733:
1053:
395:, "lady of love". The physical aspect of love was particularly strongly associated with her, and texts dedicated to her could be explicit. For example, a cultic song describes her in the following terms: "When you lean the side against the wall, your nakedness is sweet, when bow down, the hips are sweet," and indicates that the goddess was believed to charge fees for sexual services. She was also viewed as a guardian of lovers, according to a text from Sippar (Si 57) titled "The Faithful Lover" and to some spells especially the disillusioned or rejected ones. Joan Goodnick Westenholz describes her character as seen through the Sumerian texts as that of a "sweet erotic lover" and "perpetual lover and beloved".
585:, which shows her in a flounced robe and a crown decorated with feathers. This work of art is regarded as unusual, as the inscription and the deity depicted on the monument are integrated with each other. The other figures depicted on it are the king in mention, Meli-Shipak II, and his daughter Ḫunnubat-Nanaya, who he leads to the enthroned goddess. Above them the symbols of Ishtar, Shamash and Sin are placed, most likely in order to make these deities serve as a guarantee of the land grant described in the accompanying text.
565:
51:
529:, or lack thereof. Many early Assyriologists assumed that Nanaya was fully interchangeable with Inanna and likewise a Venus goddess, but in the 1990s Joan Goodnick Westenholz challenged this view, and her conclusions were accepted by most subsequent studies. Westenholz argues that the evidence for an association between Nanaya and the planet Venus is scarce, and an argument can be made that she was more often associated with the moon. Olga Drewnowska-Rymarz, following her research, concluded in her monograph
1179:. Joint offerings to Inanna and Nanaya of Larsa are known from a number of documents. She is also attested as one member of a trinity whose other two members were Innanna and Ninsianna, in which Inanna's functions were seemingly split between the three goddesses, with Nanaya being allotted the role of the love goddess.
1342:
in Elam, where she is particularly well attested in
Seleucid times. It is uncertain at which point was she introduced to this city, though it has been proposed her arrival in the local pantheon was connected with the theft of her statue during a raid. Greek authors regarded her as the main goddess of
976:
are the oldest sources to identify her as a daughter of Anu, a view later also present in an inscription of
Esarhaddon. Paul-Alain Beaulieu speculates that Nanaya developed in a milieu in which An and Inanna were viewed as a couple, and that she was initially envisioned as their daughter. However, as
691:
of Inanna, but only three known texts (a song, a votive formula and an oath) also describe them as mother and daughter, and they might only be epithets implying a close connection between the functions of the two rather than an account of a theological speculation. Olga
Drewnowska-Rymarz assumes that
1268:
There is a lot of evidence for private worship of Nanaya, including seals with the phrase "servant of Nanaya" seemingly owned by many women. In incantations related to love (for example asking for feelings to be returned) she is attested as early as in the Ur III and Old
Babylonian periods. Numerous
533:
that Nanaya was not herself a Venus goddess, and at most could acquire some such characteristics due to association or conflation with Inanna/Ishtar. Michael P. Streck and Nathan
Wassermann in an article from 2013 also follow the conclusions of Westenholz and do not suggest an association with Venus
378:
An artificial
Sumerian etymology was created for the name in late Babylonian texts, deriving it from NA, "to call," with a feminine suffix, A. A possible translation of this ancient scholarly explanation is "the one who keeps calling" or "the calling one". Invented etymologies were a common topic of
1162:
in the
Achaemenid and Seleucid periods, Nanaya continued to be worshipped and she is attested as one of the deities whose statues were paraded in Uruk in a ritual procession accompanying Ishtar (rather than Antu) during a New Year celebration. The scale of her popular cult in Uruk grew considerably
818:
she is described as the "smiling one," which might also point at a connection to eroticism, as smiles are commonly highlighted in
Akkadian erotic poetry. Paul-Alain Bealieu notes that association with Nanaya is the best attested characteristic of the otherwise enigmatic Kanisurra, and that her name
279:
Her primary role was that of a goddess of love, and she was associated with eroticism and sensuality, though she was also a patron of lovers, including rejected or betrayed ones. Especially in early scholarship, she was often assumed to be a goddess of the planet Venus like Inanna, but this view is
1151:
also claimed that he brought her statue back to Uruk, though he instead states that she spent 1635 years in Elam. It is presently unknown what event his inscriptions refer to, and it might merely be a rhetorical figure. If it refers to a historical event, it is possible that it occurred during the
1213:
for deities of Uruk - Inanna, Nanaya, Anu and
Kanisurra, and later on in the temples Emeurur and Eurshaba, "house, oracle of the heart." A temple named Eurshaba existed in Borsippa too, though Nanaya was worshipped in a chapel in Ezida, the temple of Nabu as well. A late ritual text describes the
1170:
The name
Eshahulla, known from Uruk, was applied to a temple in Larsa built by Kudur-Mabuk and his son Rim-Sin I, which seemingly was also a temple of Inanna, unless two temples with the same name existed in the same city. In Larsa, Nanaya was one of the foremost deities, next to Utu (the city's
696:
regarded Nanaya as a daughter of Inanna. Joan Goodnick Westenholz describes the relationship between the two goddesses as "definite if unspecified". Only in very late sources from the first millennium BCE they could be fully conflated with each other. Laura Cousin and Yoko Watai argue that their
370:
connected to her role as a goddess of love, and that the original form of the name had the meaning "My Inanna!" but eventually developed into a separate, though similar, deity. Olga Drewnowska-Rymarz considers it a possibility that Nanaya was initially a hypostasis of "Inanna as quintessence of
1273:
and most likely Uruk. Over two thirds of the known Old Babylonian names come from the first two of these settlements alone. Both men and women with such names are listed in records. In the neo-Babylonian period, Nanaya was the deity most commonly present in theophoric names of women, with 106
776:
is another deity who is well attested in connection with Nanaya. Olga Drewnowska-Rymarz notes that some publications regard Uṣur-amāssu to be a cognomen of Nanaya rather than an independent deity. However, they were two distinct deities in Neo-Babylonian Uruk, and Uṣur-amāssu's origin as an
506:), a crown, multiple breast ornaments (including breastplates decorated with depictions of snakes and fantastic animals), assorted jewelry and other small valuables like mirrors and cosmetic jars, and a large variety of garments, some of them decorated with golden rosette-shaped sequins).
977:
noted by Olga Drewnowska-Rymarz, direct references to Nanaya being regarded as the daughter of Inanna are not common, and it is possible that an epithet indicating closeness between the deities rather than a statement about actual parentage is meant. References to Nanaya as a daughter of
1214:
procession undertaken by Nanaya, her court and various other deities from Borsippa to Kish. A festival celebrating the marriage of Nanaya and Nabu is still attested from Borsippa from Seleucid times. A unique writing of Nanaya's name, NIN.KA.LI, is known from documents related to it.
1274:
individual women and 52 different names attested. Examples include: Qis-Nanaya ("Gift of Nanaya), Nanaja-šamhat ("Nanaya is the most beautiful"), Nanaya-ilu ("my deity Nanaya"). One historically notable individual bearing such a name was Ḫunnubat-Nanaya, daughter of Babylonian king
938:
In the first millennium BCE pairing Nabu with Nanaya in some cases, for example in Uruk, represented efforts to subordinate the pantheons of various areas of Mesopotamia to the dominant state ideology of the Babylonian empire, which elevated Marduk and Nabu above other deities.
711:
As early as in the Ur III period, Nanaya came to be associated with the goddess Bizilla. Her name might mean "she who is pleasing" in Sumerian. God lists could equate them with each other. It is assumed that Bizilla occurs among deities from the court of the prison goddess
1193:
A temple of Nanaya built by Lipit-Ishtar existed in Isin. The oldest recorded hymn dedicated to her also comes from this city. However, there is overall less evidence for the worship of Nanaya in Isin than in Larsa, as the kings of Isin apparently favored the goddesses
485:
According to Joan Goodnick Westenholz it is possible that a further aspect of Nanaya which presently cannot be determined is alluded to in an incantation from Isin, according to which she was the denizen of a location usually regarded as profane rather than sacred, the
618:
period, one possible example being the figure of a naked goddess discovered as a tomb deposit, wearing a crescent-shaped diadem. Late depictions also often show her with a bow, but it is uncertain if it was a part of her iconography before the Hellenistic period.
331:
areas. The land later known as Namri might be located particularly close to the metaphorical birthplace of Nanaya. However, she notes the evidence is contradictory, as Nanaya herself is not common in later records from the same area, and her cult was centered in
1068:, where she is among the 12 deities who received offerings the most frequently. Records also show that queen Shulgi-simti, one of the wives of Shulgi, made offerings to many foreign or minor deities, among them Nanaya, as well as "Allatum" (the Hurrian goddess
1139:
of Uruk,) As early as in the Middle Babylonian period, Nanaya was called the "queen of Uruk and Eanna," as attested on a kudurru from Larsa. In Neo-Babylonian sources from Uruk, she is called the "queen of Uruk," while Ishtar was the "lady of Uruk."
