65:
253:
3258:
305:
are characterized by cell-in-cell state, where the secondary (daughter) cells develop in the mother (primary) cells. The presporogonic stages multiply, migrate via nervous or circulatory systems, and develop into sporogonic stages. At the final site of infection, they produce mature spores within
424:, which were referred to as "polar capsules" before the discovery that myxozoans are cnidarians. These cnidocysts fire tubules as in other cnidarians; some inject substances into the host. However, the tubules lack hooks or barbs, and in some species are more elastic than in other cnidarians.
42:
301:. After mature actinospores are released from their hosts they float in the water column. Upon contact with skin or gills of fish, sporoplasms penetrate through the epithelium, followed by development of the myxosporean stage. Myxosporean
321:
hosts can be extremely long-lasting, potentially persisting for the lifetime of the host. However, an increasing number of myxosporeans have become pathogens with significant impact to the commercial fish industry, largely as a result of
172:. It contains the smallest animals ever known to have lived. Over 2,180 species have been described and some estimates have suggested at least 30,000 undiscovered species. Many have a two-host lifecycle, involving a
296:
to penetrate into the epithelium. Subsequently, the parasite undergoes reproduction and development in the gut tissue, and finally produces usually eight actinosporean spore stages (actinospores) within a
543:
up to 2 mm in length, is a myxozoan initially appeared to strengthen the case for a bilaterian origin, as the body plan is superficially similar. Nevertheless, closer examination reveals that
191:
usually ranges from 10 ÎĽm to 20 ÎĽm, whereas that of a malacosporean (a subclade of the
Myxozoa) spore can be up to 2 mm. Myxozoans can live in both freshwater and marine habitats.
578:, the respective hosts of the two corresponding Myxozoa samples. This explained the confusion: the original experiments had used samples contaminated by tissue from host organisms, leading to
455:, spore valve contractions, amoeboid movements, and rapidly creating and reabsorbing folds on the cell membrane. Myxozoans do not undergo embryogenesis during development and have lost true
636:
Myxozoan taxonomy has undergone great and important changes in its levels of generic, family and suborder classification. Fiala et al. (2015) proposed a new classification based on spores.
288:, an extrudable organelle used for recognition, contact and infiltration. Myxospores are ingested by annelids, in which the polar filaments extrude to anchor the spore to the gut
3097:
Kent M. L.; Margolis L.; Corliss J.O. (1994). "The demise of a class of protists: taxonomic and nomenclatural revisions proposed for the protist phylum
Myxozoa Grasse, 1970".
382:
1765:
Myxobolus, Spirosuturia, Unicauda, Dicauda, Phlogospora, Laterocaudata, Henneguya, Hennegoides, Tetrauronema, Thelohanellus, Neothelohanellus, Neohenneguya, Trigonosporus
326:
bringing new species into contact with myxosporeans to which they had not been previously exposed, and to which they are highly susceptible. The economic impact of such
2737:
Yahalomi, Dayana; Atkinson, Stephen D.; Neuhof, Moran; Chang, E. Sally; Philippe, Hervé; Cartwright, Paulyn; Bartholomew, Jerri L.; Huchon, Dorothée (10 March 2020).
396:
260:
Only about 100 life cycles have been resolved and it is suspected that there may be some exclusively terrestrial. The mechanism of infection occurs through
386:
317:
Relationships between myxosporeans and their hosts are often highly evolved and do not usually result in severe diseases of the natural host. Infection in
1076:
1012:
930:
866:
679:
307:
273:
1242:
952:
277:
518:. Detailed classification within the metazoa was however long hindered by conflicting rDNA evidence: although 18S rDNA suggested an affinity with
3486:
2743:
2226:
2153:
844:
368:
2318:
Bartholomew, J.L.; Atkinson S.D.; Hallett, S.L.; Lowenstine, L.J.; Garner, M.M.; Gardiner, C.H.; Rideout, B.A.; Keel, M.K.; Brown, J.D. (2008).
2147:
Chang, E. Sally; Neuhof, Moran; Rubinstein, Nimrod D.; Diamant, Arik; Philippe, Hervé; Huchon, Dorothée; Cartwright, Paulyn (1 December 2015).
1080:
1068:
1040:
948:
926:
792:
459:. Instead, they reproduce via multicellular spores. These spores contain the polar capsules, which are not typically present in somatic cells.
298:
3512:
2824:
1156:
1052:
1016:
1004:
1000:
960:
900:
896:
730:
261:
1142:
1138:
1020:
996:
862:
826:
778:
738:
302:
269:
265:
1228:
1208:
1112:
1028:
956:
892:
2216:
Yahalomi, D.; Atkinson, S.D.; Neuhof, M.; Chang, E.S.; Philippe, H.; Cartwright, P.; Bartholomew, J.L.; Huchon, D. (24 February 2020).
1008:
782:
3460:
1024:
734:
3499:
2519:. Vol. 1: Introduction, non–bilateria, acoelomorpha, xenoturbellida, chaetognatha. Springer Verlag Wien. pp. 165–177.
3150:
2654:
2532:
2487:
3504:
2024:
2680:"New cell motility model observed in parasitic cnidarian Sphaerospora molnari (Myxozoa:Myxosporea) blood stages in fish"
3210:
1991:
557:
Further testing resolved the genetic conundrum by sourcing the first three previously identified discrepant HOX genes (
237:
Myxozoans are endoparasitic animals exhibiting complex life cycles that, in most of the documented cases, involve an
451:. Those who have lost their muscles move around inside the host using other forms of locomotion, such as the use of
3551:
3517:
2678:
Hartigan, A.; Estensoro, I.; Vancová, M.; BĂlĂ˝, T.; Patra, S.; Eszterbauer, E.; Holzer, A. S. (16 December 2016).
