779:. "The two important scholars who have created datasets related to this are Rummel (1995) and Harff (2003). Harff (sometimes with Gurr) has studied what she terms 'genocide and politicide', defined to be genocide by killing as understood by the Genocide Convention plus the killing of a political or economic group (Harff & Gurr, 1988); the combined list of genocides is sometimes labeled 'geno-politicide' for short. Rummel (1994, 1995) has a very similar concept, 'democide', which includes such genocide and geno-politicide done by the government forces, plus other killing by government forces, such as random killing not targeted at a particular group. As Rummel (1995: 3-4) says, 'Cold-blooded government killing ... extends beyond genocide'; For example, 'shooting political opponents; or murdering by quota'. Hence, 'to cover all such murder as well as genocide and politicide, I use the concept democide. This is the intentional killing of people by government' (Rummel, 1995: 4). So Rummel has a broader concept than geno-politicide, but one that seems to include geno-politicide as a proper subset." Quote at p. 4.
69:
personally insisted against the inclusion of political groups in the
Convention. Lemkin wrote in his autobiography: "We in Latin America make revolutions from time to time, which involves the destruction of political opponents. Then we reconcile and live in peace. Later the group in power is thrown
455:
Through the inclusion of some groups and the omission of others, the convention is limited in its application to only those guilty acts committed with genocidal intent against the groups it specifies...Not only are political groups unprotected by the convention, but their omission from the treaty
423:
Thus, interpreting the crime as a departure from a "formalist" interpretation of the provision, genocide cannot be committed towards groups defined by gender. The victims, moreover, must be chosen based on their membership to such a collective with the intent to destroy the group "in whole or in
218:
to describe the killing of groups of people who are targeted not because of their shared ethnic or communal traits, but because of "their hierarchical position or political opposition to the regime and dominant groups." Harff studies genocide and politicide, sometimes shortened as
81:, anticipated that clause to apply unneeded limitations to their right to suppress internal disturbances. The reason given was that the protected groups were immutable, which scholars point out is unlikely, since religious and national affiliation are not immutable.
379:
The definition contained in
Article II of the Convention describes genocide as a crime committed with the intent to destroy a national, ethnic, racial or religious group, in whole or in part. It does not include political groups or so called "cultural
513:. According to Jones: "Also unsurprisingly, it was the settler-colonial regimes who were most anxious to exclude cultural genocide from the Genocide Convention, as Raphael Lemkin’s biographer John Cooper points out." pp. 102.
2941:
2378:
3546:
120:
1706:
1157:
2806:
63:
groups are not a protected group if they are targeted with an intent to destroy the political group even if they share an ethnic, national or religious identity.
1475:
698:
Harff, Barbara; Gurr, Ted Robert (September 1988). "Toward
Empirical Theory of Genocides and Politicides: Identification and Measurement of Cases since 1945".
2917:
1714:
1448:
2885:
1070:
1746:
2461:
2774:
1817:
1136:
2633:
2413:
1841:
1102:
1016:
2933:
2095:
1512:
1110:
322:
1999:
1327:
1213:
1833:
78:
2893:
2840:
1801:
2087:
1455:
1244:
982:
1165:
147:
This section is about mass killing based on political belief. For political suicide, of which this word is also a portmanteau, see
1229:
928:
The Silent
Conspiracy: A Communist Model of Political Cleansing at the Slovak University in Bratislava after the Second World War
337:
1029:
3594:
1754:
850:
317:
161:
is the deliberate physical destruction or elimination of a group whose members share the main characteristic of belonging to a
2988:
2496:
1682:
1544:
951:
883:
836:
806:
686:
612:
510:
480:
448:
367:
332:
824:
794:
674:
2925:
2445:
2046:
1966:
920:
2681:
2017:
1780:
1086:
1722:
1286:
916:
3415:
1762:
1181:
935:
2856:
2814:
909:
35:
is the elimination of categories of people in specific areas for political reasons. The means may vary and include
1894:
1869:
3551:
3486:
3225:
2822:
2452:
2210:
1618:
1408:
1118:
124:
2729:
3186:
2482:
1578:
1173:
975:
342:
2782:
2649:
2503:
2475:
1658:
1554:
282:
223:, in order to include the killing of political, economic, ethnic and cultural groups. Manus Midlarsky uses
3491:
2790:
2665:
2657:
1950:
1536:
522:
Schaack, Beth (1997). "The Crime of
Political Genocide: Repairing the Genocide Convention's Blind Spot".
347:
276:
562:
Staub, Ervin (June 2000). "Genocide and Mass
Killing: Origins, Prevention, Healing and Reconciliation".
2705:
1902:
17:
3584:
3436:
3379:
3365:
3338:
3270:
3146:
2981:
2673:
2641:
2523:
2406:
1189:
3181:
3176:
2371:
2362:
2063:
1432:
968:
456:
also creates a blind spot in its coverage into which those groups that are protected can be pushed.
327:
2830:
3384:
2392:
2385:
1368:
739:
Wayman, Frank W.; Tago, Atsushi (January 2010). "Explaining the Onset of Mass killing, 1949–87".
