545:
584:
509:
42:
308:
533:
521:
418:
410:
391:
into the systemic circulation. Under normal circumstances in healthy individuals, megakaryocytes that arise from the bone marrow are trapped in the pulmonary capillary bed and broken down before they enter the systemic circulation. It is thought that in disorders where there is right-to-left shunting
342:
Primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy is HPOA without signs of pulmonary disease. This form has a hereditary component, although subtle cardiac abnormalities can occasionally be found. It is known eponymously as the
Touraine–Solente–Golé syndrome. This condition has been linked to mutations in the
502:(place fingernails of same finger on opposite hands against each other, nail to nail), a small diamond-shaped "window" is normally apparent between the nailbeds. If this window is obliterated, the test is positive and clubbing is present.
392:
or lung malignancy, the megakaryocytes can bypass the breakdown within the pulmonary circulation and enter the systemic circulation. They are then trapped within the capillary beds within the extremities, such as the digits, and release
293:(COPD). Therefore, in patients with COPD and significant degrees of clubbing, a search for signs of bronchogenic carcinoma (or other causes of clubbing) might still be indicated. A congenital form has also been recognized.
1024:
Shah K, Ferrara TM, Jan A, Umair M, Irfanullah, Khan S, Ahmad W, Spritz RA (August 2017). "Homozygous SLCO2A1 translation initiation codon mutation in a
Pakistani family with recessive isolated congenital nail clubbing".
568:. Of these, 40%, or 6 patients, turned out to have significant underlying disease of various causes, while 60%, or 9 patients, had no medical problems on further investigations and remained well over the subsequent year.
1226:
1211:
458:– Loss of the normal <165° angle (Lovibond angle) between the nailbed and the fold (cuticula). Schamroth's window (see image) is obliterated. Clubbing is not obvious at a glance.
2648:
280:
560:
The exact frequency of clubbing in the population is not known. A 2008 study found clubbing in 1%, or 15 patients, of 1511 patients admitted to a department of
1269:
3134:
2641:
1071:
Uppal S, Diggle CP, Carr IM, et al. (June 2008). "Mutations in 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase cause primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy".
425:
When clubbing is observed, pseudoclubbing should be excluded before making the diagnosis. Associated conditions may be identified by taking a detailed
2289:
1393:
2634:
2299:
798:
Vandemergel X, Renneboog B (July 2008). "Prevalence, aetiologies and significance of clubbing in a department of general internal medicine".
344:
3129:
1262:
2294:
1714:
319:
2274:
471:
322:(HPOA), known in continental Europe as Pierre Marie-Bamberger syndrome. This is the combination of clubbing and thickening of
3010:
1815:
1255:
638:
290:
876:"Prospective study of periostitis and finger clubbing in primary biliary cirrhosis and other forms of chronic liver disease"
400:(VEGF). PDGF and VEGF have growth promoting properties and cause connective tissue hypertrophy and capillary permeability.
2251:
2132:
1820:
1800:
1769:
276:
Familial and hereditary clubbing and "pseudoclubbing" (people of
African descent often have what appears to be clubbing)
1992:
1739:
397:
2256:
2015:
1805:
1795:
703:
1114:
Dickinson CJ, Martin JF (19 December 1987). "Megakaryocytes and platelet clumps as the cause of finger clubbing".
2414:
2127:
1438:
393:
374:
2852:
2404:
2064:
478:
148:
95:
433:, which may disclose associated features relevant to the underlying diagnosis. Additional studies such as a
3016:
2317:
2222:
580:, clubbing has been recognized as a sign of disease. The phenomenon has been called "Hippocratic fingers".
3035:
2089:
248:
2626:
452:– Fluctuation (increased ballotability) and softening of the nail bed only. No visible changes of nails.
429:—particular attention is paid to lung, heart, and gastrointestinal conditions—and conducting a thorough
2551:
2519:
2347:
1832:
1764:
1573:
1433:
1428:
2952:
2541:
2234:
1533:
1463:
989:
Myers KA, Farquhar DR (2001). "The rational clinical examination: does this patient have clubbing?".
