442:
1007:
681:
767:
967:
576:
977:
5015:
1037:
1017:
781:
667:
1027:
796:
752:
902:
882:
709:
997:
952:
912:
892:
872:
738:
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932:
862:
810:
724:
93:
825:
987:
922:
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695:
535:, the prohibition of marriage, and long-term separation of men and women intended to prevent procreation. Rape has been found to violate the fourth prohibited act on two bases: where the rape was committed with the intent to impregnate a woman and thereby force her to carry a child of another group (in societies where group identity is determined by
4112:
483:
and
Ruzindana, it extended the list to include: "lack of proper housing, clothing, hygiene and medical care or excessive work or physical exertion" among the conditions. It further noted that, in addition to deprivation of necessary resources, rape could also fit within this prohibited act. In August 2023, founding chief prosecutor of the
1118:
cleansings have not been secured. A number of domestic courts and legislatures have found these events to have met the criteria of genocide, and the ICTY found the acts of, and intent to destroy to have been satisfied, the "dolus specialis" still in question and before the MICT, a UN war crimes court, but ruled that
388:
A less settled discussion is whether deaths that are further removed from the initial acts of violence can be addressed under this provision of the
Genocide Convention. Legal scholars have posited, for example, that deaths resulting from other genocidal acts including causing serious bodily or mental
2236:
The United States attached a reservation to its ratification of the
Genocide Convention, for example, stating that 'before any dispute to which the United States is a party may be submitted to the jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice under , the specific consent of the United States is
482:
The ICTR provided guidance into what constitutes a violation of the third act. In
Akayesu, it identified "subjecting a group of people to a subsistence diet, systematic expulsion from homes and the reduction of essential medical services below minimum requirement" as rising to genocide. In Kayishema
608:
Despite its delegates playing a key role in drafting the convention, the United States did not become a party until 1988—a full forty years after it was opened for signature—and did so only with reservations precluding punishment of the country if it were ever accused of genocide. These were due to
1155:
in
Rakhine State after around 800,000 Rohingya fled at gunpoint to neighbouring Bangladesh in 2016 and 2017, while their home villages were systematically burned. The International Court of Justice has given its first circular in 2018 asking Myanmar to protect its Rohingya from genocide. Myanmar's
556:
The final prohibited act is the only prohibited act that does not lead to physical or biological destruction, but rather to destruction of the group as a cultural and social unit. It occurs when children of the protected group are transferred to the perpetrator group. Boys are typically taken into
465:
The third prohibited act is distinguished from the genocidal act of killing because the deaths are not immediate (or may not even come to pass), but rather create circumstances that do not support prolonged life. Due to the longer period of time before the actual destruction would be achieved, the
1531:
The
Armenian Genocide and International Law, Alfred de Zayas – "And yet there are those who claim that the Armenians have no justiciable rights, because the Genocide Convention was only adopted 1948, more than thirty years after the Armenian genocide, and because treaties are not normally applied
429:
also found that enslavement, removal of one's children into indoctrination or sexual slavery, and acts of physical and sexual violence rise to the level of torture, as well. While it was subject to some debate, the ICTY and, later, the Syrian COI held that under some circumstances deportation and
408:
decision, the ICTR held that rapes and sexual violence resulted in "physical and psychological destruction". Sexual violence is a hallmark of genocidal violence, with most genocidal campaigns explicitly or implicitly sanctioning it. It is estimated that 250,000 to 500,000 women were raped in the
345:
The
Genocide Convention establishes five prohibited acts that, when committed with the requisite intent, amount to genocide. Genocide is not just defined as wide scale massacre-style killings that are visible and well-documented. International law recognizes a broad range of forms of violence in
1243:
have accused Russia of genocide. In April 2022 Genocide Watch issued a genocide alert for
Ukraine. A May 2022 report by 35 legal and genocide experts concluded that Russia has violated the Genocide Convention by the direct and public incitement to commit genocide, and that a pattern of Russian
1117:
of 1995 in which the tribunal found, "Bosnian Serb forces committed genocide, they targeted for extinction, the 40,000 Bosnian
Muslims of Srebrenica ... the trial chamber refers to the crimes by their appropriate name, genocide ..." However, individual convictions applicable to the 1992 ethnic
190:
The
Convention defines genocide as any of five "acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group." These five acts include killing members of the group, causing them serious bodily or mental harm, imposing living conditions intended to
1997:
Prosecutor v. Karadžić, Case No. IT-95-5/18-T, Trial Judgment, para. , Int’l Crim. Trib. for the Former Yugoslavia, 24 March 2016, para. 5664; Patricia Viseur Sellers, "Genocide Gendered: The Srebrenica Cases", The Fifth Annual Katherine B. Fite Lecture, Proceedings of the Ninth International
1636:
Current or former colonial powers—Belgium, Denmark, France, Netherlands, and the United Kingdom—opposed the retention of references to cultural genocide in the draft convention. So did settler countries that had displaced indigenous peoples but otherwise were champions of the development of
342:(a term also not enshrined in international law). In June 2021, the International Criminal Court issued new guidelines for how cultural destruction, when occurring alongside other recognized acts of genocide, can potentially be corroborating evidence for the intent of the crime of genocide.
337:
Early drafts also included acts of cultural destruction in the concept of genocide, but these were opposed by former European colonial powers and some settler countries. Such acts, which Lemkin saw as part and parcel of the concept of genocide, have since often been discussed as
1045:(However, exceptionally, Australia did make such a notification at the same time as the ratification of the convention for Australia proper, 8 July 1949, with the effect that the convention did apply also to all territories under Australian control simultaneously, as the USSR
424:
or punishment, when committed with the requisite intent, are also genocide by causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group. The ICTY found that both experiencing a failed execution and watching the murder of one's family members may constitute torture. The
3095:
1076:
drafted a 237-page petition arguing that even after 1945, the United States had been responsible for hundreds of wrongful deaths, both legal and extra-legal, as well as numerous other supposedly genocidal abuses. Leaders from the Black community and left activists
195:
of its commission." Member states are prohibited from engaging in genocide and obligated to pursue the enforcement of this prohibition. All perpetrators are to be tried regardless of whether they are private individuals, public officials, or political leaders with
844:
Any Contracting Party may at any time, by notification addressed to the Secretary-General of the United Nations, extend the application of the present Convention to all or any of the territories for the conduct of whose foreign relations that Contracting Party is
333:
along with some other nations would not accept that actions against groups identified as holding similar political opinions or social status would constitute genocide, so these stipulations were subsequently removed in a political and diplomatic compromise.
4637:
3055:
557:
the group by changing their names to those common of the perpetrator group, converting their religion, and using them for labor or as soldiers. Girls who are transferred are not generally converted to the perpetrator group, but instead treated as
478:
relied on as a source of food. This was done for various reasons, primarily to pressure them onto reservations during times of conflict. Some genocide experts describe this as an example of genocide that involves removing the means of survival.
191:
destroy the group, preventing births, and forcibly transferring children out of the group. Victims are targeted because of their real or perceived membership of a group, not randomly. The convention further criminalizes "complicity, attempt, or
2980:
1112:
during the Bosnian war. International Tribunal findings have addressed two allegations of genocidal events, including the 1992 ethnic cleansing campaign in municipalities throughout Bosnia, as well as the convictions found in regards to the
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4721:
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373:. Men and boys are typically subject to "fast" killings, such as by gunshot. Women and girls are more likely to die slower deaths by slashing, burning, or as a result of sexual violence. The jurisprudence of the
2945:
2842:
426:
5859:
4514:
2955:
1961:
539:
identity) and where the person raped subsequently refuses to procreate as a result of the trauma. Accordingly, it can take into account both physical and mental measures imposed by the perpetrators.
1924:
Wood, Stephanie K. (2004). "A Woman Scorned for the "Least Condemned" War Crime: Precedent and Problems with Prosecuting Rape as a Serious Crime in the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda".
5809:
1206:
5954:
1298:
1683:
413:. In Darfur, a systemic campaign of rape and often sexual mutilation was carried out and in Burma public mass rapes and gang rapes were inflicted on the Rohingya by Burmese security forces.
