777:
54:
864:: the massacres in this city began immediately after the German attack, on June 22, and continued until June 28. The NKVD executed several thousand inmates in a number of provisional prisons. Among the most common methods of extermination were shooting prisoners in their cells, throwing grenades into the cells or starving them to death in the cellars. Some were simply bayoneted to death. It is estimated that over 4000 people were murdered that way, while the number of survivors is estimated at 270. A Ukrainian uprising briefly forced the NKVD to retreat, but it soon returned to kill the remaining prisoners in their cells. In the aftermath, medical students described the scene at one of the prisons:
601:
869:"From the courtyard, doors led to a large space, filled from top to bottom with corpses...Among them were many women. On the left wall, three men were crucified, barely covered by clothing from their shoulders, with severed male organs. Underneath them on the floor in half-sitting, leaning positions – two nuns with those organs in their mouths...most were stabbed in the stomach with a bayonet. Some were naked or almost naked, others in decent street clothes. One man was in a tie, mostly likely just arrested."
854:(Łuck in pre-war Poland): After the prison was hit by German bombs, Soviet authorities promised amnesty to all political prisoners to prevent escapes. As they lined up outside they were machine-gunned by Soviet tanks. They were told: "Those still alive get up." Some 370 stood up and were forced to bury the dead, after which they were murdered as well. The Nazi foreign ministry claimed 1,500 Ukrainians were killed while the SS and Nazi military intelligence claimed 4,000.
479:"It was not only the numbers of the executed", wrote historian Yury Boshyk, who was quoted by Orest Subtelny, of the murders, "but also the manner in which they died that shocked the populace. When the families of the arrested rushed to the prisons after the Soviet evacuation, they were aghast to find bodies so badly mutilated that many could not be identified. It was evident that many of the prisoners had also been tortured before death; others were killed en masse".
3439:
696:
708:
723:
2014:
808:(Czortków in pre-war Poland): in the last days of June 1941 the Soviets executed an estimated 100 to 200 prisoners held in the local prison. The remaining prisoners were evacuated further east, either by train or on foot, while hundreds died due to the inhumane conditions of transport or at the hands of guards. At the end of July 1941, 767 prisoners evacuated from Chortkiv were executed by Soviets in
759:. It is estimated that out of 13 million people living in eastern Poland, roughly half a million were jailed, and more than 90% of those were men. Thus approximately 10% of adult males were imprisoned at the time of the German offensive. Many died in prisons from torture or neglect. Methods of torture included scalding victims and cutting off their ears, noses and fingers.
881:
after the German takeover of the city. Jewish residents of the city were targeted by German soldiers, OUN members, and local citizens. In some instances, the pogroms and violence against Jewish residents was framed as justified revenge for the murders committed by the NKVD.
1214:
Rather than releasing their prisoners as they hurriedly retreated during the first week of the war, the Soviet secret police killed most of them. In the first week of the invasion, the NKVD prisoner executions totaled some 10,000 in western
Ukraine and more than 9,000 in
476:, 60,000 people were forced to evacuate on foot. The official Soviet count had more than 9,800 reportedly executed in prisons, 1,443 executed in the process of evacuation, 59 killed for attempting to escape, 23 killed by German bombs and 1,057 deaths from other causes.
1917:
Criminal evacuation of NKVD prisons and detention centers in the
Eastern Borderlands of the Second Polish Republic in June–July 1941. Materials from the scientific session on the 55th anniversary of the evacuation of NKVD prisoners deep into the USSR, Łódź, June 10,
563:(Grodno in pre-war Poland): on June 22, 1941, the NKVD executed several dozen people at the local prison. Execution of the remaining 1,700 prisoners was not possible due to the advance of the German army and hurried retreat of the NKVD executioners.
889:(Sambor in pre-war Poland): in the last days of June 1941 the Soviets executed an estimated 500 to 700 prisoners in the Sambir prison. During the latter stage of the massacre, some prisoners actively resisted, which resulted in saving their lives.
482:
Approximately two thirds of the 150,000 prisoners were murdered; most of the rest were transported into the interior of the Soviet Union, but some were abandoned in the prisons if there was no time to execute them, and others managed to escape.
2102:
1912:
Zbrodnicza ewakuacja więzień i aresztów NKWD na
Kresach Wschodnich II Rzeczypospolitej w czerwcu – lipcu 1941 roku. Materiały z sesji naukowej w 55. rocznicę ewakuacji więźniów NKWD w głąb ZSRR, Łódź 10 czerwca 1996
471:
were crowded with political prisoners. In occupied eastern Poland, the NKVD was given responsibility for liquidating or evacuating over 140,000 prisoners (NKVD evacuation order No. 00803). In
Ukraine and
511:
were later documented by the occupying German authorities and were used in anti-Soviet and anti-Jewish propaganda. After the war and in recent years, the authorities of
Germany, Poland, Belarus, and
40:
2894:
535:. During the 120-kilometer march, they died en masse due to exhaustion, hunger and thirst, as well as at the hands of the guards. The last stop on the 'road of death' was the Taklinovo
2381:
1000:
1496:
2065:
2233:
2198:
2194:
499:. Immediately after the start of the German invasion, the NKVD started to execute large numbers of prisoners in most of their prisons, and it evacuated the remainder in
588:
802:(Brzeżany in pre-war Poland): between June 26 and 30 June 1941 the crew of the NKVD prison executed from 174 to 300 Polish citizens. Among them were many Ukrainians.
