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954:". During the massacre, Japanese troops in fact embarked on a determined search for former soldiers, in which thousands of young men were captured, most of whom were killed. In another case, Japanese troops gathered 1,300 Chinese soldiers and civilians at the Taiping Gate and killed them. The victims were blown up with landmines, then doused with petrol before being set on fire. Those that were left alive afterward were killed with bayonets.
935:
other claims, he has denied that there was execution of POWs in uniform, and cited anecdotes claiming that
Chinese POWs were treated humanely by Japanese soldiers. However, Higashinakano has also claimed at times that the executed POWs were illegitimate combatants, and so their execution was legitimate under international law. Higashinakano believes some several thousand "illegitimate combatants" may have been executed in such a fashion.
594:
of the nation: Japan, as a nation, acknowledges its past and apologizes for its wartime wrongdoings; or ... stands firm against foreign pressures and teaches
Japanese youth about the benevolent and courageous martyrs who fought a just war to save Asia from Western aggression." In some nationalist circles in Japan, speaking of a large-scale massacre at Nanjing is regarded as
809:. The Imperial Army imposed strict censorship. Any photographs with dead bodies couldn't get through. So photographers had to remove all the bodies before taking pictures of streets and buildings in the city ... Even if the photos were not staged, the refugees had no choice but to fawn on the Japanese soldiers. Acting otherwise meant their deaths".
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614:, characterizes the Nanjing Massacre as having "emerged as a fundamental keystone in the construction of the modern Chinese national identity". According to Askew, "a refusal to accept the 'orthodox' position on Nanjing can be construed as an attempt to deny the Chinese nation a legitimate voice in international society".
1017:, a professor at Ginling College, wrote in her diary on that day, "Oh God, control the cruel beastliness of the Japanese soldiers in Nanking tonight", and on the 19th, "In my wrath, I wished I had the power to smite them for their dastardly work. How ashamed women of Japan would be if they knew these tales of horror."
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Article 12 of the censorship guideline for newspapers issued in
September 1937 stated that any news article or photograph "unfavorable" to the Imperial Army was subject to a gag. Article 14 prohibited any "photographs of atrocities" but endorsed reports about the "cruelty of the Chinese" soldiers and
733:
activities were proscriptive as well as prescriptive. Besides issuing detailed guidelines to publishers, it made suggestions that were all but commands. From 1938, the print media "would come to realize that their survival depended upon taking cues from the
Cabinet Information Bureau and its flagship
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are representative academic leaders of this school. The books the two wrote were published and widely read, based on reliable researches. However, even in the school over 300,000 casualties are decided to be too large, considering the population and the scale of the military and this is against the
593:
In Japan, interpretation of the
Nanjing Massacre is a reflection upon the Japanese national identity and notions of "pride, honor and shame". Takashi Yoshida describes the Japanese debate over the Nanjing Massacre as "crystalliz a much larger conflict over what should constitute the ideal perception
711:
During the war, Japanese media and newspapers typically portrayed a positive view of the war in China. Reports on the massacre were generally muted, and newspaper reports and photos typically emphasized cooperation between
Chinese civilians and Japanese soldiers. Massacre denialists claim that the
668:
The common revisionist viewpoint, made by denialists such as
Higashinakano Shudo, is that the geographical area of the incident should be limited to the few square kilometers of the city, and they typically estimate the population to be about 200,000–250,000. However, this geographic definition is
934:
Massacre denialists such as
Higashinakano argue that the Nanjing Massacre was a fabrication and war-time propaganda spread by the Chinese Nationalists and Communists. He argues that the activities of the Japanese military in Nanjing were in accordance with international law and were humane. Among
680:
north of
Nanjing city, about 31 km in size) and other areas on the outskirts of the city. In 2003, Zhang Lianhong estimated that the population of greater Nanjing was between 535,000 and 635,000 civilians and soldiers just prior to the Japanese occupation. In 2008, he revised his estimate to
651:
The precise definition of the geographical area involved, duration of the massacre, as well as who is to be considered and counted among the victims, forms a major part of both the definition of the massacre and the arguments of denialists. Among the most extreme denialists, casualty claims range
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Two
Japanese soldiers have climbed over the garden wall and are about to break into our house. When I appear they give the excuse that they saw two Chinese soldiers climb over the wall. When I show them my party badge, they return the same way. In one of the houses in the narrow street behind my
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Estimates of the death toll vary widely, ranging from 40,000 to 200,000. Some scholars, notably revisionists in Japan, have contended that the actual death toll is far lower, or even that the event was entirely fabricated and never occurred at all. These revisionist accounts of the killings have
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noted that a 2015 version of the Japanese article attempted to imply that the rape and murder of Chinese civilians had occurred in the context of apprehending Chinese defectors. Schneider also noted that there were few to no images on the article; instead it contained a single image of Japanese
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Japanese affirmationists not only accept the validity of these tribunals and their findings, but also assert that Japan must stop denying the past and come to terms with Japan's responsibility for the war of aggression against its Asian neighbors. Affirmationists have drawn the attention of the
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Both positions are victimisation narratives. One depicts the Chinese as helpless victims of brutal Japanese imperialism in the winter of 1937–38, while the other depicts the gullible Japanese, innocent in the ways of the world, as victims of Chinese machinations and propaganda in the post-war
882:"Chinese" are turned into a single, homogenised voice and portrayed as sinister and manipulative twisters of the truth, while the similarly homogenized "Japanese" are portrayed as uniquely evil, as cruel and blood-thirsty beyond redemption, and as deniers of widely accepted historical truths.
1024:
Xia Shuqin, a woman testifying that she had been a massacre victim, sued Higashinakano for defamation for a claim made in a book written in 1998 that the murder of her family had been performed by Chinese, rather than Japanese, soldiers. On 5 February 2009, the Japanese Supreme Court ordered
857:
Takashi Hoshiyama characterizes opinion in Japan about the Nanjing Massacre as "broadly divided into two schools of thought: the massacre affirmation school, which asserts that a large-scale massacre took place, and the massacre denial school, which asserts that, a certain number of isolated
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Higashinakano and the publisher, Tendensha, to pay 4 million yen in damages to Xia. According to the court, Higashinakano failed to prove that she and the girl were different persons, and that she was not a witness of the Nanjing Massacre, as Higashinakano had claimed in his book.
797:, about 25 meters high, the prisoners of war were rounded up in a line. They were being stabbed by bayonets and shoved away off the wall. A number of Japanese soldiers polished their bayonets, shouted to themselves once and thrust their bayonets in the chest or back of POWs."
950:, on August 6, 1937, deputy minister of Military of Japan notified Japanese troops in Shanghai of the army's proposition to remove the constraints of international law on the treatment of Chinese prisoners. This directive also advised staff officers to stop using the term "
1070:, has been criticized for promoting denialist or revisionist narratives about the Nanjing Massacre. Scholars have compared and contrasted the article on the massacre (as well as other World War II–era topics) across various languages. In a 2018 book, Florian Schneider of
983:, whose report formed the basis of the Tribunal's findings, was reporting only hearsay, and that thus, the figure of 300,000 dead was "unreal", drew a response from Bob Tadashi Wakabayashi, who suggested that Higashinakano's assertions and conclusion were not "sensible":
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Vautrin also wrote in her diary that she had to go to the Japanese embassy repeatedly from December 18 to January 13 to get proclamations to prohibit Japanese soldiers from committing crimes at Ginling because the soldiers tore the documents up before taking women away.
1048:(IMTFE) and the Chinese government for the purpose of propaganda. He alleged that the Tokyo Tribunal was "victor's justice" and not a fair trial; that there were 2000 deaths for the entirety of the massacre; and that many civilians were killed by the Chinese military.
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Most scholars have accepted figures between 50,000 and 300,000 dead as an approximate total. Revisionists in Japan, however, have contended at times that the actual death toll is far lower, or even that the event was entirely fabricated and never occurred at all.