4484:
1827:
1510:
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entailed the lynching of more than 10,000 African Americans with an average of more than 100 per year, with the full number being unconfirmed at the time due to unreported murder cases.
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retroactively. This, of course, is a fallacy, because the Genocide Convention was drafted and adopted precisely in the light of the Armenian genocide and in the light of the Holocaust."
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ICTR held that courts must consider the duration of time the conditions are imposed as an element of the act. In the 19th century the United States federal government supported the
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traditional American suspicion of any international authority that could override US law. U.S. ratification of the convention was owed in large part to campaigning by Senator
2200:
1244:
atrocities implies the intent to destroy the Ukrainian national group, and the consequent serious risk of genocide triggers the obligation to prevent it on signatory states.
1844:
Prosecutor v. Semanza, Case No. ICTR-97-20-T, Trial Judgment, para. , 15 May 2003; Prosecutor v. Ntagerura, Case No. ICTR-99-46-T, Trial Judgment, para. , 24 February 2004,
5959:
5739:
4529:
5524:
1280:. In addition to starting the litigation process, South Africa also asked the International Court of Justice to demand that Israel cease their military operations in the
203:
The CPPCG has influenced law at both the national and international level. Its definition of genocide has been adopted by international and hybrid tribunals, such as the
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3646:
5849:
5209:
4609:
4457:
2440:
5169:
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The ICJ has also stated that the prohibition of genocide is a peremptory norm of international law (or ius cogens) and consequently, no derogation from it is allowed.
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3374:
401:
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Russian forces committed numerous atrocities and war crimes in Ukraine, including all five of the potentially genocidal acts listed in the Genocide Convention.
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404:(ICTY) have held that rape and sexual violence may constitute the second prohibited act of genocide by causing both physical and mental harm. In its landmark
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in April 2022; one state, the Dominican Republic, has signed but not ratified the treaty. Forty-four states have neither signed nor ratified the convention.
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As of June 2024, there are 153 state parties to the Genocide Convention—representing the vast majority of sovereign nations—with the most recent being
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harm or the successful deliberate infliction of conditions of life calculated to bring about physical destruction should be considered genocidal killings.
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223:. The Genocide Convention authorizes the mandatory jurisdiction of the ICJ to adjudicate disputes, leading to international litigation such as the
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The first state and parties to be found in breach of the Genocide Convention were Serbia and Montenegro, and numerous Bosnian Serb leaders. In
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2351:"ICTY convicts Ratko Mladić for genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity | International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia"
1625:"Cultural Genocide and the Protection of Cultural Heritage. J. Paul Getty Trust Occasional Papers in Cultural Heritage Policy Number 2, 2018"
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on 1 February 2021; since the military is widely seen as the main culprit of the genocide, the coup presents a further challenge to the ICJ.
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Several countries opposed this article, considering that the convention automatically also should apply to Non-Self-Governing Territories:
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570:
374:
68:
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and called for the creation of a binding treaty to prevent and punish its perpetration. Subsequent discussions and negotiations among
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5294:
5279:
4198:
3906:
3685:
3624:
3266:
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506:, cutting all access to food, medical supplies, electricity, gas, internet, and stopping all movement of people to and from Armenia.
788:
Opposed by Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Mexico, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Turkey and United Kingdom
441:
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5429:
5089:
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4033:
3971:
3931:
3819:
3483:
3194:
2063:
377:(ICTR), among others, shows that both the initial executions and those that quickly follow other acts of extreme violence, such as
261:(c) Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part;
1766:(June 2018). 'We Will Destroy Everything:' Military Responsibility for Crimes Against Humanity in Rakhine State, Myanmar (Report).
1130:, in order to comply with its obligations under Articles I and VI of the Genocide Convention, in particular in respect of General
5899:
5839:
5749:
5249:
3720:
3573:
3503:
79:
1068:
One of the first accusations of genocide submitted to the UN after the Convention entered into force concerned the treatment of
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presented this petition to the UN in December 1951. It was rejected as a misuse of the intent of the treaty. Charges under
228:
1193:
from genocide. This unfounded and false Russian charge has been widely condemned, and has been called by genocide experts
1108:
the International Court of Justice presented its judgment on 26 February 2007. It cleared Serbia of direct involvement in
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4874:
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4161:
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Prosecutor v. Karadžić, Case No. IT-95-5/18-T, Trial Judgment, Int'l Crim. Trib. for the Former Yugoslavia, 24 March 2016
1774:(November 2017). 'They Tried to Kill Us All' Atrocity Crimes against Rohingya Muslims in Rakhine State, Myanmar (Report).
184:
145:
207:, and incorporated into the domestic law of several countries. Its provisions are widely considered to be reflective of
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international human rights standards, including the United States, Canada, Sweden, Brazil, New Zealand, and Australia.
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3996:
3976:
3916:
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2727:
2164:
Korey, William (March 1997). "The United States and the Genocide Convention: Leading Advocate and Leading Obstacle".
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5119:
5044:
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2698:
2149:
Holslag, Antonie (2015). "Exposed Bodies: A Conceptual Approach to Sexual Violence during the Armenian Genocide".
1726:(1994). "The Secret Young Turk Ittihadist Conference and the Decision for World War I Genocide of the Armenians".
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3041:
Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa (Maputo Protocol)
2946:
United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1514 (XV) Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples
2933:
2652:
2398:
1728:
361:. In certain instances, men and adolescent boys are singled out for murder in the early stages, such as in the
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156:
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and obligates state parties to pursue the enforcement of its prohibition. It was the first legal instrument to
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434:
Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction
357:
While mass killing is not necessary for genocide to have been committed, it has been present in almost all
179:. This culminated in 1946 in a landmark resolution by the General Assembly that recognized genocide as an
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5394:
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3226:
3076:
Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence (Istanbul Convention)
2425:
2379:
2275:
Declarations and Reservations to the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
1890:
1859:
1313:
1190:
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362:
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96:
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1599:
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613:, who addressed the Senate in support of the treaty every day it was in session between 1967 and 1986.
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133:
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2007:
Popović, Case No. IT-05-88-T, para. ; Tolimir, IT-05-88/2-A, para. ; Karadžić, IT-95-5/18-T, para. ;
528:
1624:
502:
under Article II(c) of the Genocide Convention by placing their historic land under a comprehensive
4741:
4726:
4311:
3101:
on the Prevention, Punishment, and Eradication of Violence against Women (Belém do Pará Convention)
518:
248:
1878:...The drafters appreciated that there is more than one way (i.e. killing) to perpetuate genocide.
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4686:
3469:
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417:
was documented in the Armenian genocide by the Ottoman Turks and Daesh's genocide of the Yazidi.
121:
2085:
Cite error: The named reference ":0" was defined multiple times with different content (see the
400:
This second prohibited act can encompass a wide range of non-fatal genocidal acts. The ICTR and
4773:
4235:
3956:
3450:
3425:
3318:
2981:
Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families
1194:
1143:
523:
The fourth prohibited act is aimed at preventing the protected group from regenerating through
304:
224:
192:
168:
2274:
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where Stalin was presumably anxious to avoid his purges being subjected to genocidal scrutiny.
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1965:
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had demanded. The European colonial powers in general did not then make such notifications.)
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International Decade for a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence for the Children of the World
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8:
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In practice, this could include deaths from the deliberate infection of Tutsi women with
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1962:"Discrimination to Destruction: A Legal Analysis of Gender Crimes Against the Rohingya"
1946:
1823:
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1333:
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hunting for various reasons, including as a way of destroying the means of survival of
409:
three months of the Rwandan genocide, many of whom were subjected to multiple rapes or
197:
129:
2991:
International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance
2126:
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International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid
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3675:
3364:
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3096:
on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Persons with Disabilities
2211:
2173:
2139:
Prosecutor v. Akayesu, Case No. ICTR-96-4-T, Judgment, 2 September 1998, para. 507.
2116:
Prosecutor v. Akayesu, Case No. ICTR-96-4-T, Judgment, 2 September 1998, para. 506.
1914:
Prosecutor v. Akayesu, Case No. ICTR-96-4-T, Judgment, 2 September 1998, para. 731.
1886:
1737:
1542:
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1086:
610:
499:
244:
215:(ICJ) has likewise ruled that the principles underlying the Convention represent a
2956:
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)
1854:
Totten, Samuel; Theriault, Henry (2019). "The Complexities Inherent in the UNCG".