3407:
2754:
2995:
2953:
2396:
2132:
2071:
838:(Stanisławów in pre-war Poland): Over 500 Polish prisoners (including 150 women and dozens of children) were shot by the NKVD and buried in several mass graves at
451:
543:), where on June 28, the Soviets executed almost all the prisoners. Approximately 1-2 thousand people were murdered in the evacuation of the prison in Berezwecz.
3134:
1020:
3397:
1030:
420:
2581:
325:
3468:
3412:
3392:
2866:
3402:
2486:
1025:
302:
287:
1381:
After the outbreak of the German-Soviet war, in June 1941, thousands of prisoners have been murdered in mass executions in prisons (among others in
907:(Złoczów in pre-war Poland): in the last days of June 1941 the Soviets executed all inmates at Zolochiv prison, an estimated 650 to 720 individuals.
1833:
3473:
3417:
2974:
1015:
187:
on June 22, 1941, NKVD troops were supposed to evacuate political prisoners to the interior of the Soviet Union, but the hasty retreat of the
3387:
2451:
2312:
350:
345:
587:(Wołożyn in pre-war Poland). After marching on foot for two days, approximately 100 prisoners were executed by the NKVD near the village of
3478:
2877:
2157:
2153:
1525:"Informacja o śledztwach prowadzonych w OKŚZpNP w Łodzi w sprawach o zbrodnie popełnione przez funkcjonariuszy sowieckiego aparatu terroru"
540:
444:
425:
340:
335:
330:
53:
776:
531:): on the night of June 23–24 the NKVD executed at least several dozen inmates. The next day, the remaining prisoners were rushed towards
2509:
2112:
740:
191:, a lack of transportation and other supplies, and general disregard for legal procedures often led to prisoners being simply executed.
2935:
2759:
784:
311:
2519:
2491:
736:
372:
553:: in late June, the NKVD started evacuating all prisons in Minsk. Between June 24 and June 27, at least 1,000 people were killed in
3164:
2821:
2461:
2127:
2018:
382:
273:
2734:
2683:
2045:
437:
415:
2912:
2779:
2738:
2391:
2317:
2228:
2122:
1224:
878:
175:, the People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs of the Soviet Union, across Eastern Europe, primarily in Poland, Ukraine, the
17:
1967:
Roads of death. Evacuation of Soviet prisons from the
Eastern Borderlands of the Second Polish Republic in June and July 1941
1809:
1707:
1271:
1010:
2223:
2218:
2162:
1324:
242:
215:
2929:
2673:
2591:
2456:
2275:
982:
799:
2364:
3076:
2749:
2714:
2656:
1920:] (in Polish). Warszawa: Główna Komisja Badania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu – Instytut Pamięci Narodowej.
1585:
904:
199:
1646:
763:
estimates that the NKVD shot some 9,817 imprisoned Polish citizens following the German invasion of the USSR in 1941.
3114:
2845:
1997:
1974:
1951:
1925:
1678:
1372:
1346:
1207:
1148:
1115:
1072:
828:(in pre-war Poland): between 23 and 25 June 1941, the Soviets executed an estimated 500 to 550 prisoners held in the
365:
637:(Wilno in pre-war Poland): after the German invasion, the NKVD murdered a large number of prisoners of the infamous
3463:
3119:
2636:
2117:
1097:
886:
573:(Wilejka in pre-war Poland). Remaining prisoners, over 1,000 men and women, were forcibly marched eastward towards
360:
515:
identified no fewer than 25 prisons whose prisoners were killed and a much larger number of mass execution sites.
3139:
2626:
2621:
2601:
2549:
2265:
1897:Тимофеев В. Г. Уголовно-исполнительная система России: цифры, факты и события. Учебное пособие. — Чебоксары, 1999
1005:
861:
851:
825:
617:
1323:
3184:
3088:
2729:
2596:
1619:
743:
to remote areas of the USSR. Others, including a large number of Polish civilians of other ethnicities (mostly
524:
467:
surprised the NKVD, whose jails and prisons in territories annexed by the Soviet Union in the aftermath of the
377:
262:
252:
1485:
1462:
Kalbarczyk, Sławomir (2011-06-21). "Tysiąc ofiar z
Berezwecza" [One thousand victims from Berezwecz].
2709:
2606:
1670:
1035:
813:
751:), were held in provisional prisons in the region, where they awaited deportation either to NKVD prisons in
206:), with the total number reaching approximately 100,000 extrajudicial executions in the span of a few weeks.
3364:
3129:
2791:
2641:
2554:
2280:
2270:
2243:
1364:
580:
320:
1963:
Drogi śmierci. Ewakuacja więzień sowieckich z Kresów
Wschodnich II Rzeczypospolitej w czerwcu i lipcu 1941
1944:
Shoot the counter-revolutionary elements. The brutalization of the German-Soviet war in the summer of 1941
2811:
2466:
2238:
2213:
2189:
2097:
2038:
468:
410:
795:, under the threat of German invasion NKVD committed various mass murders of prison inmates, including:
3424:
3154:
3144:
3109:
2646:
2302:
1830:
600:
566:
2248:
661:: in June 1941, the NKVD murdered 260 political prisoners and all Lithuanian personnel in the prison.
355:
3149:
2985:
2901:
2838:
2631:
2514:
2471:
2431:
1064:
968:
964:
1524:
1239:. The Soviet areas had already sustained hundreds of thousands of executions during the 1937–1938
3359:
2963:
2852:
2719:
3442:
3351:
2446:
2332:
2031:
1107:
35:
1940:
Rozstrzelać elementy kontrrewolucyjne. Brutalizacja wojny niemiecko-sowieckiej latem 1941 roku
3338:
2883:
2872:
2806:
2386:
2107:
1795:
1609:
1336:
1257:
1058:
664:
Lithuanian prisoners were evacuated to
Belarus and some of them were murdered, e.g., in the
3290:
3218:
3159:
3070:
3025:
2702:
2203:
2184:
895:: on October 31, the NKVD shot a number of people in the NKVD building and the city prison.