627:
Atsushi, Tago; Wayman, Frank W. (January 2010). "Explaining the Onset of Mass
Killing, 1949–87".
776:
727:
591:
551:
3481:
3215:
2901:
2489:
2438:
2328:
2071:
1602:
1488:
2737:
3511:
3389:
3292:
3287:
3203:
3151:
3102:
2798:
2553:
1825:
1503:
1254:
1197:
1078:
312:
3456:
3374:
3348:
3333:
3297:
3198:
3166:
3124:
3107:
2974:
2949:
2848:
2431:
2224:
2203:
1562:
1416:
1262:
1221:
999:
166:
128:
100:
88:
44:
8:
3531:
3314:
3302:
3240:
3087:
3051:
2766:
2468:
2335:
2284:
1982:
1878:
1849:
1809:
1793:
1440:
1392:
1358:
1350:
1319:
1094:
200:
56:
1594:
227:
to describe an arc of large-scale killing from the western parts of the Soviet Union to
181:, both of which involve the killing of people based on their membership in a particular
3250:
3220:
3208:
3171:
3141:
3129:
3112:
3092:
2291:
2277:
2055:
2030:
1886:
1738:
1424:
1311:
1301:
1053:
764:
756:
715:
652:
644:
579:
539:
441:
The
Politics of Genocide: From the Genocide Convention to the Responsibility to Protect
256:
162:
132:
3589:
3516:
3476:
3461:
3451:
3420:
3319:
3275:
3265:
3245:
3156:
3134:
3119:
3097:
3071:
3046:
3041:
2593:
2256:
2182:
2103:
1690:
1570:
1528:
1400:
1384:
1062:
1004:
947:
931:
879:
854:
832:
802:
772:
768:
723:
682:
656:
608:
587:
547:
506:
476:
444:
148:
70:
out in another revolution. Why should this be classified as the crime of genocide?"
2569:
1586:
1149:
858:
3541:
3521:
3446:
3399:
3394:
3255:
3016:
2713:
2601:
2399:
2355:
2270:
1991:
1974:
1674:
1666:
1650:
1376:
1278:
1270:
748:
707:
636:
571:
531:
405:
204:
178:
170:
136:
84:
Efforts to have political groups added to the
Convention have been unsuccessful.
40:
36:
393:
3506:
3235:
3230:
3193:
3161:
3066:
3011:
2909:
2625:
2561:
2537:
2346:
2079:
2038:
1958:
1642:
1610:
1037:
873:
828:
819:
798:
789:
678:
669:
496:
292:
207:
60:
410:
135:
have been controversially "depicted as instances of mass killing underpinned by
87:
Scholarly study of genocide usually acknowledges the United
Nations omission of
3563:
3536:
3471:
3466:
3061:
2689:
2298:
2263:
1942:
1934:
1910:
1495:
1342:
1334:
473:
Holocaust, Genocide, and the Law: A Quest for Justice in a Post-Holocaust World
74:
66:
3578:
3343:
3056:
3031:
3026:
3021:
2721:
2585:
2577:
2545:
2111:
1698:
752:
640:
307:
240:
211:
575:
169:
and one of the means used to politically cleanse populations, another being
3526:
3441:
3036:
2697:
2231:
2141:
186:
182:
104:
1236:
3496:
2997:
2609:
2321:
2314:
1918:
1045:
302:
297:
96:
760:
648:
3558:
2617:
2196:
2157:
1730:
1626:
1205:
719:
583:
287:
260:
259:
such as insurgents. This happens in many countries with high levels of
77:
resolution after a second vote because many states, including Stalin's
1926:
543:
199:
is used to describe the killing of groups that are not covered by the
3353:
3260:
2175:
2164:
1634:
1293:
875:
Irregular Armed Forces and their Role in Politics and State Formation
502:
112:
711:
239:, Midlarsky raises similarities between the killings perpetrated by
3501:
3324:
2942:
Defense for Children International – Palestine et al v. Biden et al
2238:
2217:
2189:
2134:
991:
535:
264:
232:
190:
174:
152:
108:
95:, and genocide and politicide, or geno-politicide. Killings by the
92:
91:
and political groups, and uses mass political killing datasets of
3360:
3280:
871:
244:
3307:
2305:
116:
2966:
123:
have been controversially investigated as possible cases; the
1862:
1520:
228:
702:. Wiley on behalf of The International Studies Association.
960:
151:. For the intentional destruction of a city or nation, see
2807:
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
801:. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 22, 309–310.
267:. It may be a means for and referred to as pacification.
255:
Some groups attempt to eliminate the base of support for
73:
Protection of political groups was eliminated from the
394:"Groups Defined by Gender and the Genocide Convention"
2918:
International Criminal Court investigation in Ukraine
1449:
Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction
919:. Integrated Network for Societal Conflict Research.
391:
2886:
International Criminal Court investigation in Darfur
821:
The Killing Trap: Genocide in the Twentieth Century
791:
The Killing Trap: Genocide in the Twentieth Century
237:
The Killing Trap: Genocide in the Twentieth Century
872:Davis, Diane E.; Anthony W. Pereira, eds. (2003).
