Historical negationism

2762:, and "didn't hesitate to kill Armenians who would not join them," issuing instructions that "if you want to survive you have to kill your neighbor first." Claims highlighted by Akçam: " many people living in villages, even children, by attacking Turkish villages, which had become defenseless because all the Turkish men were fighting on the war fronts. ... They stabbed the Ottoman forces in the back. They created obstacles for the operations of the Ottoman units by cutting off their supply routes and destroying bridges and roads. ... They spied for Russia and by rebelling in the cities where they were located, they eased the way for the Russian invasion. ... Since the Armenians who engaged in massacres in collaboration with the Russians created a dangerous situation, this law required the migration of from the towns they were living in to Syria, a safe Ottoman territory. ... Despite being in the midst of war, the Ottoman state took precautions and measures when it came to the Armenians who were migrating. Their tax payments were postponed, they were permitted to take any personal property they wished, government officials were assigned to ensure that they were protected from attacks during the journey and that their needs were met, police stations were established to ensure that their lives and properties were secure." 3685:"This essay describes, from a methodological perspective, some of the inherent flaws in the "revisionist" approach to the history of the Holocaust. It is not intended as a polemic, nor does it attempt to ascribe motives. Rather, it seeks to explain the fundamental error in the "revisionist" approach, as well as why that approach of necessity leaves no other choice. It concludes that "revisionism" is a misnomer because the facts do not accord with the position it puts forward and, more importantly, its methodology reverses the appropriate approach to historical investigation ..."Revisionism" is obliged to deviate from the standard methodology of historical pursuit because it seeks to mold facts to fit a preconceived result, it denies events that have been objectively and empirically proved to have occurred, and because it works backward from the conclusion to the facts, thus necessitating the distortion and manipulation of those facts where they differ from the preordained conclusion (which they almost always do). In short, "revisionism" denies something that demonstrably happened, through methodological dishonesty." McFee, Gordon. 315:

know to be forged, just because these forgeries happen to back up what they are saying. They do not invent ingenious, but implausible, and utterly unsupported reasons for distrusting genuine documents, because these documents run counter to their arguments; again, they amend their arguments, if this is the case, or, indeed, abandon them altogether. They do not consciously attribute their own conclusions to books and other sources, which, in fact, on closer inspection, actually say the opposite. They do not eagerly seek out the highest possible figures in a series of statistics, independently of their reliability, or otherwise, simply because they want, for whatever reason, to maximize the figure in question, but rather, they assess all the available figures, as impartially as possible, to arrive at a number that will withstand the critical scrutiny of others. They do not knowingly mistranslate sources in foreign languages to make them more serviceable to themselves. They do not willfully invent words, phrases, quotations, incidents and events, for which there is no historical evidence, to make their arguments more plausible."

