 4367: 4365:, p. 121. 4355: 4353:, p. 142. 4343: 4341:, p. 122. 4331: 4329:, p. 114. 4319: 4317:, p. 113. 4302: 4290: 4288:, p. 112. 4278: 4276:, p. 111. 4266: 4264:, p. 110. 4254: 4252:, p. 108. 4242: 4240:, p. 107. 4230: 4228:, p. 104. 4218: 4216:, p. 102. 4206: 4190: 4178: 4172:, p. 94; 4162: 4150: 4138: 4132:, p. 81; 4128:, p. 48; 4118: 4112:, p. 81; 4108:, p. 47; 4098: 4086: 4080:, p. 48; 4070: 4060:, p. 48; 4050: 4038: 4022: 4010: 4004:, p. 47; 3994: 3982: 3972:, p. 47; 3962: 3956:, p. 47; 3946: 3940:, p. 47; 3930: 3918: 3908:, p. 46; 3898: 3892:, p. 76; 3882: 3867: 3851: 3845:, p. 73; 3835: 3829:, p. 73; 3821:, p. 46; 3811: 3794: 3779: 3767: 3755: 3743: 3737:, p. 61; 3719: 3707: 3701:, p. 25; 3697:, p. 63; 3693:, p. 40; 3683: 3677:, p. 25; 3659: 3647: 3627: 3611: 3605:, p. 46; 3595: 3589:, p. 59; 3585:, p. 46; 3575: 3563: 3547: 3535: 3529:, p. 53; 3521:, p. 45; 3511: 3499: 3483: 3471: 3465:, p. 52; 3461:, p. 42; 3451: 3439: 3427: 3421:, p. 45; 3411: 3399: 3385:, p. 43; 3375: 3363: 3351: 3339: 3333:, p. 38; 3323: 3317:, p. 39; 3303: 3291: 3276: 3261: 3259:, p. 125. 3246: 3234: 3222: 3216:, p. 34; 3206: 3194: 3182: 3167: 3161:, p. 40; 3151: 3139: 3133:, p. 24; 3119: 3086: 3084: 3081: 3078: 3077: 3066: 3065: 3063: 3060: 3058: 3055: 3054: 3053: 3048: 3043: 3036: 3033: 2913:scholar named 2883: 2881: 2878: 2874:Servant of God 2853: 2850: 2740: 2738: 2735: 2685: 2683: 2680: 2640: 2624:Vladimir Lenin 2606:class struggle 2562: 2560: 2557: 2478: 2475: 2433: 2430: 2416: 2413: 2389:Nelson Mandela 2377:United Nations 2369:European Union 2348: 2345: 2337:Benjamin Mkapa 2256:Manmohan Singh 2238: 2235: 2211: 2208: 2103: 2100: 1962: 1959: 1921: 1883: 1880: 1823:Hastings Banda 1819:Kenneth Kaunda 1769: 1766: 1749: 1746: 1733:Rashidi Kawawa 1726:United Nations 1697: 1694: 1692: 1689: 1661: 1638: 1635: 1587:Pan-Africanist 1557:conference in 1550:South Africa. 1518: 1515: 1462:But one thing 1458: 1433:Rashidi Kawawa 1407: 1404: 1402: 1399: 1382:Wind of Change 1346: 1343: 1319:Edward Twining 1306: 1303: 1281:United Nations 1269:Mahatma Gandhi 1214: 1211: 1209: 1206: 1198:Hastings Banda 1137:Master of Arts 1112: 1109: 1087: 1084: 1025: 1022: 958: 955: 897: 894: 892: 889: 826:Following the 817:Pan-Africanist 809:decolonisation 797:Mahatma Gandhi 789:British Empire 720: 719: 716: 715: 713: 712: 707: 702: 696: 694: 690: 689: 686: 682: 681: 679: 678: 668: 658: 652: 650: 644: 643: 641: 640: 637: 631: 628: 622: 619: 616: 613: 606: 605: 604: 602: 598: 597: 586: 580: 579: 577: 573: 572: 570: 569: 563: 556: 554: 550: 549: 546: 542: 541: 538: 534: 533: 527:(aged 77) 521: 517: 516: 492: 490: 486: 485: 481: 480: 477: 476: 470: 464: 463: 458: 452: 451: 446: 442: 441: 438: 434: 433: 423: 422: 416: 415: 413:Rashidi Kawawa 410: 404: 403: 397: 391: 390: 387: 383: 382: 372: 371: 365: 364: 362: 361: 351: 349: 343: 342: 340: 339: 329: 327: 321: 320: 318:Rashidi Kawawa 315: 313:Prime Minister 309: 308: 298: 297: 291: 290: 288: 287: 277: 275: 269: 268: 266: 265: 256: 246: 244: 238: 237: 235: 234: 231:Rashidi Kawawa 228: 221: 219: 217:Vice President 213: 212: 202: 201: 195: 194: 189: 183: 182: 180: 179: 169: 167: 161: 160: 158:Rashidi Kawawa 135: 132:Vice President 127: 126: 124: 123: 118: 117:Edward Sokoine 115: 110: 108:Edward Sokoine 105: 103:Rashidi Kawawa 99: 97: 95:Prime Minister 91: 90: 80: 79: 72: 71: 68: 67: 64: 56: 55: 53:Julius Nyerere 52: 44:Servant of God 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14834: 14823: 14820: 14818: 14815: 14813: 14810: 14808: 14805: 14803: 14800: 14798: 14795: 14793: 14790: 14788: 14785: 14783: 14780: 14778: 14775: 14773: 14770: 14768: 14765: 14763: 14760: 14758: 14755: 14753: 14750: 14748: 14745: 14743: 14740: 14738: 14735: 14733: 14730: 14728: 14725: 14723: 14720: 14718: 