27:Eliminating groups of people for political reasons
3576:
2775:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
2521:
865:
831:. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 321.
1707:German atrocities committed against Soviet POWs
605:Research Handbook on International Criminal Law
2982:
2000:Massacres of Hutus during the First Congo War
976:
189:rather than their adherence to a particular
2894:International Crimes Tribunal of Bangladesh
2634:Post–World War II Romanian war crime trials
443:. Rutgers University Press. p. 45-46.
323:Human rights violations in Pinochet's Chile
2989:
2975:
2841:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
983:
969:
941:
851:"'Political cleansing' in Colombia rising"
1456:Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars
475:. Oxford University Press. p. 46-7.
466:
464:
439:Bachman, Jeffrey S. (16 September 2022).
434:
432:
409:
681:. London: Taylor & Francis. p. 321.
1328:Indigenous peoples in the United States
470:
438:
338:Population transfer in the Soviet Union
14:
3577:
498:Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction
461:
429:
318:Forced settlements in the Soviet Union
50:
2970:
2871:
2752:
2520:
2497:Mass killings under communist regimes
2014:
1777:
1472:
1133:
1013:
964:
602:
392:Strandberg Hassellind, Filip (2020).
333:Mass killings under communist regimes
2446:Terminology of the Armenian genocide
921:University of Maryland, College Park
848:
743:. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications.
631:. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications.
2682:War crimes trials in Soviet Estonia
33:Political cleansing of a population
24:
903:
25:
3606:
3416:List of nationalist organizations
671:Security Studies: An Introduction
2872:
2753:
2015:
1778:
1473:
1134:
910:Bibliography of Genocide studies
741:Journal of Peace Research Online
629:Journal of Peace Research Online
2996:
2150:
1287:Indigenous peoples in Australia
1014:
842:
812:
782:
733:
700:International Studies Quarterly
692:
662:
398:Genocide Studies and Prevention
368:"About the genocide convention"
3487:Historiography and nationalism
2211:Genocide of indigenous peoples
1802:Indigenous peoples in Paraguay
1103:Mongols in the Delhi Sultanate
878:. Cambridge University Press.
849:Otis, John (17 October 1999).
621:
596:
556:
516:
489:
385:
360:
103:have been labeled genocide or
13:
1:
3595:Political and cultural purges
3187:Palingenetic ultranationalism
2926:Ukraine v. Russian Federation
2056:Tigrayans, Kunamas, and Irobs
1222:Jews in the Cossack Hetmanate
944:Genocide and Political Groups
942:Nersessian, David L. (2010).
353:
343:White Terror (disambiguation)
142:
2857:Croatia–Serbia genocide case
2658:Nuremberg Military Tribunals
2504:Anti-communist mass killings
1230:Indigenous peoples in Canada
1166:Indigenous peoples in Brazil
990:
471:Bazyler, Michael J. (2017).
283:Anti-communist mass killings
7:
2791:Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal
1951:National Population Program
946:. Oxford University Press.
607:. Edward Elgar Publishing.
411:10.5038/1911-9933.14.1.1679
348:Red Terror (disambiguation)
277:Outline of genocide studies
270:
10:
3611:
3547:Principle of nationalities
2706:Frankfurt Auschwitz trials
2650:Hamburg RavensbrĂĽck trials
2476:Effects on young survivors
1903:Sabra and Shatila massacre
907:
603:Brown, Bartram S. (2011).
274:
250:
146:
125:Soviet famine of 1932–1933
3437:Anarchism and nationalism
3429:
3408:
3366:List of fascist movements
3147:Constitutional patriotism
3080:
3004:
2880:
2761:
2674:Ulm Einsatzkommando trial
2642:Supreme National Tribunal
2532:
2513:
2423:
2345:
2248:
2126:
2025:
1788:
1483:
1245:Residential school system
1144:
1024:
998:
926:Mesko, Zoltan G. (2003).
818:Midlarsky, Manus (2005).
788:Midlarsky, Manus (2005).
115:in the Soviet Union, and
1537:Christians in Diyarbekir
753:10.1177/0022343309342944
677:20 November 2020 at the
641:10.1177/0022343309342944
328:Hundred Flowers Campaign
173:. It may be compared to
2483:Politics of recognition
1030:Destruction of Carthage
915:Harff, Barbara (2004).
853:. colombiasupport.net.
668:Williams, Paul (2008).
576:10.1111/0162-895X.00193
107:, and the deaths under
3482:Gender and nationalism
2934:South Africa v. Israel
2902:Rohingya genocide case
2439:Names of the Holocaust
1895:Chittagong Hill Tracts
1603:Kinder der Landstrasse
1489:Late Ottoman genocides
3512:National indifference
2799:Bosnian genocide case
2453:Holocaust terminology
2096:Christians under ISIS
1826:1966 anti-Igbo pogrom
1255:1740 Batavia massacre
1079:Harrying of the North
917:"Genocide Politicide"
501:(2nd ed.). New York:
313:Extrajudicial killing
3457:Cultural nationalism
3349:National syndicalist
2950:Nicaragua v. Germany
2849:Khmer Rouge Tribunal
2225:Utilitarian genocide
2204:Transgender genocide
1563:Osage Indian murders
1263:Great Gypsy Round-up
827:30 July 2023 at the
797:30 July 2023 at the
564:Political Psychology
524:The Yale Law Journal
495:Jones, Adam (2010).