241:, usually a fish, but in rare cases amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals; and a definitive host, usually an
2937:, and the origin of the Bilateria: The phylogenetic position of "Endocnidozoa" in light of the rediscovery of
2840:
Smothers, J.F.; et al. (September 1994). "Molecular evidence that the myxozoan protists are metazoans".
345:
337:
The diseases caused by myxosporeas in cultured fish with the most significant economic impact worldwide are
1509:
Sinuolinea, Myxodavisia, Myxoproteus, Bipteria, Paramyxoproteus, Neobipteria, Schulmania, Noblea, Latyspora
491:; it was the first animal to be positively identified as such. Its actual metabolism is currently unknown.
338:
3411:
2465:
2041:
2008:
2414:
Székely, Csaba; Cech,Gábor; Atkinson, Stephen D.; Kálmán Molnár; Egyed, László; Gubányi, András (2015).
2036:
2003:
3556:
2064:
535:
195:
2637:
Canning, Elizabeth U.; Okamura, Beth (1 January 2003). "Biodiversity and
Evolution of the Myxozoa".
64:
1200:
17:
2984:
C. L. Anderson, E. U. Canning & B. Okamura (March 1999). "A triploblast origin for
Myxozoa?".
3584:
311:
217:– sometimes only a single cell . As myxozoans evolved into microscopic parasites, they lost many
229:. The genomes of some myxozoans are now among the smallest genomes of any known animal species.
3543:
3351:
3203:
2359:"The first finding of myxosporean development from plasmodia to spores in terrestrial mammals:
436:
2597:"Light and electron microscopic observations on the route of the triactinomyxon-sporoplasm of
3538:
3306:
2415:
2285:
606:
3530:
2806:Ĺ tolc, A. (1899). "Actinomyxidies, nouveau groupe de Mesozoaires parent des Myxosporidies".
3447:
3398:
3055:
2995:
2950:
2851:
2752:
2691:
2317:
2235:
2162:
2078:
599:
484:
358:
51:
3491:
2910:
2889:
8:
2413:
488:
476:
226:
3059:
2999:
2954:
2855:
2756:
2695:
2466:
Hallett, Sascha L.; Bartholomew, Jerri L.; Atkinson, Stephen D.; Székely, Csaba (2015).
2239:
2166:
2082:
3079:
3019:
2966:
2962:
2783:
2738:
2714:
2679:
2620:
2493:
2396:
2258:
2217:
2193:
2148:
2110:
1973:
594:
as their closest relatives. Similarities between myxozoan polar capsules and cnidarian
566:
468:
268:, which are the real infectious agent, surrounded by a layer of flattened cells called
59:
2646:
2573:
3525:
3434:
3389:
3196:
3146:
3130:
3071:
3046:
3011:
2970:
2915:
2867:
2842:
2788:
2770:
2719:
2660:
2650:
2596:
2577:
2528:
2512:
2483:
2467:
2448:
2388:
2339:
2300:
2263:
2198:
2180:
2102:
2094:
2069:
238:
210:
2549:
2497:
2400:
2114:
3579:
3138:
3106:
3083:
3063:
3023:
3003:
2986:
2958:
2905:
2859:
2778:
2760:
2709:
2699:
2642:
2616:
2569:
2520:
2475:
2438:
2378:
2331:
2319:
2253:
2243:
2188:
2170:
2086:
722:
372:
351:
2739:"A cnidarian parasite of salmon (Myxozoa: Henneguya) lacks a mitochondrial genome"
2356:
2335:
2046:
2013:
1182:
908:
582:
for a position among the
Bilateria. More careful cloning of 50 coding genes from
3439:
3403:
3142:
2524:
2479:
3416:
2090:
1216:
1102:
810:
598:
had been drawn for a long time, but were generally assumed to be the result of
579:
464:
432:
285:
222:
214:
150:
2983:
3573:
3374:
3298:
3274:
2774:
2304:
2184:
2098:
2032:
1999:
1130:
1120:
1084:
1072:
1056:
978:
918:
756:
718:
708:
700:
575:
281:
3067:
2863:
2765:
2550:"Light and electron microscopic studies on the chronological development of
2248:
2175:
2129:
3329:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3075:
2919:
2792:
2723:
2664:
2452:
2392:
2343:
2267:
2202:
2106:
2063:
Atkinson, Stephen D.; Bartholomew, Jerri L.; Lotan, Tamar (1 August 2018).
1094:
968:
800:
660:
617:
481:
448:
342:
132:
3188:
3015:
2871:
2581:
2149:"Genomic insights into the evolutionary origin of Myxozoa within Cnidaria"
550:
longitudinal symmetry is not twofold, but fourfold, casting doubt on this
3473:
3426:
3383:
2443:
2383:
2358:
1160:
1064:
986:
888:
884:
836:
774:
766:
687:
616:
Molecular clocks suggest that myxozoans and their closest relatives, the
402:
323:
293:
586:
firmly established the clade as severely modified members of the phylum
463:
are not involved in the nuclear division of myxozoans. Cell division by
334:
rates are high; they may also have a severe impact on wild fish stocks.