3718:"Holocaust denial can be a particularly insidious form of antisemitism precisely because it often tries to disguise itself as something quite different: as genuine scholarly debate (in the pages, for example, of the innocuous-sounding Journal for Historical Review). Holocaust deniers often refer to themselves as 'revisionists', in an attempt to claim legitimacy for their activities. There are, of course, a great many scholars engaged in historical debates about the Holocaust whose work should not be confused with the output of the Holocaust deniers. Debate continues about such subjects as, for example, the extent and nature of ordinary Germans' involvement in and knowledge of the policy of genocide, and the timing of orders given for the extermination of the Jews. However, the valid endeavour of historical revisionism, which involves the re-interpretation of historical knowledge in the light of newly emerging evidence, is a very different task from that of claiming that the essential facts of the Holocaust, and the evidence for those facts, are fabrications." 3756:"It may seem an absurd semantic dispute to deny the appellation of 'historian' to someone who has written two dozen books or more about historical subjects. But if we mean by historian someone who is concerned to discover the truth about the past, and to give as accurate a representation of it as possible, then Irving is not a historian. Those in the know, indeed, are accustomed to avoid the term altogether when referring to him and use some circumlocution such as 'historical writer' instead. Irving is essentially an ideologue who uses history for his own political purposes; he is not primarily concerned with discovering and interpreting what happened in the past, he is concerned merely to give a selective and tendentious account of it in order to further his own ideological ends in the present. The true historian's primary concern, however, is with the past. That is why, in the end, Irving is not a historian." Irving vs. (1) Lipstadt and (2) Penguin Books, 1975:'s statement in which he said that "Irevan is our historic land, and we, Azerbaijanis must return to these historic lands", was based "historical facts" and "historical reality". Mahmudov also stated that the claim that Armenian's are the most ancient people in the region is based on propaganda, and said that Armenians are non-natives of the region, having only arrived in the area after Russian victories over Iran and the Ottoman Empire in the first half of the 19th century. The institute director also said: "The Azerbaijani soldier should know that the land under the feet of provocative Armenians is Azerbaijani land. The enemy can never defeat Azerbaijanis on Azerbaijani soil. Those who rule the Armenian state today must fundamentally change their political course. The Armenians cannot defeat us by sitting in our historic city of Irevan." 1429:. Despite publishing a number of works devoted to the history of UPA, the Ukrainian emigration researchers (with only few exceptions) remained completely mute about the Volyn events for many years. Until very recently much of the remaining documentation was closed in Ukrainian state archives, unavailable to researchers. As a result, Ukrainian historiography lacks broader reliable research of the events and the presence of the issue in Ukrainian publications is still very limited. The young generation of Ukrainian historians is often infected with Ukrainocentrism, and often borrows the stereotypes and myths about Poland and Poles from the biased publications of the Ukrainian diaspora. 2864:. Anscombe noted that Malcolm offered a "detailed critique of the competing versions of Kosovo's history" and that his work marked a "remarkable reversal" of previous acceptance by Western historians of the "Serbian account" regarding the migration of the Serbs (1690) from Kosovo. Malcolm has been criticized for being "anti-Serbian" and selective like the Serbs with the sources, while other more restrained critics note that "his arguments are unconvincing". Anscombe noted that Malcolm, like Serbian and Yugoslav historians who have ignored his conclusions sideline and are unwilling to consider indigenous evidence such as that from the Ottoman archive when composing national history. 2808:. Monographs relating to Mihailović and the Četnik movement were produced by some younger historians who were ideologically close to it towards the end of the 1990s. Being preoccupied with the era, Serbian historians have looked to vindicate the history of the Chetniks by portraying them as righteous freedom fighters battling the Nazis while removing from history books the ambiguous alliances with the Italians and Germans. Whereas the crimes committed by Chetniks against Croats and Muslims in Serbian historiography are overall "cloaked in silence". During the Milošević era, Serbian history was falsified to obscure the role Serbian collaborators 3696:"Crucial to understanding and combating Holocaust denial is a clear distinction between denial and revisionism. One of the more insidious and dangerous aspects of contemporary Holocaust denial, a la Arthur Butz, Bradley Smith and Greg Raven, is the fact that they attempt to present their work as reputable scholarship under the guise of 'historical revisionism.' The term 'revisionist' permeates their publications as descriptive of their motives, orientation and methodology. In fact, Holocaust denial is in no sense 'revisionism,' it is denial ... Contemporary Holocaust deniers are not revisionists – not even neo-revisionists. They are 48:, a broader term that extends to newly evidenced, fairly reasoned academic reinterpretations of history. In attempting to revise and influence the past, historical negationism acts as illegitimate historical revisionism by using techniques inadmissible in proper historical discourse, such as presenting known forged documents as genuine, inventing ingenious but implausible reasons for distrusting genuine documents, attributing conclusions to books and sources that report the opposite, manipulating statistical series to support the given point of view, and deliberately mistranslating traditional or modern texts. 8479:, pp. 770–71. "Malcolm is criticized for being anti-Serbian, and for using his sources as selectively as the Serbs, though the more restrained of his critics only suggest that his arguments are unconvincing. Most of the documents he relies on were written by enemies of the Ottoman Empire, or by officials with limited experience of the Ottoman Balkans... Malcolm, like the historians of Serbia and Yugoslavia who ignore his findings, overlooks the most valuable indigenous evidence. Unwillingness to consider Ottoman evidence when constructing national history is exemplified by the Serbian historians..." 3602:"This is the phenomenon of what has come to be known as 'revisionism', 'negationism', or 'Holocaust denial,' whose main characteristic is either an outright rejection of the very veracity of the Nazi genocide of the Jews, or at least a concerted attempt to minimize both its scale and importance ... It is just as crucial, however, to distinguish between the wholly objectionable politics of denial and the fully legitimate scholarly revision of previously accepted conventional interpretations of any historical event, including the Holocaust." Bartov, Omer. 2743:, discussed 2014–2015 Turkish elementary and middle school textbooks that the MEB had made available on the internet. He found that Turkish history textbooks describe Armenians as people "who are incited by foreigners, who aim to break apart the state and the country, and who murdered Turks and Muslims." The Armenian genocide is referred to as the "Armenian matter", and is described as a lie perpetrated to further the perceived hidden agenda of Armenians. Recognition of the Armenian genocide is defined as the "biggest threat to Turkish national security". 2057:" and falsified verses were published in order to "Turkify" Nizami Ganjavi. Although this type of irredentism was initially the result of the nation building policy of the Soviets, it became an instrument for "biased, pseudo-academic approaches and political speculations" in the nationalistic aspirations of the young Azerbaijan Republic. In the modern Azerbaijan Republic, historiography is written with the aim of retroactively Turkifying many of the peoples and kingdoms that existed prior to the arrival of Turks in the region, including the Iranian 1003: 6821:: The Value of the Past: Myths, Identity and Politics in Transcaucasia. Senri Ethnological Studies. pp. 160, 196–97: "The republication of classical and medieval sources with omissions, with the replacement of the term "Armenian state" by "Albanian state" and with other distortions of the original manuscripts was another way to play down the Armenian role in early and medieval Transcaucasia. ... The Azeri scholars did all of this by order of the Soviet and Party authorities of Azerbaijan, rather than through free will." 1500: 2337:, concluded that "Irving has, for his own ideological reasons, persistently and deliberately misrepresented and manipulated historical evidence; that, for the same reasons, he has portrayed Hitler in an unwarrantedly favorable light, principally in relation to his attitude towards, and responsibility for, the treatment of the Jews; that he is an active Holocaust denier; that he is anti-semitic and racist, and that he associates with right-wing extremists who promote neo-Nazism." 2527: 1470:, the incident of '65. Inside and outside Indonesia, public discussion of the killings increased during the 1990s and especially after 1998 when the New Order government collapsed. Jailed and exiled members of the Sukarno regime, as well as ordinary people, told their stories in increasing numbers. Foreign researchers began to publish increasingly more on the topic, with the end of the military regime and its doctrine of coercing such research attempts into futility. 15310: 17007: 16023: 11084: 3198:, and other genocides recognized as such by international courts, established since 1945, by relevant international legal instruments. Section 2 of Article 6 allows a Party to the Protocol, at their discretion, only to prosecute the violator if the crime is committed with the intent to incite hatred or discrimination or violence; or to use a reservation, by allowing a Party not to apply Article 6 – either partly or entirely. The Council of Europe's 2422: 2097:, therefore, use the term Azerbaijan and Azerbaijani in his works on the history of the region from the sixteenth to the nineteenth centuries. Other Russian academics went even further and claimed that an Azeri nation had existed from ancient times and had continued to the present. Since all the Russian surveys and almost all nineteenth-century Russian primary sources referred to the Muslims who resided in the South Caucasus as "Tatars" and not " 4443:

re-examination or reinterpretation of existing evidence. Legitimate historical revisionism acknowledges a 'certain body of irrefutable evidence' or a 'convergence of evidence' that suggest that an event – like the black plague, American slavery, or the Holocaust – did in fact occur (Lipstadt 1993:21; Shermer & Grobman 200:34). Denial, on the other hand, rejects the entire foundation of historical evidence. ... " Ronald J. Berger.

3371:, responsible for effecting the continual historical revisionism that will negate the contradictions of the past upon the contemporary world of Oceania. To cope with the psychological stresses of life during wartime, Smith begins a diary, in which he observes that "He who controls the present, controls the past. He who controls the past, controls the future", and so illustrates the principal, ideological purpose of historical negationism. 1757:, where ideological demands were relatively relaxed and conversation with other historians in the field could be fostered. Prescribed ideology could still introduce biases in historians' work, but not all of Soviet historiography was affected. Control over party history and the legal status of individual ex-party members played a large role in dictating the ideological diversity and thus the faction in power within the CPSU. The official 3629:

reexamination or reinterpretation of existing evidence. Legitimate historical revisionism acknowledges a "certain body of irrefutable evidence" or a "convergence of evidence" that suggest that an event – like the black plague, American slavery, or the Holocaust – did in fact occur (Lipstadt 1993:21; Shermer & Grobman 200:34). Denial, on the other hand, rejects the entire foundation of historical evidence ..." Ronald J. Berger.

