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within the matrix, it is called a paraconglomerate. Paraconglomerates are also often unstratified and can contain more matrix than gravel clasts. If the gravel clasts of a conglomerate are in contact with each other, it is called an orthoconglomerate. Unlike paraconglomerates, orthoconglomerates are
342:
Two recognized types of intraformational conglomerates are shale-pebble and flat-pebble conglomerates. A shale-pebble conglomerate is a conglomerate that is composed largely of clasts of rounded mud chips and pebbles held together by clay minerals and created by erosion within environments such as
334:
In addition, conglomerates are classified by source as indicated by the lithology of the gravel-size clasts If these clasts consist of rocks and minerals that are significantly different in lithology from the enclosing matrix and, thus, older and derived from outside the basin of deposition, the
355:
comprising them. In this classification, a conglomerate composed largely of granule-size clasts would be called a granule conglomerate; a conglomerate composed largely of pebble-size clasts would be called a pebble conglomerate; and a conglomerate composed largely of cobble-size clasts would be
330:
Conglomerates are also classified according to the composition of their clasts. A conglomerate or any clastic sedimentary rock that consists of a single rock or mineral is known as either a monomict, monomictic, oligomict, or oligomictic conglomerate. If the conglomerate consists of two or more
331:
different types of rocks, minerals, or combination of both, it is known as either a polymict or polymictic conglomerate. If a polymictic conglomerate contains an assortment of the clasts of metastable and unstable rocks and minerals, it is called either a petromict or petromictic conglomerate.
483:, the sediments deposited directly by a glacier, are typically poorly sorted, matrix-supported conglomerates. The matrix is generally fine-grained, consisting of finely milled rock fragments. Waterlaid deposits associated with glaciers are often conglomeratic, forming structures such as
343:
within a river channel or along a lake margin. Flat-pebble conglomerates (edgewise conglomerates) are conglomerates that consist of relatively flat clasts of lime mud created by either storms or tsunami eroding a shallow sea bottom or tidal currents eroding tidal flats along a shoreline.
238:. Such breccias can be called sedimentary breccias to differentiate them from other types of breccia, e.g. volcanic and fault breccias. Sedimentary rocks that contain a mixture of rounded and angular gravel clasts are sometimes called breccio-conglomerate.
503:. Here, erosion has created vertical channels that give the characteristic jagged shapes the mountain is named for (Montserrat literally means "jagged mountain"). The rock is strong enough to use as a building material, as in the
173:. They can be found in sedimentary rock sequences of all ages but probably make up less than 1 percent by weight of all sedimentary rocks. They are closely related to sandstones in origin, and exhibit many of the same types of
262:. However, conglomerates are rarely composed entirely of gravel-size clasts. Typically, the space between the gravel-size clasts is filled by a mixture composed of varying amounts of silt, sand, and clay, known as
460:. Matrix-supported conglomerates, as a result of debris-flow deposition, are quite commonly associated with many alluvial fans. When such conglomerates accumulate within an alluvial fan, in rapidly eroding (e.g.,
428:, so conglomerates are more characteristic of immature river systems. In the sediments deposited by mature rivers, conglomerates are generally confined to the basal part of a channel fill where they are known as
937:
Bourman, Robert P.; Ollier, Clifford D.; Buckman, Solomon (2015-06-01). "Inselbergs and monoliths: a comparative review of two iconic
Australian landforms, Uluru (Ayers Rock) and Burringurrah (Mount Augustus)".
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merge to form braidplains and these two environments are associated with the thickest deposits of conglomerates. The bulk of conglomerates deposited in this setting are clast-supported with a strong AB-plane
46:
335:
conglomerate is known as an extraformational conglomerate. If these clasts consist of rocks and minerals that are identical to or consistent with the lithology of the enclosing matrix and, thus,
380:, the basal part of a bed is typically coarse-grained and sometimes conglomeratic. In this setting, conglomerates are normally very well sorted, well-rounded and often with a strong A-axis type
902:
530:. The Crestone Conglomerate consists of poorly sorted fanglomerates that accumulated in prehistoric alluvial fans and related fluvial systems. Some of these rocks have hues of red and green.