264:
that have many forms, but their main morphology is the same: one or two
3334:
2594:
1457:
Myxidium, Zschokkella, Enteromyxum, Sigmomyxa, Soricimyxum, Cystodiscus
1164:
1152:
944:
854:
822:
748:
610:
595:
551:
428:
355:
331:
289:
276:. Integrated into the layer of valve cells are two to four specialized
252:
185:
127:
3478:
3129:
Fiala, Ivan; Bartošová-Sojková, Pavla; Whipps, Christopher M. (2015).
2704:
2065:"Myxozoans: Ancient metazoan parasites find a home in phylum Cnidaria"
3290:
3266:
2286:"An overview on the myxosporean parasites in amphibians and reptiles"
1060:
1036:
870:
818:
625:
621:
591:
527:
508:
460:
452:
421:
246:
206:
202:
146:
76:
3345:
3133:. In Okamura, Beth; Gruhl, Alexander; Bartholomew, Jerri L. (eds.).
3110:
111:
3368:
3282:
3229:
3220:
1172:
1044:
934:
880:
587:
562:
540:
523:
519:
504:
500:
378:
364:
327:
198:
169:
162:
96:
3465:
3007:
2416:"A novel myxozoan parasite of terrestrial mammals: Description of
605:
Taxonomists now recognize the outdated subgroup
Actinosporea as a
3452:
3169:
3096:
1048:
515:
392:
242:
181:
177:
1483:
Ortholinea, Neomyxobolus, Cardimyxobolus, Triangula, Kentmoseria
2357:
Prunescu, Carol-Constantin; Prunescu, Paula; Lom, Jiřà (2007).
1204:
456:
444:
440:
165:
86:
41:
503:, and were included among other non-motile forms in the group
2827:
A phylogenetic classification of organisms other than animals
2547:
2025:
1992:
1190:
188:
3128:
2677:
2146:
414:
3257:
2736:
2215:
318:
218:
173:
3181:
511:
221:
responsible for multicellular development, coordination,
2932:
2062:
526:
genes of two species, were more similar to those of the
413:
Myxozoans are very small animals, typically 10–300
280:
cells (in a few cases, one or even 15), each carrying a
272:, which can secrete a layer protective coating and form
2474:. Springer International Publishing. pp. 125–138.
2470:. In Okamura, B.; Gruhl, A.; Bartholomew, J.L. (eds.).
3137:. Springer International Publishing. pp. 85–110.
2595:
el
Matbouli, M.; Hoffmann, R.W.; Mandok, C. (1995).
507:. As their distinct nature became clear through 18S
2517:
Evolutionary developmental biology of invertebrates
2136:(under construction). The Tree of Life Web Project.
3124:
3122:
3120:
2933:J. Zrzavy & V. Hypsa (April 2003). "Myxozoa,
2641:. Vol. 56. Academic Press. pp. 43–131.
3571:
1560:Ceratomyxa, Meglitschia, Ellipsomyxa, Ceratonova
3117:
3039:
2744:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2283:
2227:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2154:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
447:, though these are retained in some members of
2839:
2636:
514:(rDNA) sequencing, they were relocated in the
3204:
3131:"Classification and Phylogenetics of Myxozoa"
2887:
157:"slime" or "mucus" + thematic vowel o + ζῷον
3135:Myxozoan Evolution, Ecology, and Development
2472:Myxozoan Evolution, Ecology, and Development
3218:
3040:E. JĂmenez-Guri; et al. (July 2007). "
2279:
2277:
2127:
1942: . . .
499:Myxozoans were originally considered to be
232:
3211:
3197:
2888:A.S. Monteiro; et al. (1 June 2002).
2218:"A cnidarian parasite of salmon (Myxozoa:
209:-like creature into their current form of
40:
2909:
2805:
2782:
2764:
2713:
2703:
2442:
2382:
2257:
2247:
2192:
2174:
620:, shared their last common ancestor with
292:. Opening of the shell valves allows the
2548:el Matbouli, M.; Hoffmann, R.W. (1998).
2274:
624:about 600 million years ago, during the
251:
2883:
2881:
1716:Parvicapsula, Neoparvicapsula, Gadimyxa
14:
3572:
2562:International Journal for Parasitology
2324:International Journal for Parasitology
1690:Alatospora, Pseudalatospora, Renispora
467:is rare, and cells divide instead via
385:(or “hamburger disease”) is caused by
205:from a free swimming, self-sufficient
3350:
3349:
3192:
3035:
3033:
2911:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a004155
2632:
2630:
2510:
2878:
2058:
2056:
2054:
161:"animal") is a subphylum of aquatic
2601:from epidermis into rainbow trout (
2420:sp. n. (Myxosporea) in pygmy shrew
420:Like other cnidarians they possess
24:
3030:
2963:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2003.tb00305.x
2627:
2621:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1995.tb01397.x
2468:"Myxozoans exploiting homeotherms"
2320:"Myxozoan parasitism in waterfowl"
25:
3596:
3162:
2051:
1664:Coccomyxa, Auerbachia, Globospora
1638:Chloromyxum, Caudomyxum, Agarella
3256:
1226: Genus:
1198: Genus:
1188: Genus:
1150: Genus:
1136: Genus:
1110: Genus:
1034: Genus:
994: Genus:
942: Genus:
924: Genus:
878: Genus:
860: Genus:
834: Genus:
816: Genus:
772: Genus:
728: Genus:
716: Genus:
494:
427:Myxozoans have secondarily lost
330:can be severe, especially where
63:
3090:
2977:
2926:
2833:
2818:
2799:
2730:
2671:
2588:
2541:
2515:. In Wanninger, Andreas (ed.).