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527:. It encompasses acts affecting reproduction and intimate relationships, such as
216:
5014:
2778:
Historic Archives of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
2618:"South Africa launches case at top UN court accusing Israel of genocide in Gaza"
1471:"United Nations Office on Genocide Prevention and the Responsibility to Protect"
1446:"United Nations Office on Genocide Prevention and the Responsibility to Protect"
1131:
850:
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, Article 12
3492:
2765:
2720:
The criminal law of genocide: international, comparative and contextual aspects
2456:
2307:
Raphaël Lemkin, creator of the concept of genocide: a world history perspective
2067:
1723:
1684:"Beyond Killing: Gender, Genocide, & Obligations Under International Law 3"
1216:
1036:
536:
454:
450:
414:
311:
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, Article 3
271:
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, Article 2
164:
2773:
1828:
Shattered Lives: Sexual Violence during the Rwandan Genocide and its Aftermath
1432:
United Nations Office on Genocide Prevention and the Responsibility to Protect
163:
that lacked an adequate description or legal definition. Polish-Jewish lawyer
5033:
3179:
2843:
Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples
1749:
1253:
780:
467:
323:
208:
160:
1126:, and for failing to try or transfer the persons accused of genocide to the
627:
5019:
4896:
4756:
3757:
3271:
2593:
2589:"Russia is guilty of inciting genocide in Ukraine, expert report concludes"
1303:
1263:
1082:
475:
330:
152:
1769:
1741:
211:
and therefore binding on all nations whether or not they are parties. The
4985:
4799:
Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (the Mandela Rules)
1589:
1546:
1016:
2215:
1207:
Allegations of genocide of Ukrainians in the Russian invasion of Ukraine
278:
Article 3 defines the crimes that can be punished under the convention:
4886:
3951:
2682:(15 June 2016). They Came to Destroy: ISIS Crimes Against the Yazidis.
2483:"Interview: Landmark World Court Order Protects Rohingya from Genocide"
1704:
1281:
666:
492:
220:
100:
2512:"World Court orders Myanmar to protect Rohingya from acts of genocide"
1501:"Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide"
1334:"Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide"
1299:
States parties to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court
1197:, a powerful, historically recurring, form of incitement to genocide.
329:
The first draft of the Convention included political killing, but the
3340:
2394:"ICJ: Summary of the Judgment of 26 February 2007 – Bosnia v. Serbia"
1232:
1026:
966:
795:
751:
410:
2287:
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
1402:
626:
Several parties conditioned their ratification of the Convention on
110:
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
27:
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
3876:
3864:
3308:
2961:
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
1882:
1595:
The Roots of Evil: The Origins of Genocide and Other Group Violence
1189:, claiming that it acted, among other reasons, in order to protect
1119:
1109:
901:
881:
708:
503:
144:. The Convention entered into force on 12 January 1951 and has 153
125:
1359:
1357:
264:(d) Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group;
258:(b) Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group;
5860:
Treaties extended to Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
4794:
Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice
3461:
2622:
2516:
2374:
2151:
Genocide and Gender in the Twentieth Century: A Comparative Study
1894:
1240:
1220:
1148:
996:
976:
951:
931:
911:
891:
871:
861:
809:
737:
723:
652:
382:
267:(e) Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.
2718:
Henham, Ralph J.; Chalfont, Paul; Behrens, Paul (Editors 2007).
838:
430:
forcible transfer may also cause serious bodily or mental harm.
5810:
Treaties adopted by United Nations General Assembly resolutions
3941:
3859:
3829:
3794:
3325:
2457:"Top UN court orders Myanmar to protect Rohingya from genocide"
1876:: Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group
1354:
1267:
1236:
1228:
1212:
986:
941:
921:
602:
3006:
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
2869:
Declaration on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women
2749:
The Soviet Union and the Gutting of the UN Genocide Convention
2704:
Tams, Christian J.; Berster, Lars; Schiffbauer, Björn (2024).
1649:
International Criminal Court (ICC), Office of the Prosecutor.
1553:
The Specter of Genocide: Mass Murder in Historical Perspective
510:
Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group
393:
Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group
5955:
Treaties extended to British Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
3839:
2825:
2024:
Hinton, Alexander; Woolford, Andrew; Benvenuto, Jeff (2014).
1979:
1174:
1006:
824:
694:
680:
634:
for genocide without the consent of the national government:
543:
Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group
349:
151:
The Genocide Convention was conceived largely in response to
16:
1948 United Nations resolution which legally defined genocide
1122:
did breach international law by failing to prevent the 1995
385:, are recognized as falling under the first prohibited act.
1127:
960:
The opposition of those countries were in turn opposed by:
561:, as played out in both the Yazidi and Armenian genocides.
378:
318:
The convention was passed to outlaw actions similar to the
5915:
Treaties extended to the Territory of Papua and New Guinea
2812:
1874:
Direct Killing is Not the Only Way to Commit Genocide ...
251:, a national, ethnic, racial or religious group, as such:
3375:
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
402:
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
2875:
Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women
1945:
Darfur in Flames: Atrocities in Western Sudan (Report).
495:
was committing genocide against the ethnic Armenians of
5875:
Treaties extended to the Australian Antarctic Territory
3410:
International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals
2706:
The Genocide Convention – Article-by-Article Commentary
2324:"UN Asked to Act Against Genocide in the United States"
2250:"U.S. Senate: William Proxmire and the Genocide Treaty"
2023:
1856:
The United Nations Genocide Convention: An Introduction
1341:
United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
167:, who had coined the term genocide in 1944 to describe
5880:
Treaties extended to Heard Island and McDonald Islands
5140:
Treaties of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic
5075:
Treaties of the People's Socialist Republic of Albania
2510:
Paul, Stephanie van den Berg, Ruma (23 January 2020).
1270:
of violating the Genocide Convention, filing the case
5965:
Treaties extended to the Kingdom of Tonga (1900–1970)
2971:
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
2887:
Declaration on sexual orientation and gender identity
1998:
Humanitarian Law Dialogs, 30 Aug. – 1 September 2015.
1960:
Shubin, Grant; Sarver, Elena; Smith, Kristin (2018).
1762:
5260:
Treaties of the Republic of the Congo (LĂ©opoldville)
4752:
Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
4702:
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
3066:
Convention for the Protection of National Minorities
3001:
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
2892:
American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man
2708:, 2nd edition. C.H. Beck / Nomos / Hart Publishing,
2370:"Serbia cleared of genocide, failed to stop killing"
142:
third session of the United Nations General Assembly
5960:
Treaties extended to the Crown Colony of Seychelles
5740:
Treaties of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
2680:
UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights
4809:Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
3365:International Military Tribunal (Nuremberg Trials)
3120:
1822:
1793:
1550:
175:, campaigned for its recognition as a crime under
5850:Treaties extended to the Turks and Caicos Islands
5685:Treaties of the Republic of the Sudan (1985–2011)
4945:United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights
2201:"Treaties, Human Rights, and Conditional Consent"
1959:
1495:
1493:
1491:
239:Article 2 of the Convention defines genocide as:
229:dispute over the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
5885:Treaties extended to the Cocos (Keeling) Islands
5870:Treaties extended to Ashmore and Cartier Islands
5031:
3395:Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia
3370:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
3165:Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court
2198:
1799:Leave None to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda
1541:
1200:
371:Burmese security forces' attacks on the Rohingya
5820:Treaties extended to the British Virgin Islands
5525:Treaties of the People's Republic of Mozambique
5190:Treaties of the French protectorate of Cambodia
4919:World Federation of United Nations Associations
4414:Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
2881:Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
2348:
2199:Bradley, Curtis A.; Goldsmith, Jack L. (2000).
1905:. To date, neither has been prosecuted as such.