230:
A sedimentary rock composed largely of gravel is first named according to the roundness of the gravel. If the gravel clasts that comprise it are largely well-rounded to subrounded, it is a
633:, range from the size of sand particles to the size of golf balls. Analysis has shown that the pebbles were deposited by a stream that flowed at walking pace and was ankle- to hip-deep.
154:). The larger fragments within conglomerate are called clasts, while the finer sediment surrounding the clasts is called the matrix. The clasts and matrix are typically cemented by
922:
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266:. If the individual gravel clasts in a conglomerate are separated from each other by an abundance of matrix such that they are not in contact with each other and
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The differences between paraconglomerates and orthoconglomerates reflect differences in how they are deposited. Paraconglomerates are commonly either glacial
892:
Walker, R. G. 1979. Facies Models. Reprinted with revisions from a series of papers in
Geoscience Canada, 1976–1979, Geological Association of Canada
1856:
1032:
983:"Interpretation of sedimentological processes of coarse-grained deposits applying a novel combined cluster and discriminant analysis"
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Conglomerates deposited in fluvial environments are typically well rounded and poorly sorted. Clasts of this size are carried as
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Conglomerates contain at least 30% of rounded to subangular clasts larger than 2 mm (0.079 in) in diameter, e.g.,
625:", and have been interpreted by scientists as having formed in an ancient streambed. The gravels, which were discovered by
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and only at times of high flow-rate. The maximum clast size decreases as the clasts are transported further due to
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and derived from within the basin of deposition, the conglomerate is known as an intraformational conglomerate.
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Alluvial deposits form in areas of high relief and are typically coarse-grained. At mountain fronts individual
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are similar to conglomerates, but have clasts that have angular (rather than rounded) shapes.
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432:. Conglomerates deposited in a fluvial environment often have an AB-plane type imbrication.
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727:
Encyclopedia of
Sediments & Sedimentary Rocks, Encyclopedia of Earth Science Series.
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The classification method depends on the type and detail of research being conducted.
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2nd ed. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Chichester, West Sussex, United
Kingdom. 419 pp.
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carry a lot of coarse-grained material and many glacial deposits are conglomeratic.
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Finally, conglomerates are often differentiated and named according to the dominant
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American
Association of Petroleum Geologist Bulletin. vol. 50, no. 3, pp. 573–577.
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and likely contain the largest accumulations of gravel in the geologic record.
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Conglomerates form when rounded gravels deposited by water or glaciers become
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Conglomerates are normally present at the base of sequences laid down during
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deposits. Orthoconglomerates are typically associated with aqueous currents.
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777:(2nd ed.). Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 290.
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Microfacies of
Carbonate Rocks: Analysis, Interpretation and Application
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Sedimentology and sedimentary basins : from turbulence to tectonics
756:(5th ed.). Alexandria, Virginia, American Geological Institute. 779 pp.
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typically cross-bedded and often well-cemented and lithified by either
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If the gravel clasts that comprise it are largely angular, it is a
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Farics, Éva; Farics, Dávid; Kovács, József; Haas, János (2017).
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Neuendorf, K.K.E., J.P. Mehl Jr., and J.A. Jackson, eds. (2005)
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are poorly sorted, matrix-rich conglomerates that originated as
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Boulder of quartz-pebble conglomerate with large clasts, from
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sits on a rugged promontory of conglomerate jutting into the
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840:, 3rd ed. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, West Sussex, England.
729:
Kluwer
Academic Publishers, Boston, Massachusetts. 821 pp.
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northwards along the coastlines of the former counties of
464:) environments, the resulting rock unit is often called a
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Conglomerate may also be seen in the domed hills of
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Section of polymict conglomerate from offshore rock
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107:
1051:"NASA Rover Finds Old Streambed on Martian Surface"
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533:Conglomerate cliffs are found on the east coast of
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Sedimentary rock composed of smaller rock fragments
723:Classification of sediments and sedimentary rocks.
213:Conglomerates may be named and classified by the:
208:
138:-sized pieces of rock surrounded by finer-grained
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904:The Sea Floor: an introduction to Marine Geology
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617:, slabs of conglomerate have been found at an
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690:Principles of Sedimentology and Stratigraphy.