2504:
2459:
2407:
2222:) lacks a mitochondrial genome"
1938:
1612:Myxobilatus, Acauda, Hoferellus
1586:Sphaerospora, Wardia, Palliatus
1342:Buddenbrockia, Tetracapsuloides
3182:"Myxozoan researchers network"
2808:Bull. Int. l'Acad. Sci. Bohème
2554:to the actinosporean stage in
2363:gen. et sp. n. (Myxozoa) from
2350:
2311:
2209:
2140:
2121:
2018:
1985:
1934:
522:, other rDNA sampled, and the
13:
1:
2647:10.1016/S0065-308X(03)56002-X
2574:10.1016/s0020-7519(97)00176-8
1979:
201:that have undergone dramatic
27:Subphylum of marine parasites
2336:10.1016/j.ijpara.2008.01.008
2128:Fiala, Ivan (10 July 2008).
339:proliferative kidney disease
7:
3143:10.1007/978-3-319-14753-6_5
3099:Canadian Journal of Zoology
2890:"Orphan worm finds a home:
2525:10.1007/978-3-7091-1862-7_7
2480:10.1007/978-3-319-14753-6_7
1967:
631:
487:, and thus be incapable of
225:, and even, in some cases,
10:
3601:
2513:"Chapter 7 - Myxozoa"
2091:10.1016/j.zool.2018.06.005
2026:
1993:
539:, a worm-like parasite of
408:
383:proliferative gill disease
3358:
3320:
3265:
3254:
3228:
2511:Gruhl, Alexander (2015).
1940:
1884:
1866:
1841:
1816:
1802:
1758:
1744:
1709:
1683:
1657:
1631:
1605:
1579:
1553:
1528:
1502:
1476:
1450:
1425:
1411:
1397:
1383:
1336:
1322:
1308:
1290:
1280: Subphylum:
1272:
1235:
649:
641:
536:Buddenbrockia plumatellae
124:
119:
60:Scientific classification
58:
48:
39:
34:
2639:Advances in Parasitology
2284:Eiras, Jorge C. (2005).
233:Life cycle and pathology
184:. The average size of a
49:Triactinomyxon stage of
3068:10.1126/science.1142024
2864:10.1126/science.8085160
2825:Edwin Lanfranco, 2007,
2766:10.1073/pnas.1909907117
2609:Journal of Fish Biology
2249:10.1073/pnas.1909907117
2176:10.1073/pnas.1511468112
2042:A Greek–English Lexicon
2009:A Greek–English Lexicon
363:; both diseases affect
223:cell–cell communication
3044:is a cnidarian worm".
1822:Trilospora, Unicapsula
1262: Phylum:
474:In 2020, the myxozoan
257:
3539:Paleobiology Database
2033:Liddell, Henry George
2000:Liddell, Henry George
1936:other Cnidarians
1373: Class:
1298: Class:
1214: Family:
1180: Family:
1170: Family:
1128: Family:
1118: Family:
1092: Family:
984: Family:
976: Family:
916: Family:
906: Family:
852: Family:
842: Family:
808: Family:
798: Family:
754: Family:
706: Family:
698: Family:
477:Henneguya salminicola
255:
213:composed of very few
194:Myxozoans are highly
2599:Myxobolus cerebralis
2552:Myxobolus cerebralis
2444:10.14411/fp.2015.045
2431:Folia Parasitologica
2384:10.14411/fp.2007.022
2371:Folia Parasitologica
600:convergent evolution
480:was found to lack a
401:infections occur in
347:T. bryosalmonae
341:(PKD) caused by the
52:Myxobolus cerebralis
3301:(stalked jellyfish)
3060:2007Sci...317..116J
3000:1998Natur.392..346A
2955:2002clad.book.....S
2856:1994Sci...265.1719S
2850:(5179): 1719–1721.
2757:2020PNAS..117.5358Y
2696:2016NatSR...639093H
2603:Oncorhynchus mykiss
2293:Acta Parasitologica
2240:2020PNAS..117.5358Y
2167:2015PNAS..11214912C
2161:(48): 14912–14917.
2083:2018Zool..129...66A
1239:in Multivalvulida:
533:The discovery that
489:aerobic respiration
377:in cultured marine
306:mono- or di-sporic
256:Myxozoan life cycle
227:aerobic respiration
2684:Scientific Reports
2418:Soricimyxum minuti
2361:Soricimyxum fegati
1974:Smallest organisms
1860:
1835:
1810:
1796:
1752:
1738:
1703:
1677:
1651:
1625:
1599:
1573:
1547:
1522:
1496:
1470:
1444:
1419:
1405:
1391:
1330:
1316:
567:Cristatella mucedo
360:M. cerebralis
284:containing coiled
258:
211:obligate parasites
3567:
3566:
3526:Open Tree of Life
3352:Taxon identifiers
3343:
3342:
3152:978-3-319-14752-9
2994:(6674): 346–347.
2751:(10): 5358–5363.
2705:10.1038/srep39093
2656:978-0-12-031756-1
2534:978-3-7091-1861-0
2489:978-3-319-14752-9
2330:(10): 1199–1207.
2234:(10): 5358–5363.