787:
prison as German troops approached are being identified by their relatives on July 10, 1941
638:
464:
184:
8:
3298:
3282:
3266:
3035:
2990:
2958:
2744:
2337:
2327:
2258:
1801:
1263:
504:
3322:
3250:
3242:
3201:
3174:
3169:
2906:
2859:
2651:
2544:
2436:
2295:
1296:
952:
473:
1426:
3369:
3000:
2801:
2724:
2441:
2285:
2208:
2179:
1993:
1970:
1947:
1921:
1805:
1703:
1674:
1615:
1581:
1467:
1342:
1267:
1203:
1193:
1144:
1111:
1068:
956:
665:
654:
546:
405:
124:
2616:
3314:
3306:
3124:
3082:
3056:
2945:
2816:
2796:
2769:
2529:
2290:
1133:
839:
644:
389:
106:
1935:
1401:
577:. During the march, an estimated 500 to 800 prisoners died at the hands of guards.
3258:
3050:
2968:
2764:
2693:
2524:
2369:
2359:
2148:
1837:
1650:
1575:
1376:
1253:
1199:
1140:
1101:
995:
845:
835:
792:
203:
98:
767:
NKVD massacre sites in pre-war Poland are now in
Lithuania, Belarus and Ukraine.
3382:
3374:
3179:
3104:
3020:
2980:
2539:
2534:
2476:
1691:
1189:
1162:
760:
713:
678:
247:
3457:
3274:
3234:
3030:
2923:
2918:
2774:
2697:
2663:
2426:
2421:
2307:
2054:
1471:
960:
237:
195:
176:
136:
110:
102:
31:
3330:
3226:
3045:
2786:
2571:
2481:
2342:
1643:
1332:
1328:
874:
171:
were a series of mass executions of political prisoners carried out by the
1727:
1369:
1195:
Masters of Death: The SS-Einsatzgruppen and the Invention of the Holocaust
3063:
2889:
2576:
1763:
1699:
1240:
744:
500:
292:
128:
3040:
2688:
2374:
2253:
1297:"Complete Destruction of National Groups as Groups - The Crimean Turks"
985:
officials were shot without trial in the village of Barbysh, Kuybyshev.
892:
748:
282:
180:
132:
114:
648:
2668:
2559:
2416:
2354:
1961:
Popiński, Krzysztof; Kokurin, Aleksandr; Gurjanow, Aleksandr (1995).
1386:
1228:
1216:
901:: on November 4, the NKVD shot all the prisoners in the city prisons.
528:
257:
569:: on June 24, 1941, the NKVD executed at least 28 prisoners held in
2611:
2322:
1223:. Comparable numbers of prisoners were executed in eastern Poland,
978:
805:
781:
584:
554:
508:
188:
1338:
From Peace to War: Germany, Soviet Russia and the World, 1939-1941
695:
194:
Estimates of the death toll vary by location; nearly 9,000 in the
2347:
2172:
2167:
1236:
819:
707:
634:
609:
574:
570:
536:
532:
2023:
1303:(1958), published by the Institute for the Study of the USSR in
722:
2013:
1946:] (in Polish). Warszawa: Stowarzyszenie Kulturalne Fronda.
1304:
1232:
974:
752:
658:
560:
512:
496:
492:
1001:
List of World War II prisoner-of-war camps in the Soviet Union
951:: In September 1941, over 150 political prisoners (among them
2566:
1667:
Katyn: Stalin's Massacre and the Seeds of Polish Resurrection
948:
898:
829:
756:
651:: up to 79 political prisoners were killed on June 24 and 25.
621:
605:
550:
297:
2066:
General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
1611:
War in the Woods: Estonia's Struggle for Survival, 1944-1956
1543:
1497:
Lietuvos gyventojų genocido ir rezistencijos tyrimo centras
1382:
1220:
857:
809:
172:
150:
146:
63:
59:
1879:
1855:
1843:
1775:
1751:
1739:
1138:
Lenin, Stalin, and Hitler: The Age of Social Catastrophe.
2103:
Russian Revolution, Russian Civil War, Polish–Soviet War
2072:
Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union
1840:, Natalia A. Feduschak. CDVR. 2010. Retrieved 6 feb 2017
1715:
507:, who were imprisoned and executed without a trial. The
1960:
1769:
1733:
1577:
The Soviet Counterinsurgency in the Western Borderlands
1555:
1443:
3135:
List of awards and honours bestowed upon Joseph Stalin
1021:
Polish prisoners-of-war in the Soviet Union after 1939
1867:
1389:) and during the evacuation (so-called death marches)
832:
prison. Only a few individuals survived the massacre.
2582:
Case of Trotskyist Anti-Soviet Military Organization
1160:
1129:
1127:
2867:Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia
1969:] (in Polish). Warszawa: Wydawnictwo "Karta".
1518:
1516:
1514:
1301:Genocide in the USSR: Studies in Group Destruction
735:By 1941, much of the ethnically Polish population
583:: in late June, the NKVD evacuated prisoners from
27:1941 mass executions of Soviet political prisoners
1992:] (in Polish). Warszawa: Editions Spotkania.
