927:
from 6 MHz to 8 MHz, and with representatives estimating a further "two, three or five months" to increase the frequency to 10 MHz. Two unspecified chips of the five in the chipset were reported to be the cause of these problems. An early 1985 article about the 32016-based
Whitechapel MG-1 workstation noted that the 32081 memory management unit was "suffering from bugs" and had been situated on its own board providing hardware fixes. In 1986, Texas Instruments announced a "fully qualified 10 MHz TI32000 32-bit microprocessor chip set" consisting of the TI32016 CPU and TI32082 memory management unit as 48-pin devices, the TI32201 timing control unit and TI32081 floating-point unit as 24-pin devices, and the TI32202 interrupt control unit as a 40-pin device, with the five-device chipset "priced at $ 289 in 100-unit quantities".
1242:
space for the useful BitBLT instruction set, which significantly improves the performance in laser printer operations, making this 60,000 transistor chip faster than the 200,000 transistor MC68020. The NS32CG160 is the CG16 with timers and DMA peripherals, while the NS32FV/FX16x chips have extra DSP functionality on top of the CG16 BitBLT core for the Fax/Answering
Machine market. They are complemented by the NS32532 based NS32GX32 later. Unlike the previous chips, there was no extra hardware. The NS32GX32 is the NS32532 without the MMU sold at an attractive price for embedded system. In the beginning, this was just a remarked chip. It is unclear if the chip was redesigned for lower-cost production.
330:
923:
quantities for several months", with the floating point co-processor sampling "this month". Although a 1982 introduction post-dates the 68k by about two years, the 68k was not yet being widely used in the market and the 32016 generated significant interest. Unfortunately, the early versions were filled with bugs and could rarely be run at their rated speed. By 1984, after two years, the errata list still contained items specifying uncontrollable conditions that would result in the processor coming to a halt, forcing a reset.
1114:
987:
1126:
1012:
995:
1260:
1296:
1284:
1272:
1102:
1090:
1078:
1066:
1054:
66:
25:
168:
1246:
application of the NS32032 was as part of a "fault-tolerant transaction system" employing "two 32032s in parallel and comparing results on alternate memory cycles to detect soft errors". The NS32132 chip allows a pair of CPUs to be connected to the same memory system, without much change of the PCB. Prototype systems were built by
891:, and variable-length byte-aligned instruction encoding. Addressing modes can involve up to two displacements and two memory indirections per operand as well as scaled indexing, making the longest conceivable instruction 23 bytes. The actual number of instructions is much lower than that of contemporary RISC processors.
1209:, and performance was exceptional at the time. Competing solutions could render about one new page per minute, but the Swordfish demo unit would print out sixteen pages per minute, limited only by the laser-engine mechanics. On each page it would print out how much time it was idling, waiting for the engine to complete.
1241:
chips. Especially the NS32CG16 should be noted. The key difference between this and the NS32C016 is the integration of the expensive TCU (Timing
Control Unit) which generates the needed two-phase clock from a crystal, and the removal of the floating point coprocessor support, which freed up microcode
1002:
While often compared to the 68k's instruction set, this was rejected by NSC employees; one of the key marketing phrases of the time was "Elegance is
Everything", comparing the highly orthogonal Series 32000 to the "kludge". One key difference is Motorola's use of address registers and data registers,
922:
package. It may have been the first 32-bit chip to reach mass production and sale (at least according to
National's marketing). In a report in a June 1983 publication, however, it was remarked that National was "promising production quantities this summer" of 16032 parts, having been "shipping sample
926:
The original product roadmap envisaged 6 MHz and 10 MHz parts during 1983 and 12 MHz and 14 MHz parts during 1984. However, press reports in 1984 indicated difficulties in keeping to this roadmap, with it reportedly having taken five months to increase the frequency of the parts
381:
support for up to 16 MB physical memory. The NS16008 was a cut-down version with an 8-bit external data path and no virtual memory support, which had a reduced pin count and was thus somewhat easier to implement. Early announcements of the family included the NS16016 with a 16-bit data bus, and
1245:
Datasheets exist for an NS32132, apparently designed for multiprocessor systems. This is the NS32032 extended with an arbiter. The bus usage of the NS32032 is about 50 percent, owing to its very compact instruction set, or its very slow pipeline as competitors would phrase it. Indeed, one suggested