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Takashi Yoshida asserts that, "Nanjing has figured in the attempts of all three nations to preserve and redefine national and ethnic pride and identity, assuming different kinds of significance based on each country's changing internal and external enemies."
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Relations between Japan and China have been complicated as a result, as denial of the massacre is seen in China as part of an overall unwillingness on Japan's part to admit and apologize for its aggression, or a perceived insensitivity regarding the killings.
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magazine, Yumiko Sato similarly reported that the article read, "The Chinese side calls it the Nanjing Massacre, but the truth of the incident is still unknown", and identified a lack of pictures on the article. The Japanese Knowledge editor and academic
992:
Higashinakano has also at times denied the occurrence of mass rape on the part of Japanese troops, at times ascribing it to Chinese soldiers, and at other times simply denying its occurrence. The occurrence of rape during the massacre is testified to by
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had, on numerous occasions, claimed that the Nanjing Massacre was purely propaganda perpetrated by the Chinese communists and which could be placed into the same category as "fictitious history". The Taiwanese leader spent the first 22 years of life in
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wrote that it was a "compelling account of a horrendous episode that, until recently, has been largely forgotten". The text, however, was not without controversy. Chang's account drew on new sources to break new ground in the study of the period.
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notes, "Some deniers argue that Nanjing was much more peaceful than we generally think. They always show some photographs with Nanjing refugees selling some food in the streets or Chinese people smiling in the camps. They are forgetting about
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garden wall, a woman was raped, and then wounded in the neck with a bayonet. I managed to get an ambulance so we can take her to Kulou Hospital. ... Last night up to 1,000 women and girls are said to have been raped, about 100 girls at
987:
Higashinakano jumps to this conclusion in all earnestness because he clings to a hypothetical fixation that the Atrocity never happened. This forces him to seize any shred of evidence, whether sound or not, to sustain and systematize that
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468,000–568,000. Some historians also include six counties around Nanjing, known as the Nanjing Special Municipality. With the six surrounding counties included, the population of Nanjing is estimated to be more than 1 million.
972:, made a tour of Nanjing before his departure from the city. He heard waves of machine-gun fire and witnessed the Japanese soldiers gun down some two hundred Chinese within ten minutes. Two days later, in his report to the
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to support his claim that the massacre was a fabrication and death tolls were low. However, figures within the range of 50,000–300,000 are typically articulated among more sophisticated and mainstream historians. The
909:), they deny the massacre and argue that only a few POWs and civilians were killed by the Japanese military in Nanjing. More moderate denialists argue that between several thousand and 38,000–42,000 were massacred.
1829:, p. 18). This estimation includes the surrounding area outside of the city of Nanking, which is objected by a Chinese researcher (the same book, p. 146). Yutaka Yoshida concludes "more than 200,000" in his book (
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870:
formal released number of China. In Japan, the comments in the webpage of Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan and the description of Japanese textbooks are consistent with the academic theories of the school.
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Owing to the censorship, none of the hundred Japanese reporters in Nanjing when the city was captured wrote anything unfavorable to their countrymen. In 1956, however, Masatake Imai, correspondent for the
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defined the period of the massacre to the ensuing six weeks. More conservative estimates say the massacre started on December 14, when the troops entered the Safety Zone, and that it lasted for six weeks.
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noted that the first paragraph of the Japanese article expressed doubt about the details of the incident and "thereby portrays the Japanese military less negatively". In a 2021 article published in
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wrote that it was the "first comprehensive examination of the destruction of this Chinese imperial city", and that Chang "skillfully excavated from oblivion the terrible events that took place".
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who reported only about the "majestic and soul-stirring ceremony" of the triumphal entry of the Imperial Army, revealed he witnessed a mass execution of 400 to 500 Chinese men near
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alone. You hear nothing but rape. If husbands or brothers intervene, they're shot. What you hear and see on all sides is the brutality and bestiality of the Japanese soldiers.
722:), a consortium of military, politicians and professionals created in 1936 as a "committee" and upgraded to a "division" in 1937, applied censorship of all the media of the
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Japanese public to atrocities committed by the Japanese Army during World War II in general and the Nanjing Massacre in particular in support of an anti-war agenda.
631:, and served as a military officer when the island-nation was still under Japanese rule. In general, attitudes in Taiwan towards Japan are more positive than in the
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news published in the Japanese media and newspapers were "true" and "reliable" stories. However, most mainstream historians counter that it is well known that the
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s office. "I wish I could write about it", he told his colleague Nakamura. "Someday, we will, but not for the time being. But we sure saw it", Nakamura answered.
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568:, have played prominent roles in countering Nanjing Massacre denialism in the decades after the killings. Nonetheless, denialist accounts, such as those of
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mean that the perception of Japan is less influenced by Japanese actions in WWII and more influenced by contemporary Japanese cultural exports.
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2488:[Regarding Yumiko Sato's article "Reasons why 'historical revisionism' is widespread on the Japanese Knowledge and solutions for it"].
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1353:"International reconciliation on the Internet? Ontological security, attribution and the construction of war memory narratives in Knowledge"
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The duration of the incident is naturally defined by its geography: the earlier the Japanese entered the area, the longer the duration. The
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1044:, Masaaki Tanaka alleges that there was no indiscriminate killing in Nanjing and that the massacre was a fabrication manufactured by the
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almost universally unheard of outside of revisionist circles. Their use of 200,000–250,000 civilians also only includes those in the
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maintained that the Nanjing Massacre was a fabrication which sought "to demonize the Japanese race, culture, history, and nation".
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Penney, Matthew (2008). "Far from Oblivion: The Nanking Massacre in Japanese Historical Writing for Children and Young Adults".
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David Askew asserts that the debate over the Nanjing Massacre has been hijacked by "two large groups of layperson activists".
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James Leibold (November 2008). "Picking at the Wound: Nanjing, 1937–38". Electronic Journal of Contemporary Japanese Studies.
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Bob Tadashi Wakabayashi, ed. (2008). The Nanking Atrocity, 1937–38: Complicating the Picture. Berghahn Books. p. 362.
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903:" in which only the winning side's version of events are accepted. Described within Japan as the Illusion School (
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due to the longer and less harsh Japanese administration of Taiwan compared to the Japanese occupation in the
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Yang, Daqing (June 1999). "Convergence or Divergence? Recent Historical Writings on the Rape of Nanjing".
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ended on December 13, when the divisions of the Japanese Army entered the walled city of Nanjing. The
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1845:, p. 160). Professor Tomio Hora at Waseda University in Tokyo writes 50,000–100,000 (Tanaka Masaaki,
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regime and that this office held a policing authority over the realm of publishing. Therefore, the
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area and a reporter, Yuji Maeda, saw recruits executing Chinese prisoners of war with bayonets.
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agreed that revisionism was an issue, but corrected some technical aspects of Sato's arguments.
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Most historians include a much larger area around the city, including the Xiaguan district (the
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The most extreme denialists, by and large, reject the findings of the tribunals as a kind of "
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with some historians attempting to downplay or outright deny that the massacre took place.
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states "more than 100,000 and close to 200,000, or maybe more", referring to his own book
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Askew, David (2004). "The Contested Past: History and Semantics in the Nanjing Debate".
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Denialists say that few civilians were killed, and that the massacre is a fabrication.
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soldiers checking Chinese prisoners for weapons. In a 2019 paper, Karl Gustafsson of
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with respect to the scope and nature of the atrocities which were committed by the
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1302:"Reconciling Narratives of the Nanjing Massacre in Japanese and Chinese Textbooks"
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The Truth of the Nanking Operation in 1937 (1937 Nanking Koryakusen no Shinjitsu)
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951:
602:' (in the case of foreigners) or 'self-flagellation' (in the case of Japanese)".
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Askew, David (April 2002). "The Nanjing Incident – Recent Research and Trends".