167:political repression
129:Great Chinese Famine
101:Democratic Kampuchea
45:population transfers
3532:Nationalism studies
2336:Settler colonialism
2285:Forced assimilation
1983:Srebrenica massacre
1755:Chechens and Ingush
1513:Thracian Bulgarians
1359:Sand Creek massacre
1320:Siege of Tripolitsa
1071:Ancestral Puebloans
257:political opponents
201:Genocide Convention
57:Genocide Convention
51:Genocide Convention
2815:Slobodan Milošević
2666:Erich von Manstein
2278:Extermination camp
2031:Effacer le tableau
1794:Hyderabadi Muslims
1739:Nanshitou Massacre
1723:Muslims and Croats
1425:Hamidian massacres
1312:Al-Jawazi massacre
1302:Stolen Generations
1005:list by death toll
165:. It is a type of
163:political movement
133:Great Leap Forward
3572:
3571:
3517:National question
3477:Gastronationalism
3462:Diaspora politics
3452:Banal nationalism
3421:Nationalist Clubs
2964:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2867:
2866:
2748:
2747:
2594:Euthanasia trials
2514:Legal proceedings
2257:Cultural genocide
2183:Cultural genocide
2122:
2121:
2047:Masalit massacres
2010:
2009:
1911:Sri Lankan Tamils
1818:Arabs in Zanzibar
1773:
1772:
1691:Three Alls policy
1468:
1467:
1401:Putumayo genocide
1129:
1128:
953:978-0-19-159455-7
885:978-1-139-43998-5
855:Houston Chronicle
837:978-0-521-81545-1
807:978-0-521-81545-1
687:978-0-415-42561-2
614:978-0-85793-322-5
511:978-0-415-48619-4
482:978-0-19-066403-9
450:978-1-978821-50-7
205:Social scientists
149:Political suicide
16:(Redirected from
3602:
3585:Forced migration
3555:
3542:Plurinationalism
3522:National revival
3492:Internationalism
3447:Anti-nationalism
3430:Related concepts
2991:
2984:
2977:
2968:
2967:
2953:
2945:
2937:
2929:
2921:
2913:
2905:
2897:
2889:
2875:
2869:
2868:
2860:
2852:
2844:
2834:
2826:
2823:Radovan Karadžić
2818:
2810:
2802:
2794:
2786:
2783:Belgrade Process
2778:
2770:
2756:
2750:
2749:
2741:
2733:
2725:
2717:
2714:Treblinka trials
2709:
2701:
2693:
2685:
2677:
2669:
2661:
2653:
2645:
2637:
2629:
2621:
2613:
2605:
2597:
2589:
2581:
2573:
2565:
2557:
2554:Épuration légale
2549:
2541:
2527:
2524:Holocaust trials
2518:
2517:
2506:
2499:
2492:
2485:
2478:
2471:
2464:
2455:
2448:
2441:
2434:
2416:
2409:
2402:
2395:
2388:
2381:
2374:
2365:
2358:
2338:
2331:
2324:
2317:
2308:
2301:
2294:
2287:
2280:
2273:
2271:Ethnic cleansing
2266:
2259:
2241:
2234:
2227:
2220:
2213:
2206:
2199:
2192:
2185:
2178:
2167:
2160:
2153:
2144:
2137:
2115:
2107:
2099:
2091:
2088:Shias under ISIS
2083:
2075:
2067:
2059:
2049:
2042:
2034:
2020:
2012:
2011:
2003:
1995:
1985:
1978:
1970:
1962:
1954:
1946:
1938:
1930:
1922:
1914:
1906:
1898:
1890:
1882:
1872:
1865:
1858:
1853:
1845:
1837:
1829:
1821:
1813:
1805:
1797:
1783:
1775:
1774:
1766:
1758:
1750:
1742:
1734:
1726:
1718:
1715:Serbs in Croatia
1710:
1702:
1694:
1686:
1678:
1675:Nanjing Massacre
1670:
1667:Parsley massacre
1662:
1659:Polish Operation
1654:
1651:Romani Holocaust
1646:
1638:
1630:
1622:
1614:
1606:
1598:
1595:NapalpĂ massacre
1590:
1582:
1574:
1566:
1558:
1548:
1540:
1532:
1524:
1516:
1506:
1499:
1491:
1478:
1470:
1469:
1459:
1451:
1444:
1436:
1428:
1420:
1412:
1404:
1396:
1388:
1380:
1372:
1362:
1354:
1346:
1338:
1330:
1323:
1315:
1305:
1297:
1289:
1282:
1274:
1266:
1258:
1248:
1240:
1232:
1225:
1217:
1209:
1201:
1193:
1185:
1177:
1169:
1161:
1153:
1139:
1131:
1130:
1122:
1114:
1106:
1098:
1090:
1087:Mongol conquests
1082:
1074:
1066:
1056:
1049:
1041:
1033:
1019:
1011:
1010:
985:
978:
971:
962:
961:
957:
897:
896:
894:
892:
869:
863:
862:
857:. Archived from
846:
840:
816:
810:
786:
780:
737:
731:
696:
690:
666:
660:
625:
619:
618:
600:
594:
560:
554:
530:(7): 2259–2291.