1573:
1124:
1031:Soviet repressions of Polish citizens (1939–1946)
1026:Territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union
3455:
1092:
1090:
1052:
1050:
2975:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences
1511:
1016:Monument to the Fallen and Murdered in the East
739:in the eastern half of Poland had already been
1188:
620:: on July 9, 1941, 193 detainees were shot in
491:The NKVD killed prisoners in many places from
2550:Demolition of Cathedral of Christ the Saviour
2452:Aggravation of class struggle under socialism
2313:Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance
2039:
1427:"German Soldiers Write from the Soviet Union"
1087:
1047:
445:
1696:Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin
1319:
1317:
1315:
1313:
911:Soviet statistics for 78 Ukrainian prisons:
2510:1906 Bolshevik raid on the Tsarevich Giorgi
877:, committed by the German military and the
3469:World War II massacres by the Soviet Union
2936:Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR
2046:
2032:
1635:
1580:. Cambridge University Press. p. 56.
1522:
1461:
1096:
452:
438:
2520:National delimitation in the Soviet Union
2492:Backwardness brings on beatings by others
1983:
1721:
1529:Biuletyn Instytut Pamięci Narodowej / IPN
1310:
1291:
1289:
977:: On 28 October 1941, 20 high ranking ex-
2462:Great Construction Projects of Communism
1793:
1252:
1056:
775:
599:
2878:Alleged 19 August 1939 speech
1831:"Lviv museum recounts Soviet massacres"
1644:Golgota Wschodu (The Eastern Golgotha).
1607:
1531:(in Polish) (7 - August 2001). pp. 20ff
1478:
1331:; Manfred Zeidler; et al. (1997).
14:
3474:Extrajudicial killings in World War II
3456:
2913:Dialectical and Historical Materialism
1990:Lviv under Soviet occupation 1939–1941
1934:
1909:
1885:
1873:
1861:
1849:
1794:Nagorski, Andrew (18 September 2007).
1781:
1757:
1745:
1690:
1561:
1549:
1449:
1286:
879:Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists
2027:
1770:Popiński, Kokurin & Gurjanow 1995
1734:Popiński, Kokurin & Gurjanow 1995
1486:"Politinių kalinių žudynės Červenėje"
1182:
1011:Mass killings under communist regimes
873:These massacres were followed by the
2996:22nd Congress of the Communist Party
2954:20th Congress of the Communist Party
2397:19th Congress of the Communist Party
2234:18th Congress of the Communist Party
2199:17th Congress of the Communist Party
1986:Lwów pod okupacją sowiecką 1939–1941
1325:Militargeschichtliches Forschungsamt
848:: 1,200 prisoners were burned alive.
3479:People executed by the Soviet Union
2930:Marxism and Problems of Linguistics
2154:Anti-religious campaign (1921–1928)
701:Entrance to memorial in Piatykhatky
185:German invasion of the Soviet Union
24:
3077:Comparison of Nazism and Stalinism
2896:The History of the Communist Party
2715:Soviet offensive plans controversy
2680:Ideological repression in science
2224:1937 Islamic rebellion in Xinjiang
1355:
1341:. Berghahn Books. pp. 47–79.
527:in Berezwecz (present-day part of
25:
3490:
3115:Generalissimo of the Soviet Union
2846:Marxism and the National Question
2053:
2007:
1057:Berkhoff, Karel Cornelis (2004).
3438:
3437:
2755:Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
2219:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts
2012:
721:
706:
694:
216:Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)
52:
3140:Statue of Joseph Stalin, Berlin
2276:Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact
2266:Occupation of the Baltic states
1903:
1891:
1824:
1787:
1684:
1659:
1601:
1567:
1455:
1419:
1394:
1006:Mass graves in the Soviet Union
918:killed inside the prisons 8,789
1246:
1154:
862:Executions in Lviv (June 1941)
525:Berezwecz-Taklinovo Death Road
426:Ukrainian language suppression
13:
1:
2981:Gomulka thaw (Polish October)
2792:1946–1947 Soviet famine
2365:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état
1041:
1036:World War II crimes in Poland
814:Evacuation of Chortkiv Prison
780:Ethnic Germans murdered at a
288:Purges of the Communist Party
209:
3130:1956 Georgian demonstrations
1910:Mikoda, Janina, ed. (1997).
1641:Bolesław Paszkowski (2005),
1466:(in Polish). 144/2011: 4–5.
628:
581:Valozhyn-Tarasovo Death Road
486:
7:
3145:Stalin Monument in Budapest
2812:Night of the Murdered Poets
2730:Allegations of antisemitism
2467:Engineers of the human soul
2214:Soviet invasion of Xinjiang
2190:Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)
989:
10:
3495:
3185:Stalin Bloc – For the USSR
3155:Joseph Stalin Museum, Gori
2303:Soviet atomic bomb project
1574:Alexander Statiev (2010).
1370:Zbrodnie Sowickie W Polsce
1161:Никита Васильевич Петров.
771:
676:
595:
567:Vileyka-Barysaw Death Road
518:
253:Soviet famine of 1930–1933
213:
3433:
3350:
3211:
3193:
3165:Places named after Stalin
3150:Stalin Monument in Prague
3097:
3009:
2944:
2830:
2674:Repressions in Azerbaijan
2500:
2409:
2392:1950 legislative election
2318:1946 legislative election
2229:1937 legislative election
2141:
2090:
2081:
2061:
1984:Węgierski, Jerzy (1991).
1523:Gałkiewicz, Anna (2001).
942:
860:(Lwów in pre-war Poland,
672:
557:and in the death marches.