894:
Unlike some other processors, autoincrement of the base register is not provided; the only exception is a "top of stack" addressing modes that pop sources and push destinations. Uniquely, the size of the displacement is encoded in its most significant bits: 0, 10 and 11 preceded 7-, 14- and 30-bit
1821:
All address-data registers are available to all instructions. Thus, the compiler has freedom in its use of the registers and needn't do much housekeeping. The architecture also enables address-data registers to be used as accumulators, data registers, and address pointers. This represents a great
1019:
The 32032 was introduced in 1984. It is almost completely compatible with the 32016, but features a 32-bit data bus (although keeping the 24-bit address bus) for somewhat faster performance, described as "minicomputer performance" comparable with that of a VAX-11 system. There was also a 32008, a
389:
At the same time, National
Semiconductor also announced two future versions, the NS32032 and NS32132. The former was essentially a version of the NS16032 with a 32-bit external data bus, allowing it to read data at twice the rate. This was project to be released in 1984. The NS32132 was a version
275:
for arithmetic operations on data, and thus took twice as long to perform those arithmetic operations. However, the 32016 contained many bugs and often could not be run at its rated speed. These problems, and the presence of the otherwise similar 68000 which had been available since 1980, led to
1212:
The
Swordfish die is huge, and it was eventually decided to drop the project altogether, and the product never went into production. The lessons from the Swordfish were used for the CompactRISC designs. In the beginning, there were both a CompactRISC-32 and a CompactRISC-16, designed using "Z".
1141:
In 1985, National Semi introduced the NS32332, a much-improved version of the 32032. From the datasheet, the enhancements include "the addition of new dedicated addressing hardware (consisting of a high speed ALU, a barrel shifter and an address register), a very efficient increased (20 bytes)
982:
Virtual Memory, which is the most unusual feature compared to the segmented memory approach used by the competition, and has become the standard for how microprocessors are designed today. The architecture supports an instruction restart mechanism on a page fault, which is much cleaner than the
1479:
Syte
Information Technology Model 300 – NS32032-based Unix graphics workstation, several such "multiple tightly coupled microcomputers organized in a mainframe architecture" comprising the Syte Series 3000 "micro-mainframe" running the Global Environment Manager to manage multiple virtual
1197:
and arrived in about 1990. Swordfish has an integrated floating point unit, timers, DMA controllers and other peripherals not normally available in microprocessors. It has a 64-bit data bus and is internally overclocked from 25 to 50 MHz. The chief architect of the
Swordfish is
1153:
National Semi introduced the NS32532 in early 1987. Running at 20-, 25- & 30-MHz, it was a complete redesign of the internal implementation with a five-stage pipeline, an integrated Cache/MMU and improved memory performance, making it about twice as performant as the competing
1039:
and NS32202 Interrupt
Controllers. With the full set plus memory chips and peripherals, it was feasible to build a 32-bit computer system capable of supporting modern multi-tasking operating systems, something that had previously been possible only on expensive minicomputers and
915:(ALU), which controls much of the overall processing task, was only 16-bit. This meant it had to cycle 32-bit data through the ALU twice to complete an operation. In contrast, the NS32000 has a 32-bit ALU, so that 16-bit and 32-bit instructions take the same time to complete.
1221:
Versions of the older NS32000 line for low-cost products such as the NS32CG16, NS32CG160, NS32FV16, NS32FX161, NS32FX164 and the NS32AM160/1/3, all based on the NS302CG16 were introduced from 1987 and onwards. These processors had some success in the
1142:
instruction prefetch queue, a new system/memory bus interface/protocol, increased efficiency slave processor protocol and finally enhancements of microcode." There was also a new NS32382 MMU, NS32381 FPU and the (very rare) NS32310 interface to a
360:
National took DEC to court in California to ensure the legality of the design, but when DEC had the lawsuit moved to Massachusetts, DEC's home state, the lawsuit was dropped and the Series 32000 architecture was developed instead. Although the new
1213:
National never brought a chip to the market with the CompactRISC-32 core. National's Research department worked with the University of Michigan to develop the first synthesizable Verilog Model, and Verilog was used from the CR16C and onwards.