1853:
1104:Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro
295:Direct and public incitement to commit genocide
5930:Treaties extended to the Colony of the Bahamas
5910:Treaties extended to the Nauru Trust Territory
3209:
2996:Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989
2426:"Court Declares Bosnia Killings Were Genocide"
1488:
5605:Treaties of the Socialist Republic of Romania
5210:Treaties of the Republic of China (1949–1971)
5170:Treaties of the People's Republic of Bulgaria
3477:
3195:
3140:Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees
2798:
2026:Colonial Genocide in Indigenous North America
839:Application to non-self-governing territories
642:Parties making reservations from prosecution
621:
243:... any of the following acts committed with
5620:Treaties of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
4814:Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons
3150:Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness
3036:African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
2537:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1273:South Africa v. Israel (Genocide Convention)
491:published a report presenting evidence that
346:which the crime of genocide can be enacted.
5985:Treaties of the Hungarian People's Republic
5700:Treaties of the Syrian Republic (1930–1963)
5510:Treaties of the Mongolian People's Republic
3145:Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees
2966:Convention on the Political Rights of Women
2743:
2436:. A copy of the ICJ judgement can be found
2296:, STATUS AS AT: 1 October 2011 07:22:22 EDT
1258:South Africa's genocide case against Israel
5895:Treaties extended to the Coral Sea Islands
5390:Treaties of the Iraqi Republic (1958–1968)
5205:Treaties of the People's Republic of China
4907:Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action
4819:UN Advisory Committee of Local Authorities
3484:
3470:
3380:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
3202:
3188:
2902:Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action
2854:Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam
2805:
2791:
2751:. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
1677:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1294:List of parties to the Genocide Convention
1175:Russian accusations of genocide by Ukraine
571:List of parties to the Genocide Convention
375:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
5855:Treaties extended to the Pitcairn Islands
5835:Treaties extended to the Falkland Islands
5165:Treaties of the Second Brazilian Republic
3400:Special Panels of the Dili District Court
2827:Declarations, manifestos, and resolutions
2019:
2017:
579:Participation in the Genocide Convention
234:
5990:Treaties of the Polish People's Republic
5950:Treaties extended to British Saint Lucia
4336:Conference on International Organization
3056:Convention for the Prevention of Torture
1403:"A/RES/96(I) - E - A/RES/96(I) -Desktop"
574:
440:
219:against genocide that no government can
5940:Treaties extended to the Colony of Fiji
4251:Office international d'hygiène publique
2148:
2107:(Trial Chamber), 21 May 1999, para. 548
1722:
1666:
1153:genocide against its Rohingya community
759:Opposed by Netherlands, United Kingdom
716:Opposed by Netherlands, United Kingdom
449:, the U.S. federal government promoted
80:Secretary-General of the United Nations
5970:Treaties extended to British Hong Kong
5920:Treaties extended to the Belgian Congo
5905:Treaties extended to the Faroe Islands
5455:Treaties of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
5310:Treaties of the French Fourth Republic
5070:Treaties of the Kingdom of Afghanistan
5032:
4046:Spokesperson for the Secretary-General
2864:Declaration of the Rights of the Child
2814:International human rights instruments
2615:
2368:Hudson, Alexandra (26 February 2007).
2367:
2299:
2014:
367:Ottoman Turks' attack on the Armenians
5975:Treaties extended to Portuguese Macau
5935:Treaties extended to British Dominica
5890:Treaties extended to Christmas Island
4960:UN television film series (1964–1966)
4712:International Narcotics Control Board
4643:Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty
4431:Declaration on the Rights of Peasants
4402:Convention on the Rights of the Child
4380:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
3465:
3183:
3119:
3022:
2976:Convention on the Rights of the Child
2931:
2930:
2913:Declaration on the Rights of Peasants
2848:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
2824:
2786:
2678:
2645:"APPLICATION INSTITUTING PROCEEDINGS"
2208:University of Pennsylvania Law Review
2163:
2127:"REPORT ARMENIA – Luis Moreno Ocampo"
2100:
2098:
2096:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2008:
1985:
1889:or from the abuse and denial of food
1710:
1588:
1276:, due to Israel's actions during the
5945:Treaties extended to British Grenada
5845:Treaties extended to the Isle of Man
5745:Treaties of the United Arab Emirates
4784:United Nations Postal Administration
4419:Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues
4138:Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
2553:"Genocide Emergency Update: Ukraine"
2509:
1927:Columbia Journal of Gender & Law
1923:
1830:(Report). p. 39. Archived from
1622:
1392:, (Transaction Publishers, 2004), 9.
1170:Ukraine v. Russian Federation (2022)
5865:Treaties extended to Norfolk Island
5780:Treaties of the Yemen Arab Republic
5065:Treaties entered into force in 1951
5050:International criminal law treaties
4187:Permanent representatives to the UN
4076:Political and Peacebuilding Affairs
3083:American Convention on Human Rights
2084:
2059:
1681:
132:genocide as a crime, and the first
13:
5925:Treaties extended to Ruanda-Urundi
5680:Treaties of the Dominion of Ceylon
5160:Treaties of Bosnia and Herzegovina
4996:Withdrawal from the United Nations
4182:Security Council Permanent members
3491:
3061:European Convention on Nationality
2776:on the Genocide Convention in the
2692:
2285:United Nations Treaty Collection:
2178:10.1111/j.1747-7093.1997.tb00032.x
2166:Ethics & International Affairs
2093:
2046:
1513:from the original on 13 April 2022
1365:"United Nations Treaty Collection"
427:Syrian Commission of Inquiry (COI)
14:
6001:
5635:Treaties of Serbia and Montenegro
5345:Treaties of the Kingdom of Greece
4981:United Nations in popular culture
4665:Expulsion from the United Nations
4610:General Assembly President (2016)
3051:Convention on Human Rights (ECHR)
2616:Corder, Mike (29 December 2023).
1181:Accusations of genocide in Donbas
255:(a) Killing members of the group;
140:, on 9 December 1948, during the
43:Palais de Chaillot, Paris, France
5980:Treaties extended to West Berlin
5295:Treaties of the Ethiopian Empire
5280:Treaties of the Kingdom of Egypt
5013:
3023:
2699:Bibliography of Genocide studies
2273:Prevent Genocide International:
1057:
1035:
1025:
1015:
1005:
995:
985:
975:
965:
950:
940:
930:
920:
910:
900:
890:
880:
870:
860:
823:
808:
794:
779:
765:
750:
736:
722:
707:
693:
679:
665:
651:
363:genocide of the Yazidis by Daesh
169:Nazi policies in occupied Europe
91:
5720:Treaties of Trinidad and Tobago
5430:Treaties of the Kingdom of Laos
5090:Treaties of Antigua and Barbuda
4569:International Court of Justice
4118:Sport for Development and Peace
2637:
2609:
2581:
2563:
2545:
2503:
2475:
2449:
2418:
2386:
2361:
2342:
2316:
2279:
2267:
2242:
2192:
2157:
2142:
2133:
2119:
2110:
2001:
1991:
1953:
1938:
1917:
1908:
1847:
1838:
1787:
1778:
1756:
1716:
1642:
1616:
1582:
1535:
616:
422:inhuman, or degrading treatment
300:(d) Attempt to commit genocide;
138:United Nations General Assembly
5900:Treaties extended to Greenland
5840:Treaties extended to Gibraltar
5750:Treaties of the United Kingdom
5250:Treaties of the Czech Republic
4246:Permanent Court of Arbitration
4241:International Peace Conference
3608:International Court of Justice
3441:International humanitarian law
3385:Special Court for Sierra Leone
3123:International humanitarian law
2671:
2653:International Court of Justice
2399:International Court of Justice
1729:Holocaust and Genocide Studies
1525:
1463:
1438:
1420:
1395:
1382:
1326:
457:to pressure them to remain on
213:International Court of Justice
1:
5825:Treaties extended to Guernsey
5755:Treaties of the United States
5325:Treaties of Georgia (country)
4779:Sustainable Development Goals
4306:Declaration by United Nations
4231:International Telegraph Union
3091:to Prevent and Punish Torture
2571:"Genocide Emergency: Ukraine"
2153:. Bloomsbury. pp. 96–97.