183:. After the start of the
157:
142:
120:
94:
71:
51:
2986:Soviet Nonconformist Art
2902:1936 Soviet Constitution
2555:Soviet famine of 1932–33
2515:1907 Tiflis bank robbery
2487:Transformation of nature
2472:1936 Soviet Constitution
2432:Socialism in One Country
2271:German–Soviet Axis talks
1171:(in Russian). Pseudology
1168:
1163:
1065:Harvard University Press
737:living under Soviet rule
3464:NKVD prisoner massacres
3110:Iosif Stalin locomotive
2853:Foundations of Leninism
2839:Anarchism or Socialism?
2720:Hitler Youth Conspiracy
2587:NKVD prisoner massacres
2239:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
2128:Death and state funeral
2019:NKVD prisoner massacres
1169:История империи "Гулаг"
469:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
169:NKVD prisoner massacres
47:NKVD prisoner massacres
29:
3318:(second father-in-law)
2572:Murder of Sergey Kirov
2447:Stalinist architecture
2333:Turkish Straits crisis
871:
788:
728:Katyn-Kharkiv memorial
613:
312:Ideological repression
41:considered for merging
18:NKVD prisoner massacre
3339:William Wesley Peters
2884:Falsifiers of History
2807:Rootless cosmopolitan
2113:Rule as Soviet leader
2021:at Wikimedia Commons
1671:Naval Institute Press
1327:; Gottfried Schramm;
1256:(18 September 2007).
867:
779:
603:
153:(united 20 July 1941)
3360:Stalin's house, Gori
3291:Yevgeny Dzhugashvili
3219:Besarion Jughashvili
3160:Batumi Stalin Museum
3071:Nineteen Eighty-Four
2822:Censorship of images
2501:Crimes, repressions,
2204:1931 Menshevik Trial
2185:First five-year plan
1802:Simon & Schuster
1552:, p. 76, 95–98.
1264:Simon & Schuster
503:. Most of them were
465:Operation Barbarossa
421:Repressions of Poles
416:Population transfers
274:Political repression
83:– November 1941
3352:Stalin's residences
3299:Galina Dzhugashvili
3283:Svetlana Alliluyeva
3267:Nadezhda Alliluyeva
3194:Cultural depictions
3036:Anti-Stalinist left
2991:Shvernik Commission
2959:Pospelov Commission
2735:Population transfer
2710:1941 Red Army purge
2684:Suppressed research
2338:First Indochina War
2281:Great Patriotic War
2259:Moscow Peace Treaty
2123:Cult of personality
1797:The Greatest Battle
1402:"Blutige Ouvertüre"
1259:The Greatest Battle
1098:Piotrowski, Tadeusz
967:) were executed in
791:In Soviet-occupied
604:Victims of NKVD in
505:political prisoners
411:National operations
303:Punitive psychiatry
230:Economic repression
225:in the Soviet Union
48:
3323:Alexander Svanidze
3251:Konstantin Kuzakov
3243:Yakov Dzhugashvili
3202:Apocalypse: Stalin
3175:Stalin Peace Prize
3170:State Stalin Prize
2873:"Ten Blows" speech
2860:Dizzy with Success
2770:Operation "Priboi"
2750:Operation "Lentil"
2703:1937 Soviet Census
2382:Sino-Soviet Treaty
2296:Potsdam Conference
2249:Invasion of Poland
1888:, p. 134–136.
1864:, p. 128–130.
1852:, p. 111–112.
1836:2019-01-15 at the
1784:, p. 111–116.
1760:, p. 117–118.
1748:, p. 133–134.
1736:, p. 98, 102.
1649:2006-05-27 at the
1375:2006-05-21 at the
1219:, eastward toward
1103:Poland's Holocaust
1060:Harvest of Despair
969:Medvedevsky Forest
953:Christian Rakovsky
921:killed runaways 48
800:Berezhany massacre
789:
668:and near Bigosovo.
614:
474:Western Belorussia
58:Victims of Soviet
46:
3451:
3450:
3408:Kholodnaya Rechka
3105:Iosif Stalin tank
3026:Lenin's Testament
3001:Era of Stagnation
2802:Mingrelian Affair
2780:Forced settlement
2765:Operation "North"
2725:Soviet war crimes
2503:and controversies
2442:Socialist realism
2405:
2404:
2387:Tito–Stalin split
2286:Tehran Conference
2209:Spanish Civil War
2180:Chinese Civil War
2017:Media related to
1811:978-1-4165-4573-6
1772:, p. 90, 97.
1709:978-0-465-00239-9
1614:. Howells House.
1495:(in Lithuanian).
1273:978-1-4165-4573-6
957:Maria Spiridonova
905:Zolochiv massacre
822:Rutchenkovo Field
716:-Kharkiv memorial
666:Chervyen massacre
547:Chervyen massacre
462:
461:
406:De-Cossackization
398:Ethnic repression
200:in eastern Poland
165:
164:
125:Summary execution
16:(Redirected from
3486:
3441:
3440:
3343:
3335:
3327:
3326:(brother-in-law)
3319:
3315:Sergei Alliluyev
3311:
3307:Joseph Alliluyev
3303:
3295:
3287:
3279:
3271:
3263:
3255:
3247:
3239:
3231:
3223:
3125:Pantheon, Moscow
3083:The Soviet Story
3057:Darkness at Noon
2946:De-Stalinization
2797:Leningrad Affair
2530:Decossackization
2328:1946 Iran crisis
2291:Yalta Conference
2163:Collectivization
2088:
2087:
2048:
2041:
2034:
2025:
2024:
2016:
2003:
1980:
1957:
1931:
1898:
1895:
1889:
1883:
1877:
1871:
1865:
1859:
1853:
1847:
1841:
1828:
1822:
1821:
1819:
1818:
1791:
1785:
1779:
1773:
1767:
1761:
1755:
1749:
1743:
1737:
1731:
1725:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1688:
1682:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1608:M. Laar (1992).