14715: 14713: 14710: 14708: 14705: 14703: 14700: 14698: 14695: 14693: 14690: 14688: 14685: 14683: 14680: 14678: 14675: 14673: 14670: 14668: 14665: 14663: 14660: 14658: 14655: 14653: 14650: 14648: 14645: 14644: 14642: 14621: 14613: 14611: 14609: 14606: 14603: 14600: 14599: 14596: 14590: 14587: 14585: 14582: 14580: 14577: 14576: 14574: 14570: 14564: 14561: 14559: 14556: 14555: 14553: 14549: 14540: 14537: 14532: 14529: 14525: 14520: 14519:Tamaki Uemura 14517: 14512: 14509: 14506:(businessman) 14504: 14501: 14498:(theosophist) 14496: 14493: 14488: 14485: 14480: 14479:Satish Gujral 14477: 14472: 14469: 14464: 14461: 14456: 14453: 14448: 14445: 14440: 14437: 14432: 14429: 14424: 14421: 14416: 14413: 14408: 14405: 14400: 14399:Henri Laugier 14397: 14392: 14389: 14384: 14381: 14376: 14373: 14368: 14365: 14360: 14357: 14352: 14349: 14344: 14341: 14340: 14338: 14336:Varied Fields 14334: 14328: 14325: 14324: 14322: 14320: 14316: 14310: 14307: 14302: 14299: 14298: 14296: 14294: 14293:Humanitarians 14290: 14284: 14281: 14280: 14278: 14276: 14272: 14266: 14263: 14261: 14258: 14256: 14253: 14251: 14248: 14246: 14243: 14241: 14238: 14236: 14233: 14231: 14230:Edward Condon 14228: 14226: 14223: 14222: 14220: 14218: 14214: 14201: 14200:Linus Pauling 14198: 14197: 14195: 14191: 14185: 14182: 14180: 14179:John Boyd Orr 14177: 14176: 14174: 14170: 14164: 14161: 14159: 14156: 14155: 14153: 14149: 14143: 14140: 14138: 14135: 14133: 14130: 14128: 14125: 14124: 14122: 14118: 14112: 14109: 14104: 14101: 14100: 14098: 14094: 14088: 14085: 14083: 14082:Hideki Yukawa 14080: 14078: 14075: 14073: 14070: 14069: 14067: 14063: 14060: 14058: 14054: 14048: 14047:Michael Scott 14045: 14043: 14040: 14038: 14035: 14033: 14030: 14028: 14025: 14023: 14020: 14019: 14017: 14015: 14011: 14001: 13996: 13991: 13989: 13984: 13979: 13977: 13972: 13967: 13965: 13960: 13955: 13953: 13948: 13943: 13941: 13936: 13931: 13929: 13924: 13919: 13917: 13912: 13907: 13905: 13900: 13895: 13893: 13888: 13883: 13881: 13876: 13871: 13869: 13868:Ichirō Kiyose 13864: 13859: 13857: 13856:Henry Usborne 13852: 13847: 13845: 13840: 13835: 13833: 13828: 13823: 13821: 13816: 13811: 13809: 13804: 13799: 13797: 13792: 13787: 13785: 13780: 13775: 13773: 13768: 13763: 13761: 13756: 13751: 13750: 13748: 13744: 13738: 13728: 13727: 13725: 13723:International 13721: 13718: 13716: 13712: 13702: 13697: 13692: 13690: 13689:Setsuo Yamada 13685: 13680: 13678: 13673: 13668: 13667: 13665: 13663: 13659: 13653: 13648: 13643: 13641: 13640:Culbert Olson 13636: 13631: 13630: 13628: 13626: 13622: 13616: 13611: 13606: 13604: 13603:Milton Margai 13599: 13594: 13592: 13587: 13582: 13581: 13579: 13577: 13573: 13567: 13565: 13560: 13555: 13554: 13552: 13548: 13542: 13537: 13532: 13530: 13525: 13520: 13518: 13513: 13508: 13506: 13501: 13496: 13494: 13489: 13484: 13482: 13477: 13472: 13470: 13465: 13460: 13459: 13457: 13455: 13451: 13448: 13446: 13442: 13436: 13425: 13423: 13412: 13410: 13399: 13397: 13386: 13384: 13373: 13372: 13370: 13368: 13364: 13358: 13357:Georgia Lloyd 13355: 13353: 13350: 13348: 13345: 13343: 13340: 13338: 13335: 13334: 13331: 13330: 13326: 13325: 13320: 13319: 13316: 13311: 13308: 13301: 13296: 13294: 13289: 13287: 13282: 13281: 13278: 13264: 13260: 13256: 13252: 13248: 13244: 13240: 13236: 13232: 13228: 13224: 13220: 13216: 13212: 13208: 13204: 13200: 13196: 13192: 13188: 13184: 13180: 13176: 13172: 13168: 13164: 13160: 13156: 13152: 13148: 13144: 13140: 13136: 13132: 13128: 13124: 13120: 13116: 13112: 13108: 13104: 13100: 13099: 13096: 13092: 13085: 13080: 13078: 13073: 13071: 13066: 13065: 13062: 13050: 13040: 13038: 13033: 13028: 13026: 13018: 13016: 13008: 13007: 13004: 12998: 12995: 12993: 12990: 12988: 12985: 12983: 12980: 12978: 12975: 12973: 