1651:"Policy on Cultural Heritage"
1319:
1201:Russian atrocities in Ukraine
1096:
1052:
350:Killing members of the group
5815:Treaties extended to Bermuda
5610:Treaties of the Soviet Union
5575:Treaties of Papua New Guinea
4707:International Criminal Court
4143:UN organizations by location
3405:Special Tribunal for Lebanon
3390:International Criminal Court
2722:, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.,
1772:US Holocaust Memorial Museum
1659:International Criminal Court
485:International Criminal Court
205:International Criminal Court
7:
5830:Treaties extended to Jersey
5675:Treaties of Francoist Spain
5600:Treaties of North Macedonia
5590:Treaties of the Philippines
5540:Treaties of the Netherlands
4841:Security Council veto power
4148:Sexual Violence in Conflict
4071:Economic and Social Affairs
3642:Economic and Social Council
3446:International speech crimes
3227:Customary international law
1860:University of Toronto Press
1314:Outline of genocide studies
1287:
1191:Russian-speaking Ukrainians
136:unanimously adopted by the
10:
6006:
5255:Treaties of Czechoslovakia
5060:Treaties concluded in 1948
4892:UN Memorial Cemetery Korea
4717:International Day of Peace
4199:General Assembly Observers
3522:General Assembly President
3267:Convention Against Torture
3211:International criminal law
3087:Inter-American Convention
2951:Convention against Torture
2696:
1862:. pp. 37–68 (45–46).
1801:(Report). . Archived from
1691:Global Justice Center 2018
1600:Cambridge University Press
1559:Cambridge University Press
1284:as a provisional measure.
1251:
1204:
1178:
1167:
1158:overthrown by the military
1141:
1137:
1061:
832:Opposed by United Kingdom
817:Opposed by United Kingdom
622:Immunity from prosecutions
590: Acceded or succeeded
568:
564:
549:
516:
5800:Treaties of South Vietnam
5460:Treaties of Liechtenstein
5360:Treaties of Guinea-Bissau
5009:
4932:
4623:
4545:
4448:
4436:World Heritage Convention
4345:
4324:Dumbarton Oaks Conference
4286:
4223:
4214:
4160:
4034:General Assembly Building
4007:
3890:
3662:
3561:
3543:
3534:
3499:
3436:Joint criminal enterprise
3418:
3349:
3280:
3217:
3130:
3115:
3031:
3018:
2941:
2926:
2833:
2820:
1247:
1163:
785:United States of America
632:immunity from prosecution
584: Signed and ratified
529:involuntary sterilization
420:Torture and other cruel,
90:
85:
75:
63:
55:
47:
39:
31:
26:
5665:Treaties of South Africa
5625:Treaties of Saudi Arabia
5480:Treaties of the Maldives
5385:Treaties of Pahlavi Iran
5335:Treaties of East Germany
5330:Treaties of West Germany
5175:Treaties of Burkina Faso
5040:Human rights instruments
4742:Military Staff Committee
4081:Dag Hammarskjöld Library
3584:Deputy Secretary-General
3513:Deputy Secretary-General
3356:(in order of foundation)
2684:U.N. Doc. A/HRC/32/CRP.2
2443:28 February 2007 at the
2105:Kayishema and Ruzindana,
1815:: CS1 maint: location (
1623:Luck, Edward C. (2018).
1156:civilian government was
519:Compulsory sterilization
447:Native American genocide
5775:Treaties of South Yemen
5695:Treaties of Switzerland
5670:Treaties of South Korea
5555:Treaties of North Korea
5545:Treaties of New Zealand
5285:Treaties of El Salvador
5230:Treaties of Ivory Coast
5220:Treaties of the Comoros
5120:Treaties of the Bahamas
5045:United Nations treaties
4913:Woodrow Wilson Memorial
4875:UN International School
4870:UN Federal Credit Union
4851:Security Council reform
4687:Four Nations Initiative
4615:Security Council (2016)
4458:Security Council vetoes
3589:Under-Secretary-General
3294:Crimes against humanity
2859:Declaration of Montreal
2774:procedural history note
2292:20 October 2012 at the
2237:required in each case.'
1949:. 2004. pp. 26–29.
187:resulted in the CPPCG.
5795:Treaties of Cape Verde
5765:Treaties of Uzbekistan
5645:Treaties of Seychelles
5640:Treaties of Yugoslavia
5515:Treaties of Montenegro
5470:Treaties of Luxembourg
5425:Treaties of Kyrgyzstan
5415:Treaties of Kazakhstan
5320:Treaties of the Gambia
5225:Treaties of Costa Rica
5130:Treaties of Bangladesh
5115:Treaties of Azerbaijan
4863:Security Council mural
4829:Millennium Declaration
4774:SDG Publishers Compact
4236:Universal Postal Union
3451:Universal jurisdiction
3426:Command responsibility
3319:Incitement to genocide
3257:United Nations Charter
1390:The Banality of Denial
1195:accusation in a mirror
1187:Russia invaded Ukraine
1144:Rohingya genocide case
853:
598:
468:extermination of bison
462:
316:
305:Complicity in genocide
276:
235:Definition of genocide
225:Rohingya genocide case
148:as of June 2024.
5650:Treaties of Singapore
5550:Treaties of Nicaragua
5490:Treaties of Mauritius
5465:Treaties of Lithuania
5350:Treaties of Guatemala
5105:Treaties of Australia
5095:Treaties of Argentina
5001:Women in peacekeeping
4660:Drug control treaties
2908:Yogyakarta Principles
2349:Chambers, The Hague.
2030:Duke University Press
1966:Global Justice Center
1903:use of sexual slavery
1826:(24 September 1996).
1764:Amnesty International
1428:"Genocide Background"
1074:Civil Rights Congress
842:
771:United Arab Emirates
578:
444:
280:
241:
5785:Treaties of Zimbabwe
5705:Treaties of Tanzania
5660:Treaties of Slovenia
5655:Treaties of Slovakia
5595:Treaties of Portugal
5580:Treaties of Paraguay
5565:Treaties of Pakistan
5475:Treaties of Malaysia
5370:Treaties of Honduras
5270:Treaties of Dominica
5215:Treaties of Colombia
5135:Treaties of Barbados
4955:United Nations Radio
4950:United Nations Medal
4902:University for Peace
4633:Bretton Woods system
4368:governed territories
4113:Developing Countries
4024:Secretariat Building
3893:Specialized agencies
3352:International courts
3252:Nuremberg principles
2838:Brazilian Resolution
1885:through rape in the
1151:has been accused of
359:recognized genocides
122:international treaty
5790:Treaties of Ireland
5770:Treaties of Vietnam
5760:Treaties of Uruguay
5725:Treaties of Tunisia
5630:Treaties of Senegal
5530:Treaties of Namibia
5520:Treaties of Morocco
5500:Treaties of Moldova
5450:Treaties of Liberia
5445:Treaties of Lesotho
5440:Treaties of Lebanon
5405:Treaties of Jamaica
5375:Treaties of Iceland
5305:Treaties of Finland
5290:Treaties of Estonia
5275:Treaties of Ecuador
5265:Treaties of Denmark
5235:Treaties of Croatia
5185:Treaties of Burundi
5180:Treaties of Myanmar
5155:Treaties of Bolivia
5145:Treaties of Belgium
5125:Treaties of Bahrain
5110:Treaties of Austria
5100:Treaties of Armenia
5085:Treaties of Andorra
5080:Treaties of Algeria
4727:International Years
4692:Genocide Convention
4128:Outer Space Affairs
4123:Disarmament Affairs
4088:Safety and Security
4029:Conference Building
4009:Secretariat offices
3654:Trusteeship Council
3299:Crime of aggression
3262:Genocide Convention
3135:Genocide Convention
2577:. 4 September 2022.
2434:. 26 February 2007.
2311:Humanities Research
2216:10.2139/SSRN.224298
2064:"What is genocide?"
2061:Stanton, Gregory H.
1742:10.1093/hgs/7.2.173
1509:. 9 December 1948.