1605:
1599:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1571:
1565:
1564:, p. 98–99.
1559:
1553:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1520:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1493:Atmintinos datos
1490:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1459:
1453:
1452:, p. 84-92.
1447:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1437:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1413:
1398:
1392:
1365:Encyklopedia PWN
1363:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1321:
1308:
1293:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1280:
1254:Nagorski, Andrew
1250:
1244:
1213:
1186:
1180:
1179:
1177:
1176:
1158:
1152:
1134:Robert Gellately
1131:
1122:
1121:
1094:
1085:
1084:
1082:
1081:
1054:
938:left alive 3,536
915:evacuated 45,569
725:
710:
698:
645:Rainiai massacre
454:
447:
440:
243:Collectivization
220:
219:
198:, 20,000–30,000
107:Byelorussian SSR
90:
88:
82:
80:
56:
49:
45:
21:
3494:
3493:
3489:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3484:
3483:
3454:
3453:
3452:
3447:
3429:
3425:Stalin's bunker
3375:Room at Kremlin
3365:Tiflis Seminary
3346:
3341:
3333:
3325:
3317:
3309:
3302:(granddaughter)
3301:
3293:
3285:
3277:
3269:
3261:
3259:Artyom Sergeyev
3253:
3245:
3237:
3229:
3221:
3207:
3189:
3093:
3051:True Communists
3014:
3012:
3005:
2969:Khrushchev Thaw
2940:
2907:Stalin's poetry
2826:
2694:Japhetic theory
2632:Medvedev Forest
2525:Georgian Affair
2502:
2496:
2457:Five-year plans
2401:
2370:Berlin Blockade
2360:Greek Civil War
2149:August Uprising
2137:
2118:Political views
2083:
2077:
2057:
2052:
2010:
2000:
1977:
1954:
1928:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1892:
1884:
1880:
1872:
1868:
1860:
1856:
1848:
1844:
1838:Wayback Machine
1829:
1825:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1792:
1788:
1780:
1776:
1768:
1764:
1756:
1752:
1744:
1740:
1732:
1728:
1720:
1716:
1710:
1702:, p. 194,
1692:Snyder, Timothy
1689:
1685:
1664:
1660:
1654:
1651:Wayback Machine
1640:
1636:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1606:
1602:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1572:
1568:
1560:
1556:
1548:
1544:
1534:
1532:
1521:
1512:
1502:
1500:
1488:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1460:
1456:
1448:
1444:
1435:
1433:
1425:
1424:
1420:
1411:
1409:
1408:. June 21, 2001
1400:
1399:
1395:
1377:Wayback Machine
1361:
1360:
1356:
1349:
1322:
1311:
1295:Edige Kirimal,
1294:
1287:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1251:
1247:
1210:
1200:Alfred A. Knopf
1187:
1183:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1165:
1159:
1155:
1132:
1125:
1118:
1095:
1088:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1055:
1048:
1044:
996:Bykivnia Graves
992:
965:Dmitri Pletnyov
945:
887:Sambir massacre
846:Kharkiv tragedy
836:Ivano-Frankivsk
793:western Ukraine
774:
733:
732:
731:
730:
729:
726:
718:
717:
711:
703:
702:
699:
690:
689:
681:
675:
639:Lukiškės Prison
631:
598:
521:
489:
458:
224:
223:Mass repression
218:
212:
204:Western Ukraine
99:Occupied Poland
86:
84:
78:
76:
67:
44:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3492:
3482:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3445:
3434:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3427:
3422:
3421:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3356:
3354:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3344:
3336:
3328:
3320:
3312:
3304:
3296:
3288:
3280:
3272:
3264:
3256:
3248:
3240:
3232:
3224:
3215:
3213:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3205:
3197:
3195:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3187:
3182:
3180:Stalin Society
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3120:Stalin statues
3117:
3112:
3107:
3101:
3099:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3091:
3086:
3079:
3074:
3067:
3060:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3021:Stalin Epigram
3017:
3015:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2971:
2966:
2964:Rehabilitation
2961:
2956:
2950:
2948:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2938:
2933:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2909:
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2899:
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2887:
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2863:
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2849:
2842:
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2832:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2783:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2742:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2706:
2705:
2700:
2691:
2686:
2678:
2677:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2660:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2584:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2563:
2562:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2540:Wittorf affair
2537:
2535:Dekulakization
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2506:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2477:New Soviet man
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2413:
2411:
2407:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2399:
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2384:
2379:
2378:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
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2351:
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2340:
2335:
2330:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2299:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2262:
2261:
2251:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2176:
2175:
2170:
2160:
2151:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2094:
2092:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2075:
2069:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2051:
2050:
2043:
2036:
2028:
2009:
2008:External links
2006:
2005:
2004:
1998:
1981:
1975:
1958:
1952:
1936:Musiał, Bogdan
1932:
1926:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1899:
1890:
1878:
1876:, p. 116.
1866:
1854:
1842:
1823:
1810:
1804:. p. 83.
1786:
1774:
1762:
1750:
1738:
1726:
1724:, p. 278.
1722:Węgierski 1991
1714:
1708:
1683:
1658:
1634:
1620:
1600:
1587:978-0521768337
1586:
1566:
1554:
1542:
1510:
1499:. 17 June 2011
1477:
1464:Rzeczpospolita
1454:
1442:
1431:www.calvin.edu
1418:
1393:
1354:
1347:
1309:
1285:
1272:
1266:. p. 84.
1245:
1208:
1190:Richard Rhodes
1181:
1153:
1123:
1116:
1086:
1073:
1067:. p. 14.