12970: 12968: 12965: 12963: 12960: 12958: 12955: 12953: 12950: 12949: 12947: 12943: 12937: 12934: 12932: 12929: 12927: 12924: 12922: 12919: 12918: 12916: 12912: 12906: 12903: 12901: 12898: 12896: 12895:Lion of Judah 12893: 12891: 12890: 12886: 12884: 12881: 12880: 12878: 12874: 12864: 12861: 12859: 12856: 12854: 12853: 12849: 12847: 12844: 12842: 12839: 12837: 12834: 12832: 12829: 12827: 12824: 12822: 12819: 12817: 12814: 12812: 12809: 12807: 12804: 12802: 12799: 12797: 12794: 12792: 12789: 12787: 12784: 12782: 12779: 12777: 12774: 12772: 12771:African Union 12769: 12767: 12764: 12763: 12761: 12757: 12751: 12748: 12746: 12743: 12742: 12740: 12736: 12733: 12731: 12730:Organizations 12727: 12717: 12714: 12712: 12709: 12707: 12704: 12702: 12699: 12697: 12694: 12692: 12691:Burning Spear 12689: 12687: 12686:Walter Rodney 12684: 12682: 12679: 12677: 12674: 12672: 12669: 12667: 12666:Motsoko Pheko 12664: 12662: 12659: 12657: 12654: 12652: 12649: 12647: 12646:Archie Mafeje 12644: 12642: 12639: 12637: 12634: 12632: 12631:Alice Kinloch 12629: 12627: 12624: 12622: 12619: 12617: 12614: 12612: 12609: 12607: 12604: 12602: 12599: 12597: 12594: 12592: 12589: 12587: 12584: 12582: 12579: 12577: 12574: 12572: 12569: 12567: 12564: 12562: 12559: 12557: 12554: 12552: 12549: 12548: 12546: 12542: 12536: 12533: 12531: 12528: 12526: 12523: 12521: 12518: 12516: 12513: 12511: 12508: 12506: 12503: 12501: 12500:Kwame Nkrumah 12498: 12496: 12493: 12491: 12488: 12486: 12485:Robert Mugabe 12483: 12481: 12478: 12476: 12473: 12471: 12468: 12466: 12465:Samora Machel 12463: 12461: 12458: 12456: 12453: 12451: 12450:Jomo Kenyatta 12448: 12446: 12443: 12441: 12438: 12436: 12433: 12431: 12430:Marcus Garvey 12428: 12426: 12423: 12421: 12418: 12416: 12413: 12411: 12408: 12406: 12403: 12401: 12398: 12396: 12393: 12391: 12388: 12387: 12385: 12381: 12378: 12376: 12372: 12362: 12359: 12357: 12356: 12352: 12350: 12349: 12345: 12343: 12342: 12338: 12336: 12333: 12331: 12328: 12327: 12325: 12321: 12315: 12312: 12310: 12307: 12305: 12302: 12300: 12297: 12295: 12292: 12290: 12287: 12285: 12282: 12280: 12277: 12275: 12272: 12270: 12267: 12265: 12262: 12261: 12259: 12255: 12252: 12248: 12244: 12237: 12232: 12230: 12225: 12223: 12218: 12217: 12214: 12202: 12199: 12197: 12194: 12192: 12189: 12187: 12184: 12182: 12179: 12177: 12174: 12172: 12169: 12167: 12164: 12162: 12159: 12157: 12154: 12152: 12149: 12147: 12144: 12142: 12139: 12137: 12134: 12132: 12129: 12127: 12124: 12122: 12119: 12117: 12114: 12112: 12109: 12107: 12104: 12102: 12099: 12097: 12094: 12093: 12091: 12089:African Union 12087: 12081: 12078: 12076: 12073: 12071: 12068: 12066: 12063: 12061: 12058: 12056: 12053: 12051: 12048: 12046: 12043: 12041: 12038: 12036: 12033: 12031: 12028: 12026: 12023: 12021: 12018: 12016: 12013: 12011: 12008: 12006: 12003: 12001: 11998: 11996: 11993: 11991: 11988: 11986: 11983: 11981: 11978: 11976: 11973: 11971: 11968: 11966: 11963: 11961: 11958: 11956: 11953: 11951: 11948: 11946: 11943: 11941: 11938: 11936: 11933: 11931: 11928: 11926: 11923: 11921: 11918: 11916: 11913: 11911: 11908: 11906: 11903: 11901: 11898: 11896: 11893: 11891: 11888: 11886: 11883: 11881: 11878: 11877: 11875: 11873:African Unity 11869: 11865: 11864:African Union 11861: 11854: 11849: 11847: 11842: 11840: 11835: 11834: 11831: 11819: 11816: 11814: 11811: 11809: 11806: 11804: 11801: 11799: 11796: 11795: 11793: 11789: 11783: 11780: 11778: 11775: 11773: 11770: 11768: 11765: 11763: 11760: 11759: 11757: 11751: 11745: 11742: 11740: 11737: 11735: 11732: 11730: 11727: 11726: 11724: 11721: 11714: 11708: 11705: 11703: 11700: 11698: 11695: 11693: 11690: 11689: 11687: 11683: 11677: 11674: 11672: 11669: 11666: 11665: 11663: 11659: 11653: 11650: 11648: 11645: 11643: 11640: 11638: 11635: 11633: 