1492:, though it has been pointed out that the goddess in mention was the result of a process of Hellenistic syncretism and it is difficult to tell which of her features had their origin in the Mesopotamian image of Nanaya. It has been proposed that
957:, the city god of Dilbat, could be identified as Nanaya's father. She was sometimes specifically called his firstborn daughter, and she had a connection to his main temple, Eibbi-Anum. This parentage is especially commonly mentioned in
847:) were asked to counter the influence of a malevolent spell. In some love incantations, Ishtar, Nanaya, Kanisurra and Gazbaba are invoked together. Another goddess sometimes associated with combinations of them in such texts was
716:
in some sources too, though Jeremiah Peterson considers it possible that there might have been two deities with similar names, one associated with Nungal and the other with Nanaya. It is possible that Bizilla was regarded as the
1419:), a number of goddesses whose names are not preserved, as well as various forms of Ishtar, including Ishtar of Babylon (described as bearded), Ishtar of Daduni and Ishtar of Uruk. Nanaya herself is assigned two cities,
267:
and beyond, and was among the most commonly-worshipped goddesses through much of Mesopotamian history, both her origin and the meaning of her name are unknown. It has been proposed that she originated either as a minor
1111:. In neo-Babylonian Uruk, Nanaya was second in rank only to Ishtar in the local pantheon. Paul-Alain Bealieu considers them to be the main pair among the city's quintet of major local goddesses, the other three being
422:
describes her as "adorned with voluptuousness and joy." However, it was not an attribute exclusively associated with her, and in other sources it is described as a quality of both male and female deities, for example
534:
in discussion of Nanaya as a luminous deity. Piotr Steinkeller nonetheless asserted as recently as 2013 that Nanaya was simply a Venus goddess fully analogous to Inanna, and interchangeable both with her and with
854:
In late texts Kanisurra and Gazbaba are collectively labeled as "Daughters of Ezida". Most groups of such "divine daughters" are known from northern Mesopotamia: Ezida in Borsippa, Esagil in Babylon, Emeslam in
1095:." She was also worshipped in a sanctuary within Eanna, the main temple of Inanna, which was called Ehilianna, "house of luxuriance of heaven." It is possible that it was originally built by the Kassite king
572:
While references to statues of Nanaya are known from earlier periods, with no less than six mentions already present in documents from the Ur III period, the oldest presently known depiction of her is the
1547:
period. However, there is no evidence that the rulers from this dynasty were involved in her cult, similar evidence is also lacking for the Achaemenid emperors from the earlier period of Persian history.
887:
in Assyria. Based on the fact that daughters of Esagil and of Ezida are identified as members of courts of Sarpanit and of Nanaya respectively, specifically as their hairdressers, it has been proposed by
1269:
theophoric names are attested as well. However, none of them come from the Ur III period, and in the Old Babylonian period they are limited to only a few cities, including Dilbat, Kish, Sippar, Larsa,
398:
A characteristic frequently attributed to Nanaya as a goddess of love, present in the majority of royal inscriptions pertaining to her and in many other documents, was described with the Sumerian word
1351:
A bilingual Sumero-Akkadian hymn to Nanaya from the first millennium BCE, written in the first person as a self-laudation, describes many other goddesses as manifestations of her, in line with the
923:. Both Nanaya and Tashmetum could be called the "queen of Borsippa", though the former eventually overshadowed the latter in that city. Tashmetum however retains the role of spouse of Nabu in most
1282:
priest of this goddess active during the reign of king Irdanene of Uruk, apparently responsible for various misdeeds, including the removal of a star symbol from the doors of the Nanaya temple.
303:
It is accepted in modern literature that "Nanaya" is more likely to be the correct form of the goddess' name than "Nana," sometimes used in past scholarship. The meaning of the name is unknown.
830:
It is commonly assumed that both Kanisurra and Gazbaba were daughters of Nanaya. However, as remarked by Gioele Zisa there is however no direct evidence in favor of this interpretation. In the
662:
as Inanna's attendants, preserving Nanaya's place right after the sukkal. In later times Ishtar and Nanaya were considered the main deities of Uruk, with the situation being comparable to
1461:
and Nanaya, whose cult center in this text is Kiššina. Joan Goodnick Westenholz considers it to be an unidentified location, but Volkert Haas assumes the name might be derived from Kish.
1209:, who ordered statues of her and of Inanna to be fashioned in his twenty sixth year on the throne. Later she was worshipped in the Eturkalamma, "house, cattle pen of the land," built by
1152:
reign of Ebi-Eshuh, during which Elamites raided Sippar and perhaps Kish, though due to lack of any sources other than the aforementioned late annals this cannot be conclusively proven.
1520:. The iconography associated with her is entirely Hellenic in origin, rather than Mesopotamian, though her position as a giver of kingship might be derived from Mesopotamian tradition.
732:
1496:
was in part responsible for her spread, though no known coins explicitly identify any figures depicted on them as her. The first attested reference to Nanaya in Bactria is a coin of
355:
in Mesopotamia is generally considered to be the product of faulty methodology and words to which such an origin had been attributed in past studies tend to have plausible Sumerian,
406:, which can be translated as charm, luxuriance, voluptuousness or sensuality. Joan Goodnick Westenholz favors "sensuality" in translations of epithets involving this term, while
375:
represented her as a warrior. However, Joan Goodnick Westenholz argued that the view that Nanaya was a manifestation of Inanna in origin should be considered a misconception.
1155:
Offerings made to Nanaya in neo-Babylonian Uruk included dates, barley, emmer, flour, beer, sweets, cakes, fish and meat of oxen, sheep, lambs, ducks, geese and turtle doves.
1575:, though all of these deities, including her, appear to be treated as male in this case, indicating that the precise identity of the figures invoked was already forgotten.
1217:
In the late Old Babylonian period the cult of Nanaya was also introduced to Kish, where the clergy of Uruk found refuge after abandoning the temporarily destroyed city.
1327:
comes from a single document mentioning her as the goddess of the town Malidaskuriya in the district of Durmitta, located in the proximity of the middle of the river
911:, though from the Kassite period onward she started to be associated with Nabu instead. She sometimes appeared as part of a trinity in which Nabu's original spouse
1052:
496:
archives from Uruk contain extensive lists of cultic paraphernalia dedicated to Nanaya, including a feathered tiara (presumably similar to that depicted on the
1578:
Some late references to a goddess partially derived from Nanaya are known from Sogdia, where a Greek and Kushan-influenced version of her was worshipped in
4916:
1186:
Nanaya appears alongside various hypostases of Inanna, including Inanna of Larsa, though the latter could also be associated with the rainbow goddess
808:
were regarded as attendants and hairdressers of Nanaya. The latter was associated with the sexual sphere, and her name might be derived from the term
961:
texts, where "firstborn of the god Urash" is the most commonly recurring phrase describing her. Another of Urash's children was the underworld deity
448:, was "an aspect of true kingship". Joan Goodnick Westenholz rules out any association between Nanaya and nursing in the context of royal ideology.
343:
deity, implausible in the light of Nanaya being attested before the Arameans and their language, and an attempt to explain her name as derived from
1355:
tendencies typical for the literature of this time period. Each of them is listed alongside a specific location. Among the goddesses mentioned are
339:
Two theories which are now regarded as discredited but which gained some support in past scholarship include the view that Nanaya was in origin an
4623:
Die Wettergottgestalten Mesopotamiens und Nordsyriens im Zeitalter der Keilschriftkulturen: Materialien und Studien nach den schriftlichen Quellen
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character was not necessarily perceived as identical even in late periods, and attribute the predominance of Nanaya over Ishtar in Neo-Babylonian
904:, a common noun of uncertain meaning whose proposed translations include "widower," "man without family obligations," or perhaps simply "lover."
4905:
1316:, Nanni, is more likely to be connected to Nanaya than Nanna, as the name is grammatically feminine. In the west Nanaya is also attested in
981:, likely a result of syncretism between her and Ishtar are also known, for example from a hymn from the reign of the neo-Assyrian king
538:, without discussing the current state of research. Ninsianna is well attested as a Venus deity and was associated with Ishtar and the
750:
goddesses, a class of minor deities believed to intercede between humans and major gods, and in some texts she is called the "lady of
458:
Nanaya eventually developed a distinctly warlike aspect, mostly present in relation to the so-called "Nanaya Eurshaba", worshipped in
57:
3834:
1224:(Eshahulla, "house of the happy heart"), and from Nerebtum, though the name of the latter is not known, and it is simply called
1261:
In Assur, there was a gate named in honor of Nanaya and Uṣur-amāssu. However, it is uncertain if her cult had much presence in
1081:
892:
that these pairs of goddesses were imagined as maidservants in the household of the major deity or deities of a given temple.
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4222:
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4017:
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temple, for example "ornament of Eanna", "pride of the Eanna", "the deity who occupies the high throne of the land of Uruk".
490:, understood as treasury, storehouse or granary. The text contrasts her dwelling place with the dais on which Ishtar sits.
283:
In addition to Inanna, she could be associated with other deities connected either to love or to the city of Uruk, such as
220:, NA.NA.A; also transcribed as "Nanāy", "Nanaja", "Nanāja", '"Nanāya", or "Nanai"; antiquated transcription: "Nanâ"; in
900:
In love incantations, Nanaya occurs with an anonymous lover in parallel with Ishtar/Inanna with Dumuzi and Išḫara with
4809:
4193:
1278:(ca. 1186-1172 BCE), depicted alongside her father and the goddess on a famous kudurru. Another was Iddin-Nanaya, a
843:
corpus Ishtar, Dumuzi, Nanaya identified as "lady of love") and Kanisurra (identified as "mistress of the witches",
4944:
1056:
Terracotta plaque of a seated goddess, possibly Nanaya, from Girsu. Kassite period. Ancient Orient Museum, Istanbul
525:
One of the most recurring questions in scholarship about Nanaya through history was her potential association with
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Goddesses in Context: On Divine Powers, Roles, Relationships and Gender in Mesopotamian Textual and Visual Sources
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in origin. She also considers the only possible forerunner of Nanaya to be a goddess whose name was written
1107:
period. Another of her temples located in Uruk was Eshahulla, "house of the joyful heart," built by king
4238:
George, Andrew; Krebernik, Manfred (2022). "Two Remarkable Vocabularies: Amorite-Akkadian Bilinguals!".
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from the Old Babylonian period. Her main temple in that city was Emeurur, "the temple which gathers the
969:. In one neo-Babylonian ritual text, Nanaya and Urash, paired with Ninegal, appear in a single formula.
1087:
Her principal cult center was Uruk, where she is already mentioned in year names of kings Irdanene and
546:
who had similar character, but Nanaya was regarded as a figure distinct from Ninsianna in Uruk and in
4773:
Westenholz, Joan Goodnick (1997). "Nanaya: Lady of Mystery". In Finkel, I. L.; Geller, M. J. (eds.).
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241:
233:
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during his fifth campaign against Babylonia. Some evidence also exists for offerings made to her in
259:
While she is well attested in Mesopotamian textual sources from many periods, from the times of the
1524:
304:
1328:
1431:. The purpose of this composition was most likely elevation of Nanaya above the other goddesses.