171:solidified and cemented by pressure over time
873:, 2nd ed. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany.
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364:Conglomerates are deposited in a variety of
1088:Conglomerate at Cushendun, Northern Ireland
791:
692:, 2nd ed. Prentice Hall, New York. 662 pp.
597:In the nineteenth century a thick layer of
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725:In Gerard V. Middleton, ed., pp. 127-135,
495:An example of conglomerate can be seen at
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644:alteration transforms conglomerate into
601:conglomerate was recognized to underlie
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223:Size range of gravel-size clasts present
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901:Seibold, E. & Berger, W.H. 1996.
883:
404:. They represent the position of the
858:Origin of Shale-Pebble Conglomerate.
325:
65:Carmelo Formation (conglomerate) at
1033:"Geologic map of Schuylkill County"
927:, 3rd edition, 2001, WileyBlackwell
636:
608:
371:
24:
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1063:California Institute of Technology
301:A conglomerate at the base of the
25:
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514:, occurs in and near the town of
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305:in the Black Hills, South Dakota.
217:Amount and type of matrix present
91:
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808:Sedimentology and Stratigraphy,
505:Santa Maria de Montserrat Abbey
209:Classification of conglomerates
940:Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie
838:Sedimentary Rocks in the Field
356:called a cobble conglomerate.
321:, approximate depth 10,000 ft.
13:
1:
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408:at a particular time and are
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177:, such as tabular and trough
7:
960:10.1127/0372-8854/2014/0148
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605:measures in Pennsylvania.
565:Copper Harbor Conglomerate
557:just south of the town of
471:
446:Death Valley National Park
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1927:
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1135:
1059:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
573:Isle Royale National Park
44:
35:
366:sedimentary environments
360:Sedimentary environments
2131:Conglomerates (geology)
1187:Basaltic trachyandesite
1155:Alkali feldspar granite
856:Williams, G. D. (1966)
1035:. 1884. Archived from
721:Friedman, G.M. (2003)
520:Sangre de Cristo Range
448:
322:
306:
175:sedimentary structures
83:
69:
1572:Banded iron formation
1008:10.1515/geo-2017-0040
924:Sedimentary petrology
773:Leeder, Mike (2011).
567:is found both in the
518:, at the foot of the
512:Crestone Conglomerate
510:Another example, the
443:
394:marine transgressions
312:
300:
75:
64:
166:, or hardened clay.
1065:. 27 September 2012
999:2017OGeo....9...40F
952:2015ZGm....59..197B
806:Nichols, G. (2009)
754:Glossary of Geology
663:Jasper conglomerate
402:basal conglomerates
400:, and are known as
337:penecontemporaneous
134:made up of rounded
53:Sharon Conglomerate
32:
1928:Specific varieties
1093:2016-03-03 at the
869:Flugel, E. (2010)
588:Northern Territory
569:Keweenaw Peninsula
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2126:Sedimentary rocks
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1363:Nepheline syenite
879:978-3-642-03795-5
816:978-1-4051-9379-5
735:978-1-4020-0872-6
688:Boggs, S. (2006)
586:, in Australia's
326:Clast composition
156:calcium carbonate
77:Nagdong Formation
59:
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16:(Redirected from
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1767:Metamorphic rock
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1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1832:Litchfieldite
1830:
1828:
1825:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
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1773:
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1768:
1764:
1758:
1755:
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1735:
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1725:
1723:
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1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
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1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
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1655:
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1610:
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1600:
1598:
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1570:
1568:
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1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1508:
1505:
1501:
1498:
1497:
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1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
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1456:
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1449:
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1436:
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1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1398:Phonotephrite
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
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1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1303:Hyaloclastite
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1244:
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1239:
1237:
1234:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1188:
1185:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1175:Alkali basalt
1173:
1172:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1125:
1120:
1118:
1113:
1111:
1106:
1105:
1102:
1096:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1046:
1038:
1034:
1028:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
977:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
933:
926:
925:
921:
920:Tucker, M. E.