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533:. In Japan, however, there has been a debate over the extent and nature of the
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2349:"Convergence or Divergence? Recent Historical Writings on the Rape of Nanjing"
1624:"Convergence or Divergence? Recent Historical Writings on the Rape of Nanjing"
549:. Scholars have also said that the Japanese version of the Knowledge article (
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Daqing Yang, "A Sino-Japanese Controversy: The Nanjing Atrocity As History",
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Fujiwara, Akira (1995). "Nitchû Sensô ni Okeru Horyotoshido Gyakusatsu".
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estimated at least 200,000 casualties and at least 20,000 cases of rape.
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American Goddess at the Rape of Nanking: The Courage of Minnie Vautrin
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Masaaki Tanaka was discredited after it was proven that he engaged in
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International Conference to Review the Global Vision of the Holocaust
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2514:[Possibilities of historians' participation in Knowledge].
1971:"The Nanjing Massacre, Psychological Warfare: I Chinese Propaganda"
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Denial of the genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia
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The Other Side: The Secret Relationship Between Nazism and Zionism
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Nitchû Sensô ni Okeru Horyo Gyakusatsu, Kikan Sensô Sekinin Kenkyû
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1405:"Non-English Editions of Knowledge Have a Misinformation Problem"
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What Really Happened in Nanking: The Refutation of a Common Myth
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A Chinese POW about to be beheaded by a Japanese officer with a
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murdered hundreds of thousands of Chinese soldiers and civilians
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Japanese Knowledge § Allegations of historical revisionism
677:
545:
discourse. The massacre is also only briefly mentioned in some
1576:"Taiwan finds a lot to like about its former colonizer, Japan"
4236:
3469:
1886:
Certain Victory: Images of World War II in the Japanese Media
1873:
Certain Victory: Images of World War II in the Japanese Media
1270:
1268:
1037:
by altering several hundred places of an important document.
640:
636:
632:
1761:"Data Challenges Japanese Theory on Nanjing Population Size"
3489:
2296:"Chinese hail Nanjing Massacre witness' libel suit victory"
1846:
852:
3485:
Gesellschaft zur Rechtlichen und Humanitären Unterstützung
1710:
HyperWar: International Military Tribunal for the Far East
1265:
1707:"Chapter VIII - Conventional War Crimes - (Atrocities)".
560:
Some Japanese journalists and social scientists, such as
2560:
890:
700:
2435:
Kodansha-kan "Nankin no Shinjitsu" wa Shinjitsu dehanai
2253:
The Nanking atrocity, 1937–38: complicating the picture
938:
What Higashinakano believed is against the articles of
2565:
The Nanking Atrocity 1937–38: Complicating the Picture
813:
Revived international interest in the Nanjing Massacre
673:, which does not include everyone inside of the city.
1429:
1427:
605:
92:
Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia
1242:
1240:
1238:
3803:
Additional Protocol to the Convention on Cybercrime
2679:
Electronic Journal of Contemporary Japanese Studies
1531:
Electronic Journal of Contemporary Japanese Studies
1527:"The Nanjing Incident – Recent Research and Trends"
284:
International Committee for the Nanjing Safety Zone
3365:On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians
3063:Negationism of the military dictatorship of Brazil
2613:The Nanjing Massacre in History and Historiography
2562:
2460:The Nanjing Massacre in History and Historiography
1424:
1398:
1396:
1260:The Nanjing Massacre in History and Historiography
2267:The Good Man of Nanking, the Diaries of John Rabe
1927:Mokugekisha ga Kataru Showashi 5: Nichi Chu Senso
1235:
5116:
5099:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
2629:
1286:
1284:
1046:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
912:
663:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
307:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
5069:German pre–World War II industrial co-operation
2610:
2040:"The Split Personality of the Nanking Massacre"
1803:
1393:
50:Denial of atrocities against Indigenous peoples
4053:
3525:Zeitgeschichtliche Forschungsstelle Ingolstadt
2657:
2486:"佐藤由美子さんの「日本語版ウィキペディアで「歴史修正主義」が広がる理由と解決策」について"
2196:
1955:
1940:
1925:
1919:
1904:
1898:
1132:List of war apology statements issued by Japan
966:in the north. Durdin, who was working for the
904:
874:Hijacking of the debate by layperson activists
786:
771:
749:
735:
713:
610:David Askew, an associate professor of law at
550:
3932:
3465:Centre for the Study of the Causes of the War
2767:
2733:
2688:Nitchû Sensô ni Okeru Horyotoshido Gyakusatsu
1327:. Oxford University Press. pp. 123–124.
1281:
617:
521:. Most historians accept the findings of the
475:
233:
1992:
1137:Japanese Society for History Textbook Reform
858:aberrations aside, no massacre took place".
5150:World War II-related historical negationism
4416:Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office
2431:
2396:"The Nanking Massacre: Now You See It, ..."
2393:
1671:"The Nanking Massacre: Now You See It, ..."
1668:
3939:
3925:
3597:A History of the Palestinian People (2017)
2781:
2774:
2760:
2685:
2648:
2001:"History's Shadow Foils Nanking Chronicle"
1867:
1865:
1350:
482:
468:
240:
226:
4819:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
4429:Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors
3562:Coverage of the Hillsborough disaster by
3237:
2037:
2031:
1817:Iwanami shinsho (FUJIWARA Akira (editor)
1368:
1320:
1042:The Fabrication of the 'Nanjing Massacre'
861:In the massacre affirmation school, both
4202:National Spiritual Mobilization Movement
2941:
2483:
2210:
1998:
1739:"The Nanking Atrocities: Fact and Fable"
1520:
1518:
1516:
916:
853:Massacre affirmation vs. massacre denial
146:Scholarly controversy over mass killings
3338:There was no such thing as Palestinians
2694:
2229:
2223:
1862:
1727:. Tokyo: Sekai Shuppan, 2000. pp. 16-17
1495:
1207:
1127:Japanese history textbook controversies
652:from several dozen to several hundred.
646:
434:American Goddess at the Rape of Nanking
350:Japanese history textbook controversies
5117:
5017:Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
3036:Denial of state terrorism in Argentina
2742:
2561:Wakabayashi, Bob Tadashi, ed. (2008).
2509:
2320:"Author on Nanjing loses libel appeal"
2173:
2171:
2169:
2128:
1900:Fukyoka Shashi Ron: Hūkoku no Shashi 2
1875:, M. E. Sharpe, 2007, pp. 89, 108, 143
1147:Historiography of the Nanjing Massacre
946:. For example, according to historian
929:
321:Historiography of the Nanjing Massacre
3920:
2869:Atrocities against Indigenous peoples
2755:
2676:
2456:
2264:
2109:
1930:, Shin Jinbutsu Orai, 1989, p. 49–58.
1906:Mainichi Shinbun Hizū Fukyoka Shashin
1609:The "Nanking Massacre" as Fabrication
1524:
1513:
1051:
891:Japanese perspectives on the massacre
832:, received general critical acclaim.
785:Jiro Suzuki, a correspondent for the
701:History and censorship during the war
557:) emphasizes revisionist narratives.
4421:Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff
4177:Imperial Rule Assistance Association
2916:U.S. cover-up of Japanese war crimes
2710:
2704:
2573:
2346:
2232:"Nanjing remembers massacre victims"
2038:Hoshiyama, Takashi (November 2007).
2018:
1909:2, Mainichi Shinbun 1999, pp.177–178
1736:
1621:
1453:
1433:
1402:
1346:
1344:
1316:
1314:
1299:
579:
16:Denial of the 1937 massacre by Japan
5089:Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman
4331:East Asia Development Board (Kōain)
3946:
3520:United Daughters of the Confederacy
2554:
2442:] (in Japanese). Archived from
2166:
2026:The making of the "Rape of Nanking"
1963:
1942:Shanghai Jidai: Journalist no Kaiso
1440:Yumiko Sato's Music Therapy Journal
612:Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University
13:
3495:Iğdır Genocide Memorial and Museum
2697:The Making of the "Rape of Nanking
2615:. University of California Press.