520:
514:
493:
487:
486:
468:
459:
458:
436:
427:
426:
420:
418:
413:
389:
383:
382:
372:
364:
179:ethnic cleansing
171:forced migration
137:genocidal intent
41:ethnic cleansing
37:forced migration
21:
3610:
3609:
3605:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3600:
3599:
3575:
3574:
3573:
3568:
3549:
3507:Nation-building
3425:
3404:
3076:
3000:
2995:
2965:
2956:
2948:
2940:
2932:
2924:
2916:
2910:Uyghur Tribunal
2908:
2900:
2892:
2884:
2876:
2873:
2863:
2855:
2847:
2839:
2829:
2821:
2813:
2805:
2797:
2789:
2781:
2773:
2765:
2757:
2754:
2744:
2736:
2730:Fedorenko trial
2728:
2720:
2712:
2704:
2696:
2688:
2680:
2672:
2664:
2656:
2648:
2640:
2632:
2626:Stutthof trials
2624:
2616:
2608:
2602:Nuremberg trial
2600:
2592:
2584:
2576:
2568:
2562:Majdanek trials
2560:
2552:
2544:
2538:Krasnodar trial
2536:
2528:
2522:
2509:
2502:
2495:
2488:
2481:
2474:
2467:
2460:
2451:
2444:
2437:
2430:
2419:
2412:
2405:
2398:
2391:
2384:
2377:
2370:
2361:
2354:
2341:
2334:
2327:
2320:
2313:
2304:
2297:
2290:
2283:
2276:
2269:
2262:
2255:
2244:
2237:
2230:
2223:
2216:
2209:
2202:
2195:
2188:
2181:
2174:
2163:
2156:
2149:
2140:
2133:
2118:
2110:
2102:
2094:
2086:
2078:
2070:
2064:Southern Kaduna
2062:
2054:
2045:
2037:
2029:
2021:
2016:
2006:
1998:
1990:
1981:
1973:
1965:
1957:
1949:
1941:
1933:
1925:
1917:
1909:
1901:
1893:
1885:
1877:
1868:
1861:
1856:
1848:
1840:
1832:
1824:
1816:
1808:
1800:
1792:
1784:
1779:
1769:
1761:
1753:
1745:
1737:
1729:
1721:
1713:
1705:
1697:
1689:
1681:
1673:
1665:
1657:
1649:
1643:Simele massacre
1641:
1633:
1625:
1617:
1609:
1601:
1593:
1585:
1577:
1569:
1561:
1553:
1543:
1535:
1527:
1519:
1511:
1502:
1494:
1487:
1479:
1474:
1464:
1454:
1447:
1439:
1433:Herero and Nama
1431:
1423:
1415:
1407:
1399:
1391:
1383:
1375:
1367:
1357:
1349:
1341:
1333:
1326:
1318:
1310:
1300:
1292:
1285:
1277:
1269:
1261:
1253:
1243:
1235:
1228:
1220:
1212:
1204:
1196:
1188:
1180:
1172:
1164:
1156:
1148:
1140:
1135:
1125:
1117:
1109:
1101:
1093:
1085:
1077:
1069:
1061:
1052:
1044:
1038:Asiatic Vespers
1036:
1028:
1020:
1015:
1002:
994:
989:
954:
912:
906:
904:Further reading
901:
900:
890:
888:
886:
870:
866:
861:on 15 May 2001.