1964:
1963:
1955:
1954:
1946:
1924:
1923:
1915:
1914:
1906:
1905:
1784:
1783:
1775:
1774:
1726:
1725:
1361:
1360:
1352:
1351:
1250:
1249:
966: Suborder:
790: Suborder:
310:, or poly-sporic
239:intermediate host
140:
139:
115:
16:(Redirected from
3592:
3560:
3559:
3547:
3546:
3534:
3533:
3521:
3520:
3508:
3507:
3495:
3494:
3482:
3481:
3469:
3468:
3456:
3455:
3443:
3442:
3430:
3429:
3420:
3419:
3407:
3406:
3394:
3393:
3392:
3379:
3378:
3377:
3347:
3346:
3311:
3302:
3294:
3293:(true jellyfish)
3286:
3278:
3260:
3213:
3206:
3199:
3190:
3189:
3185:
3177:
3157:
3156:
3126:
3115:
3114:
3094:
3088:
3087:
3054:(116): 116–118.
3037:
3028:
3027:
2981:
2975:
2974:
2930:
2924:
2923:
2913:
2885:
2876:
2875:
2837:
2831:
2822:
2816:
2815:
2803:
2797:
2796:
2786:
2768:
2734:
2728:
2727:
2717:
2707:
2675:
2669:
2668:
2634:
2625:
2624:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2446:
2428:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2386:
2354:
2348:
2347:
2315:
2309:
2308:
2290:
2281:
2272:
2271:
2261:
2251:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2196:
2178:
2144:
2138:
2137:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2060:
2049:
2029:
2028:
2022:
2016:
1996:
1995:
1989:
1943:
1892:
1805:
1804:
1747:
1746:
1414:
1413:
1400:
1399:
1386:
1385:
1380:
1325:
1324:
1311:
1310:
1305:
1293:
1292:
1287:
1275:
1274:
1269:
1253:
1252:
1077:Neothelohanellus
723:Tetracapsuloides
639:
638:
570:and the fourth (
549:
398:S. renicola
352:whirling disease
274:float appendages
110:
68:
67:
44:
32:
31:
21:
3600:
3599:
3595:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3590:
3589:
3570:
3569:
3568:
3563:
3555:
3550:
3542:
3537:
3529:
3524:
3516:
3511:
3503:
3498:
3490:
3485:
3477:
3472:
3464:
3459:
3451:
3446:
3438:
3433:
3425:
3423:
3415:
3410:
3402:
3397:
3388:
3387:
3382:
3373:
3372:
3367:
3354:
3344:
3339:
3316:
3309:
3300:
3292:
3284:
3277:(box jellyfish)
3276:
3261:
3252:
3224:
3217:
3180:
3168:
3165:
3160:
3153:
3127:
3118:
3111:10.1139/z94-126
3095:
3091:
3038:
3031:
2982:
2978:
2931:
2927:
2898:Mol. Biol. Evol
2886:
2879:
2838:
2834:
2823:
2819:
2804:
2800:
2735:
2731:
2676:
2672:
2657:
2635:
2628:
2593:
2589:
2556:Tubifex tubifex
2546:
2542:
2535:
2509:
2505:
2490:
2464:
2460:
2426:
2412:
2408:
2367:(Soricomorpha)"
2355:
2351:
2316:
2312:
2288:
2282:
2275:
2214:
2210:
2145:
2141:
2126:
2122:
2061:
2052:
2047:Perseus Project
2023:
2019:
2014:Perseus Project
1990:
1986:
1982:
1970:
1965:
1956:
1944:
1925:
1916:
1907:
1886:
1859:
1834:
1809:
1795:
1785:
1776:
1763:
1751:
1737:
1727:
1714:
1705:Parvicapsulidae
1702:
1688:
1676:
1662:
1650:
1636:
1624:
1610:
1598:
1584:
1575:Sphaerosporidae
1572:
1558:
1546:
1521:
1507:
1495:
1481:
1469:
1455:
1443:
1418:
1404:
1390:
1381:
1374:
1372:
1362:
1353:
1329:
1318:Malacovalvulida
1315:
1306:
1299:
1297:
1288:
1281:
1279:
1270:
1263:
1261:
1260:
1259:
1183:Sphaerosporidae
1013:Paramyxoproteus
931:Neoparvicapsula
909:Parvicapsulidae
867:Pseudalatospora
680:Malacovalvulida
634:
580:false positives
547:
497:
411:
308:pseudoplasmodia
286:polar filaments
235:
168:– all obligate
109:
62:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3598:
3588:
3587:
3585:Animal classes
3582:
3565:
3564:
3562:
3561:
3548:
3535:
3522:
3509:
3496:
3483:
3470:
3457:
3444:
3431:
3421:
3408:
3395:
3380:
3364:
3362:
3356:
3355:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3337:
3332:
3326:
3324:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3314:
3304:
3296:
3288:
3280:
3271:
3269:
3263:
3262:
3255:
3253:
3251:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3234:
3232:
3226:
3225:
3216:
3215:
3208:
3201:
3193:
3187:
3186:
3178:
3164:
3163:External links
3161:
3159:
3158:
3151:
3116:
3105:(5): 932–937.
3089:
3029:
2976:
2949:(2): 164–169.
2925:
2894:is a Myxozoan"
2877:
2832:
2817:
2798:
2729:
2670:
2655:
2626:
2615:(6): 919–935.
2587:
2568:(1): 195–217.
2540:
2533:
2503:
2488:
2458:
2406:
2377:(3): 159–164.
2349:
2310:
2299:(4): 267–275.