372:
The original processor family consisted of the NS16032 CPU and a NS16C032 low-power variant, both having a 16-bit data path and so requiring two machine cycles to load a single 32-bit word. Both could be used with the NS16082
1562:
We have recently renamed our 32-bit microprocessor products from the NS16000 family to Series 32000. This program was effective immediately following the signing of Texas Instruments, Inc. as our second source for the Series
930:
National changed its design methodology to make it possible to get the part into production and a design system based on the language "Z" was co-developed with the University of Tel-Aviv, close to the "NSC" design centre in
898:
General-purpose operands are specified using a 5-bit field. To this can be added an index byte (specifying the index register and 5-bit base address), and up to 2 variable-length displacements per operand.
1530:. Fully software-compatible with an NS32532 CPU with N32381 FPU, it is significantly faster when implemented on an FPGA, both operating at a higher clock rate and using fewer cycles per instruction.
1822:
improvement over machines that permit only a few registers to serve as address pointers, creating a bottleneck in address calculations, a very important function in high-level language programming.
907:
The first chip in the series was originally referred to as the 16032, but later renamed 32016 to emphasize its 32-bit internals. This contrasts it with its primary competitor in this space, 1979's
1146:
FPA. The aggregate performance boost of the NS32332 from these enhancements only made it 50 percent faster than the original NS32032, and therefore less than that of the main competitor, the
353:, or one register against a value in memory, two values in memory, or use the register as an offset against an address. This flexibility was considered the paragon of design in the era of
1170:, which was considered faster than the NS32532. For floating-point, the NS32532 used the existing NS32381 or the NS32580 interface to a Weitek FPA. The NS32532 was the basis of the
1003:
with instructions only working on either address or data registers. The Series 32000 has general-purpose registers, described as "address-data" registers in technical documentation.
283:
which was essentially a bug-fixed 32016 with an external 32-bit data bus. While it offered about 50% better speed than the 32016, it was outperformed by the 32-bit
895:
signed displacements. (Although the processors are otherwise consistently little-endian, displacements in the instruction stream are stored in big-endian order).
947:
designs. However, by the times the fruit of these efforts were being felt in the design, numerous 68k machines were already on the market, notably the
1754:
1202:, who went on to manage the architectural team designing the Pentium. The Pentium internal microarchitecture is similar to the preceding Swordfish.
369:" design philosophy. That is, every instruction could be used with any type of data. Articles of the time also referred to this as "symmetrical".
2131:
1199:
1185:
The semi-mythical NS32732 (sometimes called NS32764), envisioned as the high-performance successor to the NS32532, never came to the market.
390:
with a 29-bit internal addresses and 32-bit external, allowing it to address a complete 4 GB of memory. It was to be released in 1985.
1386:
1174:, a "public domain" hardware project, and one of the few to produce a useful machine running a real operating system (in this case,
1411:
Lauterbach Incircuit Emulator ICE (System Controller 32-bit, first version in 1996, max 16 MB ZIP20-RAM, Z180 to serve Ethernet)
983:
Motorola approach to dump the internal status on a page fault, which has to be read back, before the instruction is continued.
1644:
1547:
2095:
337:
The NS32000 series traces its history to an effort by National Semiconductor to produce a single-chip implementation of the
1959:
1322:
1806:
1162:. At this stage RISC architectures were starting to make inroads, and the main competitors became the now equally dead
130:
226:
208:
149:
52:
102:
1835:
884:
354:
310:(CPU) space. Instead, the basic 32000 architecture was combined with several support systems and relaunched as the
2136:
1325:- a separate expansion for the BBC Micro providing the NS32016 capabilities from the Acorn Cambridge Workstation
109:
87:
1985:
1020:
32016 with a data bus cut down to 8-bits wide for low-cost applications. It is philosophically similar to the
2011:
1701:
1932:
362:
342:
1312:
116:
1906:
1507:
366:
2105:
1780:
1617:
1250:
in Sweden, but did not perform as well as the single-CPU MC68020 system designed by the same company.
1113:
2100:
1861:
1882:
857:
The processors have 8 general-purpose 32-bit registers, plus a series of special-purpose registers:
98:
1671:
1444:
186:
83:
38:
1727:
1480:
environments on each processor node, with Syte eventually failing before initial product shipments
307:
76:
1125:
2110:
1868:
1426:
1420:
1414:
1032:
975:
374:
252:
912:
876:
A typical processor status register, with a low-order user byte and a high-order system byte.