847:
843:
829:Wayback Machine
817:
813:
799:Wayback Machine
787:
783:
738:
734:
712:10.2307/2600447
697:
693:
679:Wayback Machine
667:
663:
626:
622:
615:
601:
597:
561:
557:
521:
517:
494:
490:
483:
469:
462:
451:
437:
430:
416:
414:
390:
386:
370:
366:
365:
361:
356:
293:Reign of Terror
279:
273:
253:
221:geno-politicide
208:Ted Robert Gurr
156:
145:
121:Communist China
53:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3608:
3598:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3566:
3564:State-building
3561:
3556:
3544:
3539:
3537:Natural border
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3472:Exceptionalism
3469:
3467:Eliminationism
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3433:
3431:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3423:
3418:
3412:
3410:
3406:
3405:
3403:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3371:
3370:
3369:
3368:
3358:
3357:
3356:
3346:
3336:
3331:
3330:
3329:
3328:
3327:
3317:
3312:
3311:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3285:
3284:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3212:
3211:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3190:
3189:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3138:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3117:
3116:
3115:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3084:
3082:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3008:
3006:
3002:
3001:
2994:
2993:
2986:
2979:
2971:
2962:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2954:
2946:
2938:
2930:
2922:
2914:
2906:
2898:
2890:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2861:
2853:
2845:
2837:
2836:
2835:
2827:
2819:
2803:
2795:
2787:
2779:
2771:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2742:
2734:
2726:
2718:
2710:
2702:
2694:
2690:Eichmann trial
2686:
2678:
2670:
2662:
2654:
2646:
2638:
2630:
2622:
2614:
2606:
2598:
2590:
2582:
2574:
2570:Chełmno trials
2566:
2558:
2550:
2542:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2515:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2507:
2500:
2493:
2486:
2479:
2472:
2465:
2458:
2457:
2456:
2449:
2442:
2427:
2425:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2417:
2410:
2403:
2396:
2389:
2382:
2375:
2368:
2367:
2366:
2363:Trivialization
2351:
2349:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2339:
2332:
2325:
2318:
2311:
2310:
2309:
2302:
2299:Killing Fields
2288:
2281:
2274:
2267:
2260:
2252:
2250:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2242:
2235:
2228:
2221:
2214:
2207:
2200:
2193:
2186:
2179:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2169:
2168:
2147:
2146:
2145:
2130:
2128:
2124:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2116:
2108:
2100:
2092:
2084:
2076:
2068:
2060:
2052:
2051:
2050:
2035:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2004:
1996:
1988:
1987:
1986:
1971:
1963:
1955:
1947:
1939:
1931:
1927:Kuwaiti Bedoon
1923:
1915:
1907:
1899:
1891:
1883:
1875:
1874:
1873:
1866:
1854:
1846:
1838:
1830:
1822:
1814:
1806:
1798:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1767:
1763:Crimean Tatars
1759:
1751:
1743:
1735:
1727:
1719:
1711:
1703:
1695:
1687:
1679:
1671:
1663:
1655:
1647:
1639:
1631:
1623:
1615:
1607:
1599:
1591:
1587:KantĹŤ Massacre
1583:
1575:
1567:
1559:
1551:
1550:
1549:
1541:
1533:
1525:
1517:
1509:
1508:
1507:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1466:
1465:
1463:
1462:
1461:
1460:
1445:
1437:
1429:
1421:
1413:
1405:
1397:
1389:
1381:
1373:
1365:
1364:
1363:
1355:
1347:
1343:Trail of Tears
1339:
1335:Indian removal
1324:
1316:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1298:
1283:
1275:
1267:
1259:
1251:
1250:
1249:
1241:
1226:
1218:
1210:
1202:
1194:
1186:
1178:
1174:Kashmiri Shias
1170:
1162:
1154:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1127:
1126:
1124:
1123:
1115:
1107:
1099:
1091:
1083:
1075:
1067:
1059:
1058:
1057:
1042:
1034:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1008:
996:
995:
988:
987:
980:
973:
965:
959:
958:
952:
939:
924:
908:Main article:
905:
902:
899:
898:
884:
864:
841:
811:
781:
732:
706:(3): 359–371.
691:
661:
620:
613:
595:
570:(2): 367–382.
555:
536:10.2307/797169
515:
488:
481:
460:
449:
428:
384:
375:United Nations
358:
357:
355:
352:
351:
350:
345:
340:
335:
330:
325:
320:
315:
310:
305:
300:
295:
290:
285:
275:Main article:
272:
269:
252:
249:
235:. In his book
144:
141:
75:United Nations
67:Raphael Lemkin
52:
49:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3607:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3553:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3428:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3409:Organizations
3407:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3380:Technological
3378:
3376:
3373:
3367:
3364:
3363:
3362:
3359:
3355:
3352:
3351:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3344:Ethnocacerism
3342:
3341:
3340:
3339:Revolutionary
3337:
3335:
3332:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3289:
3286:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3188:
3185:
3184:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3121:
3118:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3079:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2992:
2987:
2985:
2980:
2978:
2973:
2972:
2969:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2882:
2879:
2870:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2811:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2763:
2760:
2751:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2722:Sobibor trial
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2586:Belsen trials
2583:
2579:
2578:Dachau trials
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2546:Kharkov trial
2543:
2539:
2535:
2534:
2531:
2525:
2519:
2516:
2512:
2505:
2501:
2498:
2494:
2491:
2490:Justification
2487:
2484:
2480:
2477:
2473:
2470:
2466:
2463:
2459:
2454:
2450:
2447:
2443:
2440:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2422:
2415:
2411:
2408:
2404:
2401:
2397:
2394:
2390:
2387:
2383:
2380:
2376:
2373:
2369:
2364:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2356:The Holocaust
2353:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2344:
2337:
2333:
2330:
2326:
2323:
2319:
2316:
2315:Death marches
2312:
2307:
2303:
2300:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2289:
2286:
2282:
2279:
2275:
2272:
2268:
2265:
2261:
2258:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2247:
2240:
2236:
2233:
2229:
2226:
2222:
2219:
2215:
2212:
2208:
2205:
2201:
2198:
2194:
2191:
2187:
2184:
2180:
2177:
2173:
2166:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2148:
2143:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2125:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2072:Iraqi Turkmen
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2048:
2044:
2043:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2027:
2024:
2019:
2013:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1984:
1980:
1979:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1871:
1867:
1864:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1790:
1787:
1782:
1776:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1699:The Holocaust
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1581:(1920s–1930s)
1580:
1579:Ingrian Finns
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1505:
1504:Pontic Greeks
1501:
1500:
1497:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1486:
1485:
1482:
1477:
1471:
1457:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1419:(1890s–1900s)
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1246:
1242:
1239:(1700s–1800s)
1238:
1234:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1146:
1143:
1138:
1132:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1089:(1200s–1360s)
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1055:
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308:Desaparecidos
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241:Joseph Stalin
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3527:Nation state
3442:Anationalism
3182:Expansionist
2874:21st century
2831:Ratko Mladić
2755:20th century
2698:Belzec trial
2462:Genocide law
2322:Death squads
2232:Mass killing
2142:Autogenocide
2018:21st century
1781:1946 to 1999
1653:(1935–1945)
1611:Libyan Arabs
1476:1913 to 1945
1137:1490 to 1913
943:
927:
889:. Retrieved
874:
867:
859:the original
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415:. Retrieved
404:(1): 60–75.