11630: 11628: 11625: 11623: 11620: 11618: 11615: 11613: 11610: 11608: 11605: 11604: 11602: 11598: 11592: 11589: 11587: 11584: 11582: 11579: 11577: 11574: 11573: 11571: 11567: 11561: 11558: 11556: 11553: 11551: 11548: 11547: 11545: 11541: 11535: 11532: 11530: 11527: 11525: 11522: 11520: 11517: 11515: 11512: 11510: 11507: 11506: 11504: 11500: 11496: 11487: 11482: 11480: 11475: 11473: 11468: 11467: 11464: 11453: 11443: 11440: 11438: 11437:John Magufuli 11435: 11433: 11430: 11428: 11425: 11423: 11420: 11418: 11415: 11414: 11408: 11402: 11398: 11391: 11386: 11384: 11379: 11377: 11372: 11371: 11368: 11362: 11355: 11339: 11329: 11328: 11321: 11315: 11310: 11306: 11296: 11295: 11289: 11285: 11281: 11272: 11271: 11264: 11257: 11253: 11243: 11242: 11234: 11228: 11224: 11215: 11214: 11206: 11202: 11197: 11190: 11185: 11181: 11171: 11170: 11161: 11157: 11153: 11144: 11143: 11135: 11126: 11121: 11116: 11109: 11103: 11100: 11098: 11094: 11091: 11087: 11084: 11083: 11082: 11079: 11078: 11067: 11063: 11059: 11055: 11051: 11047: 11046: 11040: 11036: 11032: 11029:(1): 89–108. 11028: 11024: 11023: 11017: 11013: 11009: 11005: 11001: 10997: 10993: 10988: 10984: 10980: 10975: 10970: 10966: 10962: 10958: 10954: 10949: 10945: 10941: 10937: 10933: 10928: 10924: 10920: 10916: 10912: 10908: 10904: 10903: 10897: 10893: 10889: 10885: 10881: 10877: 10873: 10868: 10864: 10860: 10856: 10852: 10848: 10844: 10840: 10836: 10832: 10828: 10821: 10816: 10812: 10808: 10804: 10800: 10796: 10792: 10788: 10784: 10779: 10775: 10771: 10767: 10763: 10759: 10755: 10751: 10747: 10742: 10738: 10734: 10730: 10726: 10722: 10718: 10714: 10710: 10705: 10701: 10697: 10693: 10689: 10685: 10681: 10678:(3): 93–100. 10677: 10673: 10672: 10664: 10659: 10655: 10649: 10645: 10642:. Cambridge: 10641: 10636: 10632: 10628: 10624: 10620: 10616: 10612: 10608: 10604: 10599: 10595: 10591: 10586: 10581: 10577: 10573: 10569: 10565: 10561: 10556: 10555: 10543: 10537: 10533: 10528: 10524: 10522:9780575015104 10518: 10514: 10509: 10505: 10501: 10497: 10493: 10488: 10483: 10479: 10475: 10471: 10467: 10462: 10458: 10454: 10450: 10446: 10442: 10438: 10434: 10430: 10426: 10422: 10418: 10413: 10409: 10405: 10401: 10397: 10393: 10389: 10385: 10381: 10376: 10372: 10366: 10362: 10359:. Cambridge: 10357: 10356: 10349: 10345: 10341: 10337: 10333: 10329: 10325: 10320: 10316: 10310: 10306: 10302: 10297: 10293: 10287: 10283: 10279: 10274: 10270: 10268:0-7453-1941-6 10264: 10260: 10256: 10251: 10247: 10241: 10237: 10232: 10221: 10220: 10215: 10210: 10206: 10200: 10196: 10192: 10187: 10183: 10177: 10173: 10169: 10168: 10162: 10158: 10152: 10148: 10144: 10143: 10137: 10133: 10127: 10123: 10119: 10118: 10112: 10108: 10102: 10098: 10094: 10089: 10085: 10083:9781580465052 10079: 10075: 10071: 10066: 10062: 10060:9780894649110 10056: 10052: 10047: 10043: 10037: 10033: 10029: 10028:Honey, Martha 10025: 10024:Avirgan, Tony 10021: 10020: 10008: 10003: 9995: 9991: 9985: 9978: 9973: 9965: 9958: 9950: 9944: 9929: 9928: 9923: 9916: 9909: 9904: 9897: 9892: 9885: 9880: 9873: 9868: 9866: 9864: 9857:, p. 13. 9856: 9851: 9845:, p. 13. 9844: 9843:Kosukhin 2005 9839: 9832: 9831:Kosukhin 2005 9827: 9820: 9815: 9809:, p. 30. 9808: 9803: 9797:, p. 64. 9796: 9791: 9784: 9779: 9777: 9775: 9768:, p. 79. 9767: 9762: 9755: 9750: 9743: 9742:Assensoh 1998 9738: 9731: 9726: 9719: 9714: 9708:, p. 12. 9707: 9706:Kosukhin 2005 9702: 9700: 9693:, p. 16. 9692: 9691:Assensoh 1998 9687: 9680: 9677:, p. 5; 9676: 9672: 9667: 9661:, p. 53. 9660: 9656: 9651: 9644: 9639: 9624: 9620: 9614: 9598: 9594: 9590: 9584: 9577: 9572: 9570: 9562: 9557: 9555: 9547: 9542: 9535: 9531: 9526: 9519: 9514: 9507: 9502: 9496:, p. 22. 9495: 9490: 9483: 9478: 9471: 9466: 9459: 9454: 9447: 9442: 9436:, p. 60. 9435: 9431: 9427: 9422: 9416:, p. 24. 