1308:) added to her name, appears in among gods introduced from Uruk, alongside Ninshubur, Dumuzi and
632:
God lists consistently associated Nanaya with Inanna and her circle, starting with the so-called
348:
4897:
1604:
purportedly applied to the planet Venus. This is the last known pre-modern reference to Nanaya.
4949:
4389:
1112:
1600:, active around the year 1000, in his Syriac-Arabic dictionary defined Nanaya as a name which
4924:
1539:
saint to make offerings to various deities, including her. Dedications to Nanaya, written in
1513:
1396:
1183:
1026:
993:
It is possible that the goddess Ninḫilisu (Sumerian: "graceful lady"), who was worshipped in
493:
1116:
4303:
1262:
249:
8:
1332:
924:
407:
260:
4281:. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 1: The Near and Middle East (in German). Brill.
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instead. In a single case, Nanaya is also accompanied by Kanisurra in an offering list.
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Nanaya had no temple of her own, though offerings to her are attested from a temple of
611:
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Nanaya was also one of the deities believed to protect from the influence of the demon
367:
4108:. Tokyo: The Society for Near Eastern Studies in Japan (NIPPON ORIENTO GAKKAI): 3–27.
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4199:
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4131:
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4013:
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3843:
3813:
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have no clear forerunners in earlier tradition, and appear to be based on four-armed
1517:
1470:
1434:
In a mythical explanation of the rites of Egashankalamma (the temple of the Assyrian
1015:
593:
439:
356:
312:
214:
28:
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1108:
391:
Nanaya's primary function was that of a goddess of love, and she was referred to as
69:, seated on a throne, is being presented the daughter of the king, Ḫunnubat-Nanaya.
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six deities are listed alongside the cities where they were worshipped, among them
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1412:
1313:
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889:
831:
633:
564:
539:
360:
344:
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One late Babylonian litany assigns the epithets of Tashmetum, but also Ninlil and
4954:
4711:
4371:
4316:
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4212:
4167:
4078:
4059:
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1568:
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1540:
1477:
1443:
1304:
1246:, though the evidence is limited to a list of deities of that city taken away by
1104:
1038:
978:
819:
might therefore simply be an Akkadian or otherwise non-standard pronunciation of
698:
615:
553:
347:, which is unlikely due to her absence from oldest Elamite sources. Occasionally
269:
264:
142:
50:
4424:
4792:
Westenholz, Joan Goodnick (2014). "Trading the Symbols of the Goddess Nanaya".
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was also included. In the role of Nabu's spouse Nanaya could be referred to as
582:
503:
221:
62:
4801:
4485:"UET 6/1, 74, the Hymnic Introduction of a Sumerian Letter-Prayer to Ninšubur"
4214:
Wisdom, Gods and Literature: Studies in Assyriology in Honour of W. G. Lambert
762:, who apparently regarded Nanaya as capable of mediating on their behalf with
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4757:
4696:
4672:
4590:
4549:
4508:
4436:
4259:
4158:
4123:
3992:
3927:
1376:
1299:
1255:
1065:
1022:
919:, "daughter in law of Esagil", which reflected a connection to Nabu's father
688:
637:
467:
428:
4641:
4401:
4203:
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3876:
1372:
1073:
848:
284:
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1380:
1148:
1147:
sacked the city, though she was subsequently returned to it by Esarhaddon.
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1100:
860:
693:
640:. In the standard arrangement she is placed third in her entourage, after
470:, described as warlike and as a "terrifying hero", and, like in Uruk, with
444:
328:
19:
This article is about the Mesopotamian goddess. For the Telugu author, see
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4251:
4009:
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4452:"Two New Sumerian Texts Involving The Netherworld and Funerary Offerings"
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3393:
3268:
3134:
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1508:, who proclaimed that he received kingship from her. She also appears on
1416:
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practices. Possible theophoric names are known from Hittite sources too.
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1144:
1077:
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954:
755:
122:
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Ancient Near Eastern art in context: studies in honor of Irene J. Winter
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1331:. It has been proposed that her worship in that location was a relic of
1132:
935:. The evidence of worship of Nanaya in the same areas is inconclusive.
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KASKAL. Rivista di storia, ambienti e culture del Vicino Oriente Antico
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872:
419:
418:, "the lady adorned with voluptuousness/sensuality." An inscription of
4566:
3903:
2123:
2121:
1476:
the formula "Nanaya of Eanna will bless you" occurs. In the following
834:, the line explaining whose daughter Kanisurra is, is not preserved.
4310:, Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus, UK Higher Education Academy
3570:
3531:
3492:
3321:
3309:
1579:
1532:
1428:
1400:
1210:
1041:
982:
912:
801:
659:
645:
535:
380:
372:
323:, known from a few personal names from the earliest records from the
288:
201:
172:
4651:"Shulgi-simti and the Representation of Women in Historical Sources"
4650:
4621:
4582:
4525:
4484:
4097:
4028:
3919:
2812:
2770:
2507:
2456:
2360:
2318:
2106:
2058:
1971:
1959:
907:
In some early sources Nanaya's spouse was the sparsely attested god
4451:
4044:
3381:
3333:
3299:
3297:
3295:
3244:
3219:
3217:
3047:
2933:
2432:
2420:
2118:
1947:
1587:
1559:
dated to the fifth or sixth century in which she appears alongside
1505:
1458:
1439:
1420:
1384:
1324:
1195:
1164:
1120:
1019:
943:
607:
Nanaya is depicted in robes with a pattern of stars and crescents.
578:
459:
452:
340:
94:
70:
20:
2962:
2960:
2892:
2890:
2875:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2485:
2483:
2350:
2348:
2333:
2070:
1756:
1312:. Additionally, a deity of uncertain identity known from Mari and
839:
814:
3963:
Ktèma: Civilisations de l'Orient, de la Grèce et de Rome antiques
3782:
3746:
2272:
2270:
1560:
1489:
1481:
1388:
1356:
1309:
1236:
1221:
1202:
966:
962:
932:
805:
789:
785:
746:
671:
655:
543:
498:
479:
424:
176:
3480:
3453:
3429:
3405:
3357:
3345:
3292:
3256:
3214:
3190:
3146:
2839:
2384:
2034:
1823:
1811:
1158:
After the reorganization of the pantheon of Uruk around Anu and
704:
A variety of epithets associate Nanaya both with Inanna and the
509:
In a single late text Nanaya is associated with an unidentified
2972:
2957:
2945:
2887:
2618:
2519:
2480:
2345:
2306:
2282:
2163:
1768:
1727:
1572:
1556:
1497:
1485:
1454:
1424:
1408:
1368:
1364:
1251:
1232:
1176:
1172:
1069:
1061:
1034:
1030:
994:
958:
920:
876:
868:
864:
744:
Much like Ninshubur, Nanaya was frequently associated with the
740:
from the Isin-Larsa period. Oriental Insistute Museum, Chicago.
726:
713:
663:
650:
641:
600:
475:
432:
351:
etymologies are proposed too, but the notion that there was an
320:
308:
253:
191:
135:
74:
4211:
George, Andrew R. (2000). "Four Temple Rituals from Babylon".
3734:
3470:
3468:
2267:
1995:
1691:
4839:"Siebengötter A. Mesopotamien · Seven gods A. In Mesopotamia"
4821:"Sexualität A. In Mesopotamien · Sexuality A. In Mesopotamia"
4738:
Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie
4489:
Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie
4456:
Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie
4098:"Onomastics of Women in Babylonia in the First Millennium BC"
3886:"Uṣur-awāssu (Akkadischer Gott) · Uṣur-awāssu (Akkadian god)"
3521:
3519:
2217:
1601:
1473:
1404:
1392:
1360:
928:
908:
884:
880:
856:
722:
705:
604:
547:
526:
510:
324:
273:
161:
104:
90:
3959:"The Goddess Pirinkir and Her Ritual from Ḫattuša (CTH 644)"
3640:
3638:
3587:
3163:
3161:
3122:
3083:
3071:
2234:
2232:
2195:
2193:
2153:
2151:
438:
Nanaya was also associated with kingship, especially in the
3465:
3100:
3098:
3059:
3001:
2999:
2923:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2829:
2827:
2802:
2800:
2746:
2396:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2180:
2178:
2024:
2022:
2007:
1923:
1881:
1869:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1780:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1512:. Her name is always spelled as "Nanaia" in Greek, but as "
1339:
1317:
1064:'s reign. She is attested in the administrative texts from
997:
778:
667:
463:
333:
157:
86:
3770:
3758:
3722:
3710:
3698:
3686:
3674:
3662:
3650:
3516:
3504:
3417:
3369:
3110:
2555:
2082:
1983:
1913:
1911:
1898:
1896:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1679:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1480:, her cult spread to various distant locations, including
1205:
Nanaya is attested for the first time during the reign of
3635:
3611:
3546:
3441:
3234:
3232:
3202:
3180:
3178:
3176:
3158:
2543:
2372:
2229:
2205:
2190:
2148:
1638:
1636:
1634:
763:
128:
4689:
N.A.B.U. Nouvelles Assyriologiques Brèves et Utilitaires
4429:
Advances in Ancient, Biblical, and Near Eastern Research
3095:
3035:
3023:
3011:
2996:
2984:
2914:
2863:
2824:
2797:
2722:
2712:
2710:
2695:
2408:
2244:
2175:
2046:
2019:
1935:
1835:
1792:
1739:
1715:
1442:'s death, Nanaya is described as a goddess who provides
1323:
The only known reference to worship of Nanaya among the
366:
Frans Wiggermann proposes that Nanaya was originally an
2902:
2758:
2635:
2594:
2531:
2444:
1908:
1893:
1852:
1660:
1648:
1614:
1551:
The last Mesopotamian reference to Nanaya appears in a
1504:. Later she occurs in an inscription of Kushan emperor
1270:
1143:
Nanaya was among the deities taken away from Uruk when
1033:, a goddess otherwise only known from later texts from
4682:"More on the Nature and History of the Goddess Nanaya"
3280:
3229:
3173:
2851:
2584:
2582:
2468:
2138:
2136:
1631:
1060:
First texts mentioning Nanaya come from the period of
788:, in Mesopotamia best known for her connection to the
442:, when a relationship with her, possibly some type of
217:
4857:
The Loss of Male Sexual Desire in Ancient Mesopotamia
3859:
The Pantheon of Uruk During the Neo-Babylonian Period
3832:
3599:
3581:
3564:
3540:
3399:
3327:
3315:
3274:
3140:
2818:
2779:
2707:
2659:
2567:
2513:
2495:
2462:
2426:
2366:
2327:
2127:
2112:
2094:
1977:
1965:
812:, frequently attested in association with Nanaya. In
588:
Another possible depiction of Nanaya is present on a
4913:
in the Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature
4076:
3623:
2606:
2438:
1582:
as late as in the eighth century. Her depictions in
627:
4186:
House most high: the temples of ancient Mesopotamia
4057:
3833:Asher-Greve, Julia M.; Westenholz, Joan G. (2013).