2463:. University of California Press.
2440:"The Truth of Nanking" is not true
1921:"Nankin Shinai no Tairyo Satsujin"
940:Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907
606:China (People's Republic of China)
330:Death toll of the Nanjing Massacre
180:Native American population decline
14:
5166:
3609:The Hoax of the Twentieth Century
3354:Allegations of genocide in Donbas
3246:Destruction of Armenian heritage
3153:Destruction of cultural heritage
3110:Ancient Egyptian race controversy
2394:Wakabayashi, Bob Tadashi (2001).
2112:Ritsumeikan International Affairs
1669:Wakabayashi, Bob Tadashi (2001).
1341:
1321:Schneider, Florian (2018-08-16).
1311:
1107:2005 anti-Japanese demonstrations
1028:
707:Censorship in the Empire of Japan
4789:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts
4052:
3901:
3900:
2611:Joshua A. Fogel (5 March 2000).
2542:from the original on 2023-09-28.
2336:from the original on 2023-09-28.
2177:Higashinakano (2005) pp. 219–223
1835:Tennou no guntai to Nankin jiken
1564:from the original on 2017-08-18.
1461:The Unpredictability of the Past
1436:"日本語版ウィキペディアで「歴史修正主義」が広がる理由と解決策"
1068:fourth largest Knowledge edition
4804:Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact
3505:Institute for Historical Review
3500:Institute for Armenian Research
3323:Denial of the 7 October attacks
3224:Shakespeare authorship question
2933:Denial of the 7 October attacks
2745:Fabrication of Nanjing Massacre
2715:Nankin Jiken Gyakusatsu no kozo
2660:Tenno no Guntai to Nankin Jiken
2549:
2503:
2477:
2450:
2425:
2387:
2340:
2312:
2288:
2273:
2258:
2245:
2230:Bristow, Michael (2007-12-13).
2204:
2189:
2180:
2157:
2122:
2103:
2086:
2069:
2056:
1999:Carvajal, Doreen (1999-05-20).
1957:Tenno no Guntai to Nankin Jiken
1948:
1933:
1912:
1891:
1878:
1848:What Really Happened in Nanking
1773:
1753:
1730:
1717:
1700:
1662:
1615:
1593:
1568:
1548:
1504:
1466:
1351:Gustafsson, Karl (2019-07-18).
1112:Anti-Chinese sentiment in Japan
770:, the Shanghai bureau chief of
374:Black Sun: The Nanking Massacre
5059:Japanese settlers in Manchuria
4172:Imperial Rescript on Education
3229:Territorial losses of Thailand
2457:Fogel, Joshua A., ed. (2002).
2353:The American Historical Review
2131:Holocaust and Genocide Studies
1920:
1905:
1628:The American Historical Review
1293:
345:Nanjing Massacre Memorial Hall
185:1944–1950 expulsion of Germans
1:
4505:Imperial Way Faction (Kōdōha)
4411:Imperial General Headquarters
4002:Foreign commerce and shipping
3616:I Am More Than a Wolf Whistle
3435:Vietnam stab-in-the-back myth
3051:Lost Cause of the Confederacy
2884:Genocide of Serbs during WWII
2822:school textbook controversies
2734:Higashinakano, Syudo (2003).
1945:, Cho Koron 1975, pp.251–252.
1605:'Nankin gyakusatsu' no kyokù"
913:Prominent Japanese denialists
340:Nanjing Massacre Memorial Day
5155:Conspiracy theories in Japan
4837:Hirohito surrender broadcast
4232:Greater East Asia Conference
3769:Lehideux and Isorni v France
3656:Report about Case Srebrenica
3630:Journal of Historical Review
3132:Censorship of Great Zimbabwe
2632:Nankin jiken Iwanami shinsho
2484:Kitamura, Sae (2021-01-17).
2304:. 2009-02-09. Archived from
1480:. 1998-12-01. Archived from
517:. This is relevant today in
7:
4217:Supreme Court of Judicature
3571:Did Six Million Really Die?
3204:Like sheep to the slaughter
2197:
2186:Higashinakano (2003) p. 165
1960:, Aoki Shoten, 1986, p. 117
1956:
1941:
1926:
1899:
1525:Askew, David (2002-04-04).
1434:Sato, Yumiko (2021-01-09).
1403:Sato, Yumiko (2021-03-19).
1324:China's Digital Nationalism
1100:
925:during the Nanjing Massacre
905:
847:Japanese ultra-nationalists
787:
772:
750:
736:
714:
622:Former Taiwanese President
312:Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal
302:Hundred man killing contest
10:
5171:
4928:Second Philippine Republic
4701:Manchuria–Mongolia problem
3777:Irving v Penguin Books Ltd
3694:J.J. Fedorowicz Publishing
3515:Turkish Historical Society
3046:Ferdinand Marcos apologism
2576:American Historical Review
2251:Wakabayashi, Bob Tadashi.
2213:Kikan Sensô Sekinin Kenkyû
1975:www.thenanjingmassacre.org
1888:, M. E. Sharpe, 2007, p.99
1055:
720:Cabinet Information Bureau
704:
656:, a denialist, engaged in
629:Taiwan under Japanese rule
618:Taiwan (Republic of China)
5036:
5009:
4951:
4905:
4862:
4855:
4809:Japan during World War II
4764:Pacification of Manchukuo
4734:
4664:
4656:Invasion of Taiwan (1895)
4651:Invasion of Taiwan (1874)
4589:
4582:
4533:
4520:Control Faction (Tōseiha)
4473:
4399:
4392:
4339:
4257:
4250:
4242:Imperial Japanese Airways
4149:
4096:
4061:
4050:
3954:
3896:
3838:Historical misconceptions
3820:
3795:
3752:
3719:
3712:
3681:
3665:
3533:
3447:
3417:
3391:
3346:
3315:
3282:
3092:
3014:
2846:
2789:
2695:Yoshida, Takashi (2006).
2651:Nankin jiken o dou miruka
2630:Kasahara Tokushi (1998).
1831:Nankin jiken o dou miruka
1819:Nankin jiken o dou miruka
1307:. Tsuru Bunka University.
841:The Philadelphia Inquirer
789:Tokyo Nichi Nichi Shimbun
551:
547:Japanese school textbooks
165:Colonization of Australia
112:Tiananmen Square massacre
4784:Second Sino-Japanese War
4726:Racial Equality Proposal
4306:Agriculture and Commerce
3381:Denial of Crimean Tatars
3210:Myth of the golden exile
2743:Tanaka, Masaaki (1984).
2528:10.57269/antitled.1.0_83
2512:"歴史学者によるKnowledge参加の可能性"
1833:p. 123, Yoshida Yutaka,
1560:. 小学館. 10 January 2014.
1478:NewsHour with Jim Lehrer
1370:10.1177/0047117819864410
1187:Armenian genocide denial
1182:Holocaust trivialization
997:, elected leader of the
690:Tokyo War Crime Tribunal
588:
515:Second Sino-Japanese War
274:Battle of Nanking (1937)
255:This article is part of
97:Indonesian mass killings
4696:Washington Naval Treaty
4641:Anglo–Japanese Alliance
4626:First Sino-Japanese War
4445:Nuclear weapons program
4187:Great Japan Youth Party
4114:National seals of Japan
3785:Perinçek v. Switzerland
3215:Phantom time hypothesis
2809:Knowledge falsification
2658:Yoshida Yutaka (1998).
2265:Woods, John E. (1998).
2066:, November 1990, p. 24.