916:
914:
906:
905:
898:
889:
887:
880:
876:
872:
866:
859:
853:
847:
846:0-470-85123-6
843:
839:
835:
834:Tucker, M. E.
830:
828:
826:
824:
817:
813:
809:
803:
801:
799:
797:
795:
786:
784:9781405177832
780:
776:
769:
763:
762:0-922152-76-4
759:
755:
749:
747:
745:
743:
736:
732:
728:
724:
718:
716:
714:
712:
710:
708:
706:
699:
698:0-13-154728-3
695:
691:
685:
683:
681:
679:
674:
664:
661:
659:
656:
655:
649:
647:
643:
634:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
606:
604:
600:
595:
593:
589:
585:
580:
578:
577:Lake Superior
574:
570:
566:
562:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
531:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
508:
506:
502:
498:
488:
486:
482:
478:
469:
467:
463:
459:
454:
453:alluvial fans
447:
442:
433:
431:
427:
423:
413:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
385:
383:
379:
369:
367:
357:
354:
344:
340:
338:
332:
320:
316:
311:
304:
299:
295:
293:
289:
284:
282:
278:
274:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
239:
237:
233:
232:conglomerate.
228:
222:
219:
216:
215:
214:
206:
204:
200:
198:
197:alluvial fans
194:
190:
189:Fanglomerates
186:
184:
180:
179:cross-bedding
176:
172:
167:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
127:
88:
82:
78:
74:
68:
63:
54:
48:
43:
40:
39:
34:
19:
2030:Luxullianite
2010:Lapis lazuli
1955:Blue Granite
1882:Serpentinite
1857:Metapsammite
1607:Conglomerate
1606:
1529:Trondhjemite
1507:Trachybasalt
1448:Pantellerite
1353:Monzogranite
1298:Hornblendite
1283:Granodiorite
1137:Igneous rock
1067:. Retrieved
1054:
1045:
1037:the original
1027:
990:
986:
976:
943:
939:
932:
923:
903:
897:
870:
865:
857:
852:
837:
807:
774:
768:
753:
726:
722:
689:
658:Puddingstone
640:
612:
596:
594:in Hungary.
581:
563:
532:
509:
494:
475:
466:fanglomerate
465:
450:
429:
419:
401:
398:unconformity
391:
375:
363:
350:
341:
333:
329:
285:
267:
263:
245:
231:
229:
226:
212:
201:
193:debris flows
188:
187:
168:
87:Conglomerate
86:
85:
36:
31:Conglomerate
1919:Whiteschist
1810:Greenschist
1790:Cataclasite
1780:Amphibolite
1707:Phosphorite
1657:Itacolumite
1582:Calcarenite
1428:Quartzolite
1368:Nephelinite
1338:Lamprophyre
1293:Harzburgite
1251:Napoleonite
1224:Charnockite
1219:Carbonatite
1209:Blairmorite
1160:Anorthosite
1069:28 February
1018:10831/66854
907:, Springer.
642:Metamorphic
458:imbrication
430:pebble lags
410:diachronous
382:imbrication
292:debris flow
283:, or clay.