9415: 9414:Assensoh 1998 9410: 9403: 9398: 9392:, p. 13. 9391: 9386: 9384: 9382: 9374: 9369: 9363:, p. 14. 9362: 9357: 9350: 9345: 9343: 9336:, p. 61. 9335: 9330: 9323: 9318: 9311: 9306: 9300:, p. 25. 9299: 9294: 9288:, p. 31. 9287: 9282: 9275: 9270: 9264:, p. 13. 9263: 9258: 9251: 9246: 9244: 9242: 9234: 9229: 9227: 9225: 9223: 9216:, p. 12. 9215: 9210: 9203: 9198: 9192:, p. 34. 9191: 9186: 9179: 9174: 9172: 9164: 9159: 9152: 9147: 9145: 9137: 9134:, p. 6; 9133: 9128: 9122:, p. 14. 9121: 9116: 9114: 9112: 9104: 9099: 9093:, p. 33. 9092: 9087: 9085: 9077: 9072: 9065: 9060: 9058: 9056: 9049:, p. 74. 9048: 9043: 9036: 9031: 9024: 9019: 9013:, p. 65. 9012: 9007: 9000: 8995: 8989:, p. 73. 8988: 8983: 8976: 8971: 8964: 8959: 8953:, p. 76. 8952: 8947: 8940: 8935: 8928: 8923: 8921: 8919: 8911: 8906: 8899: 8895: 8892:, p. 2; 8891: 8886: 8879: 8874: 8867: 8862: 8856:, p. 77. 8855: 8851: 8846: 8839: 8834: 8832: 8824: 8819: 8812: 8807: 8801:, p. 70. 8800: 8795: 8793: 8786:, p. 71. 8785: 8780: 8778: 8771:, p. 68. 8770: 8765: 8763: 8756:, p. 72. 8755: 8750: 8748: 8740: 8735: 8728: 8723: 8721: 8705: 8701: 8695: 8679: 8675: 8669: 8653: 8649: 8643: 8635: 8629: 8625: 8618: 8611: 8606: 8600:, p. 77. 8599: 8594: 8587: 8582: 8575: 8570: 8563: 8558: 8551: 8546: 8539: 8534: 8527: 8522: 8520: 8512: 8507: 8501:, p. 67. 8500: 8495: 8489:, p. 41. 8488: 8483: 8481: 8473: 8468: 8466: 8458: 8453: 8446: 8442: 8437: 8430: 8425: 8423: 8416:, p. 11. 8415: 8410: 8403: 8398: 8392:, p. 66. 8391: 8386: 8379: 8374: 8367: 8363: 8358: 8352:, p. 20. 8351: 8346: 8340:, p. 32. 8339: 8334: 8332: 8330: 8322: 8317: 8315: 8313: 8305: 8300: 8293: 8288: 8286: 8278: 8274: 8269: 8262: 8257: 8255: 8253: 8246:, p. 29. 8245: 8240: 8233: 8228: 8221: 8217: 8212: 8205: 8200: 8193: 8188: 8182:, p. 10. 8181: 8176: 8174: 8166: 8161: 8154: 8149: 8147: 8145: 8137: 8133: 8128: 8121: 8116: 8109: 8104: 8097: 8092: 8085: 8080: 8073: 8068: 8061: 8056: 8049: 8044: 8042: 8034: 8029: 8027: 8019: 8014: 8012: 8010: 8002: 8001:Assensoh 1998 7997: 7990: 7985: 7983: 7975: 7970: 7963: 7958: 7951: 7946: 7939: 7934: 7927: 7922: 7920: 7912: 7907: 7900: 7895: 7888: 7883: 7876: 7871: 7869: 7861: 7856: 7854: 7846: 7841: 7839: 7837: 7835: 7833: 7825: 7820: 7813: 7808: 7806: 7804: 7796: 7791: 7789: 7787: 7780:, p. 29. 7779: 7778:Assensoh 1998 7774: 7772: 7764: 7759: 7752: 7747: 7740: 7735: 7733: 7725: 7720: 7713: 7708: 7701: 7696: 7689: 7684: 7677: 7672: 7670: 7662: 7657: 7650: 7645: 7638: 7633: 7626: 7622: 7617: 7610: 7605: 7598: 7593: 7586: 7582: 7577: 7570: 7565: 7563: 7555: 7551: 7546: 7540:, p. 37. 7539: 7534: 7527: 7522: 7515: 7511: 7507: 7502: 7496:, p. 96. 7495: 7490: 7484:, p. 96. 7483: 7479: 7474: 7467: 7462: 7460: 7453:, p. 35. 7452: 7447: 7445: 7443: 7435: 7430: 7424:, p. 96. 7423: 7419: 7415: 7410: 7403: 7398: 7391: 7386: 7379: 7374: 7367: 7362: 7355: 7350: 7348: 7340: 7335: 7328: 7323: 7321: 7319: 7312:, p. 84. 7311: 7306: 7300:, p. 83. 7299: 7295: 7290: 7284:, p. 83. 7283: 7278: 7272:, p. 83. 7271: 7267: 7262: 7255: 7250: 7243: 7238: 7236: 7228: 7223: 7217:, p. 99. 7216: 7211: 7209: 7207: 7205: 7198:, p. 24. 7197: 7192: 7185: 7180: 7173: 7168: 7166: 7158: 7153: 7146: 7141: 7139: 7132:, p. 96. 7131: 7127: 7122: 7116:, p. 96. 7115: 7111: 7106: 7100:, p. 93. 7099: 7094: 7092: 7085:, p. 92. 7084: 7079: 7077: 7069: 7064: 7062: 7054: 7049: 7047: 7040:, p. 91. 7039: 7034: 7032: 7030: 7028: 7026: 7024: 7017:, p. 90. 7016: 7011: 7005:, p. 89. 7004: 7000: 6995: 6988: 6983: 6976: 6971: 6964: 6959: 6952: 6947: 6940: 6935: 6933: 6926:, p. 81. 6925: 6921: 6917: 6913: 6908: 6902:, p. 82. 6901: 6896: 6894: 6887:, p. 89. 6886: 6881: 6879: 6871: 6866: 6859: 6854: 6847: 6842: 6840: 6838: 6830: 6825: 6818: 6813: 6807:, p. 85. 6806: 6801: 6799: 6791: 6786: 6784: 6777:, p. 85. 