1851:, 2000, Sekai Shuppan,
1357:International Relations
1197:Bosnian genocide denial
1122:Sino-Japanese relations
835:The Wall Street Journal
519:Sino-Japanese relations
495:Nanjing Massacre denial
441:The Good Man of Nanking
416:The Truth about Nanjing
335:Nanjing Massacre denial
33:Denial of mass killings
5135:Anti-Chinese sentiment
4774:Motherland controversy
4744:Shōwa financial crisis
4536:Imperial Japanese Navy
4476:Imperial Japanese Army
4207:Peace Preservation Law
3883:Genocide justification
3846:Accusation in a mirror
3833:Historical revisionism
3649:The Ottoman Lieutenant
3100:Allah as a lunar deity
2987:Double genocide theory
2783:Historical negationism
2719:. Chuo Koron Shinsho.
2711:Hata, Ikuhiko (1986).
2510:Tajiri, Kenta (2022).
2100:!, February 2001, 197.
2083:!, February 2001, 197.
1737:Hata, Ikuhiko (1998).
1202:Historical negationism
1167:Statism in Shōwa Japan
1012:
990:
926:
888:
527:Imperial Japanese Army
381:City of Life and Death
213:Historical revisionism
208:Historical negationism
203:Genocide justification
4686:Siberian Intervention
4495:Railways and Shipping
4311:Commerce and Industry
4007:Industrial production
3578:Falsifiers of History
3556:The Birth of a Nation
3307:Stab-in-the-back myth
3084:Operation Legacy (UK)
2951:Austria victim theory
2347:Yang, Daqing (1999).
2064:Sino-Japanese Studies
1939:Shigeharu Matsumoto,
1837:, 1998, Aoki shoten,
1622:Yang, Daqing (1999).
1580:The Los Angeles Times
1008:Ginling Girls College
1003:
985:
920:
880:
5140:Japanese nationalism
5104:Political dissidence
4953:Occupied territories
4691:General Election Law
4515:Taiwan Army of Japan
3704:Nation Europa Verlag
3480:FactCheckArmenia.com
3376:Censorship of images
3093:Other manifestations
2976:Italiani brava gente
2285:, 2000, p.90, 95, 96
1459:Gallicchio, Marc S.
1290:Yoshida, pp. 157–158
1208:Notes and references
1142:Japanese nationalism
1077:Stockholm University
647:Issues of definition
543:Japanese nationalist
4923:Wang Jingwei regime
4833:Potsdam Declaration
4824:Soviet–Japanese War
4779:Anti-Comintern Pact
4769:January 28 incident
4754:London Naval Treaty
4631:Triple Intervention
4460:Supreme War Council
4344:deliberative bodies
3868:Conspiracy theories
3852:Ash heap of history
3409:Sun Language Theory
3174:Myth of English aid
2747:. Nihon Kyobun Sha.
2490:Commentarius Saevus
2399:Monumenta Nipponica
2094:永久保存版 - 三派合同 大アンケート
2077:永久保存版 - 三派合同 大アンケート
1897:Shinichi Kusamori,
1791:on 22 December 2015
1674:Monumenta Nipponica
1300:Kasahara, Tokushi.
1276:The China Challenge
1162:Japanese war crimes
1035:academic misconduct
999:Nanjing Safety Zone
930:Shudo Higashinakano
823:The Rape of Nanking
807:Japanese propaganda
768:Shigeharu Matsumoto
671:Nanjing Safety Zone
658:academic misconduct
570:Shūdō Higashinakano
541:become a staple of
501:claim denying that
448:The Rape of Nanking
367:The Battle of China
293:Japanese war crimes
279:Nanjing Safety Zone
102:Bangladesh genocide
41:Instances of denial
4646:Russo-Japanese War
4616:Two Lords Incident
4271:Imperial Household
3828:Historical fiction
3623:Jasenovac – istina
3549:A Verdade Sufocada
3455:Adelaide Institute
3359:All-Russian nation
3316:Israel / Palestine
3295:Myth of Langemarck
3274:Western Azerbaijan
3137:Christ myth theory
3105:Ancient astronauts
3015:Other whitewashing
2889:Croatian Knowledge
2879:Cambodian genocide
2713:Nanjing Incident (
2143:10.1093/hgs/dcn003
2005:The New York Times
1884:David C. Earhart,
1871:David C. Earhart,
1821:1998 Aoki shoten,
1064:Japanese Knowledge
1052:Japanese Knowledge
927:
829:The New York Times
395:The Flowers of War
388:Don't Cry, Nanking
107:Cambodian genocide
5112:
5111:
5084:Socialist thought
5032:
5031:
4971:Dutch East Indies
4933:Empire of Vietnam
4851:
4850:
4621:Satsuma Rebellion
4601:Meiji Restoration
4578:
4577:
4388:
4387:
4326:Greater East Asia
4212:Political parties
4167:Foreign relations
3914:
3913:
3873:False attribution
3816:
3815:
3796:International law
3682:Publishing houses
3443:
3442:
3430:Irish slaves myth
3250:Cemetery in Julfa
3193:Khazar hypothesis
3148:Damnatio memoriae
3031:Czechoslovak myth
3010:
3009:
2923:Rohingya genocide
2864:Armenian genocide
2705:Denialist sources
2432:Tanaka, Masaaki.
2163:Hata Ikuhiko 1993
2024:Takashi Yoshida.
1785:www.sjhistory.org
1723:Tanaka, Masaaki.
1413:. The Slate Group
1334:978-0-19-087681-4
1262:. 2000, page 46-8
1258:Fogel, Joshua A.
1152:Shintaro Ishihara
1072:Leiden University
956:F. Tillman Durdin
728:Naikaku Jōhōkyoku
715:Naikaku Jōhōkyoku
686:Battle of Nanjing
580:National identity
531:Battle of Nanjing
503:Imperial Japanese
492:
491:
250:
249:
137:Rohingya genocide
55:Armenian genocide
5162:
5125:Nanjing Massacre
5074:Shinmin no Michi
5064:Internment camps
4976:French Indochina
4860:
4859:
4706:Taishō Democracy
4587:
4586:
4510:Japanese holdout
4397:
4396:
4321:Colonial Affairs
4255:
4254:
4182:Yokusan Sonendan
4088:
4080:
4072:
4056:
4055:
3982:Economic history
3941:
3934:
3927:
3918:
3917:
3904:
3903:
3717:
3716:
3303:
3263:
3235:
3234:
3182:
3071:
3041:Driftwood theory
2939:
2938:
2928:Rwandan genocide
2911:Nanjing Massacre
2906:Khojaly massacre
2874:Bosnian genocide
2776:
2769:
2762:
2753:
2752:
2748:
2739:
2730:
2700:
2691:
2686:Fujiwara Akira.
2682:
2673:
2654:
2649:Yoshida Yutaka.
2645:
2626:
2607:
2570:
2568:
2555:Academic sources
2544:
2543:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2497:
2481:
2475:
2474:
2454:
2448:
2447:
2429:
2423:
2422:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2344:
2338:
2337:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2292:
2286:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2262:
2256:
2249:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2239:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2208:
2202:
2200:
2193:
2187:
2184:
2178:
2175:
2164:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2107:
2101:
2090:
2084:
2073:
2067:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2045:. Archived from
2044:
2035:
2029:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2012:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1986:
1977:. Archived from
1967:
1961:
1959:
1954:Yutaka Yoshida,
1952:
1946:
1944:
1937:
1931:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1916:
1910:
1908:
1907:
1902:
1895:
1889:
1882:
1876:
1869:
1860:
1811:Tokushi Kasahara
1807:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1787:. Archived from
1777:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1767:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1745:. Archived from
1734:
1728:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1704:
1698:
1697:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1619:
1613:
1604:
1597:
1591:
1590:
1588:
1587:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1543:
1542:
1533:. Archived from
1522:
1511:
1508:
1502:
1499:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1489:
1470:
1464:
1463:. 2007, page 158
1457:
1451:
1450:
1448:
1447:
1431:
1422:
1421:
1419:
1418:
1400:
1391:
1390:
1372:
1348:
1339:
1338:
1318:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1297:
1291:
1288:
1279:
1278:. 2007, pp. 9–10
1274:Dillon, Dana R.