2939:
2734:
2683:
2671:
2647:
2579:
2294:
2133:
1703:
701:to her nature being perceived as less capricious.
622:
556:was associated with Nanaya in astronomical texts.
4138:
4077:Cavigneaux, Antoine; Krebernik, Manfred (1998a),
4029:"Foreign Gods in Hatti: a New Edition of CTH 510"
3788:
3752:
3498:
3486:
3459:
3435:
3411:
3387:
3363:
3351:
3339:
3303:
3262:
3250:
3223:
3196:
3152:
3053:
2896:
2881:
2845:
2785:
2629:
2525:
2489:
2390:
2354:
2339:
2312:
2288:
2276:
2169:
2064:
2040:
1953:
1829:
1817:
1774:
1762:
1733:
1697:
792:, was possibly associated with Nanaya or Ishtar.
474:. Like Inanna, she could also be identified with
4931:
4058:Cavigneaux, Antoine; Krebernik, Manfred (1998),
4728:
4577:. American Schools of Oriental Research: 1–16.
4422:
4240:Revue d'assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale
4237:
4002:The First Dynasty of the Sealand in Mesopotamia
3914:. American Schools of Oriental Research: 1–10.
3593:
2978:
2966:
2951:
2076:
2001:
692:the evidence only makes it plausible that king
568:A possible late Hellenized depiction of Nanaya.
4729:Streck, Michael P.; Wasserman, Nathan (2013).
3812:. Writings from the Ancient World. SBL Press.
1037:, in which she is treated as analogous to the
654:. Another text enumerates Ninshubur, Nanaya,
455:, in this role often acting alongside Ishtar.
4906:Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature
1242:It is possible that Nanaya was worshipped in
1099:. According to an inscription of Esarhaddon,
988:
280:no longer supported by most Assyriologists.
1007:priest, was related to Nanaya, as elsewhere
927:sources, and was worshipped in this role in
875:, though examples are also known from Uruk,
386:
4836:
4679:
4536:(1). University of Chicago Press: 189–227.
4523:
4095:
4026:
3474:
3375:
2561:
2378:
2088:
1989:
1182:In offering lists from the archives of the
414:, "lady of voluptuousness/sensuality," and
276:Inanna, but the evidence is inconclusive.
4818:
4791:
4772:
4567:"On the Alleged "Pre-Sumerian Substratum""
4524:Riva, Rocío Da; Galetti, Gianluca (2018).
3776:
3764:
3740:
3728:
3716:
3704:
3692:
3680:
3668:
3656:
3644:
3617:
3552:
3525:
3510:
3423:
3208:
3167:
2806:
2701:
2414:
2402:
2261:
2238:
2223:
2211:
2199:
2184:
2157:
2052:
2028:
1941:
1929:
1875:
1846:
1805:
1786:
1750:
1721:
1685:
1673:
1654:
1625:
466:. She was instead associated with the god
49:
4423:Nissinen, Marrti; Mattila, Raija (2021).
4387:
4351:
4332:
4314:
4113:
3982:
3447:
3065:
2869:
2833:
2728:
1220:Temples of Nanaya are also attested from
777:originally male deity from the circle of
754:" One example comes from inscriptions of
4917:A German translation of Appu (CTH 360.1)
4648:
4619:
4482:
4449:
3883:
3856:
3128:
3104:
3089:
3077:
3041:
3029:
3017:
3005:
2990:
2927:
2908:
2764:
2752:
2600:
2549:
2537:
2474:
2450:
2013:
1917:
1902:
1887:
1863:
1642:
1103:expanded it. It still functioned in the
1051:
795:
731:
614:depictions of Nanaya are known from the
563:
410:- "voluptuousness." Such titles include
4775:Sumerian Gods and their Representations
4369:
4308:Ancient Mesopotamian Gods and Goddesses
3956:
3901:
3605:
2857:
2100:
674:. While Ishtar was the "Lady of Uruk" (
145:(father, due to syncretism with Ishtar)
4932:
4911:A balbale to Inana as Nanaya (Inana H)
4626:(in German). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
4210:
4183:
4165:
3999:
3805:
3286:
3238:
3184:
3116:
2716:
2665:
2612:
2573:
2501:
1285:
972:Texts from the reign of Rim-Sin I and
520:
4902:to Nanaya for Išbi-Erra (Išbi-Erra C)
4564:
4301:
2791:
1709:
1290:In offering lists from Ur III period
871:, and from an unidentified temple of
58:Land grant to Ḫunnubat-Nanaya kudurru
4854:
4709:
4278:Geschichte der hethitischen Religion
4274:
3629:
2740:
2689:
2677:
2653:
2641:
2588:
2300:
2142:
245:
237:
16:Ancient Mesopotamian goddess of love
4096:Cousin, Laura; Watai, Yoko (2016).
1531:, according to which Sasanian king
680:), Nanaya was the "Queen of Uruk" (
13:
1543:, appear on some jewelry from the
1464:
1029:, Nanaya's Amorite counterpart is
298:
14:
4966:
4891:
4837:Wiggermann, Frans A. M. (2011a),
4526:"Two Temple Rituals from Babylon"
4394:In Context: the Reade Festschrift
3582:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
3565:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
3541:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
3400:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
3328:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
3316:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
3275:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
3141:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
2819:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
2780:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
2514:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
2463:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
2427:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
2367:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
2328:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
2128:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
2113:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
1978:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
1966:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
895:
687:Many sources present Nanaya as a
628:Deities from the circle of Inanna
336:, rather than in the periphery.
4921:Mythen der Hethiter. Das Projekt
4819:Wiggermann, Frans A. M. (2011),
4317:"Mondgott A. I. In Mesopotamien"
4139:Drewnowska-Rymarz, Olga (2008).
2439:Cavigneaux & Krebernik 1998a
1438:) pertaining to the mourning of
592:from Borsippa from the reign of
559:
252:of love closely associated with
29:Tsukihime § Main characters
4425:"The Temple of Ištar of Arbela"
4396:. Archaeopress Publishing Ltd.
4039:(12). Padova: Sargon: 199–244.
3904:"Ištar of Nineveh Reconsidered"
3798:
2940:Cavigneaux & Krebernik 1998
1082:Belet-Šuḫnir and Belet-Terraban
623:Associations with other deities
4542:10.5615/jcunestud.70.2018.0189
1338:Nanaya was also worshipped in
272:goddess or as a hypostasis of
1:
4495:(1). Walter de Gruyter GmbH.
4027:Cammarosano, Michele (2015).
3884:Beaulieu, Paul-Alain (2014),
3861:. Leiden Boston: Brill STYX.
3857:Beaulieu, Paul-Alain (2003).
1607:
1346:
1320:, though only in a god list.
1011:is attested as her epithet.
766:and Inanna, and of assigning
4843:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
4825:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
4716:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
4571:Journal of Cuneiform Studies
4530:Journal of Cuneiform Studies
4376:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
4370:Lambert, Wilfred G. (1983),
4358:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
4339:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
4321:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
4188:. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns.
4172:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
4083:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
4064:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
3969:(1). PERSEE Program: 25–39.
3908:Journal of Cuneiform Studies
3890:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
1298:, seemingly Nanaya with the
1119:, a goddess identified with
949:
402:and its Akkadian equivalent
7:
4796:. Brill. pp. 167–198.
4680:Steinkeller, Piotr (2013).
4483:Peterson, Jeremiah (2016).
4450:Peterson, Jeremiah (2009).
4352:Krebernik, Manfred (2014),
4333:Krebernik, Manfred (2011),
4315:Krebernik, Manfred (1993),
4166:Edzard, Dietz-Otto (1980),
4141:Mesopotamian goddess Nanāja
3842:. Academic Press Fribourg.
3809:The Witchcraft Series Maqlu
3594:Nissinen & Mattila 2021
2979:George & Krebernik 2022
2967:George & Krebernik 2022
2952:George & Krebernik 2022
2077:Streck & Wasserman 2013
2002:Streck & Wasserman 2013
1523:Nanaya is mentioned in the
531:Mesopotamian Goddess Nanajā
371:womanhood," similar to how
10:
4971:
4744:(2). De Gruyter: 183–201.
4184:George, Andrew R. (1993).
1047:
1000:where she was served by a
989:Other attested connections
823:, a Sumerian term for the
18:
4802:10.1163/9789004255302_008
4657:. Leiden, Boston: Brill.
4620:Schwemer, Daniel (2001).
387:Functions and iconography
197:
187:
182:
167:
152:
115:
110:
100:
82:
48:
41:
36:
4649:Sharlach, Tonia (2007).
4388:MacGinnis, John (2020).
1525:Second Book of Maccabees
1427:. No mention is made of
1184:First Dynasty of Sealand
644:, Inanna's husband, and
307:notes that based on the
305:Joan Goodnick Westenholz
4945:Love and lust goddesses
4565:Rubio, Gonzalo (1999).
4402:10.2307/j.ctv1ddckv5.12
4000:Boivin, Odette (2018).
3975:10.3406/ktema.1999.2206
3376:Cousin & Watai 2016
2379:Cousin & Watai 2016
1990:Riva & Galetti 2018
1449:In the Hurrian tale of
1198:and Ninsianna instead.