544:
144:
106:
82:
associated with a number of diseases, anomalies and defects, some congenital. This is mostly of the
2446:
2430:
2246:
2104:
1184:
490:
Schamroth's sign or
Schamroth's window test (originally demonstrated by South African cardiologist
378:
253:
3030:
2593:
2546:
2424:
2357:
2192:
1876:
1825:
1621:
1543:
770:
2947:
2752:
2441:
2137:
2054:
1972:
1962:
1749:
1744:
1498:
203:
114:
508:
2847:
2742:
2611:
2526:
2389:
2342:
2284:
2187:
2074:
1837:
1709:
1588:
1443:
965:
2912:
2878:
2789:
2717:
2494:
2435:
2199:
1704:
1686:
1681:
1641:
1314:
430:
3043:
8:
2796:
2476:
2465:
2378:
2332:
2309:
2227:
2010:
1759:
1676:
1655:
1563:
1558:
1458:
1230:
302:
220:
117:. Clubbing may also run in families, and occur unassociated with other medical problems.
595:
had nail clubbing as is seen from his paintings. He had an underlying disease, probably
3071:
2883:
2862:
2857:
2842:
2682:
2661:
2657:
2514:
2504:
2394:
2094:
1905:
1858:
1847:
1724:
1578:
1403:
1381:
1139:
1096:
1050:
900:
875:
498:(bones nearest the fingertips) of corresponding fingers of opposite hands are directly
264:
239:
235:
1235:
1127:
672:
655:
2531:
2499:
2451:
2337:
2327:
2177:
2069:
2022:
1952:
1734:
1719:
1696:
1671:
1666:
1523:
1166:
1131:
1088:
1042:
1006:
946:
905:
856:
815:
751:
721:
699:
677:
634:
561:
197:
54:
35:
Drumstick fingers/toes, Hippocratic fingers/toes, digital clubbing, watch-glass nails
1143:
1100:
1054:
628:
359:
The exact cause for sporadic clubbing is unknown. Theories as to its cause include:
3103:
2801:
2409:
2373:
2109:
1691:
1636:
1583:
1538:
1376:
1345:
1123:
1080:
1034:
998:
936:
895:
887:
846:
807:
667:
3090:
3082:
2999:
2994:
2917:
2806:
2603:
2172:
2079:
1957:
1895:
1871:
1631:
1568:
1528:
1483:
1309:
1296:
426:
172:
110:
2712:
2509:
2489:
2368:
2279:
2166:
2142:
2084:
2059:
1982:
1967:
1947:
1900:
1886:
1779:
1729:
1448:
1279:
1247:
811:
532:
520:
437:
and a chest CT-scan may reveal otherwise asymptomatic cardiopulmonary disease.
168:
91:
79:
1220:
483:
3123:
3108:
2588:
2536:
2363:
2032:
1890:
1881:
1866:
1661:
1508:
1503:
1488:
1478:
1468:
851:
834:
608:
491:
413:
Clubbing of the fingernail: The red line shows the outline of a clubbed nail.
388:
370:
230:
214:
83:
3096:
3077:
2747:
2732:
2727:
2669:
2558:
2419:
2322:
2241:
2217:
2209:
1915:
1909:
1598:
1548:
1493:
1453:
1423:
1413:
1388:
1358:
1350:
1287:
1092:
1046:
1010:
1002:
950:
941:
924:
819:
755:
725:
681:
596:
363:
209:
177:
160:
154:
87:
1170:
1135:
909:
860:
583:
499:
3057:
2677:
2656:
2352:
2037:
1977:
1553:
1518:
1513:
1473:
1398:
1332:
1319:
891:
577:
464:– Increased convexity of the nail fold. Clubbing is apparent at a glance.
434:
186:
139:
121:
102:
59:
1203:
3063:
3049:
2984:
2942:
2902:
2563:
2383:
2304:
2027:
1925:
1371:
1324:
1301:
970:
323:
41:
1038:
2989:
2897:
2892:
2888:
2826:
2816:
2811:
2769:
2583:
2042:
1987:
1930:
1920:
1787:
1626:
1607:
1418:
1363:
495:
331:
311:
270:
244:
120:
Clubbing has been recognized as a sign of disease since the time of
2969:
2957:
2907:
2821:
2757:
2722:
2697:
2575:
2484:
2399:
2047:
1942:
1937:
1646:
1612:
1408:
1084:
592:
327:
307:
2922:
2707:
2702:
2687:
2002:
629:
Rapini, Ronald P., Bolognia, Jean L., Jorizzo, Joseph L. (2007).