2273:
2208:
2139:
2120:
2050:
2017:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1976:
1969:
1966:
1962:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1939:
1931:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1913:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1904:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1895:Trilosporoides
1893:
1889:incertae sedis
1883:
1880:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1865:
1862:Spinavaculidae
1855:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1840:
1830:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1815:
1803:
1801:
1798:Multivalvulida
1791:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1782:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1773:
1772:
1769:
1768:
1757:
1745:
1743:
1733:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1724:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1708:
1698:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1682:
1672:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1656:
1646:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1630:
1620:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1604:
1594:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1578:
1568:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1552:
1542:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1527:
1517:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1501:
1491:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1475:
1465:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1449:
1439:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1424:
1421:Sphaeromyxidae
1412:
1410:
1398:
1396:
1384:
1382:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1350:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1335:
1323:
1321:
1309:
1307:
1296:
1291:
1289:
1278:
1273:
1271:
1257:
1256:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1243:Trilosporoides
1237:Incertae sedis
1233:
1232:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1217:Spinavaculidae
1212:
1195:
1194:
1186:
1177:
1176:
1168:
1147:
1146:
1134:
1125:
1124:
1116:
1107:
1106:
1103:Multivalvulida
1098:
1089:
1088:
1032:
991:
990:
982:
973:
972:
964:
953:Cardimyxobolus
939:
938:
922:
913:
912:
904:
875:
874:
858:
849:
848:
840:
831:
830:
814:
811:Sphaeromyxidae
805:
804:
796:
787:
786:
770:
761:
760:
752:
743:
742:
726:
713:
712:
704:
695:
694:
683:
674:
673:
664:
655:
654:
647:
646:
633:
630:
496:
493:
465:binary fission
433:nervous system
431:structures, a
410:
407:
354:, caused by a
234:
231:
138:
137:
136:
135:
130:
122:
121:
117:
116:
104:
100:
99:
94:
90:
89:
84:
80:
79:
74:
70:
69:
56:
55:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3597:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3577:
3575:
3558:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3422:
3418:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3400:
3396:
3391:
3385:
3381:
3376:
3370:
3366:
3365:
3363:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3348:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3323:
3319:
3313:
3312:
3307:Polypodiozoa
3305:
3303:
3297:
3295:
3289:
3287:
3281:
3279:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3268:
3264:
3259:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3233:
3231:
3227:
3222:
3214:
3209:
3207:
3202:
3200:
3195:
3194:
3191:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3166:
3154:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3125:
3123:
3121:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3093:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3048:
3043:
3042:Buddenbrockia
3036:
3034:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3008:10.1038/32801
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2988:
2980:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2939:Buddenbrockia
2936:
2929:
2921:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2904:(6): 968–71.
2903:
2899:
2895:
2893:
2892:Buddenbrockia
2884:
2882:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2844:
2836:
2829:
2828:
2821:
2813:
2809:
2802:
2794:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2745:
2740:
2733:
2725:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2674:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2633:
2631:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2604:
2600:
2591:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2557:
2553:
2544:
2536:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2507:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2462:
2454:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2425:
2424:from Hungary"
2423:
2422:Sorex minutus
2419:
2410:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2366:
2365:Sorex araneus
2362:
2353:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2314:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2287:
2280:
2278:
2269:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2228:
2223:
2221:
2212:
2204:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2155:
2150:
2143:
2135:
2131:
2124:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2071:
2066:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2048:
2044:
2043:
2038:
2037:Scott, Robert
2034:
2030:
2021:
2015:
2011:
2010:
2005:
2004:Scott, Robert
2001:
1997:
1988:
1984:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1960:
1959:
1951:
1950:
1947:
1937:
1933:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1920:
1919:
1911:
1910:
1902:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1890:
1882:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1832:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1812:Trilosporidae
1807:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1780:
1779:
1771:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1756:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1731:
1730:
1722:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1679:Alatosporidae
1674:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1627:Chloromyxidae
1622:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1614:
1613:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1601:Myxobilatidae
1596:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1549:Ceratomyxidae
1544:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1532:
1526:
1525:
1519:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1498:Sinuolineidae
1493:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1472:Ortholineidae
1467:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1416:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1378:
1370:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1357:
1356:
1348:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1332:Saccosporidae
1327:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1303:
1295:
1294:
1285:
1277:
1276:
1267:
1255:
1254:
1246:
1245:
1244:
1238:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1225:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1213:
1211:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1197:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1187:
1185:
1184:
1179:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1169:
1167:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1133:
1132:
1131:Ceratomyxidae
1127:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1121:Trilosporidae
1117:
1115:
1114:
1109:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1099:
1097:
1096:
1091:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1085:Trigonosporus
1082:
1078:
1074:
1073:Thelohanellus
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1057:Laterocaudata
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1031:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
993:
992:
989:
988:
983:
981:
980:
979:Sinuolineidae
975:
974:
971:
970:
965:
963:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
941:
940:
937:
936:
932:
928:
923:
921:
920:
919:Ortholineidae
915:
914:
911:
910:
905:
903:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
877:
876:
873:
872:
868:
864:
859:
857:
856:
851:
850:
847:
846:
845:Alatosporidae
841:
839:
838:
833:
832:
829:
828:
824:
820:
815:
813:
812:
807:
806:
803:
802:
797:
795:
794:
789:
788:
785:
784:
780:
776:
771:
769:
768:
763:
762:
759:
758:
757:Chloromyxidae
753:
751:
750:
745:
744:
741:
740:
736:
732:
727:
725:
724:
720:
719:Buddenbrockia
715:
714:
711:
710:
709:Myxobilatidae
705:
703:
702:
701:Saccosporidae
697:
696:
693:
690:
689:
684:
682:
681:
676:
675:
672:
669:
665:
663:
662:
657:
656:
653:
648:
645:
640:
637:
629:
627:
623:
619:
614:
612:
608:
603:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
584:Buddenbrockia
581:
577:
576:northern pike
573:
569:
568:
564:
560:
555:
553:
546:
545:Buddenbrockia
542:
538:
537:
531:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
510:
506:
502:
495:Phylogenetics
492:
490:
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482:mitochondrial
479:
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371:is caused by
370:
369:Enteromyxosis
366:
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349:
348:
344:
343:malacosporean
340:
335:
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329:
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283:
282:polar capsule
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47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
3359:
3330:Malacosporea
3321:
3310:(Polypodium)
3308:
3285:(hydrozoans)
3248:Ceriantharia
3243:Hexacorallia
3238:Octocorallia
3184:(main page).