272:
1036:
8:
1373:
1366:
1359:
1028:
971:
919:
178:
1259:
1041:
350:
271:
had 32-bit registers and instructions to perform 32-bit arithmetic, but used a 16-bit
1467:
Siemens MX500-75/-85 – NS32532 (2-8x CPUs; Sequent Boards / MX500-90 uses 2-12x i486)
1295:
1283:
1271:
1247:
1101:
1089:
1077:
1065:
1053:
295:
by almost two times, but by this time most interest in microprocessors had turned to
123:
329:
2065:
1486:
1576:
2076:
1581:
1340:
1194:
963:
955:
944:
888:
314:
1471:
1021:
948:
908:
801:
378:
292:
284:
268:
248:
255:. The first member of the family came to market in 1982, briefly known as the
2125:
1223:
1206:
979:
823:
345:(ISA), in which any instruction can be applied to any data. For instance, an
1456:
Siemens MX300-05/-10/-15/-30 – NS32332 (−05/-10) or NS32532 (−15/-30) under
1352:
1346:
1334:
190:
44:
1027:
National also produced a series of related support chips like the NS32081
887:
model, with 2-operand instructions, memory-to-memory operations, flexible
263:. It was the first general-purpose microprocessor on the market that used
1862:"NS32532-20/NS32532-25/NS32532-30 High-Performance 32-Bit Microprocessor"
1461:
967:
959:
318:
299:
platforms and this otherwise excellent design saw almost no use as well.
2048:
1328:
986:
840:
383:
382:
both the NS16008 and NS16016 were to feature an emulation mode for the
2115:
2036:
1011:
994:
870:
Link base register for dynamically linked modules (object orientation)
393:
All of these could also be used with the NS16081 floating point unit.
1527:
1392:
1316:
818:
1435:
Opus Systems Opus532.32 Personal Mainframe – NS32032 PC Add-On Board
317:. This had some success in the market before it was replaced by the
65:
1501:
1495:
1402:
1396:
978:
to be attached as peers to the main processor. The MMU is based on
932:
1836:"The 32-bit flexible workstation: one supplier's answer for users"
1395:– Some early models used the NS32081 FPU as a coprocessor for the
1523:
1450:
1432:
Opus Systems Opus516 Personal Mainframe – NS32016 PC Add-On Board
1167:
1163:
1155:
1147:
936:
341:
architecture. The VAX is well known for its highly "orthogonal"
2079:, August 1985, pp 120–136; Part 2, BYTE, September 1985, p 116.
1474:
1179:
1159:
1143:
911:(68k). The 68k used 32-bit instructions and registers, but its
338:
264:
1986:"Multiple operating systems coexist on multiprocessor system"
1457:
1438:
1380:
1235:
1175:
1171:
2118:, an excellent "fan site" and home of the M32632 FPGA clone.
1951:
1773:
1540:
1238:
940:
296:
1925:
1827:
1799:
1618:"The National Semiconductor NS16000 Microprocessor Family"
1193:
A derivative of the NS32732 called Swordfish was aimed at
2004:
1978:
1663:
1483:
Tektronix 6130 and 6250 Workstation – NS32016 and NS32032
1405:(previously A-Tech and then UBI) Label Printer – NS32CG16
1231:
1227:
2071:
Trevor G. Marshall, George Scolaro and David L. Rand:
2060:
Trevor G. Marshall, George Scolaro and David L. Rand:
1343:
Multimax – NS32032, NS32332 and NS32532 Multiprocessor
867:
Static base register, for referencing global variables
864:
Stack pointer (one each for user and supervisor modes)
306:, but eventually gave up attempting to compete in the
1811:. Texas Instruments Incorporated. 1985. pp. 2–24
1447:
Balance – NS32016, NS32032 and NS32332 multiprocessor
1379:
General Robotics Corp. Python – NS32032 & N32016
365:
was not VAX-11 compatible, it did retain its highly "
279:
Several improved versions followed, including 1985's
1306:
943:, but has a Pascal-like syntax and is optimized for
302:
National was working on further improvements in the
1489:
Eternity Series – NS32032 w/ NS32016 I/O processor
386:running at four times the speed of that processor.
90:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1899:
291:, released in 1987, outperformed the contemporary
1761:. Vol. 10, no. 2. pp. 379–382, 384
935:, Israel. The "Z" language is similar to today's
2123:
1642:
1205:The focus of Swordfish was high-end Postscript
1875:
1720:
1966:. pp. 97–100, 102, 104–106, 108–110, 112
1611:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1577:"Design Philosophy Behind Motorola's MC68000"
1522:In June 2015, Udo Möller released a complete
2116:National Semiconductor's Series 32000 Family
1651:. Vol. 8, no. 10. pp. 266–276
1615:
1423:ICM-332-1 – NS32332 w/ NS32016 I/O processor
918:The 32016 first shipped in 1982 in a 46-pin
189:. There might be a discussion about this on
1695:
1693:
1636:
1408:Labtam Unix System NS32032 and NS32332 CPUs
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1960:"Thirty-Two Bit Micros Power Workstations"
1596:
1552:. National Semiconductor Corporation. 1984
1526:implementation of an NS32000 processor on
1429:SYS32/20 – NS32016 PC add-on board w/ Unix
951:, and the 32016 never saw widespread use.
880:(Additional system registers not listed).
349:instruction might add the contents of two
1746:
1702:"Super-microprocessors - a status report"
1624:. Vol. 8, no. 4. pp. 53–66
1230:market, despite intense competition from
970:interface, allowing coprocessors such as
227:Learn how and when to remove this message
209:Learn how and when to remove this message
150:Learn how and when to remove this message
1752:
1690:
1010:
993:
985:
883:The instruction set is very much in the
328:
1957:
1574:
1331:LBP-8 Mark III Laser Printer – NS32CG16
2132:National Semiconductor microprocessors
2124:
1708:. Vol. 6, no. 6. p. 190
1670:Cole, Bernard Conrad (November 1981).
1568:
1389:VME532 – NS32532 VME Card (with cache)
1699:
1492:Trinity College Workstation – NS32332
1833:
1669:
161:
88:adding citations to reliable sources
59:
18:
1734:. No. 24. July 1984. p. 7
1504:9200 network controller – NS32CG160
13:
14:
2148:
2084:
1958:Mokhoff, Nicolas (15 June 1984).
1575:Starnes, Thomas W. (April 1983).
1498:9020 network controller – NS32332
1473:– NS32016, used to cross-develop
1470:Symmetric Computer Systems S/375
1307:Machines using the NS32000 series
355:complex instruction set computers
324:
34:This article has multiple issues.
2062:The Definicon DSI-32 Coprocessor
1753:Pountain, Dick (February 1985).
1643:Tilson, Michael (October 1983).
1323:BBC Micro 32016 Second Processor
1294:
1282:
1270:
1258:
1124:
1112:
1100:
1088:
1076:
1064:
1052:
954:The 32016 has a 16-bit external
166:
64:
23:
2096:Data book NS32000 family (1986)
2042:
2030:
1854:
1728:"Acorn dispels superchip doubt"
1136:
396:
75:needs additional citations for
42:or discuss these issues on the
1033:Memory Management Units (MMUs)
1:
1992:. March 1984. pp. 30, 32
1933:"Opus: UNIX Music To PC Ears"
1645:"Moving Unix to New Machines"
1549:Series 32000 Software Catalog
1533:
287:, released a year prior. The
2073:The DSI-32 Coprocessor Board
1188:
1119:NS32202 Interrupt controller
363:instruction set architecture
343:instruction set architecture
7:
1939:. February 1986. p. 83
1787:. 16 June 1986. p. 130
1616:Leedy, Glenn (April 1983).
1513:Whitechapel MG200 – NS32332
1315:– NS32016 (with 6502-based
1313:Acorn Cambridge Workstation
321:architecture in mid-1990s.
10:
2153:
2018:. November 1984. p. 8
1884:CPU 32016 Technical Manual
1834:Rada, Col (18 June 1984).
1808:TI32000 Family Data Manual
1337:32016 – NS32016 S-100 Card
1037:Direct Memory Access (DMA)
688:
645:
549:
454:
276:little use in the market.