565:
164:
94:, joint pains, and abnormal skin and bone growth it is known as
3024:
3004:
2979:
2692:
1215:
343:
gene on the fourth chromosome (4q33-q34) coding for the enzyme
2974:
2784:
1187:
W.H.D. de Haas, Nederlands
Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde, 1984
417:
494:
on himself) is a popular test for clubbing. When the distal
2157:
409:
348:
267:(autoimmune hyperthyroidism) – in this case it is known as
925:"Hepatopulmonary syndrome and portopulmonary hypertension"
296:
337:
330:(lining of joints), and is often initially diagnosed as
421:
Schamroths window test, done to identify nail clubbing
1193:
1157:
Schamroth L (February 1976). "Personal experience".
797:
384:
Overproduction of prostaglandin E2 by other tissues.
1023:
873:
964:
279:Vascular anomalies of the affected arm such as an
2290:Disseminate and recurrent infundibulofolliculitis
832:
745:
474:(end part of the) finger (resembling a drumstick)
3121:
1277:
587:Self-portrait by Dick Ket showing nail clubbing.
1394:Congenital onychodysplasia of the index fingers
1113:
1070:
334:. It is commonly associated with lung cancer.
2642:
2300:Erythromelanosis follicularis faciei et colli
1263:
988:
793:
791:
696:Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine
347:(HPGD); this leads to decreased breakdown of
1017:
326:(connective tissue lining of the bones) and
1156:
715:
445:Clubbing is present in one of five stages:
3135:Symptoms and signs: musculoskeletal system
2649:
2635:
1270:
1256:
788:
741:
739:
737:
735:
653:
40:
940:
899:
850:
671:
2295:Erosive pustular dermatosis of the scalp
1715:Central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia
1066:
1064:
984:
982:
980:
922:
582:
416:
408:
306:
833:Sridhar KS, Lobo CF, Altman RD (1998).
732:
622:
351:and elevated levels of this substance.
320:hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy
297:Hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy
3122:
2275:Acrokeratosis paraneoplastica of Bazex
874:Epstein O, Dick R, Sherlock S (1981).
78:, is a deformity of the finger or toe
2630:
1251:
1185:Dick Ket, een schilder en zijn ziekte
1061:
977:
345:15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase
338:Primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy
291:chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
183:Arteriovenous fistula or malformation
2314:Intermittent hair–follicle dystrophy
688:
227:Gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary:
16:Deformity of the finger or toe nails
2252:Recurrent palmoplantar hidradenitis
2133:Idiopathic facial aseptic granuloma
1770:Marie Unna hereditary hypotrichosis
768:
716:Krugh M, Vaidya PN (January 2019).
13:
1993:Lupus miliaris disseminatus faciei
1740:Dissecting cellulitis of the scalp
1177:
835:"Digital clubbing and lung cancer"
398:vascular endothelial growth factor
14:
3146:
3130:Conditions of the skin appendages
2257:Neutrophilic eccrine hidradenitis
2016:Granulomatous perioral dermatitis
673:10.1161/circulationaha.112.000163
289:Nail clubbing is not specific to
746:Burcovschii S, Aboeed A (2019).
611:(unrelated congenital deformity)
543:
531:
519:
507:
366:(i.e., distended blood vessels).
2415:Traumatic anserine folliculosis
2128:Granulomatous facial dermatitis
1150:
1107:
957:
916:
555:
354:
210:Subacute bacterial endocarditis
90:. When it occurs together with
1439:Malalignment of the nail plate
867:
826:
762:
709:
647:
394:platelet-derived growth factor
375:platelet-derived growth factor
318:A special form of clubbing is
196:Any disease featuring chronic
1:
2065:Erythrotelangiectatic rosacea
1128:10.1016/s0140-6736(87)91132-9
718:Osteoarthropathy Hypertrophic
654:Rutherford JD (14 May 2013).
615:
479:Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy
256:, a complication of cirrhosis
149:idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
96:hypertrophic osteoarthropathy
2318:Keratosis pilaris atropicans
2223:Folliculitis nares perforans
404:
132:Clubbing is associated with
101:Clubbing is associated with
7:
2090:Persistent edema of rosacea
602:
576:At least since the time of
249:primary biliary cholangitis
206:(most common cardiac cause)
10:
3151:
2520:Postmiliarial hypohidrosis
2348:Menkes kinky hair syndrome
1765:Frontal fibrosing alopecia
1574:Staining of the nail plate
1434:Longitudinal erythronychia
1429:Lichen planus of the nails
812:10.1016/j.ejim.2007.05.015
698:. (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill.