1272:
1263:
1256:
1247:
1244:
1233:
1222:
1177:Holocaust denial
1096:
981:Harold Timperley
960:Archibald Steele
908:
901:victor's justice
867:Tokushi Kasahara
802:Tokushi Kasahara
792:
777:
763:
756:
739:
732:
717:
597:
556:
555:
499:pseudohistorical
484:
477:
470:
265:Nanjing Massacre
252:
251:
242:
235:
228:
132:Bosnian genocide
127:Rwandan genocide
122:Khojaly massacre
87:Nanjing Massacre
82:Congo Free State
35:
19:
18:
5170:
5169:
5165:
5164:
5163:
5161:
5160:
5159:
5130:Genocide denial
5115:
5114:
5113:
5108:
5094:Yasukuni Shrine
5028:
5005:
4947:
4901:
4847:
4799:Tripartite Pact
4794:Rape of Nanking
4730:
4716:Tapani incident
4660:
4636:Boxer Rebellion
4594:
4574:
4538:
4529:
4478:
4469:
4404:
4384:
4378:Representatives
4346:
4343:
4342:Legislative and
4335:
4301:Foreign Affairs
4264:
4261:
4246:
4145:
4124:Government Seal
4109:Rising Sun Flag
4092:
4086:
4078:
4070:
4057:
4048:
3950:
3948:Empire of Japan
3945:
3915:
3910:
3892:
3878:Furtive fallacy
3842:
3812:
3791:
3748:
3708:
3677:
3661:
3636:Leuchter report
3542:A Town Betrayed
3529:
3439:
3425:1776 Commission
3413:
3399:Denial of Kurds
3387:
3342:
3311:
3297:
3278:
3257:
3233:
3176:
3088:
3065:
3016:
3006:
2937:
2856:
2851:
2848:Genocide denial
2842:
2830:Rationalization
2785:
2780:
2727:
2707:
2670:
2642:
2623:
2588:10.2307/2650991
2557:
2552:
2547:
2518:(in Japanese).
2508:
2504:
2495:
2493:
2482:
2478:
2471:
2455:
2451:
2430:
2426:
2411:10.2307/3096672
2392:
2388:
2365:10.2307/2650991
2345:
2341:
2325:The Japan Times
2318:
2317:
2313:
2294:
2293:
2289:
2278:
2274:
2263:
2259:
2250:
2246:
2237:
2235:
2228:
2224:
2215:(in Japanese).
2209:
2205:
2194:
2190:
2185:
2181:
2176:
2167:
2162:
2158:
2127:
2123:
2108:
2104:
2091:
2087:
2074:
2070:
2061:
2057:
2049:
2042:
2036:
2032:
2023:
2019:
2010:
2008:
1997:
1993:
1984:
1982:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1953:
1949:
1938:
1934:
1918:Masatake Imai,
1917:
1913:
1896:
1892:
1883:
1879:
1870:
1863:
1808:
1804:
1794:
1792:
1779:
1778:
1774:
1765:
1763:
1759:
1758:
1754:
1743:japanecho.co.jp
1735:
1731:
1722:
1718:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1686:10.2307/3096672
1667:
1663:
1640:10.2307/2650991
1620:
1616:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1585:
1583:
1574:
1573:
1569:
1554:
1553:
1549:
1540:
1538:
1523:
1514:
1509:
1505:
1500:
1496:
1487:
1485:
1472:
1471:
1467:
1458:
1454:
1445:
1443:
1432:
1425:
1416:
1414:
1401:
1394:
1349:
1342:
1335:
1319:
1312:
1304:
1298:
1294:
1289:
1282:
1273:
1266:
1257:
1250:
1245:
1236:
1223:
1214:
1210:
1172:Genocide denial
1117:Racism in Japan
1103:
1090:
1060:
1054:
1031:
952:prisoner of war
932:
915:
893:
876:
855:
815:
761:
730:
709:
703:
649:
620:
608:
595:
591:
582:
566:Katsuichi Honda
509:in the city of
488:
246:
217:
189:
175:Mongol conquest
141:
65:Romani genocide
34:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5168:
5158:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5110:
5109:
5107:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5040:
5038:
5034:
5033:
5030:
5029:
5027:
5026:
5025:
5024:
5013:
5011:
5007:
5006:
5004:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4957:
4955:
4949:
4948:
4946:
4945:
4940:
4938:State of Burma
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4909:
4907:
4903:
4902:
4900:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4866:
4864:
4857:
4853:
4852:
4849:
4848:
4846:
4845:
4840:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4759:Musha Incident
4756:
4751:
4749:Jinan incident
4746:
4740:
4738:
4732:
4731:
4729:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4682:
4681:
4670:
4668:
4662:
4661:
4659:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4606:Beipu uprising
4603:
4597:
4595:
4590:
4584:
4580:
4579:
4576:
4575:
4573:
4572:
4570:Treaty Faction
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4541:
4539:
4534:
4531:
4530:
4528:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4500:Imperial Guard
4497:
4492:
4487:
4481:
4479:
4474:
4471:
4470:
4468:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4441:
4440:
4425:
4424:
4423:
4418:
4407:
4405:
4400:
4394:
4390:
4389:
4386:
4385:
4383:
4382:
4381:
4380:
4375:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4349:
4347:
4340:
4337:
4336:
4334:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4267:
4265:
4260:Administration
4258:
4252:
4248:
4247:
4245:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4153:
4151:
4147:
4146:
4144:
4143:
4138:
4137:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4111:
4106:
4100:
4098:
4094:
4093:
4091:
4090:
4082:
4074:
4065:
4063:
4059:
4058:
4051:
4049:
4047:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4025:
4024:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3958:
3956:
3952:
3951:
3944:
3943:
3936:
3929:
3921:
3912:
3911:
3909:
3908:
3897:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3863:Cherry picking
3860:
3855:
3848:
3841:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3824:
3822:
3818:
3817:
3814:
3813:
3811:
3810:
3808:Right to truth
3805:
3799:
3797:
3793:
3792:
3790:
3789:
3781:
3773:
3765:
3756:
3754:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3725:
3723:
3714:
3710:
3709:
3707:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3685:
3683:
3679:
3678:
3676:
3675:
3669:
3667:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3659:
3652:
3645:
3638:
3633:
3626:
3619:
3612:
3605:
3603:Hitler Diaries
3600:
3593:
3586:
3581:
3574:
3567:
3559:
3552:
3545:
3537:
3535:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3451:
3449:
3445:
3444:
3441:
3440:
3438:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3421:
3419:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3411:
3406:
3404:History Thesis
3401:
3395:
3393:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3385:
3384:
3383:
3378:
3370:
3369:
3368:
3356:
3350:
3348:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3319:
3317:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3309:
3304:
3292:
3290:Borussian myth
3286:
3284:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3276:
3271:
3269:Nizami Ganjavi
3266:
3265:
3264:
3252:
3243:
3241:
3232:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3219:New chronology
3212:
3207:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3183:
3171:
3170:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3151:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3128:
3127:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3096:
3094:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3060:
3059:
3058:
3056:Dunning School
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3020:
3018:
3017:of governments
3012:
3011:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3004:
2996:
2994:Vichy syndrome
2991:
2990:
2989:
2982:Trivialization
2979:
2972:
2971:
2970:
2953:
2947:
2945:
2936:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2919:
2918:
2908:
2903:
2901:Katyn massacre
2898:
2893:
2892:
2891:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2860:
2858:
2857:and atrocities
2844:
2843:
2841:
2840:
2837:Victim blaming
2833:
2826:
2825:
2824:
2812:
2805:
2802:Disinformation
2798:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2779:
2778:
2771:
2764:
2756:
2750:
2749:
2740:
2731:
2725:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2701:
2692:
2683:
2674:
2668:
2655:
2646:
2640:
2627:
2621:
2608:
2571:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2545:
2502:
2476:
2469:
2449:
2446:on 2015-09-24.