6776: 6772: 6767: 6760: 6755: 6748: 6743: 6736: 6731: 6729: 6721: 6716: 6709: 6704: 6698:, p. 81. 6697: 6694:, p. 4; 6693: 6689: 6684: 6677: 6672: 6670: 6662: 6657: 6650: 6645: 6638: 6633: 6626: 6621: 6614: 6609: 6602: 6597: 6590: 6585: 6578: 6573: 6571: 6564:, p. 80. 6563: 6559: 6554: 6548:, p. 51. 6547: 6543: 6542:Assensoh 1998 6538: 6531: 6526: 6524: 6522: 6514: 6509: 6502: 6497: 6490: 6485: 6479:, p. 24. 6478: 6473: 6466: 6461: 6455:, p. 24. 6454: 6449: 6447: 6445: 6438:, p. 80. 6437: 6433: 6428: 6421: 6416: 6410:, p. 80. 6409: 6405: 6400: 6393: 6388: 6386: 6384: 6377:, p. 80. 6376: 6372: 6367: 6360: 6355: 6353: 6351: 6349: 6341: 6336: 6329: 6324: 6318:, p. 78. 6317: 6313: 6309: 6304: 6298:, p. 78. 6297: 6292: 6285: 6280: 6274:, p. 79. 6273: 6270:, p. 3; 6269: 6264: 6257: 6252: 6250: 6248: 6240: 6235: 6228: 6223: 6217:, p. 74. 6216: 6212: 6207: 6201:, p. 74. 6200: 6196: 6191: 6184: 6179: 6172: 6167: 6161:, p. 97. 6160: 6156: 6151: 6145:, p. 98. 6144: 6140: 6135: 6133: 6125: 6120: 6118: 6110: 6105: 6103: 6095: 6090: 6083: 6078: 6071: 6066: 6060:, p. 70. 6059: 6055: 6050: 6043: 6039: 6034: 6027: 6022: 6015: 6010: 6003: 5998: 5991: 5986: 5979: 5974: 5967: 5962: 5960: 5953:, p. 73. 5952: 5947: 5940: 5935: 5928: 5924: 5919: 5912: 5907: 5900: 5895: 5893: 5891: 5889: 5882:, p. 67. 5881: 5877: 5872: 5866:, p. 67. 5865: 5861: 5856: 5849: 5844: 5837: 5832: 5825: 5820: 5813: 5808: 5801: 5796: 5790:, p. 67. 5789: 5786:, p. 2; 5785: 5781: 5776: 5770:, p. 66. 5769: 5765: 5760: 5753: 5749: 5745: 5740: 5734:, p. 64. 5733: 5729: 5725: 5720: 5714:, p. 66. 5713: 5709: 5704: 5697: 5692: 5690: 5683:, p. 65. 5682: 5678: 5673: 5667:, p. 91. 5666: 5661: 5655:, p. 70. 5654: 5649: 5643:, p. 90. 5642: 5637: 5631:, p. 15. 5630: 5625: 5619:, p. 97. 5618: 5613: 5611: 5604:, p. 89. 5603: 5598: 5596: 5588: 5583: 5576: 5571: 5569: 5562:, p. 62. 5561: 5556: 5554: 5547:, p. 88. 5546: 5541: 5539: 5537: 5535: 5527: 5522: 5516:, p. 81. 5515: 5510: 5504:, p. 23. 5503: 5498: 5491: 5486: 5479: 5474: 5472: 5465:, p. 53. 5464: 5459: 5453:, p. 56. 5452: 5447: 5441:, p. 38. 5440: 5436: 5431: 5425:, p. 61. 5424: 5420: 5415: 5409:, p. 85. 5408: 5403: 5401: 5399: 5392:, p. 54. 5391: 5387: 5382: 5376:, p. 58. 5375: 5371: 5366: 5359: 5354: 5348:, p. 77. 5347: 5342: 5340: 5333:, p. 75. 5332: 5327: 5325: 5318:, p. 76. 5317: 5312: 5310: 5308: 5301:, p. 87. 5300: 5295: 5293: 5286:, p. 38. 5285: 5281: 5276: 5270:, p. 64. 5269: 5265: 5261: 5256: 5250:, p. 74. 5249: 5244: 5237: 5232: 5230: 5222: 5217: 5211:, p. 82. 5210: 5205: 5203: 5196:, p. 86. 5195: 5190: 5183: 5178: 5172:, p. 58. 5171: 5167: 5162: 5156:, p. 58. 5155: 5151: 5146: 5140:, p. 84. 5139: 5134: 5132: 5124: 5119: 5112: 5108: 5103: 5096: 5091: 5085:, p. 74. 5084: 5079: 5073:, p. 73. 5072: 5067: 5065: 5058:, p. 51. 5057: 5052: 5050: 5043:, p. 46. 5042: 5037: 5031:, p. 72. 5030: 5025: 5023: 5021: 5019: 5017: 5015: 5008:, p. 50. 5007: 5002: 5000: 4993:, p. 71. 4992: 4987: 4985: 4983: 4976:, p. 49. 4975: 4971: 4966: 4964: 4956: 4952: 4947: 4940: 4935: 4929:, p. 70. 4928: 4923: 4921: 4913: 4908: 4902:, p. 64. 4901: 4896: 4890:, p. 68. 4889: 4884: 4882: 4875:, p. 66. 4874: 4869: 4863:, p. 46. 4862: 4858: 4853: 4847:, p. 63. 4846: 4841: 4835:, p. 65. 4834: 4829: 4823:, p. 22. 4822: 4817: 4811:, p. 40. 4810: 4806: 4801: 4795:, p. 57. 4794: 4789: 4787: 4780:, p. 40. 4779: 4775: 4770: 4764:, p. 39. 4763: 4758: 4756: 4749:, p. 56. 4748: 4743: 4741: 4734:, p. 40. 4733: 4729: 4724: 4718:, p. 39. 4717: 4713: 4708: 4701: 4696: 4694: 4686: 4682: 4677: 4671:, p. 59. 4670: 4665: 4659:, p. 58. 4658: 4653: 4651: 4649: 4642:, p. 55. 4641: 4636: 4634: 4632: 4625:, p. 39. 4624: 4620: 4616: 4611: 4605:, p. 42. 4604: 4599: 4597: 4590:, p. 54. 4589: 4584: 4582: 4580: 4578: 4571:, p. 44. 