694:Freedberg, et al. (2003).
571:
470:– Thickening of the whole
300:
159:Suppurative lung disease:
2953:Precordial catch syndrome
2935:
2871:
2853:Cheyne–Stokes respiration
2835:
2777:
2768:
2668:
2602:
2574:
2475:
2464:
2405:Rubinstein–Taybi syndrome
2267:
2235:Pseudofolliculitis barbae
2208:
2155:
2120:
2001:
1857:
1846:
1778:
1606:
1597:
1534:Pterygium inversum unguis
1286:
1197:
750:. StatPearls Publishing.
720:. StatPearls Publishing.
631:Dermatology: 2-Volume Set
440:
145:Interstitial lung disease
127:
107:interstitial lung disease
53:
48:
39:
31:
26:
2447:Uncombable hair syndrome
2431:Trichorrhexis invaginata
2247:Hidradenitis suppurativa
2105:Periorificial dermatitis
852:10.1378/chest.114.6.1535
379:hepatocyte growth factor
283:(in unilateral clubbing)
281:axillary artery aneurysm
254:Hepatopulmonary syndrome
3036:Charcot–Leyden crystals
2425:Trichomycosis axillaris
2358:Parakeratosis pustulosa
1877:Acne miliaris necrotica
1658:(male-pattern baldness)
1622:noncicatricial alopecia
1544:Purpura of the nail bed
923:Naeije R (March 2003).
771:"Clubbing of the Nails"
2753:Whispered pectoriloquy
2442:Trichostasis spinulosa
2138:Periorbital dermatitis
2055:Papulopustular rosacea
1973:Acne with facial edema
1963:Acne keloidalis nuchae
1750:Folliculitis decalvans
1745:Graham-Little syndrome
1499:Onychoptosis defluvium
1003:10.1001/jama.286.3.341
942:10.4414/smw.2003.10016
588:
422:
414:
315:
314:of a patient with HPOA
204:cyanotic heart disease
115:cardiovascular disease
2612:Sebaceous hyperplasia
2527:Granulosis rubra nasi
2390:Pityriasis amiantacea
2343:Loose anagen syndrome
2285:Bubble hair deformity
2075:Gram-negative rosacea
1838:Nevoid hypertrichosis
1710:Pseudopelade of Brocq
1589:Twenty-nail dystrophy
1464:Nail–patella syndrome
1444:Median nail dystrophy
586:
420:
412:
310:
3031:Curschmann's spirals
2879:Respiratory distress
2718:Pleural friction rub
2495:Miliaria crystalline
2436:Trichorrhexis nodosa
1705:cicatricial alopecia
1687:Alopecia neoplastica
1682:Trichorrhexis nodosa
1315:Yellow nail syndrome
892:10.1136/gut.22.3.203
633:. St. Louis: Mosby.
486:of the nail and skin
431:clinical examination
2594:Fox–Fordyce disease
2379:Pili pseudoannulati
2333:Lichen planopilaris
2310:Hair follicle nevus
2228:Tufted folliculitis
2011:Perioral dermatitis
1760:Triangular alopecia
1677:Lichen planopilaris
1656:Androgenic alopecia
1564:Splinter hemorrhage
1559:Shell nail syndrome
1404:Half and half nails
1122:(8573): 1434–1435.
800:Eur. J. Intern. Med
482:– Shiny aspect and
450:No visible clubbing
387:Increased entry of
303:Periosteal reaction
221:Tetralogy of Fallot
105:, lung infections,
3072:pulmonary embolism
3044:chronic bronchitis
2884:Respiratory arrest
2863:Ataxic respiration
2858:Kussmaul breathing
2848:Biot's respiration
2843:Agonal respiration
2739:Elicited findings
2683:Respiratory sounds
2662:respiratory system
2658:Signs and symptoms
2515:Occlusion miliaria
2505:Miliaria pustulosa
2395:Plica neuropathica
2095:Rosacea conglobata
1906:Acne medicamentosa
1725:Traumatic alopecia
1579:Subungual hematoma
935:(11–12): 163–169.