3174:Tree of Life
3173:
3134:
3102:
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2807:
2801:
2748:
2742:
2732:
2690:(1): 39093.
2687:
2683:
2673:
2638:
2612:
2608:
2605:) cartilage"
2602:
2598:
2590:
2565:
2561:
2555:
2551:
2543:
2516:
2506:
2471:
2461:
2437:(1): 45–49.
2434:
2430:
2421:
2417:
2409:
2374:
2370:
2364:
2360:
2352:
2327:
2323:
2313:
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2007:
1987:
1941:
1935:
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1836:
1821:
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1811:
1797:
1764:
1760:
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1753:
1740:Platysporina
1739:
1715:
1711:
1710:
1704:
1689:
1685:
1684:
1678:
1663:
1659:
1658:
1653:Coccomyxidae
1652:
1637:
1633:
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1626:
1611:
1607:
1606:
1600:
1585:
1581:
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1524:Fabesporidae
1523:
1508:
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1478:
1477:
1471:
1456:
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1426:
1420:
1407:Variisporina
1406:
1392:
1376:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1331:
1317:
1302:Malacosporea
1301:
1283:
1265:
1241:
1240:
1236:
1227:
1215:
1201:Sphaerospora
1199:
1189:
1181:
1171:
1151:
1137:
1129:
1119:
1111:
1101:
1095:Fabesporidae
1093:
1081:Neohenneguya
1069:Tetrauronema
1041:Spirosuturia
1035:
995:
985:
977:
969:Platysporina
967:
949:Neomyxobolus
943:
927:Parvicapsula
925:
917:
907:
879:
861:
853:
843:
835:
817:
809:
801:Coccomyxidae
799:
793:Variisporina
791:
773:
765:
755:
747:
729:
717:
707:
699:
691:
686:
678:
670:
667:
661:Malacosporea
659:
651:
643:
635:
618:polypodiozoa
615:
604:
583:
571:
565:
558:
556:
544:
534:
532:
498:
475:
473:
449:malacosporea
443:. Most lack
426:
419:
412:
397:
387:
374:E. leei
373:
359:
346:
336:
316:
303:trophozoites
299:pansporocyst
278:capsulogenic
262:valve spores
259:
236:
193:
158:
154:
142:
141:
133:Malacosporea
106:
50:
29:
3474:iNaturalist
3384:Wikispecies
1754:Myxobolidae
1431:Sphaeromyxa
1393:Bivalvulida
1161:Ellipsomyxa
1157:Meglitschia
1065:Hennegoides
1053:Phlogospora
1017:Neobipteria
1005:Myxoproteus
1001:Myxodavisia
987:Myxobolidae
961:Kentmoseria
901:Cystodiscus
897:Soricimyxum
889:Enteromyxum
885:Zschokkella
837:Sphaeromyxa
775:Chloromyxum
767:Bivalvulida
731:Myxobilatus
688:Bivalvulida
650:Subphylum:
622:medusazoans
596:nematocysts
592:medusozoans
417:in length.
403:common carp
388:H. ictaluri
356:myxosporean
324:aquaculture
294:sporoplasms
270:valve cells
266:sporoplasts
186:myxosporean
103:Subphylum:
3574:Categories
3335:Myxosporea
3299:Staurozoa
3291:Scyphozoa
2943:Cladistics
2935:Polypodium
2134:tolweb.org
1980:References
1446:Myxidiidae
1377:Myxosporea
1165:Ceratonova
1153:Ceratomyxa
1143:Unicapsula
1139:Trilospora
1021:Schulmania
997:Sinuolinea
945:Ortholinea
863:Alatospora
855:Myxidiidae
827:Globospora
823:Auerbachia
779:Caudomyxum
749:Myxosporea
739:Hoferellus
668:Myxosporea
611:Myxosporea
607:life-cycle
552:hypothesis
501:protozoans
461:Centrioles
429:epithelial
422:cnidocysts
332:prevalence
290:epithelium
199:cnidarians
180:worm or a
128:Myxosporea
3283:Hydrozoa
3267:Medusozoa
3170:"Myxozoa"
2971:221583517
2775:0027-8424
2305:1230-2821
2220:Henneguya
2185:1091-6490
2130:"Myxozoa"
2099:0944-2006
2077:: 66–68.