1171:tutelary god), Inanna,
353:Indo-European substrate
4940:Mesopotamian goddesses
4731:"More Light on Nanāya"
4275:Haas, Volkert (2015).
3957:Beckman, Gary (1999).
3902:Beckman, Gary (1998).
3789:Drewnowska-Rymarz 2008
3753:Drewnowska-Rymarz 2008
3499:Drewnowska-Rymarz 2008
3487:Drewnowska-Rymarz 2008
3460:Drewnowska-Rymarz 2008
3436:Drewnowska-Rymarz 2008
3412:Drewnowska-Rymarz 2008
3388:Drewnowska-Rymarz 2008
3364:Drewnowska-Rymarz 2008
3352:Drewnowska-Rymarz 2008
3340:Drewnowska-Rymarz 2008
3304:Drewnowska-Rymarz 2008
3263:Drewnowska-Rymarz 2008
3251:Drewnowska-Rymarz 2008
3224:Drewnowska-Rymarz 2008
3197:Drewnowska-Rymarz 2008
3153:Drewnowska-Rymarz 2008
3054:Drewnowska-Rymarz 2008
2897:Drewnowska-Rymarz 2008
2882:Drewnowska-Rymarz 2008
2846:Drewnowska-Rymarz 2008
2630:Drewnowska-Rymarz 2008
2526:Drewnowska-Rymarz 2008
2490:Drewnowska-Rymarz 2008
2391:Drewnowska-Rymarz 2008
2355:Drewnowska-Rymarz 2008
2340:Drewnowska-Rymarz 2008
2313:Drewnowska-Rymarz 2008
2289:Drewnowska-Rymarz 2008
2277:Drewnowska-Rymarz 2008
2170:Drewnowska-Rymarz 2008
2065:Drewnowska-Rymarz 2008
2041:Drewnowska-Rymarz 2008
1954:Drewnowska-Rymarz 2008
1830:Drewnowska-Rymarz 2008
1818:Drewnowska-Rymarz 2008
1775:Drewnowska-Rymarz 2008
1763:Drewnowska-Rymarz 2008
1734:Drewnowska-Rymarz 2008
1698:Drewnowska-Rymarz 2008
1535:ordered the eponymous
1527:. She also appears in
1057:
741:
736:Statuette of a winged
569:
4925:University of Marburg
4865:10.1515/9783110757262
4855:Zisa, Gioele (2021).
4777:. STYX Publications.
4710:Stol, Martin (1998),
4252:10.3917/assy.116.0113
4246:(1). CAIRN: 113–166.
4010:10.1515/9781501507823
3806:Abusch, Tzvi (2015).
1446:with an iron arrows.
1055:
1027:Old Babylonian period
965:, while his wife was
837:In one text from the
796:Kanisurra and Gazbaba
735:
567:
4750:10.1515/za-2012-0010
4501:10.1515/za-2016-0004
4390:"The gods of Arbail"
4302:Horry, Ruth (2013),
1263:northern Mesopotamia
784:The Elamite goddess
321:divine determinative
250:Mesopotamian goddess
4794:Religions and Trade
4468:10.1515/ZA.2009.006
4304:"Tašmetu (goddess)"
4143:. Warszawa: Agade.
4115:10.5356/orient.51.3
3743:, pp. 187–188.
3567:, pp. 116–117.
3501:, pp. 159–160.
3402:, pp. 279–280.
3277:, pp. 124–125.
3143:, pp. 125–126.
3131:, pp. 208–212.
3119:, pp. 104–105.
3092:, pp. 188–189.
2755:, pp. 185–186.
2644:, pp. 141–142.
2226:, pp. 178–180.
2079:, pp. 183–184.
2067:, pp. 154–155.
2016:, pp. 191–208.
1890:, pp. 184–185.
1286:Outside Mesopotamia
1115:(later replaced by
521:Astral associations
462:independently from
408:Paul-Alain Beaulieu
261:Third Dynasty of Ur
198:Assyrian equivalent
3080:, p. 185-186.
1956:, pp. 99–100.
1529:Acts of Mar Mu'ain
1469:In a papyrus from
1294:, a goddess named
1058:
800:The minor goddess
781:is well attested.
742:
729:in Ḫursaĝkalama.
570:
311:it is most likely
204:(as Nabu's spouse)
188:Amorite equivalent
61:, a stele of King
4874:978-3-11-075726-2
4784:978-90-56-93005-9
4664:978-90-474-2085-9
4633:978-3-447-04456-1
4288:978-90-04-29394-6
4224:978-1-57506-004-0
4150:978-83-87111-41-0
4019:978-1-5015-0782-3
3868:978-90-04-13024-1
3849:978-3-7278-1738-0
3819:978-1-62837-085-0
3390:, pp. 86–93.
3342:, pp. 11–12.
3253:, pp. 62–63.
3068:, pp. 71–72.
3056:, pp. 54–55.
2884:, pp. 76–77.
2552:, pp. 68–69.
2405:, pp. 58–59.
2342:, pp. 30–31.
1932:, pp. 68–69.
1878:, pp. 67–68.
1789:, pp. 64–65.
1765:, pp. 16–17.
1688:, pp. 72–73.
827:or its entrance.
770:deities to them.
594:Nabu-shuma-ishkun
440:Isin-Larsa period
416:nin ḫili šerkandi
368:epithet of Inanna
208:
207:
83:Major cult center
73:limestone stele,
65:(1186–1172 BCE).
4962:
4886:
4851:
4850:
4849:
4833:
4832:
4831:
4815:
4788:
4769:
4735:
4725:
4724:
4723:
4706:
4704:
4703:
4686:
4676:
4645:
4616:
4614:
4613:
4561:
4520:
4479:
4446:
4444:
4443:
4419:
4417:
4416:
4384:
4383:
4382:
4366:
4365:
4364:
4348:
4347:
4346:
4329:
4328:
4327:
4311:
4298:
4296:
4295:
4271:
4234:
4232:
4231:
4207:
4180:
4179:
4178:
4162:
4135:
4117:
4092:
4091:
4090:
4073:
4072:
4071:
4054:
4052:
4051:
4023:
3996:
3986:
3953:
3951:
3950:
3898:
3897:
3896:
3880:
3853:
3841:
3829:
3827:
3826:
3792:
3786:
3780:
3774:
3768:
3762:
3756:
3750:
3744:
3738:
3732:
3726:
3720:
3714:
3708:
3702:
3696:
3690:
3684:
3678:
3672:
3666:
3660:
3654:
3648:
3642:
3633:
3627:
3621:
3615:
3609:
3603:
3597:
3591:
3585:
3579:
3568:
3562:
3556:
3550:
3544:
3538:
3529:
3523:
3514:
3508:
3502:
3496:
3490:
3484:
3478:
3475:Cammarosano 2015
3472:
3463:
3457:
3451:
3445:
3439:
3433:
3427:
3421:
3415:
3409:
3403:
3397:
3391:
3385:
3379:
3373:
3367:
3361:
3355:
3349:
3343:
3337:
3331:
3325:
3319:
3313:
3307:
3301:
3290:
3284:
3278:
3272:
3266:
3260:
3254:
3248:
3242:
3236:
3227:
3221:
3212:
3206:
3200:
3194:
3188:
3182:
3171:
3165:
3156:
3150:
3144:
3138:
3132:
3126:
3120:
3114:
3108:
3102:
3093:
3087:
3081:
3075:
3069:
3063:
3057:
3051:
3045:
3039:
3033:
3027:
3021:
3015:
3009:
3003:
2994:
2988:
2982:
2976:
2970:
2964:
2955:
2949:
2943:
2937:
2931:
2925:
2912:
2906:
2900:
2894:
2885:
2879:
2873:
2867:
2861:
2855:
2849:
2843:
2837:
2831:
2822:
2816:
2810:
2804:
2795:
2789:
2783:
2777:
2768:
2762:
2756:
2750:
2744:
2738:
2732:
2726:
2720:
2714:
2705:
2699:
2693:
2687:
2681:
2675:
2669:
2663:
2657:
2651:
2645:
2639:
2633:
2627:
2616:
2610:
2604:
2598:
2592:
2586:
2577:
2571:
2565:
2562:Wiggermann 2011a
2559:
2553:
2547:
2541:
2535:
2529:
2523:
2517:
2511:
2505:
2499:
2493:
2487:
2478:
2472:
2466:
2460:
2454:
2448:
2442:
2436:
2430:
2424:
2418:
2412:
2406:
2400:
2394:
2388:
2382:
2376:
2370:
2364:
2358:
2352:
2343:
2337:
2331:
2325:
2316:
2310:
2304:
2298:
2292:
2286:
2280:
2274:
2265:
2259:
2242:
2236:
2227:
2221:
2215:
2209:
2203:
2197:
2188:
2182:
2173:
2167:
2161:
2155:
2146:
2140:
2131:
2125:
2116:
2110:
2104:
2098:
2092:
2089:Steinkeller 2013
2086:
2080:
2074:
2068:
2062:
2056:
2050:
2044:
2038:
2032:
2026:
2017:
2011:
2005:
1999:
1993:
1987:
1981:
1975:
1969:
1963:
1957:
1951:
1945:
1939:
1933:
1927:
1921:
1915:
1906:
1900:
1891:
1885:
1879:
1873:
1867:
1861:
1850:
1844:
1833:
1827:
1821:
1815:
1809:
1803:
1790:
1784:
1778:
1772:
1766:
1760:
1754:
1748:
1737:
1731:
1725:
1719:
1713:
1707:
1701:
1695:
1689:
1683:
1677:
1671:
1658:
1652:
1646:
1640:
1629:
1623:
1494:Parthian coinage
1436:Ishtar of Arbela
1239:located there.
1228:in known texts.
1123:, the spouse of
890:Andrew R. George
867:, Eibbi-Anum in
832:Weidner god list
699:theophoric names
634:Weidner god list
247:
242:Classical Syriac
239:
234:Imperial Aramaic
219:
53:
34:
33:
4970:
4969:
4965:
4964:
4963:
4961:
4960:
4959:
4930:
4929:
4894:
4889:
4875:
4847:
4845:
4829:
4827:
4812:
4785:
4733:
4721:
4719:
4701:
4699:
4684:
4665:
4634:
4611:
4609:
4583:10.2307/1359726
4441:
4439:
4414:
4412:
4380:
4378:
4362:
4360:
4344:
4342:
4325:
4323:
4293:
4291:
4289:
4229:
4227:
4225:
4217:. Eisenbrauns.