4570: 4566: 4562: 4557: 4550: 4545: 4538: 4533: 4527:, p. 39. 4526: 4522: 4518: 4513: 4511: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4490: 4484:, p. 51. 4483: 4478: 4471: 4467: 4462: 4455: 4450: 4444:, p. 38. 4443: 4439: 4434: 4427: 4422: 4415: 4410: 4403: 4398: 4391: 4386: 4379: 4374: 4372: 4364: 4359: 4352: 4347: 4340: 4335: 4328: 4323: 4316: 4311: 4309: 4307: 4299: 4294: 4287: 4282: 4275: 4270: 4263: 4258: 4251: 4246: 4239: 4234: 4227: 4222: 4215: 4210: 4204:, p. 36. 4203: 4199: 4194: 4188:, p. 48. 4187: 4182: 4176:, p. 35. 4175: 4171: 4166: 4160:, p. 93. 4159: 4154: 4148:, p. 87. 4147: 4142: 4136:, p. 34. 4135: 4131: 4127: 4122: 4116:, p. 34. 4115: 4111: 4107: 4102: 4096:, p. 81. 4095: 4090: 4084:, p. 97. 4083: 4079: 4074: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4054: 4047: 4042: 4036:, p. 34. 4035: 4031: 4026: 4019: 4014: 4008:, p. 81. 4007: 4003: 3998: 3992:, p. 86. 3991: 3986: 3980:, p. 33. 3979: 3975: 3971: 3966: 3960:, p. 79. 3959: 3955: 3950: 3943: 3939: 3934: 3927: 3922: 3916:, p. 32. 3915: 3911: 3907: 3902: 3896:, p. 32. 3895: 3891: 3886: 3880:, p. 72. 3879: 3874: 3872: 3865:, p. 33. 3864: 3860: 3855: 3849:, p. 33. 3848: 3844: 3839: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3823:Assensoh 1998 3820: 3815: 3809:, p. 75. 3808: 3803: 3801: 3799: 3792:, p. 66. 3791: 3786: 3784: 3776: 3771: 3765:, p. 64. 3764: 3759: 3753:, p. 63. 3752: 3747: 3741:, p. 32. 3740: 3736: 3732: 3731:Assensoh 1998 3728: 3723: 3717:, p. 45. 3716: 3711: 3705:, p. 32. 3704: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3687: 3681:, p. 32. 3680: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3667:Assensoh 1998 3663: 3657:, p. 36. 3656: 3651: 3645:, p. 32. 3644: 3640: 3636: 3635:Assensoh 1998 3631: 3625:, p. 31. 3624: 3620: 3615: 3609:, p. 57. 3608: 3604: 3599: 3593:, p. 31. 3592: 3588: 3584: 3579: 3573:, p. 57. 3572: 3567: 3560: 3559:Assensoh 1998 3556: 3551: 3544: 3539: 3533:, p. 31. 3532: 3528: 3524: 3523:Assensoh 1998 3520: 3515: 3509:, p. 53. 3508: 3503: 3497:, p. 30. 3496: 3492: 3487: 3481:, p. 52. 3480: 3475: 3469:, p. 28. 3468: 3464: 3460: 3455: 3449:, p. 47. 3448: 3443: 3437:, p. 46. 3436: 3431: 3425:, p. 30. 3424: 3420: 3415: 3409:, p. 45. 3408: 3403: 3397:, p. 29. 3396: 3392: 3388: 3387:Assensoh 1998 3384: 3379: 3373:, p. 35. 3372: 3367: 3361:, p. 39. 3360: 3355: 3349:, p. 41. 3348: 3343: 3337:, p. 28. 3336: 3332: 3327: 3321:, p. 28. 3320: 3316: 3312: 3311:Assensoh 1998 3307: 3300: 3295: 3289:, p. 38. 3288: 3283: 3281: 3274:, p. 12. 3273: 3268: 3266: 3258: 3257:Assensoh 1998 3253: 3251: 3244:, p. 13. 3243: 3238: 3232:, p. 40. 3231: 3226: 3220:, p. 27. 3219: 3215: 3210: 3203: 3198: 3192:, p. 33. 3191: 3186: 3180:, p. 32. 3179: 3174: 3172: 3165:, p. 12. 3164: 3160: 3155: 3148: 3143: 3137:, p. 27. 3136: 3132: 3128: 3123: 3107: 3103: 3102: 3097: 3091: 3087: 3071: 3067: 3052: 3049: 3047: 3044: 3042: 3039: 3038: 3032: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3012: 3008: 3006: 3005:authoritarian 3001: 2995: 2993: 2989: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2963: 2956: 2952: 2947: 2943: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2923: 2919: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2898: 2895: 2888: 2877: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2849: 2845: 2842: 2837: 2833: 2828: 2826: 2822: 2821: 2816: 2815: 2814:Julius Caesar 2810: 2805: 2803: 2802: 2797: 2796: 2790: 2785: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2766: 2760: 2758: 2757:economy class 2751: 2745: 2734: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2707: 2704: 2699: 2693: 2691: 2679: 2677: 2672: 2670: 2664: 2662: 2657: 2651: 2645: 2639: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2616: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2594: 