656:"Digital clubbing"
591:The Dutch painter
589:
550:Cyanotic nail beds
423:
415:
316:
240:ulcerative colitis
3117:
3116:
2931:
2930:
2624:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2500:Miliaria profunda
2460:
2459:
2452:Woolly hair nevus
2338:Lichen spinulosus
2178:Trichilemmal cyst
2151:
2150:
2070:Glandular rosacea
2023:Phymatous rosacea
1953:Occupational acne
1735:Hot comb alopecia
1720:Pressure alopecia
1697:Alopecia mucinosa
1672:Traction alopecia
1667:Telogen effluvium
1245:
1244:
1039:10.1111/bjd.15094
640:978-1-4160-2999-1
562:internal medicine
462:Moderate clubbing
381:) from the lungs.
65:
64:
21:Medical condition
3142:
2802:Hyperventilation
2775:
2774:
2660:relating to the
2651:
2644:
2637:
2628:
2627:
2473:
2472:
2410:Setleis syndrome
2374:Pili multigemini
2110:Pyoderma faciale
1855:
1854:
1692:Anagen effluvium
1604:
1603:
1539:Pterygium unguis
1459:Muehrcke's lines
1346:Onychotillomania
1272:
1265:
1258:
1249:
1248:
1195:
1194:
1188:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1154:
1148:
1147:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1068:
1059:
1058:
1021:
1015:
1014:
986:
975:
974:
968:
961:
955:
954:
944:
920:
914:
913:
903:
871:
865:
864:
854:
845:(6): 1535–1537.
830:
824:
823:
795:
786:
785:
783:
781:
766:
760:
759:
743:
730:
729:
713:
707:
692:
686:
685:
675:
651:
645:
644:
626:
547:
535:
523:
511:
349:prostaglandin E2
247:, especially in
72:digital clubbing
70:, also known as
44:
24:
23:
3150:
3149:
3145:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3140:
3139:
3120:
3119:
3118:
3113:
3091:pulmonary edema
3083:Westermark sign
3000:Post-nasal drip
2995:Silhouette sign
2927:
2918:Mouth breathing
2867:
2831:
2807:Hypoventilation
2764:
2664:
2655:
2625:
2616:
2598:
2570:
2467:
2456:
2429:Trichorrhexis (
2263:
2204:
2173:Epidermoid cyst
2147:
2116:
2080:Steroid rosacea
1997:
1958:Acne aestivalis
1896:Excoriated acne
1872:Acne conglobata
1849:
1842:
1774:
1611:
1593:
1569:Spotted lunulae
1529:Psoriatic nails
1484:Onychomatricoma
1297:Onychogryphosis
1282:
1280:skin appendages
1276:
1246:
1241:
1240:
1206:
1192:
1191:
1182:
1178:
1155:
1151:
1112:
1108:
1069:
1062:
1027:Br. J. Dermatol
1022:
1018:
987:
978:
963:
962:
958:
921:
917:
872:
868:
831:
827:
796:
789:
779:
777:
767:
763:
744:
733:
714:
710:
693:
689:
652:
648:
641:
627:
623:
618:
605:
574:
558:
551:
548:
539:
536:
527:
524:
515:
514:Severe clubbing
512:
443:
427:medical history
407:
357:
340:
305:
299:
265:Graves' disease
236:Crohn's disease
193:Heart disease:
173:cystic fibrosis
130:
111:cystic fibrosis
92:joint effusions
22:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3148:
3138:
3137:
3132:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3100:
3099:
3087:
3086:
3085:
3080:
3068:
3067:
3066:
3054:
3053:
3052:
3040:
3039:
3038:
3033:
3021:
3020:
3019:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2961:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2939:
2937:
2933:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2913:Breath holding
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2886:
2881:
2875:
2873:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2839:
2837:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2793:
2792:
2781:
2779:
2772:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2762:
2761:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2737:
2736:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2680:
2674:
2672:
2666:
2665:
2654:
2653:
2646:
2639:
2631:
2622:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2614:
2608:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2580:
2578:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2568:
2567:
2566:
2556:
2555:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2534:
2532:Ross' syndrome
2529:
2524:
2523:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2510:Miliaria rubra
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2490:Colloid milium
2481:
2479:
2470:
2462:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2433:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2369:Pili bifurcati
2366:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2328:Koenen's tumor
2325:
2320:
2315:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2280:Acroosteolysis