4196:
4176:
4174:
4151:
4088:
4086:
4069:
4067:
4049:
4047:
4020:
3948:
3946:
3920:10.2307/1360026
3894:
3892:
3869:
3850:
3839:
3824:
3822:
3820:
3801:
3796:
3795:
3787:
3783:
3777:Westenholz 2014
3775:
3771:
3765:Westenholz 2014
3763:
3759:
3751:
3747:
3741:Westenholz 2014
3739:
3735:
3729:Westenholz 2014
3727:
3723:
3717:Westenholz 2014
3715:
3711:
3705:Westenholz 2014
3703:
3699:
3693:Westenholz 2014
3691:
3687:
3681:Westenholz 2014
3679:
3675:
3669:Westenholz 2014
3667:
3663:
3657:Westenholz 2014
3655:
3651:
3645:Westenholz 1997
3643:
3636:
3628:
3624:
3618:Westenholz 1997
3616:
3612:
3604:
3600:
3592:
3588:
3580:
3571:
3563:
3559:
3553:Westenholz 1997
3551:
3547:
3539:
3532:
3526:Westenholz 2014
3524:
3517:
3511:Westenholz 2014
3509:
3505:
3497:
3493:
3485:
3481:
3473:
3466:
3458:
3454:
3446:
3442:
3434:
3430:
3424:Westenholz 2014
3422:
3418:
3410:
3406:
3398:
3394:
3386:
3382:
3374:
3370:
3362:
3358:
3350:
3346:
3338:
3334:
3326:
3322:
3314:
3310:
3302:
3293:
3285:
3281:
3273:
3269:
3261:
3257:
3249:
3245:
3237:
3230:
3222:
3215:
3209:Westenholz 1997
3207:
3203:
3195:
3191:
3183:
3174:
3168:Westenholz 1997
3166:
3159:
3151:
3147:
3139:
3135:
3127:
3123:
3115:
3111:
3103:
3096:
3088:
3084:
3076:
3072:
3064:
3060:
3052:
3048:
3040:
3036:
3028:
3024:
3016:
3012:
3004:
2997:
2989:
2985:
2977:
2973:
2965:
2958:
2950:
2946:
2938:
2934:
2926:
2915:
2907:
2903:
2895:
2888:
2880:
2876:
2868:
2864:
2856:
2852:
2844:
2840:
2832:
2825:
2817:
2813:
2807:Westenholz 1997
2805:
2798:
2790:
2786:
2778:
2771:
2763:
2759:
2751:
2747:
2739:
2735:
2727:
2723:
2715:
2708:
2702:Westenholz 1997
2700:
2696:
2688:
2684:
2676:
2672:
2664:
2660:
2652:
2648:
2640:
2636:
2628:
2619:
2611:
2607:
2599:
2595:
2587:
2580:
2572:
2568:
2560:
2556:
2548:
2544:
2536:
2532:
2524:
2520:
2512:
2508:
2500:
2496:
2488:
2481:
2473:
2469:
2461:
2457:
2449:
2445:
2437:
2433:
2425:
2421:
2415:Westenholz 1997
2413:
2409:
2403:Westenholz 1997
2401:
2397:
2389:
2385:
2377:
2373:
2365:
2361:
2353:
2346:
2338:
2334:
2326:
2319:
2311:
2307:
2299:
2295:
2287:
2283:
2275:
2268:
2262:Westenholz 1997
2260:
2245:
2239:Westenholz 2014
2237:
2230:
2224:Westenholz 2014
2222:
2218:
2212:Westenholz 2014
2210:
2206:
2200:Westenholz 2014
2198:
2191:
2185:Westenholz 1997
2183:
2176:
2168:
2164:
2158:Westenholz 2014
2156:
2149:
2141:
2134:
2126:
2119:
2111:
2107:
2099:
2095:
2087:
2083:
2075:
2071:
2063:
2059:
2053:Westenholz 1997
2051:
2047:
2043:, pp. 6–7.
2039:
2035:
2029:Westenholz 1997
2027:
2020:
2012:
2008:
2000:
1996:
1988:
1984:
1976:
1972:
1964:
1960:
1952:
1948:
1942:Westenholz 1997
1940:
1936:
1930:Westenholz 1997
1928:
1924:
1916:
1909:
1901:
1894:
1886:
1882:
1876:Westenholz 1997
1874:
1870:
1862:
1853:
1847:Westenholz 1997
1845:
1836:
1828:
1824:
1816:
1812:
1806:Westenholz 1997
1804:
1793:
1787:Westenholz 1997
1785:
1781:
1773:
1769:
1761:
1757:
1751:Westenholz 1997
1749:
1740:
1732:
1728:
1722:Wiggermann 2011
1720:
1716:
1712:, pp. 6–8.
1708:
1704:
1696:
1692:
1686:Westenholz 1997
1684:
1680:
1674:Westenholz 1997
1672:
1661:
1655:Westenholz 1997
1653:
1649:
1641:
1632:
1626:Westenholz 1997
1624:
1615:
1610:
1596:Syriac scholar
1541:Pahlavi scripts
1478:Hellenic period
1467:
1465:Later relevance
1349:
1288:
1050:
1039:Hurrian goddess
1014:In a bilingual
1005:
991:
952:
898:
845:bēlet kaššāpāti
798:
630:
625:
562:
554:Corona Borealis
523:
389:
301:
299:Name and origin
265:Fall of Babylon
148:
78:
44:
43:Goddess of love
32:
27:character, see
17:
12:
11:
5:
4968:
4958:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4928:
4927:
4914:
4908:
4893:
4892:External links
4890:
4888:
4887:
4873:
4859:. De Gruyter.
4852:
4834:
4816:
4810:
4789:
4783:
4770:
4726:
4707:
4677:
4663:
4646:
4632:
4617:
4562:
4521:
4480:
4447:
4420:
4385:
4367:
4349:
4330:
4312:
4299:
4287:
4272:
4235:
4223:
4208:
4194:
4181:
4163:
4149:
4136:
4093:
4074:
4055:
4045:10.1400/239734
4024:
4018:
4004:. De Gruyter.
3997:
3954:
3899:
3881:
3867:
3854:
3848:
3830:
3818:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3794:
3793:
3791:, p. 167.
3781:
3779:, p. 193.
3769:
3767:, p. 192.
3757:
3755:, p. 100.
3745:
3733:
3731:, p. 191.
3721:
3719:, p. 190.
3709:
3707:, p. 189.
3697:
3695:, p. 170.
3685:
3683:, p. 188.
3673:
3671:, p. 185.
3661:
3659:, p. 187.
3649:
3634:
3632:, p. 542.
3622:
3610:
3598:
3586:
3584:, p. 117.
3569:
3557:
3545:
3543:, p. 116.
3530:
3528:, p. 186.
3515:
3513:, p. 181.
3503:
3491:
3479:
3477:, p. 208.
3464:
3452:
3450:, p. 361.
3448:Krebernik 1993
3440:
3428:
3426:, p. 173.
3416:
3404:
3392:
3380:
3368:
3356:
3344:
3332:
3330:, p. 242.
3320:
3318:, p. 273.
3308:
3291:
3289:, p. 143.
3279:
3267:
3255:
3243:
3241:, p. 291.
3228:
3213:
3201:
3189:
3187:, p. 210.
3172:
3157:
3145:
3133:
3121:
3109:
3107:, p. 189.
3094:
3082:
3070:
3066:Krebernik 2011
3058:
3046:
3044:, p. 214.
3034:
3032:, p. 133.
3022:
3020:, p. 213.
3010:
3008:, p. 183.
2995:
2993:, p. 365.
2983:
2981:, p. 139.
2971:
2969:, p. 119.
2956:
2954:, p. 114.
2944:
2942:, p. 378.
2932:
2930:, p. 187.
2913:
2911:, p. 317.
2901:
2886:
2874:
2872:, p. 405.
2870:Krebernik 2014
2862:
2860:, p. 419.
2850:
2848:, p. 139.
2838:
2836:, p. 404.
2834:Krebernik 2014
2823:
2821:, p. 127.
2811:
2796:
2784:
2782:, p. 105.
2769:
2767:, p. 186.
2757:
2745:
2743:, p. 434.
2733:
2731:, p. 109.
2729:MacGinnis 2020
2721:
2719:, p. 295.
2706:
2694:
2692:, p. 139.
2682:
2680:, p. 138.
2670:
2668:, p. 105.
2658:
2656:, p. 142.
2646:
2634:
2617:
2605:
2603:, p. 316.
2593:
2591:, p. 141.
2578:
2576:, p. 389.
2566:
2564:, p. 462.
2554:
2542:
2540:, p. 512.
2530:
2518:
2516:, p. 103.
2506:
2504:, p. 296.
2494:
2479:
2467:
2465:, p. 112.
2455:
2453:, p. 239.
2443:
2441:, p. 617.
2431:
2419:
2407:
2395:
2393:, p. 106.
2383:
2371:
2369:, p. 131.
2359:
2344:
2332:
2330:, p. 104.
2317:
2305:
2303:, p. 146.
2293:
2281:
2266:
2243:
2241:, p. 182.
2228:
2216:
2214:, p. 169.
2204:
2202:, p. 168.
2189:
2174:
2162:
2160:, p. 184.
2147:
2145:, p. 147.
2132:
2117:
2115:, p. 126.
2105:
2093:
2091:, p. 109.
2081:
2069:
2057:
2045:
2033:
2018:
2006:
2004:, p. 184.
1994:
1992:, p. 192.
1982:
1980:, p. 281.
1970:
1968:, p. 282.
1958:
1946:
1934:
1922:
1920:, p. 188.
1907:
1905:, p. 185.
1892:
1880:
1868:
1866:, p. 184.
1851:
1834:
1832:, p. 120.
1822:
1820:, p. 125.