1124:Srebrenica genocide
1115:Srebrenica massacre
638:
552:Forced assimilation
459:Indian reservations
290:to commit genocide;
249:in whole or in part
181:international crime
134:human rights treaty
118:Genocide Convention
97:Genocide Convention
23:
22:Genocide Convention
5735:Treaties of Uganda
5730:Treaties of Turkey
5690:Treaties of Sweden
5615:Treaties of Rwanda
5570:Treaties of Panama
5560:Treaties of Norway
5505:Treaties of Monaco
5495:Treaties of Mexico
5435:Treaties of Latvia
5420:Treaties of Kuwait
5410:Treaties of Jordan
5395:Treaties of Israel
5355:Treaties of Guinea
5245:Treaties of Cyprus
5195:Treaties of Canada
5150:Treaties of Belize
4747:Official languages
4294:London Declaration
4103:Internal Oversight
4093:Palestinian Rights
3665:Funds, programmes,
3304:Crime of apartheid
3242:Geneva Conventions
3155:Geneva Conventions
2745:Weiss-Wendt, Anton
2488:Human Rights Watch
2431:The New York Times
2330:. 22 December 1951
1947:Human Rights Watch
1824:Human Rights Watch
1795:Human Rights Watch
1632:J Paul Getty Trust
1185:In February 2022,
1091:We Charge Genocide
1064:We Charge Genocide
946:Russian Federation
637:
599:
489:Luis Moreno Ocampo
463:
198:sovereign immunity
124:that criminalizes
21:
5715:Treaties of Tonga
5535:Treaties of Nepal
5400:Treaties of Italy
5380:Treaties of India
5365:Treaties of Haiti
5340:Treaties of Ghana
5315:Treaties of Gabon
5200:Treaties of Chile
5027:
5026:
4858:UN Art Collection
4834:Millennium Summit
4789:UN Block By Block
4769:Ralph Bunche Park
4737:UN laissez-passer
4697:UN Global Compact
4654:Delivering as One
4553:Secretary-General
4444:
4443:
4424:Indigenous Caucus
4318:Tehran Conference
4312:Moscow Conference
4287:Preparatory years
4256:League of Nations
4156:
4155:
4056:Palace of Nations
3758:UNEP/GRID-Arendal
3574:Secretary-General
3517:Amina J. Mohammed
3504:Secretary-General
3459:
3458:
3285:international law
3247:Nuremberg Charter
3237:Hague Conventions
3177:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3160:Hague Conventions
3111:
3110:
3014:
3013:
2934:International law
2922:
2921:
2766:Introductory note
2758:978-0-299-31290-9
2736:978-0-7546-4898-7
2714:978-3-406-81272-9
2491:. 27 January 2020
2463:. 23 January 2020
2328:The Afro-American
1891:inflicted by ISIL
1682:Ashraph, Sareta.
1598:. Cambridge, UK:
1557:. Cambridge, UK:
1543:Gellately, Robert
1309:List of genocides
1266:formally accused
1262:In December 2023
1079:William Patterson
836:
835:
596: Only signed
340:cultural genocide
320:Armenian genocide
245:intent to destroy
177:international law
173:Armenian genocide
106:
105:
5997:
5710:Treaties of Togo
5585:Treaties of Peru
5485:Treaties of Mali
5300:Treaties of Fiji
5240:Treaties of Cuba
5020:World portal
5018:
5017:
4924:Biopiracy treaty
4510:Nagorno-Karabakh
4480:Security Council
4463:General Assembly
4390:Human Rights Day
4330:Yalta Conference
4300:Atlantic Charter
4221:
4220:
4177:Founding members
4098:Peace Operations
3982:World Bank Group
3676:Culture of Peace
3667:and other bodies
3620:Security Council
3596:General Assembly
3562:Principal organs
3541:
3540:
3508:AntĂłnio Guterres
3486:
3479:
3472:
3463:
3462:
3419:Related concepts
3357:
3314:Genocidal intent
3204:
3197:
3190:
3181:
3180:
3117:
3116:
3020:
3019:
2928:
2927:
2897:Paris Principles
2822:
2821:
2807:
2800:
2793:
2784:
2783:
2762:
2687:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2649:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2585:
2579:
2578:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2559:. 13 April 2022.
2549:
2543:
2542:
2536:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2453:
2447:
2435:
2422:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2402:. Archived from
2390:
2384:
2383:
2382:on 2 March 2007.
2378:. Archived from
2365:
2359:
2358:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2320:
2314:
2303:
2297:
2283:
2277:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2205:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2146:
2140:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2123:
2117:
2114:
2108:
2102:
2091:
2090:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2074:on 15 March 2022
2070:. Archived from
2057:
2044:
2043:
2021:
2012:
2005:
1999:
1995:
1989:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1921:
1915:
1912:
1906:
1887:Rwandan genocide
1880:
1851:
1845:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1820:
1814:
1806:
1797:(1 March 1999).
1791:
1785:
1782:
1776:
1775:
1770:Fortify Rights;
1767:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1720:
1714:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1700:on 17 June 2024.
1699:
1693:. Archived from
1688:
1679:
1664:
1663:
1655:
1646:
1640:
1639:
1629:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1556:
1539:
1533:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1497:
1486:
1485:
1480:
1478:
1473:. United Nations
1467:
1461:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1399:
1393:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1361:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1338:
1330:
1278:Israel-Hamas War
1087:W. E. B. Du Bois
1040:
1039:
1030:
1029:
1020:
1019:
1010:
1009:
1000:
999:
990:
989:
980:
979:
970:
969:
955:
954:
945:
944:
935:
934:
925:
924:
915:
914:
905:
904:
895:
894:
885:
884:
875:
874:
865:
864:
851:
828:
827:
813:
812:
799:
798:
784:
783:
770:
769:
755:
754:
741:
740:
727:
726:
712:
711:
698:
697:
684:
683:
670:
669:
656:
655:
639:
636:
611:William Proxmire
595:
589:
583:
500:Nagorno-Karabakh
472:Native Americans
312:
272:
185:UN member states
95:
94:
24:
20:
6005:
6004:
6000:
5999:
5998:
5996:
5995:
5994:
5030:
5029:
5028:
5023:
5012:
5005:
4928:
4619:
4541:
4440:
4341:
4282:
4224:Preceding years
4210:
4163:
4152:
4011:and departments
4010:
4003:
3895:
3886:
3669:
3666:
3658:
3557:
3530:
3495:
3490:
3460:
3455:
3431:Superior orders
3414:
3358:
3355:
3354:
3345:
3287:
3284:
3276:
3232:Peremptory norm
3213:
3208:
3178:
3169:
3126:
3107:
3027:
3010:
2937:
2918:
2829:
2816:
2811:
2770:William Schabas
2759:
2701:
2695:
2693:Further reading
2690:
2674:
2669:
2668:
2658:
2656:
2647:
2643:
2642:
2638:
2628:
2626:
2614:
2610:
2600:
2598:
2587:
2586:
2582:
2569:
2568:
2564:
2551:
2550:
2546:
2530:
2529:
2522:
2520:
2508:
2504:
2494:
2492:
2481:
2480:
2476:
2466:
2464:
2455:
2454:
2450:
2445:Wayback Machine
2424:
2423:
2419:
2409:
2407:
2392:
2391:
2387:
2366:
2362:
2347:
2343:
2333:
2331:
2322:
2321:
2317:
2304:
2300:
2294:Wayback Machine
2284:
2280:
2272:
2268:
2258:
2256:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2203:
2197:
2193:
2162:
2158:
2147:
2143:
2138:
2134:
2125:
2124:
2120:
2115:
2111:
2103:
2094:
2077:
2075:
2058:
2047:
2040:
2032:. p. 292.
2022:
2015:
2006:
2002:
1996:
1992:
1988:, paras. 32–41.
1984:
1980:
1970:
1968:
1958:
1954:
1944:
1943:
1939:
1934:(274): 299–301.
1922:
1918:
1913:
1909:
1870:
1852:
1848:
1843:
1839:
1834:on 13 May 2024.
1808:
1807:
1805:on 18 May 2024.
1792:
1788:
1783:
1779:
1761:
1757:
1736:(2): 173, at .