1891::
1872:Octospina
1736:Suborder:
1534:Fabespora
1403:Suborder:
1229:Octospina
1209:Palliatus
1113:Fabespora
1061:Henneguya
1037:Myxobolus
1029:Latyspora
957:Triangula
893:Sigmomyxa
871:Renispora
819:Coccomyxa
626:Ediacaran
609:phase of
561:) to the
541:bryozoans
528:Bilateria
509:ribosomal
453:filopodia
328:parasites
312:plasmodia
247:ectoproct
207:jellyfish
203:evolution
170:parasites
163:cnidarian
147:etymology
83:Kingdom:
77:Eukaryota
3453:46554397
3424:BioLib:
3369:Wikidata
3275:Cubozoa
3230:Anthozoa
3221:Cnidaria
3076:17615357
2920:12032254
2793:32094163
2724:27982057
2665:14710996
2498:83229156
2453:26370293
2401:45278079
2393:19245186
2344:18342316
2268:32094163
2203:26627241
2115:52141614
2107:30170750
1968:See also
1837:Kudoidae
1266:Cnidaria
1173:Kudoidae
1045:Unicauda
1009:Bipteria
935:Gadimyxa
881:Myxidium
783:Agarella
692:(sequel)
671:(sequel)
644:Cnidaria
642:Phylum:
632:Taxonomy
628:period.
588:Cnidaria
563:bryozoan
520:Cnidaria
505:Sporozoa
469:endogeny
381:, while
182:bryozoan
120:Classes
97:Cnidaria
93:Phylum:
87:Animalia
73:Domain:
35:Myxozoa
18:Myxozoan
3580:Myxozoa
3417:Myxozoa
3404:Myxozoa
3390:Myxozoa
3375:Q134882
3360:Myxozoa
3322:Myxozoa
3223:classes
3219:Extant
3084:5170702
3056:Bibcode
3047:Science
3024:4426181
3016:9537319
2996:Bibcode
2951:Bibcode
2872:8085160
2852:Bibcode
2843:Science
2814:: 1–12.
2784:7071853
2753:Bibcode
2715:5159882
2692:Bibcode
2582:9504346
2259:7071853
2236:Bibcode
2194:4672818
2163:Bibcode
2079:Bibcode
2070:Zoology
2045:at the
2012:at the
1897:
1887:
1858:Family:
1833:Family:
1808:Family:
1750:Family:
1701:Family:
1675:Family:
1649:Family:
1623:Family:
1597:Family:
1571:Family:
1545:Family:
1520:Family:
1494:Family:
1468:Family:
1442:Family:
1417:Family:
1379:
1375:
1328:Family:
1304:
1300:
1286:
1284:Myxozoa
1282:
1268:
1264:
1100:Order:
1049:Dicauda
764:Order:
746:Class:
685:Order:
677:Order:
666:Class:
658:Class:
652:Myxozoa
590:, with
516:metazoa
457:gametes
445:muscles
409:Anatomy
393:catfish
379:sparids
243:annelid
196:derived
178:annelid
176:and an
166:animals
153:: μύξα
143:Myxozoa
107:Myxozoa
3557:146271
3531:412087
3505:202430
3479:151835
3149:
3082:
3074:
3022:
3014:
2987:Nature
2969:
2918:
2870:
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2201:
2191:
2183:
2113:
2105:
2097:
1945:
1869:Genus:
1844:Genus:
1819:Genus:
1794:Order:
1761:Genus:
1712:Genus:
1686:Genus:
1660:Genus:
1634:Genus:
1608:Genus:
1582:Genus:
1556:Genus:
1531:Genus:
1505:Genus:
1479:Genus:
1453:Genus:
1428:Genus:
1389:Order:
1339:Genus:
1314:Order:
1258:
1205:Wardia
1025:Noblea
735:Acauda
559:Myx1-3
548:'s
485:genome
439:, and
365:salmon
350:, and
245:or an
114:, 2021
112:Grassé
3552:WoRMS
3544:67101
3518:35581
3487:IRMNG
3427:14932
3080:S2CID
3020:S2CID
2967:S2CID
2494:S2CID
2427:(PDF)
2397:S2CID
2289:(PDF)
2111:S2CID
1847:Kudoa
1191:Kudoa
574:) to
441:cilia
219:genes
215:cells
189:spore
151:Greek
3513:NCBI
3500:ITIS
3461:GBIF
3147:ISBN
3072:PMID
3012:PMID
2916:PMID
2868:PMID
2789:PMID
2771:ISSN
2720:PMID
2661:PMID
2651:ISBN
2578:PMID
2529:ISBN
2484:ISBN
2449:PMID
2389:PMID
2340:PMID
2301:ISSN
2264:PMID
2199:PMID
2181:ISSN
2103:PMID
2095:ISSN
2027:ζῷον
1994:μύξα
572:Myx4
395:and
319:fish
174:fish
159:zoon
155:myxa
3492:246
3448:EoL
3435:CoL
3412:AFD
3399:ADW
3139:doi
3107:doi
3064:doi
3052:317
3004:doi
2992:392
2959:doi
2941:".
2906:doi
2860:doi
2848:265
2779:PMC
2761:doi
2749:117
2710:PMC
2700:doi
2643:doi
2617:doi
2570:doi
2521:doi
2476:doi
2439:doi
2379:doi
2332:doi
2254:PMC
2244:doi
2232:117
2189:PMC
2171:doi
2159:112
2087:doi
2075:129
524:HOX
512:DNA
437:gut
391:in
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3541::
3528::
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3440:59
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145:(
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