2591: 2587: 2578: 2573: 2571:— Pratt, 2000 2567: 2556: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2541: 2539: 2538:Immanuel Kant 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2518: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2501: 2496: 2493: 2489: 2484: 2474: 2470: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2454: 2452: 2448: 2438: 2429: 2427: 2423: 2412: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2392: 2390: 2386: 2385:Carter Center 2382: 2378: 2373: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2353: 2344: 2342: 2338: 2333: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2318: 2314: 2308: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2293: 2292:Deng Xiaoping 2289: 2285: 2284: 2279: 2278: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2259: 2257: 2253: 2243: 2234: 2232: 2228: 2223: 2221: 2217: 2207: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2191: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2167: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2137: 2133: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2113: 2109: 2099: 2097: 2093: 2092:Robert Mugabe 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2071: 2069: 2064: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2045: 2041: 2036: 2032: 2029: 2024: 2018: 2016: 2012: 2007: 2002: 2000: 1991: 1988:Nyerere with 1986: 1982: 1978: 1976: 1975:villagization 1967: 1958: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1942: 1939: 1932: 1926: 1920: 1917: 1911: 1907: 1905: 1901: 1893: 1888: 1879: 1877: 1876:Moise Tshombe 1873: 1869: 1865: 1859: 1857: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1835: 1831: 1829: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1807:Not Yet Uhuru 1804: 1800: 1794: 1792: 1787: 1783: 1774: 1765: 1763: 1757: 1755: 1745: 1743: 1737: 1734: 1727: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1711: 1702: 1688: 1686: 1685:Nigerian Army 1681: 1678: 1677:Royal Marines 1671: 1665: 1660: 1657: 1653: 1652:Oscar Kambona 1643: 1637:Facing mutiny 1634: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1610: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1595:Jomo Kenyatta 1592: 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F. Powell 14037:John Collins 13952:Lewis Silkin 13832:Gerhard Jahn 13772:Akira Kazami 13701:Shinzo Hamai 13504: 13422:Sierra Leone 13347:Philip Isely 13322: 13187:Desmond Tutu 13171:Václav Havel 13143:Grameen Bank 13102: 12887: 12850: 12676:Paul Robeson 12601:Frantz Fanon 12576:Aimé Césaire 12504: 12445:Modibo Keïta 12390:Dennis Akumu 12353: 12346: 12339: 12274:Afrocentrism 11989: 11647:Bashiru Ally 11508: 11442:Samia Suluhu 11416: 11325: 11292: 11287: 11268: 11239: 11233:Elizabeth II 11211: 11201:Abeid Karume 11194:Himself (as 11165:Chairman of 11164: 11159: 11139: 11049: 11043: 11026: 11020: 10995: 10991: 10956: 10952: 10935: 10931: 10909:(2): 60–84. 10906: 10900: 10878:(1): 18–33. 10875: 10871: 10830: 10826: 10786: 10782: 10749: 10745: 10712: 10708: 10675: 10669: 10639: 10609:(1): 17–31. 10606: 10602: 10567: 10563: 10531: 10512: 10469: 10465: 10424: 10420: 10383: 10379: 10354: 10330:(4): 29–45. 10327: 10324:Africa Today 10323: 10300: 10277: 10254: 10235: 10223:. 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Quaye 13454:Presidents 13383:Costa Rica 13342:Thane Read 13263:Gita Press 12651:Ali Mazrui 12561:Steve Biko 12375:Proponents 12186:Tshisekedi 12151:Abdel Aziz 12065:Bouteflika 11910:Boumédiène 11734:J. Makamba 11667:Aisha Juma 11632:Y. Makamba 11331:1984–1985 11298:1960–1961 11274:1961–1962 11245:1962–1964 11235:(as Queen) 11217:1964–1985 11173:1954–1977 11146:1977–1990 10280:. 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