1045:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
991:
988:
987:
986:
972:
944:
941:
940:
939:
936:
929:
922:
919:
916:
909:
908:
902:
896:
890:
866:
865:
855:
852:Lutsk massacre
849:
843:
833:
826:Dubno massacre
823:
817:
803:
773:
770:
769:
768:
761:Timothy Snyder
727:
720:
719:
712:
705:
704:
700:
693:
692:
691:
685:
684:
683:
682:
679:Katyn massacre
674:
671:
670:
669:
662:
652:
642:
630:
627:
626:
625:
618:Tartu massacre
597:
594:
593:
592:
578:
564:
558:
544:
520:
517:
488:
485:
460:
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305:
300:
295:
290:
285:
277:
276:
270:
269:
268:
267:
266:
265:
260:
250:
248:Dekulakization
245:
240:
232:
231:
227:
226:
211:
208:
163:
162:
159:
155:
154:
144:
140:
139:
122:
118:
117:
96:
92:
91:
75:June 1941
73:
69:
68:
57:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3491:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3444:
3436:
3435:
3432:
3426:
3423:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3398:Semyonovskoye
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3355:
3353:
3349:
3340:
3337:
3332:
3329:
3324:
3321:
3316:
3313:
3308:
3305:
3300:
3297:
3292:
3289:
3284:
3281:
3276:
3275:Vasily Stalin
3273:
3270:(second wife)
3268:
3265:
3262:(adopted son)
3260:
3257:
3252:
3249:
3244:
3241:
3236:
3235:Kato Svanidze
3233:
3228:
3225:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3210:
3204:
3203:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3192:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3096:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3084:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3072:
3068:
3066:
3065:
3061:
3059:
3058:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3031:Ryutin Affair
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3011:Criticism and
3008:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2976:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2947:
2943:
2937:
2934:
2931:
2927:
2925:
2924:Order No. 270
2922:
2920:
2919:Order No. 227
2917:
2915:
2914:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2897:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2885:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2868:
2864:
2861:
2857:
2854:
2850:
2847:
2843:
2840:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2829:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2817:Doctors' plot
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2775:Nazino affair
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2746:
2743:
2740:
2739:German–Soviet
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2698:Slavists case
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2664:Moscow Trials
2662:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2579:
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2568:
2565:
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2558:
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2556:
2553:
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2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2499:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
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2422:Neo-Stalinism
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2308:Ili Rebellion
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2056:
2055:Joseph Stalin
2049:
2044:
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2037:
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2026:
2022:
2020:
2015:
2001:
1999:83-85195-15-7
1995:
1991:
1987:
1982:
1978:
1976:83-900676-9-2
1972:
1968:
1964:
1959:
1955:
1953:83-88747-40-1
1949:
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1927:83-903356-6-2
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1679:1-55750-670-1
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1665:Paul, Allen.
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1149:1-4000-4005-1
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1128:
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1117:0-7864-0371-3
1113:
1109:
1106:. Jefferson:
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1076:
1074:0-674-02078-2
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961:Olga Kameneva
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840:Dem'ianiv Laz
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539:(present-day
538:
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501:death marches
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244:
241:
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238:War communism
236:
235:
234:
233:
229:
228:
222:
221:
217:
207:
205:
202:(now part of
201:
197:
196:Ukrainian SSR
192:
190:
186:
182:
178:
177:Baltic states
174:
170:
160:
156:
152:
148:
145:
141:
138:
137:mass shooting
134:
130:
126:
123:
119:
116:
112:
111:Baltic states
108:
104:
103:Ukrainian SSR
100:
97:
93:
74:
70:
65:
61:
55:
50:
42:
38:
37:
36:Infobox event
33:
19:
3342:(son-in-law)
3334:(son-in-law)
3331:Yuri Zhdanov
3238:(first wife)
3227:Keke Geladze
3200:
3089:Antisemitism
3081:
3069:
3062:
3055:
3046:Kremlin Plot
2973:
2911:
2895:
2882:
2787:Tax on trees
2745:Deportations
2586:
2482:Stakhanovite
2343:Eastern Bloc
2244:World War II
2197: /
2084:and politics
2011:
1989:
1985:
1966:
1962:
1943:
1939:
1916:
1911:
1904:Bibliography
1893:
1881:
1869:
1857:
1845:
1826:
1815:. Retrieved
1796:
1789:
1777:
1765:
1753:
1741:
1729:
1717:
1695:
1686:
1666:
1661:
1642:
1637:
1625:. Retrieved
1610:
1603:
1591:. Retrieved
1576:
1569:
1557:
1545:
1533:. Retrieved
1528:
1501:. Retrieved
1492:
1480:
1463:
1457:
1445:
1434:. Retrieved
1430:
1421:
1410:. Retrieved
1405:
1396:
1390:
1368:
1357:
1337:
1333:Bernd Wegner
1329:Jan T. Gross
1300:
1277:. Retrieved
1258:
1248:
1198:. New York:
1194:
1184:
1173:. Retrieved
1156:
1137:
1102:
1078:. Retrieved
1059:
932:
925:
910:
875:Lviv pogroms
872:
868:
790:
734:
686:
657:prison near
655:Pravieniškės
490:
481:
478:
463:
351:Christianity
193:
168:
166:
143:Participants
34:
3098:Remembrance
3064:Animal Farm
2890:Stalin Note
2577:Great Purge
2545:Great Break
2437:Great Break
2158:(1928–1941)
2074:(1946–1953)
2068:(1922–1952)
1886:Mikoda 1997
1874:Musiał 2001
1862:Mikoda 1997
1850:Musiał 2001
1782:Mikoda 1997
1758:Musiał 2001
1746:Mikoda 1997
1700:Basic Books
1655:(in Polish)
1562:Mikoda 1997
1550:Mikoda 1997
1450:Mikoda 1997
1406:www.zeit.de
1362:(in Polish)
1241:Great Purge
1225:Byelorussia
971:near Oryol.