2424:
2405:(4): 521–544.
2386:
2359:(3): 842–865.
2339:
2332:. 2009-02-07.
2311:
2308:on 2009-05-21.
2301:People's Daily
2287:
2272:
2257:
2255:. 2007. p. 327
2244:
2222:
2203:
2188:
2179:
2165:
2156:
2121:
2102:
2085:
2068:
2055:
2052:on 2013-11-01.
2030:
2028:. 2006, p. 146
2017:
1991:
1962:
1947:
1932:
1911:
1890:
1877:
1861:
1802:
1772:
1752:
1749:on 2000-11-15.
1729:
1716:
1699:
1680:(4): 521–544.
1661:
1634:(3): 842–865.
1614:
1592:
1567:
1547:
1512:
1503:
1494:
1465:
1452:
1423:
1392:
1340:
1333:
1310:
1292:
1280:
1264:
1248:
1234:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1102:
1099:
1053:
1050:
1030:
1029:Masaaki Tanaka
1027:
1015:Minnie Vautrin
1001:, who writes:
974:New York Times
969:New York Times
948:Akira Fujiwara
931:
928:
914:
911:
892:
889:
875:
872:
854:
851:
820:'s 1997 book,
814:
811:
702:
699:
654:Masaaki Tanaka
648:
645:
619:
616:
607:
604:
590:
587:
581:
578:
523:Tokyo tribunal
490:
489:
487:
486:
479:
472:
464:
461:
460:
459:
458:
451:
444:
437:
427:
426:
422:
421:
420:
419:
412:
405:
398:
391:
384:
377:
370:
360:
359:
355:
354:
353:
352:
347:
342:
337:
332:
324:
323:
317:
316:
315:
314:
309:
304:
296:
295:
289:
288:
287:
286:
281:
276:
268:
267:
261:
260:
248:
247:
245:
244:
237:
230:
222:
219:
218:
216:
215:
210:
205:
199:
196:
195:
194:Related topics
191:
190:
188:
187:
182:
177:
172:
167:
162:
157:
151:
148:
147:
143:
142:
140:
139:
134:
129:
124:
119:
117:Katyn massacre
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
78:
77:
75:trivialization
67:
62:
57:
52:
46:
43:
42:
38:
37:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5167:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5145:Shōwa Statism
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5122:
5120:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5049:Fukoku kyōhei
5047:
5045:
5042:
5041:
5039:
5035:
5023:
5020:
5019:
5018:
5015:
5014:
5012:
5008:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4958:
4956:
4954:
4950:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4910:
4908:
4906:Puppet states
4904:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4877:
4876:
4871:
4868:
4867:
4865:
4861:
4858:
4854:
4844:
4841:
4838:
4834:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4741:
4739:
4737:
4733:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4680:
4677:
4676:
4675:
4672:
4671:
4669:
4667:
4663:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4588:
4585:
4581:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4565:Fleet Faction
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4545:General Staff
4543:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4532:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4485:General Staff
4483:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4472:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4439:
4438:military code
4437:
4433:
4432:
4431:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4413:
4412:
4409:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4398:
4395:
4391:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4370:
4369:
4368:Imperial Diet
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4358:Privy Council
4356:
4354:
4351:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4338:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4276:Home Ministry
4274:
4272:
4269:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4256:
4253:
4249:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4154:
4152:
4148:
4142:
4139:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4119:Imperial Seal
4117:
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4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4104:Flag of Japan
4102:
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3448:Organizations
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3418:United States
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3379:
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3374:
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3372:Soviet Union
3371:
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3361:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3351:
3349:
3345:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3333:Temple denial
3331:
3329:
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3324:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3314:
3308:
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3296:
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3184:
3180:
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3157:Islamic State
3155:
3154:
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3149:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3121:
3120:Book burnings
3118:
3116:
3115:Antiquization
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3091:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3079:Neo-Stalinism
3077:
3075:
3069:
3064:
3061:
3057:
3054:
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2877:
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2867:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2855:
2854:mass killings
2849:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2834:
2832:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2818:
2817:
2816:Pseudohistory
2813:
2811:
2810:
2806:
2804:
2803:
2799:
2797:
2796:
2792:
2791:
2788:
2784:
2777:
2772:
2770:
2765:
2763:
2758:
2757:
2754:
2746:
2741:
2738:. Shogakukan.
2737:
2732:
2728:
2726:4-12-100795-6
2722:
2718:
2717:南京事件―「虐殺」の構造)
2714:
2709:
2708:
2698:
2693:
2689:
2684:
2680:
2675:
2671:
2669:4-250-98019-7
2665:
2661:
2656:
2652:
2647:
2643:
2641:4-250-98016-2
2637:
2633:
2628:
2624:
2622:0-520-22007-2
2618:
2614:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2582:(3): 842–65.
2581:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2566:
2559:
2558:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2506:
2492:(in Japanese)
2491:
2487:
2480:
2472:
2470:0-520-22007-2
2466:
2462:
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2315:
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2302:
2297:
2291:
2284:
2283:
2279:Hua-ling Hu,
2276:
2269:. p. 77.
2268:
2261:
2254:
2248:
2233:
2226:
2218:
2214:
2207:
2201:9, 1995, p.22
2199:
2192:
2183:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2160:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2125:
2117:
2113:
2106:
2099:
2095:
2089:
2082:
2078:
2072:
2065:
2059:
2048:
2041:
2034:
2027:
2021:
2006:
2002:
1995:
1981:on 2015-07-07
1980:
1976:
1972:
1966:
1958:
1951:
1943:
1936:
1928:
1915:
1901:
1894:
1887:
1881:
1874:
1868:
1866:
1858:
1857:4-916079-07-8
1854:
1850:
1849:
1844:
1843:4-250-98019-7
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1827:4-250-98016-2
1824:
1820:
1816:
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1806:
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1606:
1596:
1581:
1577:
1571:
1563:
1559:
1558:
1551:
1537:on 2018-04-05
1536:
1532:
1528:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1507:
1501:Yoshida, p. 5
1498:
1484:on 2012-06-29
1483:
1479:
1475:
1469:
1462:
1456:
1442:(in Japanese)
1441:
1437:
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1428:
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1038:
1036:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1016:
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1009:
1002:
1000:
996:
989:
984:
982:
979:A claim that
977:
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965:
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868:
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831:
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824:
819:
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803:
798:
796:
791:
790:
783:
781:
776:
775:
774:Dōmei Tsushin
769:
765:
760:
755:
754:
753:Asahi Shimbun
745:
741:
738:
737:Shashin shūhō
734:publication,
729:
725:
721:
716:
708:
698:
694:
691:
687:
682:
679:
674:
672:
666:
664:
659:
655:
644:
642:
638:
634:
630:
625:
615:
613:
603:
601:
600:Japan bashing
586:
577:
573:
571:
567:
563:
558:
554:
548:
544:
538:
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532:
528:
524:
520:
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193:
192:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
160:Joseph Stalin
158:
156:
153:
152:
150:
149:
145:
144:
138:
135:
133:
130:
128:
125:
123:
120:
118:
115:
113:
110:
108:
105:
103:
100:
98:
95:
93:
90:
88:
85:
83:
80:
76:
73:
72:
71:
70:The Holocaust
68:
66:
63:
61:
58:
56:
53:
51:
48:
47:
45:
44:
40:
39:
36:
30:
29:
25:
21:
20:
5037:Other topics
4873:
4711:Taishō Roman
4465:Conscription
4435:
4427:
4402:Armed Forces
4262:(ministries)
4162:Charter Oath
4157:Constitution
4039:State Shinto
4022:Essentialism
3972:Demographics
3850:
3783:
3775:
3767:
3759:
3713:Legal status
3699:Munin Verlag
3689:Arndt Verlag
3654:
3647:
3640:
3628:
3621:
3614:
3607:
3595:
3590:Folk og Land
3588:
3576:
3569:
3563:
3554:
3547:
3540:
3534:Publications
3510:Nippon Kaigi
3363:
3328:Nakba denial
3217: /
3202:
3198:LGBT erasure
3185:
3162:Saudi Arabia
3146:
3072: /
3025:Cuba de ayer
3023:
3000:Sonderaktion
2999:
2974:
2966: /
2957:
2910:
2835:
2828:
2814:
2807:
2800:
2793:
2744:
2735:
2716:
2712:
2696:
2687:
2678:
2659:
2650:
2631:
2612:
2579:
2575:
2564:
2550:Bibliography
2519:
2515:
2505:
2494:. Retrieved
2489:
2479:
2459:
2452:
2444:the original
2439:
2434:
2427:
2402:
2398:
2389:
2356:
2352:
2342:
2323:
2314:
2306:the original
2299:
2290:
2280:
2275:
2266:
2260:
2252:
2247:
2236:. Retrieved
2225:
2216:
2212:
2206:
2191:
2182:
2159:
2137:(1): 25–48.