1913:. April 1985. p. 441
1907:"IBM PC UNIX Coprocessor"
1585:. Vol. 8, no. 4
1517:
1216:
1024:, and equally unpopular.
673:
670:
655:
652:
631:
628:
613:
610:
595:
592:
577:
574:
559:
556:
538:
527:
516:
505:
494:
483:
472:
461:
243:, sometimes known as the
1700:Libes, Sol (June 1983).
1672:"Advances in CPU Design"
1460:(MX300-55 and later use
1006:
902:
377:, which provided 24-bit
2037:M32632 32-bit Processor
1842:. pp. 35–37, 39–40
1706:Personal Computer World
690:Program Status Register
308:central processing unit
2137:32-bit microprocessors
2012:"Syte fades from view"
1869:National Semiconductor
1427:National Semiconductor
1421:National Semiconductor
1415:National Semiconductor
1376:workstation – NS32GX32
1355:Emulator III – NS32016
1131:NS32203 DMA controller
1016:
1015:NS32032 microprocessor
999:
991:
990:NS32016 microprocessor
375:memory management unit
334:
333:NS32008 microprocessor
253:National Semiconductor
2068:, Aug/September 1985,
1369:workstation – NS32532
1362:workstation – NS32032
1014:
997:
989:
966:. It also includes a
913:arithmetic logic unit
332:
267:data internally: the
16:32-bit microprocessor
962:, and a full 32-bit
958:, a 24-bit external
259:before becoming the
179:confusing or unclear
84:improve this article
1755:"Realizing a Dream"
1029:Floating Point Unit
588:ointer (interrupt)
403:
402:NS 32000 registers
351:processor registers
187:clarify the article
2049:M32632 Performance
1417:ICM-3216 – NS32016
1017:
1000:
992:
401:
335:
855:
854:
851:
850:
684:
683:
456:General registers
247:, is a series of
237:
236:
229:
219:
218:
211:
160:
159:
152:
134:
57:
2144:
2066:Micro Cornucopia
2052:
2046:
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2034:
2028:
2027:
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2023:
2008:
2002:
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1999:
1997:
1982:
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1887:. CompuPro. 1984
1879:
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1718:
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1713:
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1683:
1678:. pp. 94–97
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1613:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1590:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1559:
1557:
1544:
1487:Tolerant Systems
1453:PC-MX2 – NS32016
1298:
1286:
1274:
1262:
1195:embedded systems
1128:
1116:
1104:
1092:
1080:
1068:
1056:
889:addressing modes
686:
685:
408:
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348:
232:
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49:
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19:
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140:February 2015
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73:This article
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2020:. Retrieved
2015:
2006:
1994:. Retrieved
1989:
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1968:. Retrieved
1963:
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1941:. Retrieved
1936:
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1915:. Retrieved
1910:
1901:
1889:. Retrieved
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1844:. Retrieved
1839:
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1813:. Retrieved
1807:
1801:
1789:. Retrieved
1784:
1781:"Components"
1775:
1763:. Retrieved
1758:
1748:
1736:. Retrieved
1731:
1722:
1710:. Retrieved
1705:
1680:. Retrieved
1675:
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1653:. Retrieved
1648:
1638:
1626:. Retrieved
1621:
1587:. Retrieved
1580:
1570:
1561:
1554:. Retrieved
1548:
1542:
1521:
1353:E-mu Systems
1347:E-mu Systems
1265:NS32C016 CPU
1248:Diab Data AB
1244:
1220:
1211:
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1192:
1184:
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1137:32332, 32532
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397:Architecture
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251:produced by
244:
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185:Please help
176:
146:
137:
127:
120:
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94:
82:Please help
77:verification
74:
50:
43:
37:
36:Please help
33:
2075:. Part 1,
1937:UNIX Review
1765:18 December
1508:Whitechapel
1372:ETH Zürich
1365:ETH Zürich
1358:ETH Zürich
1301:NS32532 CPU
1289:NS32382 MMU
1277:NS32381 FPU
1107:NS32082 MMU
1095:NS32081 FPU
1083:NS32032 CPU
1071:NS16081 FPU
1059:NS16032 CPU
998:NS32081 FPU
968:coprocessor
960:address bus
319:CompactRISC
199:August 2021
2126:Categories
2090:Datasheets
1815:8 November
1791:9 February
1732:Acorn User
1712:17 October
1655:31 January
1589:2018-06-19
1556:8 November
1534:References
1254:Die photos
1048:Die photos
1042:mainframes
1035:, NS32203
653:0000 0000
629:0000 0000
611:0000 0000
593:0000 0000
575:0000 0000
557:0000 0000
545:egister 7
534:egister 6
523:egister 5
512:egister 4
501:egister 3
490:egister 2
479:egister 1
468:egister 0
384:Intel 8080
367:orthogonal
181:to readers
110:newspapers
39:improve it
1738:28 August
1628:22 August
1528:OpenCores
1441:– NS32532
1393:IBM RT PC
1317:BBC Micro
1189:Swordfish
312:Swordfish
99:"NS32000"
45:talk page
2106:NS32C032
1846:10 March
1502:Teklogix
1496:Teklogix
1403:Intermec
1397:IBM ROMP
1387:Heurikon
1335:CompuPro
956:data bus
933:Herzliya
632:INTBASE
357:(CISC).