2277:
2271:
2269:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2261:
2260:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2238:
2237:
2232:
2231:
2230:
2225:
2214:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2202:
2197:
2196:
2195:
2190:
2184:Steatocystoma
2182:
2181:
2180:
2175:
2167:Sebaceous cyst
2162:
2160:
2153:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2145:
2143:SAPHO syndrome
2140:
2135:
2130:
2124:
2122:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2114:
2113:
2112:
2107:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2085:Ocular rosacea
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2060:Lupoid rosacea
2057:
2052:
2051:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2020:
2019:
2018:
2007:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1983:Acne necrotica
1980:
1975:
1970:
1968:Acne mechanica
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1948:Acne cosmetica
1945:
1940:
1935:
1934:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1913:
1903:
1901:Acne fulminans
1898:
1893:
1887:Infantile acne
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1863:
1861:
1852:
1844:
1843:
1841:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1829:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1790:
1784:
1782:
1780:Hypertrichosis
1776:
1775:
1773:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1753:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1730:Tumor alopecia
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1700:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1652:
1651:
1650:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1617:
1615:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1524:Plummer's nail
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1385:
1384:
1379:
1367:
1366:
1361:
1354:
1353:
1348:
1341:
1340:
1335:
1328:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1305:
1304:
1299:
1292:
1290:
1284:
1283:
1275:
1274:
1267:
1260:
1252:
1243:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1223:
1207:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1198:Classification
1190:
1189:
1176:
1165:(9): 297–300.
1159:S. Afr. Med. J
1149:
1106:
1085:10.1038/ng.153
1079:(6): 789–793.
1060:
1033:(2): 546–548.
1016:
997:(3): 341–347.
976:
956:
929:Swiss Med Wkly
915:
886:(3): 203–206.
866:
825:
806:(5): 325–329.
787:
761:
731:
708:
687:
666:(19): 1997–9.
646:
639:
620:
619:
617:
614:
613:
612:
604:
601:
573:
570:
557:
554:
553:
552:
549:
542:
540:
537:
530:
528:
525:
518:
516:
513:
506:
488:
487:
475:
468:Gross clubbing
465:
459:
453:
442:
439:
406:
403:
402:
401:
389:megakaryocytes
385:
382:
371:growth factors
367:
356:
353:
339:
336:
301:Main article:
298:
295:
287:
286:
285:
284:
277:
274:
259:
258:
257:
251:
242:
233:
225:
224:
223:
218:
217:(benign tumor)
212:
207:
200:
191:
190:
189:
184:
181:
175:
169:bronchiectasis
157:
151:
147:most commonly
142:
136:Lung disease:
129:
126:
63:
62:
57:
51:
50:
46:
45:
37:
36:
33:
29:
28:
20:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3147:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3110:
3109:Golden S sign
3107:
3105:
3104:Hamman's sign
3102:
3098:
3095:
3094:
3093:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3075:
3074:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3060:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3048:
3047:
3046:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3027:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3017:Hoover's sign
3015:
3014:
3013:
3012:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2965:Nail clubbing
2963:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2934:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2870:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2834:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2767:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2652:
2647:
2645:
2640:
2638:
2633:
2632:
2629:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2601:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2589:Chromhidrosis
2587:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2573:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2560:
2557:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2538:
2537:Hyperhidrosis
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2487:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2463:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2364:Pili annulati
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2266:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2207:
2201:
2198:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2154:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2119:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2033:Blepharophyma
2031:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2024:
2021:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1891:Neonatal acne
1888:
1885:
1883:
1882:Tropical acne
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1867:Acne vulgaris
1865:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1845:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1777:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1702:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1662:Hypotrichosis
1660:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1609:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1596:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1584:Terry's nails
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1509:Onychoschizia
1507:
1505:
1504:Onychorrhexis
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1489:Onychomycosis
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1479:Onychomadesis
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1469:Onychoatrophy
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1373:
1369:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1342:
1339:
1338:Nail clubbing
1336:
1334:
1330:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1278:Disorders of
1273:
1268:
1266:
1261:
1259:
1254:
1253:
1250:
1237:
1233:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1208:
1205:
1200:
1196:
1186:
1180:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1153:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1110:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1067:
1065:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1020:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
985:
983:
981:
972:
967:
960:
952:
948:
943:
938:
934:
930:
926:
919:
911:
907:
902:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
870:
862:
858:
853:
848:
844:
840:
836:
829:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
794:
792:
776:
772:
765:
757:
753:
749:
748:Nail Clubbing
742:
740:
738:
736:
727:
723:
719:
712:
705:
704:0-07-138076-0
701:
697:
691:
683:
679:
674:
669:
665:
661:
657:
650:
642:
636:
632:
625:
621:
610:
609:Clubbed thumb
607:
606:
600:
598:
594:
585:
581:
579:
569:
567:
563:
546:
541:
534:
529:
522:
517:
510:
505:
504:
503:
501:
497:
493:
492:Leo Schamroth
485:
481:
480:
476:
473:
469:
466:
463:
460:
457:
456:Mild clubbing
454:
451:
448:
447:
446:
438:
436:
432:
428:
419:
411:
399:
395:
390:
386:
383:
380:
376:
372:
369:Secretion of
368:
365:
362:
361:
360:
352:
350:
346:
335:
333:
329:
325:
321:
313:
309:
304:
294:
292:
282:
278:
275:
273:
272:
266:
263:
262:
260:
255:
252:
250:
246:
243:
241:
237:
234:
232:
231:Malabsorption
229:
228:
226:
222:
219:
216:
215:Atrial myxoma
213:
211:
208:
205:
201:
199:
195:
194:
192:
188:
185:
182:
180:of the pleura
179:
176:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
156:
152:
150:
146:
143:
141:
138:
137:
135:
134:
133:
125:
123:
118:
116:
112:
108:
104:
99:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
68:Nail clubbing
61:
58:
56:
52:
47:
43:
38:
34:
30:
25:
19:
3097:Kerley lines
3089:
3078:Hampton hump
3070:
3056:
3042:
3023:
3009:
2964:
2748:Pectoriloquy
2733:Death rattle
2728:Bronchophony
2670:Auscultation
2559:Hypohidrosis
2552:Palmoplantar
2420:Trichomegaly
2323:Kinking hair
2242:Hidradenitis
2218:Folliculitis
2210:Inflammation
2099:
1916:Halogen acne
1910:steroid acne
1756:
1703:
1620:
1549:Racquet nail
1519:Pincer nails
1494:Onychophosis
1454:Melanonychia
1424:Ingrown nail
1414:Hapalonychia
1389:Chevron nail
1359:Ingrown nail
1351:Onychophagia
1337:
1325:Azure lunula
1310:Beau's lines
1225:
1210:
1179:
1162:
1158:
1152:
1119:
1115:
1109:
1076:
1072:
1030:
1026:
1019:
994:
990:
959:
932:
928:
918:
883:
879:
869:
842:
838:
828:
803:
799:
778:. Retrieved
774:
769:Schwatz RA.
764:
747:
717:
711:
695:
690:
663:
659:
649:
630:
624:
597:dextrocardia
590:
575:
559:
556:Epidemiology
489:
477:
467:
461:
455:
449:
444:
424:
364:Vasodilation
358:
355:Pathogenesis
341:
317:
288:
268:
178:Mesothelioma
161:lung abscess
155:tuberculosis
153:Complicated
131:
119:
100:
75:
71:
67:
66:
18:
3058:sarcoidosis
2948:In children
2790:Prematurity
2678:Stethoscope
2542:Generalized
2353:Monilethrix
2156:Follicular
2038:Gnathophyma
1978:Pomade acne
1833:Prepubertal
1816:generalised
1812:Congenital
1801:generalised
1642:universalis
1554:Red lunulae
1514:Platonychia
1474:Onycholysis
1449:Mees' lines
1399:Green nails
1370:ungrouped:
1333:Koilonychia
1320:Leukonychia
1295:thickness:
1183:(in Dutch)
966:"acropachy"
660:Circulation
578:Hippocrates
435:chest X-ray
396:(PDGF) and
202:Congenital
187:Sarcoidosis
140:Lung cancer
122:Hippocrates
103:lung cancer
60:Pulmonology
32:Other names
3124:Categories
3064:Kveim test
3050:Reid index
2985:Hemoptysis
2943:Chest pain
2903:Aerophagia
2743:Percussion
2564:Anhidrosis
2384:Pili torti
2305:Hair casts
2028:Rhinophyma
1926:Bromoderma
1757:ungrouped:
1372:Paronychia
1344:behavior:
1302:Onychauxis
1073:Nat. Genet
971:GPnotebook
616:References
538:Side views
526:Front view
324:periosteum
2990:Epistaxis
2898:Trepopnea
2893:Platypnea
2889:Orthopnea
2827:Bradypnea
2817:Tachypnea
2812:Hyperpnea
2770:Breathing
2604:Sebaceous
2584:Body odor
2547:Gustatory
2268:Ungrouped
2193:multiplex
2121:Ungrouped
2043:Metophyma
1988:Blackhead
1931:Chloracne
1921:Iododerma
1848:Acneiform
1821:localised
1806:patterned
1796:localised
1792:Acquired
1788:Hirsutism
1608:Hair loss
1419:Hook nail
1364:Anonychia
780:14 August
496:phalanges
484:striation
405:Diagnosis
332:arthritis
312:Bone scan
271:acropachy
245:Cirrhosis
55:Specialty
2970:Cyanosis
2958:Pleurisy
2908:Asphyxia
2822:Hypopnea
2758:Egophony
2723:Fremitus
2698:Crackles
2576:Apocrine
2485:Miliaria
2400:Poliosis
2100:variants
2048:Otophyma
1943:Tar acne
1938:Oil acne
1850:eruption
1826:X-linked
1647:Ophiasis
1627:Alopecia
1613:Baldness
1409:Hangnail
1144:43847925
1101:23484059
1093:18500342
1055:28251025
1047:27681482
1011:11466101
951:12715285
820:18549933
775:Medscape
756:30969535
726:31082012
682:23671180
603:See also
593:Dick Ket
328:synovium
269:thyroid
261:Others:
76:clubbing
49:Clubbing
27:Clubbing
2923:Snoring
2836:Pattern
2797:Dyspnea
2708:Stertor
2703:Rhonchi
2688:Stridor
2477:Eccrine
2188:simplex
2003:Rosacea
1908:(e.g.,
1637:totalis
1382:Chronic
1357:other:
1331:shape:
1308:color:
1171:1265563
1136:2891996
910:7227854
901:1419499
861:9872183
572:History
566:Belgium
500:opposed
373:(e.g.,
198:hypoxia
165:empyema
3025:asthma
3005:Hiccup
2980:Sputum
2713:Squawk
2693:Wheeze
2468:glands
2362:Pili (
1632:areata
1169:
1142:
1134:
1116:Lancet
1099:
1091:
1053:
1045:
1009:
949:
908:
898:
859:
818:
754:
724:
702:
680:
637:
472:distal
441:Stages
128:Causes
2975:Cough
2936:Other
2872:Other
2785:Apnea
2466:Sweat
2200:Milia
2158:cysts
1377:Acute
1236:781.5
1221:R68.3
1140:S2CID
1097:S2CID
1051:S2CID
839:Chest
113:, or
88:lungs
84:heart
80:nails
3011:COPD
2778:Rate
1859:Acne
1599:Hair
1288:Nail
1231:9-CM
1167:PMID
1132:PMID
1089:PMID
1043:PMID
1007:PMID
991:JAMA
947:PMID
906:PMID
857:PMID
816:PMID
782:2014
752:PMID
722:PMID
700:ISBN
678:PMID
635:ISBN
377:and
238:and
86:and
1227:ICD
1212:ICD
1124:doi
1081:doi
1035:doi
1031:177
999:doi
995:286
937:doi
933:133
896:PMC
888:doi
880:Gut
847:doi
843:114
808:doi
668:doi
664:127
564:in
74:or
3126::
2169:"
1234::
1219::
1216:10
1163:50
1161:.
1138:.
1130:.
1118:.
1095:.
1087:.
1077:40
1075:.
1063:^
1049:.
1041:.
1029:.
1005:.
993:.
979:^
969:.
945:.
931:.
927:.
904:.
894:.
884:22
882:.
878:.
855:.
841:.
837:.
814:.
804:19
802:.
790:^
773:.
734:^
706:.
676:.
662:.
658:.
599:.
171:,
167:,
163:,
124:.
109:,
98:.
2891:/
2650:e
2643:t
2636:v
2438:)
2386:)
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1912:)
1889:/
1707::
1624::
1610:/
1271:e
1264:t
1257:v
1229:-
1214:-
1204:D
1173:.
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1103:.
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