1724:Dadrian, Vahakn
1721:
1717:
1709:
1705:
1697:
1686:
1680:
1667:
1653:
1647:
1643:
1627:
1621:
1617:
1610:
1587:
1583:
1573:
1540:
1536:
1530:
1526:
1516:
1514:
1499:
1498:
1489:
1476:
1474:
1469:
1468:
1464:
1454:
1452:
1444:
1443:
1439:
1426:
1425:
1421:
1411:
1409:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1387:
1383:
1373:
1371:
1369:treaties.un.org
1363:
1362:
1355:
1345:
1343:
1336:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1322:
1290:
1260:
1252:Main articles:
1250:
1209:
1203:
1183:
1177:
1172:
1166:
1146:
1140:
1099:
1070:Black Americans
1066:
1060:
1055:
1034:
1024:
1014:
1004:
994:
984:
974:
964:
949:
939:
929:
919:
909:
899:
889:
879:
869:
859:
852:
849:
841:
822:
807:
793:
778:
764:
749:
735:
721:
706:
692:
678:
664:
650:
624:
619:
597:
593:
591:
587:
585:
581:
573:
567:
554:
548:
533:forced abortion
521:
515:
445:As part of the
439:
398:
355:
313:
310:
273:
270:
237:
217:peremptory norm
92:
51:12 January 1951
35:9 December 1948
17:
12:
11:
5:
6003:
5993:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5927:
5922:
5917:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5805:1948 in France
5802:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5025:
5024:
5010:
5007:
5006:
5004:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4970:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4936:
4934:
4930:
4929:
4927:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4883:
4882:
4872:
4867:
4866:
4865:
4855:
4854:
4853:
4843:
4838:
4837:
4836:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4765:
4764:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4683:
4682:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4629:
4627:
4621:
4620:
4618:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4606:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4567:
4566:
4565:
4560:
4549:
4547:
4543:
4542:
4540:
4539:
4538:
4537:
4532:
4530:Western Sahara
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4477:
4476:
4475:
4470:
4460:
4454:
4452:
4446:
4445:
4442:
4441:
4439:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4427:
4426:
4421:
4411:
4410:
4409:
4399:
4394:
4393:
4392:
4387:
4377:
4376:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4349:
4347:
4343:
4342:
4340:
4339:
4333:
4327:
4321:
4315:
4309:
4303:
4297:
4290:
4288:
4284:
4283:
4281:
4280:
4279:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4227:
4225:
4218:
4212:
4211:
4209:
4208:
4207:
4206:
4204:European Union
4196:
4195:
4194:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4168:
4166:
4158:
4157:
4154:
4153:
4151:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4084:
4083:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4041:Envoy on Youth
4038:
4037:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4015:
4013:
4005:
4004:
4002:
4001:
4000:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3898:
3896:
3891:
3888:
3887:
3885:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3868:
3867:
3862:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3766:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3745:
3744:
3743:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3672:
3670:
3663:
3660:
3659:
3657:
3656:
3651:
3650:
3649:
3639:
3638:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3617:
3616:
3615:
3605:
3604:
3603:
3593:
3592:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3565:
3563:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3555:
3549:
3547:
3538:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3528:
3526:Dennis Francis
3519:
3510:
3500:
3497:
3496:
3493:United Nations
3489:
3488:
3481:
3474:
3466:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3422:
3420:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3361:
3359:
3350:
3347:
3346:
3344:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3322:
3321:
3316:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3290:
3288:
3283:Crimes against
3281:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3223:
3221:
3215:
3214:
3207:
3206:
3199:
3192:
3184:
3175:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3131:
3128:
3127:
3113:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3105:
3104:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3085:
3080:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3071:Social Charter
3068:
3063:
3058:
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2697:Main article:
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2673:
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2636:
2608:
2580:
2575:Genocide Watch
2562:
2557:Genocide Watch
2544:
2502:
2474:
2448:
2417:
2406:on 5 June 2011
2385:
2360:
2341:
2315:
2305:John Docker, "
2298:
2278:
2266:
2254:www.senate.gov
2241:
2191:
2156:
2141:
2132:
2118:
2109:
2092:
2068:Genocide Watch
2045:
2038:
2013:
2000:
1990:
1978:
1952:
1937:
1916:
1907:
1897:sex slaves by
1869:978-1487524081
1868:
1846:
1837:
1786:
1777:
1755:
1715:
1703:
1665:
1641:
1634:. p. 24.
1615:
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1381:
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1318:
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1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1289:
1286:
1249:
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1205:Main article:
1202:
1199:
1179:Main article:
1176:
1173:
1168:Main article:
1165:
1162:
1142:Main article:
1139:
1136:
1098:
1095:
1062:Main article:
1059:
1056:
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1051:
1043:
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1041:United Kingdom
1032:
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1012:
1002:
992:
982:
972:
958:
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937:
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569:Main article:
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563:
547:
541:
514:
508:
455:Plains Indians
438:
432:
415:Sexual slavery
397:
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315:
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308:
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165:Raphael Lemkin
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4804:Treaty Series
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4164:and observers
4159:
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4108:Legal Affairs
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4094:
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4089:
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4079:
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3331:Slave trading
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2597:. 27 May 2022
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2062:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2041:
2039:9780822376149
2035:
2031:
2027:
2020:
2018:
2010:
2004:
1994:
1987:
1982:
1967:
1963:
1956:
1948:
1941:
1933:
1929:
1928:
1920:
1911:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
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1884:
1879:
1877:
1871:
1865:
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1857:
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1841:
1833:
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1825:
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1796:
1790:
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1773:
1765:
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1751:
1747:
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1731:
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1707:
1696:
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1660:
1652:
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1619:
1611:
1609:0-521-42214-0
1605:
1602:. p. 8.
1601:
1597:
1596:
1591:
1585:
1578:
1574:
1572:0-521-52750-3
1568:
1564:
1560:
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1554:
1548:
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1538:
1528:
1512:
1508:
1507:
1502:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1484:
1472:
1466:
1451:
1447:
1441:
1433:
1429:
1423:
1408:
1404:
1398:
1391:
1388:Auron, Yair,
1385:
1370:
1366:
1360:
1358:
1342:
1335:
1329:
1325:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1274:
1269:
1265:
1259:
1255:
1254:Gaza genocide
1245:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1208:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1182:
1171:
1161:
1159:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1107:
1105:
1094:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1071:
1065:
1058:United States
1050:
1048:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
962:
961:
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
928:
923:
918:
913:
908:
903:
898:
893:
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
857:
856:
846:
831:
826:
821:
820:
816:
811:
806:
805:
802:
797:
792:
791:
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782:
777:
776:
773:
768:
763:
762:
758:
753:
748:
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744:
739:
734:
733:
730:
725:
720:
719:
715:
710:
705:
704:
701:
696:
691:
690:
687:
682:
677:
676:
673:
668:
663:
662:
659:
654:
649:
648:
644:
641:
640:
635:
633:
629:
614:
612:
606:
604:
577:
572:
562:
560:
553:
546:
545:Article II(e)
540:
538:
534:
530:
526:
520:
513:
512:Article II(d)
507:
505:
501:
498:
494:
490:
486:
480:
477:
473:
469:
460:
456:
452:
448:
443:
437:
436:Article II(c)
431:
428:
423:
418:
416:
412:
407:
403:
396:
395:Article II(b)
390:
386:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
353:
352:Article II(a)
347:
343:
341:
335:
332:
327:
325:
324:the Holocaust
321:
306:
302:
299:
296:
292:
289:
285:
283:(a) Genocide;
282:
281:
279:
266:
263:
260:
257:
254:
253:
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250:
246:
240:
232:
230:
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210:
209:customary law
206:
201:
199:
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188:
186:
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174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
149:
147:
146:state parties
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
102:
98:
89:
84:
81:
78:
74:
70:
69:complete list
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
25:
19:
5011:
4973:
4965:
4911:
4757:Peacekeeping
4732:Interpreters
4691:
4652:
4353:Peacekeeping
4271:organization
4172:Full members
4133:Partnerships
4019:Headquarters
3741:peacekeeping
3272:Rome Statute
3261:
3134:
3121:
3025:Regional law
3024:
2932:
2826:
2748:
2719:
2705:
2683:
2657:. Retrieved
2651:
2639:
2627:. Retrieved
2621:
2611:
2599:. Retrieved
2594:The Guardian
2592:
2583:
2574:
2565:
2556:
2547:
2521:. Retrieved
2515:
2505:
2493:. Retrieved
2486:
2477:
2465:. Retrieved
2460:
2451:
2429:
2420:
2408:. Retrieved
2404:the original
2397:
2388:
2380:the original
2373:
2363:
2355:www.icty.org
2354:
2344:
2332:. Retrieved
2327:
2318:
2313:16(2), 2010.