401:
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362:
303:Death squads
298:Cuban exiles
254:
236:
224:
220:
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196:
195:
187:ethnic group
158:
157:
105:autogenocide
86:
83:
79:Soviet Union
72:
65:
54:
32:
31:
29:
3550: [
3497:Irredentism
3385:Territorial
3005:Development
2998:Nationalism
2944:(2023–2024)
2912:(2020–2021)
2859:(1999–2015)
2851:(1997–2022)
2843:(1994–2015)
2833:(2011–2017)
2825:(2008–2016)
2817:(2002–2006)
2809:(1993–2017)
2801:(1993–2007)
2793:(1946–1948)
2777:(1946–1948)
2767:Budak trial
2738:Finta trial
2724:(1965–1966)
2716:(1964–1970)
2708:(1963–1989)
2700:(1963–1965)
2684:(1961–1962)
2660:(1946–1949)
2652:(1946–1948)
2644:(1946–1948)
2636:(1946–1953)
2628:(1946–1947)
2612:(1945–1946)
2610:Minsk trial
2604:(1945–1946)
2596:(1945–1949)
2588:(1945–1948)
2580:(1945–1947)
2572:(1945–2001)
2564:(1944–1989)
2556:(1944–1951)
2526:(1943–2022)
2432:Definitions
2082:(2014–2017)
2074:(2014–2017)
2066:(2011–2023)
2033:(2002–2003)
2002:(1996–1997)
1977:(1992–1995)
1969:(1991–2003)
1953:(1987–2002)
1945:(1987–1989)
1937:(1986–1989)
1921:(1983–1987)
1919:Gukurahundi
1913:(1983–2009)
1897:(1977–1997)
1889:(1975–1979)
1881:(1974–1999)
1844:(1970–2003)
1842:Feyli Kurds
1836:(1966–1970)
1812:(1962–1996)
1804:(1956–1989)
1765:(1944–1948)
1757:(1944–1948)
1749:(1943–1945)
1741:(1942–1945)
1725:(1941–1945)
1717:(1941–1945)
1709:(1941–1945)
1701:(1941–1945)
1693:(1940–1942)
1685:(1939–1945)
1677:(1937–1938)
1661:(1937–1938)
1637:(1932–1933)
1621:(1930–1933)
1613:(1929–1932)
1605:(1926–1973)
1573:(1919–1933)
1565:(1918–1931)
1557:(1916–1917)
1547:(1916–1934)
1531:(1915–1917)
1523:(1915–1919)
1498:(1913–1922)
1458:(1912–1913)
1443:(1905–1907)
1435:(1904–1907)
1427:(1894–1896)
1411:(1888–1893)
1403:(1879–1913)
1393:Circassians
1387:(1850–1864)
1353:(1846–1873)
1345:(1830–1850)
1337:(1830–1847)
1304:(1869–1977)
1296:(1825–1832)
1281:(1785–2017)
1247:(1874–1996)
1224:(1648–1657)
1216:(1640–1649)
1208:(1636–1638)
1176:(1548–1872)
1152:(1492–1514)
1121:(1402–1496)
1113:(1393–1394)
1097:(1209–1229)
1081:(1069–1070)
1017:Before 1490
891:30 November
747:(1): 3–13.
635:(1): 3–13.
131:during the
97:Khmer Rouge
3579:Categories
3559:Revanchism
3216:Linguistic
3162:Ecological
2618:Riga trial
2469:Prevention
2414:Indigenous
2329:Incitement
2197:Gendercide
2158:Classicide
2151:Politicide
2112:Gaza Strip
1879:East Timor
1850:Bangladesh
1810:Guatemalan
1731:Sook Ching
1627:La Matanza
1351:California
1063:Bar Kokhba
505:. p. 137.
380:genocide".