745:Belarusians
612:, July 1941
366:Legislation
293:Great Purge
129:mass murder
66:, June 1941
30:‹ The
3458:Categories
3413:Lake Ritsa
3393:Uspenskoye
3310:(grandson)
3294:(grandson)
3286:(daughter)
3041:Trotskyism
3013:opposition
2689:Lysenkoism
2375:Korean War
2254:Winter War
2142:Chronology
2133:Death toll
2098:Early life
1817:2013-12-30
1627:January 3,
1621:0929590082
1593:January 3,
1436:2013-12-30
1412:2013-12-30
1279:2013-12-30
1175:2013-12-30
1080:2013-12-30
1042:References
893:Simferopol
755:or to the
749:Ukrainians
677:See also:
541:Mikalajeva
378:Censorship
283:Red Terror
263:Kazakhstan
214:See also:
210:Background
181:Bessarabia
133:politicide
115:Bessarabia
3403:New Athos
2669:Hotel Lux
2652:Vinnytsia
2607:Chortkiv
2597:Berezwecz
2592:Berezhany
2560:Holodomor
2417:Stalinism
2355:Cominform
2091:Overviews
1503:19 August
1472:0208-9130
1387:Berezwecz
1229:Lithuania
1217:Vinnytsia
1108:McFarland
975:Kuybyshev
933:illegally
687:Memorials
629:Lithuania
529:Hlybokaye
509:massacres
487:Massacres
346:1975–1987
341:1958–1964
336:1928–1941
331:1921–1928
326:1917–1921
39:is being
3443:Category
3383:Kuntsevo
3230:(mother)
3222:(father)
2657:Zolochiv
2642:Valozhyn
2612:Kurapaty
2410:Concepts
2323:Cold War
1938:(2001).
1834:Archived
1694:(2010),
1673:, 1996.
1647:Archived
1535:1 August
1373:Archived
1192:(2002).
1100:(1998).
990:See also
979:Red Army
806:Chortkiv
782:Ternopil
741:deported
589:Tarasovo
585:Valozhyn
555:Chervyen
321:Religion
189:Red Army
95:Location
43:. ›
32:template
3418:Sukhumi
3379:Dachas
3370:Kureika
2760:Koreans
2647:Vileyka
2348:Comecon
2173:Sovkhoz
2168:Kolkhoz
2082:History
1335:(ed.).
1299:, from
1237:Estonia
1164:Глава 9
1143:, 2007
931:killed
926:legally
924:killed
820:Donetsk
772:Ukraine
649:Telšiai
635:Vilnius
624:prison.
610:Estonia
596:Estonia
575:Barysaw
571:Vileyka
537:kolkhoz
533:Vitebsk
519:Belarus
373:Science
361:Judaism
258:Ukraine
161:100,000
87:1941-11
85: (
79:1941-06
77: (
3212:Family
2637:Sambir
1996:
1973:
1950:
1924:
1808:
1706:
1681:p. 155
1677:
1618:
1584:
1470:
1345:
1305:Munich
1270:
1235:, and
1233:Latvia
1206:
1151:p. 391
1147:
1114:
1071:
963:, and
943:Russia
753:Moscow
673:Poland
659:Kaunas
561:Hrodna
513:Israel
497:Crimea
493:Poland
383:Images
158:Deaths
109:, the
3388:Sochi
3278:(son)
3254:(son)
3246:(son)
2831:Works
2622:Lutsk
2617:Katyn
2602:Dubno
2567:Gulag
1988:[
1965:[
1942:[
1915:[
1489:(PDF)
1141:Knopf
983:party
949:Oryol
899:Yalta
830:Dubno
812:(the
757:Gulag
714:Katyn
647:near
622:Tartu
606:Tartu
551:Minsk
549:near
356:Islam
298:Gulag
2627:Lviv
2195:16th
2108:Rise
1994:ISBN
1971:ISBN
1948:ISBN
1922:ISBN
1918:1996
1806:ISBN
1704:ISBN
1675:ISBN
1629:2024
1616:ISBN
1595:2024
1582:ISBN
1537:2016
1505:2018
1468:ISSN
1385:and
1383:Lviv
1343:ISBN
1268:ISBN
1221:Kiev
1204:ISBN
1145:ISBN
1112:ISBN
1069:ISBN
858:Lviv
810:Uman
747:and
179:and
173:NKVD
167:The
151:NKGB
149:and
147:NKVD
121:Type
72:Date
64:Lviv
60:NKVD
1167:.
928:123
785:GPU
495:to
390:Art
62:in
3460::
2696:,
1913:r.
1800:.
1698:,
1669:.
1527:.
1513:^
1491:.
1429:.
1404:.
1379::
1367:,
1312:^
1288:^
1262:.
1231:,
1227:,
1202:.
1136:.
1126:^
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1089:^
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1049:^
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608:,
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101:,
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2844:"
2841:"
2837:"
2741:)
2737:(
2156:/
2047:e
2040:t
2033:v
2002:.
1979:.
1956:.
1930:.
1820:.
1631:.
1597:.
1539:.
1507:.
1474:.
1439:.
1415:.
1351:.
1307:.
1282:.
1243:.
1212:.
1178:.
1120:.
1083:.
842:.
641:.
591:.
453:e
446:t
439:v
89:)
81:)
20:)
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