2310:
2301:
2281:
2269:
2257:. Retrieved
2253:
2244:
2235:
2207:
2194:
2169:
2165:
2159:
2150:
2144:
2135:
2121:
2112:
2104:
2076:. Retrieved
2072:the original
2025:
2003:
1993:
1981:
1969:. Retrieved
1955:
1940:
1931:
1925:
1919:
1910:
1875:
1873:
1855:
1849:
1840:
1832:the original
1803:the original
1789:
1780:
1758:
1733:
1727:
1718:
1706:
1695:the original
1690:
1657:
1644:
1635:
1631:
1618:
1594:
1590:Staub, Ervin
1584:
1576:
1552:
1547:Kiernan, Ben
1537:
1527:
1515:. Retrieved
1504:
1482:
1475:. Retrieved
1465:
1453:. Retrieved
1449:
1440:
1431:
1422:
1410:. Retrieved
1406:
1397:
1389:
1384:
1372:. Retrieved
1368:
1344:. Retrieved
1340:
1328:
1304:Rome Statute
1271:
1264:South Africa
1261:
1210:
1184:
1147:
1132:Ratko Mladić
1102:
1100:
1083:Paul Robeson
1067:
1046:
1044:
959:
854:
843:
628:reservations
625:
617:Reservations
607:
600:
555:
544:
525:reproduction
522:
511:
481:
476:Great Plains
464:
435:
419:
399:
394:
387:
356:
351:
344:
336:
328:
317:
277:
242:
238:
202:
189:
159:such as the
155:, which saw
153:World War II
150:
117:
113:
109:
107:
18:
4986:UNICEF club
4680:Honour Flag
4515:North Korea
4450:Resolutions
4397:Enlargement
3569:Secretariat
2672:Works cited
2601:24 December
2172:: 271–290.
1858:. Toronto:
1811:cite report
1561:. pp.
1477:24 November
1021:Netherlands
845:responsible
671:Bangladesh
630:that grant
537:patrilineal
56:Signatories
5034:Categories
4974:Ex Tempore
4966:UN Special
4887:UN Mandate
4346:Activities
3952:UN Tourism
3775:UN-HABITAT
3753:OzonAction
3578:selections
3336:Starvation
2523:20 January
2495:20 January
2467:20 January
2410:19 January
2334:18 October
2009:OHCHR 2016
1986:OHCHR 2016
1713:, paras. .
1711:OHCHR 2016
1450:www.un.org
1407:undocs.org
1320:References
1282:Gaza Strip
1097:Yugoslavia
1053:Litigation
800:Venezuela
756:Singapore
550:See also:
517:See also:
493:Azerbaijan
369:, and the
288:Conspiracy
193:incitement
157:atrocities
116:), or the
101:Wikisource
76:Depositary
4846:UN reform
4648:Criticism
4546:Elections
4520:Palestine
4407:committee
3815:UN-Oceans
3763:UNEP-WCMC
3647:President
3635:President
3625:Elections
3601:President
3536:UN System
3341:War crime
3047:European
2686:(Report).
2659:2 January
2629:2 January
2533:cite news
2224:153350639
2186:145335690
2087:help page
1971:28 August
1750:1476-7937
1346:5 January
1233:Lithuania
1031:Sri Lanka
971:Australia
713:Malaysia
411:gang rape
161:Holocaust
86:Full text
48:Effective
5055:Genocide
4991:Model UN
4976:magazine
4968:magazine
4897:UN Sacco
4385:drafting
4363:timeline
4358:missions
4261:archives
3877:UN Women
3865:UNU-CRIS
3716:UNCITRAL
3553:Preamble
3309:Genocide
2915:(UNDROP)
2883:(UNDRIP)
2747:(2017).
2441:Archived
2290:Archived
2078:12 April
1883:HIV/AIDS
1592:(1989).
1549:(2003).
1517:18 April
1511:Archived
1288:See also
1120:Belgrade
1110:genocide
906:Mongolia
886:Bulgaria
848:—
814:Vietnam
742:Myanmar
728:Morocco
657:Bahrain
504:blockade
470:, which
309:—
269:—
221:derogate
171:and the
126:genocide
120:, is an
40:Location
4940:Outline
4625:Related
4505:Lebanon
4276:members
4266:charter
4216:History
4162:Members
4061:Nairobi
3696:MINURSO
3630:Members
3613:Statute
3545:Charter
3219:Sources
2877:(DEVAW)
2871:(DEDAW)
2623:AP News
2517:Reuters
2461:UN News
2375:Reuters
2011:, 32–41
1374:26 June
1241:Ukraine
1225:Ireland
1221:Estonia
1217:Czechia
1149:Myanmar
1138:Myanmar
1047:et alii
1001:Ecuador
981:Belgium
956:Ukraine
936:Romania
916:Myanmar
896:Hungary
876:Belarus
866:Albania
565:Parties
559:chattel
497:Artsakh
474:in the
406:Akayesu
383:torture
64:Parties
4824:UN Day
4762:Canada
4638:CCISUA
4500:Israel
4485:Cyprus
4338:(1945)
4332:(1945)
4326:(1944)
4320:(1943)
4314:(1943)
4308:(1942)
4302:(1941)
4296:(1941)
4066:Vienna
4051:Geneva
3942:UNESCO
3860:UNU-OP
3835:UNRISD
3830:UNOSAT
3810:UNITAR
3805:UNIDIR
3800:UNICRI
3795:UNICEF
3711:UNCTAD
3701:UNAIDS
3326:Piracy
2904:(VDPA)
2850:(UDHR)
2755:
2734:
2726:
2712:
2259:3 June
2232:224298
2230:
2222:
2184:
2036:
1895:Yazidi
1866:
1748:
1606:
1569:
1455:3 June
1412:3 June
1268:Israel
1248:Israel
1239:, and
1237:Poland
1229:Latvia
1213:Canada
1164:Russia
1085:, and
1072:. The
991:Brazil
926:Poland
829:Yemen
699:India
685:China
603:Zambia
594:
588:
582:
487:(ICC)
365:, the
130:codify
32:Signed
4933:Other
4880:Hanoi
4670:FICSA
4535:Yemen
4525:Syria
4373:UNPOL
3947:UNIDO
3850:UNSSC
3845:UNSDG
3840:UNRWA
3825:UNOPS
3820:UNODC
3790:UNHRC
3785:UNHCR
3780:OHCHR
3770:UNFPA
3736:UNDPO
3726:UNDGC
3721:UNCDF
2739:p. 98
2648:(PDF)
2220:S2CID
2204:(PDF)
2182:S2CID
1698:(PDF)
1687:(PDF)
1654:(PDF)
1628:(PDF)
1506:OHCHR
1337:(PDF)
1011:China
645:Note
451:bison
114:CPPCG
67:153 (
4675:Flag
4603:2011
4598:2014
4593:2017
4588:2020
4583:2021
4578:2022
4573:2023
4563:2016
4558:2021
4495:Iraq
4490:Iran
4473:67th
4468:66th
4192:list
3987:IBRD
3972:WIPO
3962:WFEO
3912:IFAD
3907:ICAO
3748:UNEP
3731:UNDP
3706:SCSL
3691:IAEA
3686:IPCC
2772:and
2753:ISBN
2732:ISBN
2724:ISBN
2710:ISBN
2661:2024
2631:2024
2603:2022
2539:link
2525:2021
2497:2021
2469:2021
2438:here
2412:2008
2336:2022
2261:2021
2228:SSRN
2080:2016
2034:ISBN
1973:2021
1899:ISIL
1864:ISBN
1817:link
1746:ISSN
1604:ISBN
1567:ISBN
1519:2022
1479:2023
1457:2021
1414:2021
1376:2024
1348:2020
1256:and
1128:ICTY
381:and
379:rape
331:USSR
322:and
303:(e)
293:(c)
286:(b)
227:and
108:The
3997:IFC
3992:IDA
3977:WMO
3967:WHO
3957:UPU
3937:ITU
3932:IOM
3927:IMO
3922:IMF
3917:ILO
3902:FAO
3882:WFP
3872:UNV
3855:UNU
3681:ITC
2768:by
2309:",
2212:doi
2174:doi
1901:'s
1893:on
1738:doi
1563:267
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