1810:
1791:
1779:
1767:
1755:
1738:
1736:, p. 156.
1726:
1724:, p. 417.
1714:
1702:
1690:
1678:
1659:
1647:
1645:, p. 182.
1630:
1612:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1466:
1463:
1363:and Kullaba),
1348:
1345:
1287:
1284:
1248:Shamshi-Adad V
1137:theos eponymos
1097:Nazi-Maruttash
1049:
1046:
1003:
990:
987:
951:
948:
897:
896:Marital status
894:
797:
794:
629:
626:
624:
621:
599:On an Aramean
583:Meli-Shipak II
561:
558:
522:
519:
504:Meli-Shipak II
494:Neo-Babylonian
478:, the deified
388:
385:
383:commentaries.
300:
297:
206:
205:
199:
195:
194:
189:
185:
184:
180:
179:
169:
165:
164:
154:
150:
149:
147:
146:
139:
132:
126:
119:
117:
113:
112:
108:
107:
102:
98:
97:
84:
80:
79:
71:Kassite period
63:Meli-Shipak II
54:
46:
45:
42:
39:
38:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4967:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4950:War goddesses
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4937:
4935:
4926:
4922:
4918:
4915:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4903:
4901:
4896:
4895:
4884:
4880:
4876:
4870:
4866:
4862:
4858:
4853:
4844:
4840:
4835:
4826:
4822:
4817:
4813:
4811:9789004255302
4807:
4803:
4799:
4795:
4790:
4786:
4780:
4776:
4771:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4747:
4743:
4739:
4732:
4727:
4717:
4713:
4708:
4698:
4694:
4690:
4683:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4660:
4656:
4652:
4647:
4643:
4639:
4635:
4629:
4625:
4624:
4618:
4608:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4563:
4559:
4555:
4551:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4535:
4531:
4527:
4522:
4518:
4514:
4510:
4506:
4502:
4498:
4494:
4490:
4486:
4481:
4477:
4473:
4469:
4465:
4461:
4457:
4453:
4448:
4438:
4434:
4430:
4426:
4421:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4399:
4395:
4391:
4386:
4377:
4373:
4368:
4359:
4355:
4350:
4340:
4336:
4331:
4322:
4318:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4300:
4290:
4284:
4280:
4279:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4236:
4226:
4220:
4216:
4215:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4195:0-931464-80-3
4191:
4187:
4182:
4173:
4169:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4146:
4142:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4094:
4084:
4080:
4075:
4065:
4061:
4056:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4025:
4021:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4003:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3985:
3984:2027.42/77419
3980:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3955:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3900:
3891:
3887:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3864:
3860:
3855:
3851:
3845:
3838:
3837:
3831:
3821:
3815:
3811:
3810:
3804:
3803:
3790:
3785:
3778:
3773:
3766:
3761:
3754:
3749:
3742:
3737:
3730:
3725:
3718:
3713:
3706:
3701:
3694:
3689:
3682:
3677:
3670:
3665:
3658:
3653:
3647:, p. 78.
3646:
3641:
3639:
3631:
3626:
3620:, p. 72.
3619:
3614:
3607:
3602:
3595:
3590:
3583:
3578:
3576:
3574:
3566:
3561:
3555:, p. 73.
3554:
3549:
3542:
3537:
3535:
3527:
3522:
3520:
3512:
3507:
3500:
3495:
3489:, p. 93.
3488:
3483:
3476:
3471:
3469:
3462:, p. 26.
3461:
3456:
3449:
3444:
3438:, p. 25.
3437:
3432:
3425:
3420:
3414:, p. 69.
3413:
3408:
3401:
3396:
3389:
3384:
3378:, p. 17.
3377:
3372:
3366:, p. 86.
3365:
3360:
3354:, p. 88.
3353:
3348:
3341:
3336:
3329:
3324:
3317:
3312:
3306:, p. 64.
3305:
3300:
3298:
3296:
3288:
3283:
3276:
3271:
3265:, p. 63.
3264:
3259:
3252:
3247:
3240:
3235:
3233:
3226:, p. 57.
3225:
3220:
3218:
3211:, p. 70.
3210:
3205:
3199:, p. 10.
3198:
3193:
3186:
3181:
3179:
3177:
3170:, p. 69.
3169:
3164:
3162:
3155:, p. 83.
3154:
3149:
3142:
3137:
3130:
3129:Beaulieu 2003
3125:
3118:
3113:
3106:
3105:Beaulieu 2003
3101:
3099:
3091:
3090:Beaulieu 2003
3086:
3079:
3078:Beaulieu 2003
3074:
3067:
3062:
3055:
3050:
3043:
3042:Beaulieu 2003
3038:
3031:
3030:Beaulieu 2003
3026:
3019:
3018:Beaulieu 2003
3014:
3007:
3006:Beaulieu 2003
3002:
3000:
2992:
2991:Sharlach 2007
2987:
2980:
2975:
2968:
2963:
2961:
2953:
2948:
2941:
2936:
2929:
2928:Beaulieu 2003
2924:
2922:
2920:
2918:
2910:
2909:Beaulieu 2003
2905:
2899:, p. 30.
2898:
2893:
2891:
2883:
2878:
2871:
2866:
2859:
2854:
2847:
2842:
2835:
2830:
2828:
2820:
2815:
2809:, p. 76.
2808:
2803:
2801:
2793:
2788:
2781:
2776:
2774:
2766:
2765:Beaulieu 2003
2761:
2754:
2753:Beaulieu 2003
2749:
2742:
2737:
2730:
2725:
2718:
2713:
2711:
2704:, p. 77.
2703:
2698:
2691:
2686:
2679:
2674:
2667:
2662:
2655:
2650:
2643:
2638:
2632:, p. 31.
2631:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2615:, p. 34.
2614:
2609:
2602:
2601:Beaulieu 2003
2597:
2590:
2585:
2583:
2575:
2570:
2563:
2558:
2551:
2550:Schwemer 2001
2546:
2539:
2538:Beaulieu 2014
2534:
2528:, p. 59.
2527:
2522:
2515:
2510:
2503:
2498:
2492:, p. 56.
2491:
2486:
2484:
2477:, p. 38.
2476:
2475:Peterson 2016
2471:
2464:
2459:
2452:
2451:Peterson 2009
2447:
2440:
2435:
2429:, p. 79.
2428:
2423:
2417:, p. 59.
2416:
2411:
2404:
2399:
2392:
2387:
2381:, p. 21.
2380:
2375:
2368:
2363:
2357:, p. 65.
2356:
2351:
2349:
2341:
2336:
2329:
2324:
2322:
2315:, p. 42.
2314:
2309:
2302:
2297:
2291:, p. 23.
2290:
2285:
2278:
2273:
2271:
2264:, p. 79.
2263:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2240:
2235:
2233:
2225:
2220:
2213:
2208:
2201:
2196:
2194:
2187:, p. 71.
2186:
2181:
2179:
2172:, p. 45.
2171:
2166:
2159:
2154:
2152:
2144:
2139:
2137:
2130:, p. 92.
2129:
2124:
2122:
2114:
2109:
2103:, p. 27.
2102:
2097:
2090:
2085:
2078:
2073:
2066:
2061:
2055:, p. 64.
2054:
2049:
2042:
2037:
2031:, p. 74.
2030:
2025:
2023:
2015:
2014:Beaulieu 2003
2010:
2003:
1998:
1991:
1986:
1979:
1974:
1967:
1962:
1955:
1950:
1944:, p. 67.
1943:
1938:
1931:
1926:
1919:
1918:Beaulieu 2003
1914:
1912:
1904:
1903:Beaulieu 2003
1899:
1897:
1889:
1888:Beaulieu 2003
1884:
1877:
1872:
1865:
1864:Beaulieu 2003
1860:
1858:
1856:
1849:, p. 68.
1848:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1831:
1826:
1819:
1814:
1808:, p. 65.
1807:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1788:
1783:
1777:, p. 97.
1776:
1771:
1764:
1759:
1753:, p. 80.
1752:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1735:
1730:
1723:
1718:
1711:
1706:
1700:, p. 21.
1699:
1694:
1687:
1682:
1676:, p. 60.
1675:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1657:, p. 57.
1656:
1651:
1644:
1643:Beaulieu 2003
1639:
1637:
1635:
1628:, p. 58.
1627:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1613:
1605:
1603:
1599:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1576:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1549:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1472:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1447:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1432:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1344:
1341:
1336:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1321:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1306:
1301:
1300:determinative
1297:
1293:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1266:
1264:
1259:
1257:
1256:Dur-Kurigalzu
1253:
1249:
1245:
1240:
1238:
1234:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1197:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1168:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1066:Puzrish-Dagan
1063:
1054:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1025:dated to the
1024:
1021:
1017:
1012:
1010:
1006:
999:
996:
986:
984:
980:
975:
970:
968:
964:
960:
956:
947:
946:, to Nanaya.