2111:NS32381
2101:NS32532
2022:5 March
1996:5 March
1970:5 March
1943:24 June
1917:24 June
1891:9 March
1871:. 1995.
1759:Byte UK
1682:2 March
1524:Verilog
1451:Siemens
1445:Sequent
1374:Ceres-3
1367:Ceres-2
1168:MC88000
1164:AM29000
1156:MC68030
1148:MC68020
1022:MC68008
937:Verilog
786:
696:
671:
666:ounter
662:rogram
638:errupt
624:ointer
241:NS32000
177:may be
124:scholar
1563:32000.
1518:Legacy
1475:386BSD
1341:Encore
1217:Others
1180:NetBSD
1160:i80386
1144:Weitek
602:tatic
440:. . .
432:. . .
424:. . .
416:. . .
339:VAX-11
265:32-bit
126:
119:
112:
105:
97:
1865:(PDF)
1458:SINIX
1439:PC532
1381:Q-Bus
1360:Ceres
1329:Canon
1319:host)
1236:Intel
1176:Minix
1172:PC532
1007:32032
903:32016
620:rame
584:tack
566:tack
304:32732
289:32532
281:32032
261:32016
257:16032
131:JSTOR
117:books
2077:BYTE
2024:2024
1998:2024
1972:2024
1945:2022
1919:2022
1911:Byte
1893:2022
1848:2022
1817:2021
1793:2022
1767:2020
1740:2020
1714:2020
1684:2023
1657:2015
1649:BYTE
1630:2020
1622:BYTE
1582:Byte
1558:2021
1462:i486
1383:card
1239:RISC
1234:and
1226:and
1166:and
1158:and
976:MMUs
974:and
972:FPUs
941:VHDL
939:and
885:CISC
674:MOD
640:Base
606:ase
578:SP0
560:SP1
297:RISC
239:The
103:news
2064:.
1232:AMD
1228:fax
1182:).
1178:or
920:DIP
846:PSR
678:Mod
656:PC
636:Int
614:FP
596:SB
539:R7
528:R6
517:R5
506:R4
495:R3
484:R2
473:R1
462:R0
347:ADD
273:ALU
245:32k
86:by
2128::
2014:.
1988:.
1962:.
1935:.
1909:.
1867:.
1838:.
1819:.
1783:.
1757:.
1730:.
1704:.
1692:^
1674:.
1647:.
1620:.
1598:^
1579:.
1560:.
1150:.
1044:.
837:T
834:L
831:–
828:–
815:N
812:U
809:S
806:P
798:–
795:–
792:–
789:–
48:.
2026:.
2000:.
1974:.
1947:.
1921:.
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1850:.
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1592:.
1464:)
841:C
824:F
819:Z
802:I
775:0
770:1
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745:6
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735:8
730:9
725:0
720:1
715:2
710:3
705:4
700:5
664:C
660:P
622:P
618:F
604:B
600:S
586:P
582:S
568:P
564:S
543:R
532:R
521:R
510:R
499:R
488:R
477:R
466:R
444:0
436:7
428:5
420:3
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128:·
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55:)
51:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