2134:
2130:
2124:
2115:
2111:
2105:
2088:
2071:
2063:
2058:
2047:the original
2033:
2025:
2020:
2009:. Retrieved
2007:. p. E1
2004:
1994:
1983:. Retrieved
1979:the original
1974:
1965:
1950:
1935:
1914:
1893:
1885:
1880:
1872:
1847:
1834:
1830:
1818:
1815:Nankin jiken
1814:
1805:
1793:. Retrieved
1789:the original
1784:
1775:
1764:. Retrieved
1755:
1747:the original
1742:
1732:
1724:
1719:
1709:
1702:
1677:
1673:
1664:
1631:
1627:
1617:
1610:
1600:
1595:
1584:. Retrieved
1582:. 2017-11-06
1579:
1570:
1556:
1550:
1539:. Retrieved
1535:the original
1530:
1506:
1497:
1486:. Retrieved
1482:the original
1477:
1474:"I'm Sorry?"
1468:
1460:
1455:
1444:. Retrieved
1439:
1415:. Retrieved
1408:
1360:
1356:
1323:
1295:
1275:
1259:
1157:Nippon Kaigi
1088:Sae Kitamura
1081:
1061:
1041:
1040:In his book
1039:
1032:
1023:
1019:
1013:
1004:
991:
986:
978:
973:
967:
964:Yijiang Gate
937:
933:
906:maboroshi-ha
898:
894:
884:
881:
877:
863:Ikuhiko Hata
860:
856:
839:
833:
827:
821:
816:
799:
784:
766:
758:
746:
742:
727:
719:
710:
695:
683:
675:
667:
650:
624:Lee Teng-hui
621:
609:
592:
583:
574:
559:
539:
494:
493:
453:
446:
439:
432:
414:
407:
400:
393:
386:
379:
372:
365:
334:
86:
5079:Shōwa Modan
5054:Hakkō ichiu
4991:Philippines
4878:after 1943)
4856:Territories
4814:Pacific War
4674:World War I
4550:Air Service
4490:Air Service
4363:Gozen Kaigi
4079:(Yoshihito)
4071:(Mutsuhito)
4017:Nationalism
3962:Agriculture
3721:Statute law
3666:Conferences
3475:Dalit Voice
3298: [
3258: [
3177: [
3066: [
1363:(1): 3–24.
1091: [
944:laws of war
759:Tokyo Asahi
744:civilians.
513:during the
5119:Categories
4843:Occupation
4666:Taishō era
4611:Boshin War
4455:War crimes
4251:Government
4227:Tonarigumi
4134:Privy Seal
4129:State Seal
4087:(Hirohito)
4012:Militarism
3967:Censorship
3888:Propaganda
3858:Censorship
3761:R v Zundel
3255:Nakhchivan
3239:Azerbaijan
3167:Gaza Strip
2968:Speer myth
2852:denial of
2496:2022-12-10
2330:Kyodo News
2238:2007-12-13
2234:. BBC News
2195:Fujiwara,
2011:2013-08-25
1985:2015-07-05
1809:Historian
1795:11 January
1766:2006-04-19
1586:2019-11-01
1541:2009-03-24
1488:2017-09-05
1446:2021-08-23
1417:2021-08-23
1230:1845451805
1056:See also:
923:shin gunto
818:Iris Chang
800:Historian
705:See also:
562:Tomio Hora
529:after the
257:the series
170:Mao Zedong
5044:Sonnō jōi
4996:Singapore
4981:Hong Kong
4943:Azad Hind
4918:Mengjiang
4913:Manchukuo
4887:Kantō-shū
4829:Surrender
4736:Shōwa era
4721:Truku War
4592:Meiji era
4560:Tokkeitai
4525:Kempeitai
4436:Senjinkun
4353:Daijō-kan
4316:Munitions
4197:Mokusatsu
3987:Education
3187:Izbrisani
3142:Dacianism
2958:Wehrmacht
2943:Holocaust
2896:Holodomor
2795:Denialism
2536:2436-7672
1387:200020669
1379:0047-1178
995:John Rabe
988:delusion.
402:John Rabe
155:Holodomor
60:Holodomor
5022:Yen bloc
5010:Ideology
5001:Thailand
4870:Karafuto
4863:Colonies
4450:Kamikaze
4393:Military
4296:Treasury
4150:Policies
4141:Kimigayo
4062:Emperors
4029:Politics
3997:Eugenics
3955:Overview
3906:Category
3753:Case law
3584:Flatline
2662:. 青木書店.
2634:. 青木書店.
2604:19291890
2540:Archived
2516:Antitled
2381:19291890
2334:Archived
2151:20681109
2118:: 63–78.
1859:, p. 5).
1656:19291890
1562:Archived
1101:See also
795:the wall
535:massacre
24:a series
22:Part of
4583:History
4555:Marines
4192:Kokutai
4097:Symbols
4077:Taishō
4034:Statism
3977:Economy
3821:Related
3744:Germany
3734:Belgium
3729:Austria
3564:The Sun
3283:Germany
2596:2650991
2419:3096672
2373:2650991
1713:. 1948.
1694:3096672
1648:2650991
1510:Yoshida
780:Xiaguan
678:suburbs
511:Nanjing
505:forces
497:is the
409:Nanking
4986:Malaya
4961:Borneo
4897:Taiwan
4892:Nan'yō
4882:Chōsen
4875:naichi
4085:Shōwa
4069:Meiji
4044:Kazoku
3992:System
3788:(2013)
3780:(2000)
3772:(1998)
3764:(1992)
3739:France
3460:ASİMKK
3392:Turkey
3347:Russia
2964:Rommel
2956:Clean
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2522:: 96.
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2098:Shokun
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1855:
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1066:, the
751:Tokyo
731:'s
259:on the
4966:Burma
4679:Entry
4373:Peers
4237:Senbu
4222:Tokkō
3470:CODOH
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3074:Chile
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2592:JSTOR
2438:[
2415:JSTOR
2369:JSTOR
2219:: 22.
2050:(PDF)
2043:(PDF)
1781:"中日网"
1690:JSTOR
1644:JSTOR
1557:Sapio
1410:Slate
1383:S2CID
1305:(PDF)
1095:]
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762:'
724:Shōwa
589:Japan
455:Tokyo
425:Books
358:Films
4291:Navy
4286:Army
3490:HIAG
3125:list
3002:1005
2721:ISBN
2664:ISBN
2636:ISBN
2617:ISBN
2600:PMID
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2147:PMID
1853:ISBN
1839:ISBN
1823:ISBN
1797:2022
1652:PMID
1375:ISSN
1329:ISBN
1226:ISBN
1062:The
958:and
886:era.
865:and
564:and
553:南京事件
4281:War
2584:doi
2580:104
2524:doi
2407:doi
2361:doi
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2139:doi
2096:,”
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1365:doi
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