945:
940:
936:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
905:
903:
893:
891:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
863:, Ebabbar in
862:
858:
852:
850:
846:
842:
841:
835:
833:
828:
826:
822:
817:
816:
811:
807:
803:
793:
791:
787:
782:
780:
775:
771:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
748:
739:
734:
730:
728:
724:
720:
715:
709:
707:
702:
700:
695:
690:
685:
683:
679:
678:
677:Bēltu-ša-Uruk
673:
670:'s status in
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
652:
647:
643:
639:
638:Ur III period
635:
620:
617:
613:
608:
606:
602:
597:
595:
591:
586:
584:
580:
576:
566:
560:Nanaya in art
557:
555:
551:
549:
545:
541:
537:
532:
528:
518:
516:
512:
507:
505:
501:
500:
495:
491:
489:
483:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
456:
454:
449:
447:
446:
441:
436:
434:
431:, Ishtar and
430:
426:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
396:
394:
384:
382:
376:
374:
369:
364:
362:
358:
354:
350:
349:Indo-European
346:
342:
337:
335:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
296:
294:
290:
286:
281:
277:
275:
271:
266:
262:
257:
255:
251:
243:
235:
231:
227:
223:
216:
212:
203:
200:
196:
193:
190:
186:
181:
178:
174:
170:
166:
163:
159:
155:
151:
144:
141:sporadically
140:
137:
134:sporadically
133:
130:
127:
124:
121:
120:
118:
114:
109:
106:
103:
99:
96:
92:
88:
85:
81:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
59:
52:
47:
40:
35:
30:
26:
22:
4920:
4899:
4856:
4846:, retrieved
4842:
4828:, retrieved
4824:
4793:
4774:
4741:
4737:
4720:, retrieved
4715:
4700:. Retrieved
4688:
4654:
4622:
4610:. Retrieved
4574:
4570:
4533:
4529:
4492:
4488:
4459:
4455:
4440:. Retrieved
4428:
4413:. Retrieved
4393:
4379:, retrieved
4375:
4361:, retrieved
4357:
4343:, retrieved
4338:
4324:, retrieved
4320:
4307:
4292:. Retrieved
4277:
4243:
4239:
4228:. Retrieved
4213:
4185:
4175:, retrieved
4171:
4140:
4105:
4101:
4087:, retrieved
4082:
4068:, retrieved
4063:
4060:"Nin-ḫilisu"
4048:. Retrieved
4036:
4032:
4001:
3966:
3962:
3947:. Retrieved
3911:
3907:
3893:, retrieved
3889:
3858:
3835:
3823:. Retrieved
3808:
3799:Bibliography
3784:
3772:
3760:
3748:
3736:
3724:
3712:
3700:
3688:
3676:
3664:
3652:
3625:
3613:
3608:, p. 5.
3606:Beckman 1998
3601:
3589:
3560:
3548:
3506:
3494:
3482:
3455:
3443:
3431:
3419:
3407:
3395:
3383:
3371:
3359:
3347:
3335:
3323:
3311:
3282:
3270:
3258:
3246:
3204:
3192:
3148:
3136:
3124:
3112:
3085:
3073:
3061:
3049:
3037:
3025:
3013:
2986:
2974:
2947:
2935:
2904:
2877:
2865:
2858:Lambert 1983
2853:
2841:
2814:
2787:
2760:
2748:
2736:
2724:
2697:
2685:
2673:
2661:
2649:
2637:
2608:
2596:
2569:
2557:
2545:
2533:
2521:
2509:
2497:
2470:
2458:
2446:
2434:
2422:
2410:
2398:
2386:
2374:
2362:
2335:
2308:
2296:
2284:
2279:, p. 9.
2219:
2207:
2165:
2108:
2101:Beckman 1998
2096:
2084:
2072:
2060:
2048:
2036:
2009:
1997:
1985:
1973:
1961:
1949:
1937:
1925:
1883:
1871:
1825:
1813:
1782:
1770:
1758:
1729:
1717:
1705:
1693:
1681:
1650:
1595:
1577:
1550:
1528:
1522:
1510:Kushan coins
1468:
1448:
1433:
1411:(in Kutha),
1350:
1337:
1333:Old Assyrian
1322:
1310:(Nin-)Bizila
1303:
1295:
1289:
1279:
1267:
1260:
1241:
1230:
1225:
1219:
1216:
1200:
1192:
1181:
1169:
1157:
1154:
1149:Ashurbanipal
1142:
1136:
1113:Bēltu-ša-Rēš
1101:Eriba-Marduk
1092:
1086:
1059:
1023:lexical list
1013:
1009:nin-ḫi-li-sù
1008:
1001:
992:
971:
953:
941:
937:
925:Neo-Assyrian
917:kalat Esagil
916:
906:
901:
899:
859:, Edubba in
853:
844:
838:
836:
829:
820:
813:
809:
799:
783:
772:
767:
751:
745:
743:
737:
718:
710:
703:
694:Lipit-Ishtar
686:
681:
675:
649:
631:
610:A number of
609:
598:
589:
587:
574:
571:
552:
530:
524:
514:
508:
497:
492:
487:
484:
457:
450:
445:hieros gamos
443:
437:
415:
411:
403:
399:
397:
393:bēlet ru'āmi
392:
390:
377:
365:
338:
319:, without a
316:
302:
282:
278:
258:
229:
225:
210:
209:
66:
56:
24:
4718:(in German)
4341:(in German)
4335:"Šarrāḫītu"
4168:"Kanisurra"
4085:(in German)
4066:(in German)
3287:George 1993
3239:George 2000
3185:Boivin 2018
3117:Boivin 2018
2717:George 2000
2666:Abusch 2015
2613:George 1993
2574:Edzard 1980
2502:George 2000
1584:Sogdian art
1555:spell from
1296:Nin-Na-na-a
1226:e Na-na-a-a
1145:Sennacherib
1129:Uṣur-amāssu
1078:Belet Nagar
974:Samsu-Iluna
774:Uṣur-amāssu
756:Kudur-Mabuk
682:Šarrat Uruk
472:Uṣur-amāssu
412:belet kubzi
293:Uṣur-amāssu
183:Equivalents
4934:Categories
4848:2022-03-13
4830:2022-03-13
4722:2022-03-12
4702:2022-03-13
4612:2022-03-13
4442:2022-11-03
4415:2022-03-05
4381:2022-03-09
4363:2022-03-09
4345:2022-03-10
4326:2022-03-12
4294:2022-03-13
4230:2022-03-07
4177:2022-03-12
4089:2022-03-12
4070:2023-04-22
4050:2022-03-13
3949:2022-03-12
3895:2023-04-22
3825:2022-03-13
2792:Horry 2013
1710:Rubio 1999
1608:References
1598:Bar Bahlul
1502:Sapadbizes
1471:Achaemenid
1347:Literature
1329:Kızılırmak
1117:Sharrahitu
1109:Sin-kashid
1089:Sin-Eribam
873:Ningublaga
825:underworld
612:Hellenized
420:Esarhaddon
156:sometimes
23:. For the
4883:243923454
4766:163386405
4758:1613-1150
4697:0989-5671
4673:648616171
4607:163985956
4591:0022-0256
4558:165598135
4550:0022-0256
4517:164470953
4509:0084-5299
4476:162329196
4437:2748-6419
4410:234551379
4372:"Lāgamāl"
4268:255918382
4260:0373-6032
4159:263460607
4132:166601142
4124:0473-3851
3993:0221-5896
3944:163362140
3928:0022-0256
3630:Haas 2015
2741:Zisa 2021
2690:Zisa 2021
2678:Zisa 2021
2654:Zisa 2021
2642:Zisa 2021
2589:Zisa 2021
2301:Stol 1998
2143:Stol 1998
1593:figures.
1580:Panjakent
1533:Shapur II
1429:Tashmetum
1401:Annunitum
1379:(both in
1353:syncretic
1276:Melišipak
1211:Hammurabi
1044:instead.
983:Sargon II
950:Parentage
913:Tashmetum
883:and even
802:Kanisurra
760:Rim-Sîn I
660:Kanisurra
646:Ninshubur
636:from the
536:Ninsianna
381:cuneiform
373:Annunitum
289:Kanisurra
248:) was a
202:Tashmetum
173:Kanisurra
171:possibly
111:Genealogy
25:Tsukihime
4712:"Nanaja"
4642:48145544
4354:"Uraš A"
4204:27813103
4079:"Nungal"
3877:51944564
1591:Buddhist
1588:Mahayana
1545:Sasanian
1518:Bactrian
1506:Kanishka
1459:Shaushka
1440:Ishtaran
1421:Borsippa
1409:Mammitum
1385:Sarpanit
1325:Hittites
1302:"lady" (
1207:Sumulael
1196:Ninisina
1165:Seleucid
1163:through
1133:Urkayītu
1121:Ashratum
1105:Seleucid
1016:Akkadian
944:Sarpanit
725:'s wife
689:protégée
616:Parthian
542:form of
468:Mār-bīti
460:Borsippa
453:lamashtu
363:origin.
313:Akkadian
274:Sumerian
270:Akkadian
218:𒀭𒈾𒈾𒀀
215:Sumerian
168:Children
138:(mother)
131:(father)
125:(father)
95:Borsippa
21:Nannayya
4923:of the
4904:in the
4599:1359726
3936:1360026
1561:Shamash
1553:Mandean
1490:Bactria
1482:Armenia
1389:Babylon
1357:Damkina
1254:and in
1237:Ninurta
1222:Kazallu
1203:Babylon
1167:times.
1048:Worship
1020:Amorite
967:Ninegal
963:Lagamal
933:Nineveh
806:Gazbaba
790:Sebitti
786:Narundi
672:Babylon
666:'s and
656:Bizilla
590:kudurru
579:Kassite
575:kudurru
544:Pinikir
540:Hurrian
499:kudurru
488:šutummu
480:victory
425:Shamash
361:Hurrian
357:Semitic
345:Elamite
341:Aramean
263:to the
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1557:Nippur
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1500:ruler
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1486:Sogdia
1455:Marduk
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1413:Manzat
1397:Karkar
1373:Išḫara
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995:Ur III
959:emesal
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752:lamma.
727:Ninlil
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714:Nungal
664:Marduk
651:sukkal
648:, her
642:Dumuzi
601:pithos
476:Irnina
433:Nisaba
329:Diyala
309:suffix
285:Išḫara
254:Inanna
226:Ναναια
211:Nanaya
192:Pidray
136:Inanna
75:Louvre
67:Nanaya
37:Nanaya
4879:S2CID
4762:S2CID
4734:(PDF)
4691:(4).
4685:(PDF)
4603:S2CID
4595:JSTOR
4554:S2CID
4513:S2CID
4472:S2CID
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4406:S2CID
4264:S2CID
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3940:S2CID
3932:JSTOR
3840:(PDF)
1602:Arabs
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1474:Egypt
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1393:Shala
1361:Eridu
1314:Khana
1280:sanga
1042:Ḫepat
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909:Muati
881:Eridu
857:Kutha
840:Maqlû
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810:kubzu
768:lamma
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738:lamma
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706:Eanna
605:Assur
603:from
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548:Larsa
527:Venus
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511:spice
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379:late
325:Gasur
317:Na-na
222:Greek
162:Muati
123:Urash
105:Eanna
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4693:ISSN
4669:OCLC
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