67:Point Lobos
2120:Categories
2085:Teschenite
2070:Shonkinite
2045:Pietersite
2040:Novaculite
1950:Borolanite
1935:Adamellite
1852:Metapelite
1820:Calcflinta
1785:Blueschist
1775:Anthracite
1757:Wackestone
1737:Travertine
1682:Lumachelle
1662:Jaspillite
1617:Diamictite
1539:Websterite
1524:Troctolite
1500:Benmoreite
1460:Shonkinite
1433:Rhyodacite
1413:Pyroxenite
1388:Peridotite
1348:Lherzolite
1323:Kimberlite
1313:Ignimbrite
1308:Icelandite
1288:Granophyre
1197:Shoshonite
669:References
599:Pottsville
592:Buda Hills
590:or in the
584:Kata Tjuta
559:Stonehaven
497:Montserrat
378:turbidites
353:clast size
347:Clast size
160:iron oxide
2100:Variolite
2090:Theralite
2080:Tachylite
2065:Rodingite
2035:Mangerite
2015:Larvikite
2000:Jasperoid
1995:Jadeitite
1960:Epidosite
1914:Tectonite
1907:Soapstone
1872:Quartzite
1842:Migmatite
1827:Itabirite
1805:Granulite
1747:Turbidite
1727:Sylvinite
1722:Siltstone
1712:Sandstone
1697:Oil shale
1677:Limestone
1652:Gritstone
1647:Greywacke
1642:Geyserite
1632:Evaporite
1622:Diatomite
1597:Claystone
1562:Argillite
1475:Tachylyte
1443:Comendite
1393:Phonolite
1383:Pegmatite
1358:Monzonite
1333:Lamproite
1328:Komatiite
1268:Foidolite
1229:Enderbite
1192:Mugearite
968:0372-8854
631:Curiosity
555:North Sea
501:Barcelona
426:attrition
406:shoreline
396:above an
142:(such as
140:sediments
18:Nagelfluh
2075:Taconite
2050:Pyrolite
1975:Ganister
1945:Aphanite
1940:Appinite
1862:Phyllite
1847:Mylonite
1815:Hornfels
1795:Eclogite
1692:Mudstone
1667:Laterite
1627:Dolomite
1544:Wehrlite
1519:Trachyte
1512:Hawaiite
1490:Tonalite
1485:Tephrite
1438:Rhyolite
1403:Porphyry
1378:Obsidian
1263:Essexite
1214:Boninite
1204:Basanite
1150:Andesite
1091:Archived
652:See also
539:Arbroath
535:Scotland
524:Colorado
516:Crestone
491:Examples
481:tillites
477:Glaciers
436:Alluvial
303:Cambrian
277:hematite
260:boulders
248:granules
203:Breccias
2095:Unakite
2025:Llanite
1990:Ijolite
1965:Felsite
1897:Suevite
1732:Tillite
1672:Lignite
1612:Coquina
1577:Breccia
1470:Syenite
1318:Ijolite
1278:Granite
1246:Diorite
1241:Diabase
1145:Adakite
995:Bibcode
948:Bibcode
836:(2003)
621:named "
619:outcrop
499:, near
472:Glacial
422:bedload
416:Fluvial
273:calcite
256:cobbles
252:pebbles
242:Texture
236:breccia
130:) is a
2005:Kenyte
1980:Gossan
1877:Schist
1837:Marble
1800:Gneiss
1702:Oolite
1567:Arkose
1465:Sovite
1455:Scoria
1408:Pumice
1373:Norite
1343:Latite
1273:Gabbro
1258:Dunite
1236:Dacite
1170:Basalt
1165:Aplite
966:
877:
844:
814:
781:
760:
733:
696:
623:Hottah
485:eskers
462:desert
319:Alaska
281:quartz
264:matrix
258:, and
164:silica
136:gravel
81:Sangju
1970:Flint
1892:Slate
1887:Skarn
1752:Varve
1717:Shale
1637:Flint
1592:Chert
1587:Chalk
543:Angus
537:from
288:tills
268:float
150:, or
1742:Tufa
1687:Marl
1602:Coal
1534:Tuff
1071:2016
1055:News
964:ISSN
875:ISBN
842:ISBN
812:ISBN
779:ISBN
758:ISBN
731:ISBN
694:ISBN
627:NASA
615:Mars
571:and
545:and
315:core
181:and
152:clay
148:silt
144:sand
2105:Wad
1013:hdl
1003:doi
956:doi
613:On
575:in
526:'s
522:in
376:In
290:or
195:on
79:at
2122::
1061:/
1057:.
1053:.
1011:.
1001:.
989:.
985:.
962:.
954:.
944:59
942:.
912:^
885:^
822:^
793:^
741:^
704:^
677:^
648:.
579:.
561:.
549:.
507:.
487:.
468:.
412:.
368:.
317:,
279:,
275:,
254:,
250:,
185:.
162:,
158:,
146:,
117:ər
99:ən
1123:e
1116:t
1109:v
1073:.
1021:.
1015::
1005::
997::
991:9
970:.
958::
950::
787:.
126:/
123:t
120:ɪ
114:m
111:ɒ
108:l
105:ɡ
102:ˈ
96:k
93:/
89:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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