354:References
288:Classicide
261:insurgency
225:politicide
216:politicide
197:Politicide
159:Politicide
143:Politicide
55:Under the
18:Politicide
3390:Terrorism
3354:Falangism
3293:Christian
3288:Religious
3209:Communist
3204:Left-wing
3152:Corporate
3142:Communist
3103:Bourgeois
3093:Anarchist
2407:Cambodian
2400:Holodomor
2292:Massacres
2176:Ethnocide
2165:Eliticide
1887:Cambodian
1635:Holodomor
1529:Armenians
1521:Assyrians
1294:Black War
1182:Huguenots
1065:(132–136)
1048:(50s BCE)
1032:(146 BCE)
1000:Genocides
777:0022-3433
769:145155872
728:0020-8833
657:145155872
592:1467-9221
552:0044-0094
503:Routledge
113:Stalinism
61:political
3590:Genocide
3502:Jingoism
3375:Romantic
3334:Resource
3325:Hindutva
3303:Clerico-
3298:Catholic
3241:Populist
3199:Integral
3177:European
3167:Economic
3125:American
3108:Business
3072:Treasure
3047:Language
3042:Identity
2372:Armenian
2239:Domicide
2218:Policide
2190:Eugenics
2135:Democide
2104:Rohingya
1747:Volhynia
1571:Cossacks
1417:Selk'nam
1279:Chechens
1271:Dzungars
1198:Lameyans
1190:Kalinago
1160:(1500s–)
1119:Guanches
1054:Eburones
1040:(88 BCE)
992:Genocide
825:Archived
795:Archived
761:25654524
675:Archived
649:25654524
271:See also
265:Colombia
263:such as
233:Cambodia
191:ideology
175:genocide
153:Policide
127:and the
109:Leninism
93:democide
89:economic
3361:Fascism
3315:Islamic
3281:Zionism
3113:Welfare
3088:African
3081:By type
3017:Colours
2936:(2023–)
2928:(2022–)
2920:(2022–)
2904:(2019–)
2896:(2012–)
2888:(2005–)
2393:Rwandan
2386:Bosnian
2379:Serbian
2306:Pogroms
2249:Methods
2114:(2023–)
2106:(2017–)
2098:(2014–)
2090:(2014–)
2080:Yazidis
2058:(2003–)
2041:(2003–)
1992:Rwandan
1975:Bosnian
1967:Ahwaris
1961:(1990–)
1929:(1985–)
1857:Burundi
1619:Kazakhs
1409:Hazaras
1395:(1860s)
1385:Manchus
1377:Moriori
1369:CharrĂşa
1273:(1750s)
1237:Beothuk
1206:Pequots
1168:(1500–)
1111:Assyria
1095:Cathars
720:2600447
584:3791796
251:Motives
245:Pol Pot
3400:Ultra-
3395:Trans-
3308:Mormon
3271:Korean
3261:Berber
3251:Racial
3221:Mystic
3172:Ethnic
3157:Cyber-
3130:French
3067:Symbol
3027:Flower
3012:Anthem
2952:(2024)
2785:(1946)
2769:(1945)
2740:(1994)
2732:(1986)
2692:(1961)
2676:(1958)
2668:(1949)
2620:(1946)
2548:(1943)
2540:(1943)
2424:Issues
2347:Denial
2039:Darfur
1994:(1994)
1959:Amhara
1905:(1982)
1852:(1971)
1834:Biafra
1828:(1966)
1820:(1964)
1796:(1948)
1733:(1942)
1669:(1937)
1645:(1933)
1629:(1932)
1597:(1924)
1589:(1923)
1555:Kyrgyz
1539:(1915)
1515:(1913)
1496:Greeks
1379:(1835)
1371:(1831)
1361:(1864)
1322:(1821)
1314:(1816)
1265:(1749)
1257:(1740)
1200:(1636)
1192:(1626)
1184:(1572)
1105:(1311)
1073:(800s)
950:
934:
882:
835:
805:
775:
767:
759:
726:
718:
685:
655:
647:
611:
590:
582:
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544:797169
542:
509:
479:
447:
424:part."
417:3 July
183:racial
117:Maoism
3554:]
3320:Hindu
3276:White
3266:Black
3246:Queer
3194:Homo-
3135:Irish
3120:Civic
3098:Blind
3062:Sport
3052:Music
2127:Terms
1943:Isaaq
1935:Anfal
1683:Poles
1545:Kurds
1441:Ukame
1214:Huron
1150:TaĂno
1046:Gauls
765:S2CID
757:JSTOR
716:JSTOR
653:S2CID
645:JSTOR
580:JSTOR
540:JSTOR
371:(PDF)
229:China
3256:Arab
3236:Neo-
3231:Pan-
3057:Myth
3032:Epic
3022:Flag
2264:Rape
1870:1993
1863:1972
1158:Ainu
948:ISBN
932:ISBN
893:2016
880:ISBN
833:ISBN
803:ISBN
773:ISSN
724:ISSN
683:ISBN
609:ISBN
588:ISSN
548:ISSN
507:ISBN
477:ISBN
445:ISBN
419:2024
243:and
231:and
214:use
210:and
111:and
43:and
3226:New
3037:God
749:doi
708:doi
637:doi
572:doi
532:doi
528:106
406:doi
185:or
177:or
139:."
119:in
99:in
3581::
3552:fr
930:.
771:.
763:.
755:.
745:47
722:.
714:.
704:32
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463:^
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47:.
39:,
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1007:)
1003:(
984:e
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20:)
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