1707:, to argue that the Stalinist faction routinely distorted political events, forged a theoretical basis for irreconcilable concepts such as the notion of "Socialism in One Country" and misrepresented the views of opponents. He also argued that the Stalinist regime employed an array of professional historians as well as economists to justify policy manoeuvering and safeguarding its own set of material interests. 4019:" claimed that Lipstadt's book accuses him of falsifying historical facts to support his theory that the Holocaust never happened. This of course discredited his reputation as a historian. ... On 11 April, High Court judge Charles Gray ruled against Irving, concluding that he qualified as a Holocaust denier and anti-Semite, and that as such he distorted history to defend his hero, Adolf Hitler." Wyden, Peter. 17017: 451:

statutes mandated multi-generational slavery unlike many other slave systems, and further beyond that stated that a freedman could never become a citizen of the United States. These measures, related to perpetuation and racist characterization besides further restrictions on life even outside slavery in support of it distinguished the system compared to all, or an overwhleming amount of historical systems

3407: 2029:" Azerbaijan was formulated and spread throughout the Soviet Union. During the Soviet nation building campaign, any event, both past and present, that had ever occurred in what is the present-day Azerbaijan Republic and Iranian Azerbaijan were rebranded as phenomenons of "Azerbaijani culture". Any Iranian ruler or poet that had lived in the area was assigned to the newly rebranded identity of the 2782:

possessions and return to Turkey unharmed. As of 2015, Turkish textbooks continue to refer to Armenians as "traitors," deny the genocide, and assert that the Ottoman Turks "took necessary measures to counter Armenian separatism". Students are taught that Armenians were forcibly relocated to defend Turkish nationals from attacks, and Armenians are described as "dishonorable and treacherous".

6873:, 2001. p. 291: "Scholars should be on guard when using Soviet and post-Soviet Azeri editions of Azeri, Persian, and even Russian and Western European sources printed in Baku. These have been edited to remove references to Armenians and have been distributed in large numbers in recent years. When utilizing such sources, the researchers should seek out pre-Soviet editions wherever possible." 4337:(Accessed ProQuest Database, 12 October 2011) that revisionists are understood as negationists in order to differentiate them from historical revisionists, since their goal is either to prove that the Holocaust did not exist or to introduce confusion regarding the victims and German executioners regardless of historical and scientific methodology and evidence. For those reasons, the term 2101:", Soviet historians simply substituted Azerbaijani for Tatars. Azeri historians and writers, starting in 1937, followed suit and began to view the three-thousand-year history of the region as that of Azerbaijan. The pre-Iranian, Iranian, and Arab eras were expunged. Anyone who lived in the territory of Soviet Azerbaijan was classified as Azeri; hence the great Iranian poet 6885:. A brief history of the Aghuankʻ region. Mazda Publishers, 2009. pp. 8–14: "Therefore, in order to substantiate their political claims, Bunyatov and his fellow academics chose to set aside all scholarly integrity and print large numbers of re-edited versions of these not easily accessible primary sources on Karabagh, while deleting or altering references to the Armenians" 2036:, in other words "Azerbaijanis". According to Michael P. Croissant: "It was charged that the "two Azerbaijans", once united, were separated artificially by a conspiracy between imperial Russia and Iran". This notion based on illegitimate historic revisionism suited Soviet political purposes well (based on "anti-imperialism"), and became the basis for irredentism among 2125:), no Soviet historian dared to question the use of the term Azerbaijan or Azerbaijani in modern times. As late as 1991, the Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, published a book by an Azeri historian, in which it not only equated the "Tatars" with the present-day Azeris, but the author, discussing the population numbers in 1842, also included 208:, culture, and the public memory. Through the study of history, people are imbued with a particular cultural identity; therefore, by negatively revising history, the negationist can craft a specific, ideological identity. Because historians are credited as people who single-mindedly pursue truth, by way of fact, negationist historians capitalize on the historian's 3743:"In 1969, after David Irving's support for Rolf Hochhuth, the German playwright who accused Winston Churchill of murdering the Polish wartime leader General Sikorski, The Daily Telegraph issued a memo to all its correspondents. 'It is incorrect,' it said, 'to describe David Irving as a historian. In future we should describe him as an author.'" Ingram, Richard. 3928:"If the case for competence applies to those who lack specialist knowledge, it applies even further to those who have been discredited as incompetent. For example, why ought we include David Irving in a debate aiming to establish the truth about the Holocaust, after a court has found that he manipulates and misinterprets history?" Long, Graham. 10441: 2469:"lives on in rumor, stereotype, lies, and propaganda." She also remarked that said "movement's campaign of genocide denial has confused many, recruited some, and shielded others" such that with "the use of seemingly sound research methods, the génocidaires pose a threat, especially to those who might not be aware of the historical facts." 1817:, who views the new commission is part of a clampdown on historical scholarship, stated: "They're idiots if they think they can change the discussion of Soviet history internationally, but they can make it hard for Russian historians to teach and publish. It's like we're back to the old days." The commission was disestablished in 2012. 14779: 1441: 1113:("explosion-affected people") of Hiroshima and Nagasaki seek compensation from their government and criticize it for failing to "accept responsibility for having instigated and then prolonged an aggressive war long after Japan's defeat was apparent, resulting in a heavy toll in Japanese, Asian and American lives". 1802: 1931:, he was accused by Azerbaijanis of supporting the "total falsification of the history and culture of Azerbaijan". Several appeals were filed by both Armenian and international organizations, condemning the Azerbaijani government and calling on it to desist from such activity. In 2006, Azerbaijan barred 2318:, whose goal is to accurately analyse historical evidence with established methods. Historian Alan Berger reports that Holocaust deniers argue in support of a preconceived theory – that the Holocaust either did not occur or was mostly a hoax – by ignoring extensive historical evidence to the contrary. 1882:; there are many other examples of such falsifications, all of which have the purpose of creating an impression that historically Armenians were not present in this territory. Willem M. Floor and Hasan Javadi in the English edition of "The Heavenly Rose-Garden: A History of Shirvan & Daghestan" by 6909:

Philip L. Kohl, Clare P. Fawcett. Nationalism, politics, and the practice of archaeology. Cambridge University Press, 1995. p. 154: "Thus, minimally, two points must be made. Patently false cultural origin myths are not always harmless. The political context within which such myths are articulated is

3820:"DAVID Irving, the discredited revisionist historian and most outspoken British Holocaust denier, has added further fuel to the controversy over his early release from an Austrian jail by recanting his court statement of regret over his views." Crichton, Torcuil. "Holocaust denier reneges on regret", 3220:

Two of the English-speaking states in Europe, Ireland and the United Kingdom, have not signed the additional protocol, (the third, Malta, signed on 28 January 2003, but has not yet ratified it). On 8 July 2005 Canada became the only non-European state to sign the convention. They were joined by South

2781:

to fight the Ottomans (in reality they had already been nearly annihilated from the area by this point), that Armenians killed 600,000 Turks during said war, that the deportation were to save Armenians from other violent Armenian gangs, and that deported Armenians were later allowed to retrieve their

1958:

is officially denied and is considered a hoax. According to the state ideology of Azerbaijan, a genocide of Azerbaijanis, carried out by Armenians and Russians, took place starting from 1813. Mahmudov has claimed that Armenians first appeared in Karabakh in 1828. Azerbaijani academics and politicians

1634:

In 2023, a South Korean court ruled in favour of a Vietnamese victim of South Korean atrocities during the war and ordered that the South Korean government compensate the surviving victim. In response, the South Korean government repeated its earlier denials of the atrocities, and later announced its

1473:

The killings are skipped over in most Indonesian histories and have been scarcely examined by Indonesians, and has received comparatively little international attention. Indonesian textbooks typically depict the killings as a "patriotic campaign" that resulted in less than 80,000 deaths. In 2004, the

1086:

as a bastion of revisionism: "The Yasukuni Shrine runs a museum where they show items in order to encourage and worship militarism. It's wrong for the prime minister to visit such a place". Other critics note that men, who would contemporarily be perceived as "Korean" and "Chinese", are enshrined for

341:

before publication; and deceptive history books, based upon unreliable sources, which were not submitted for peer review. The distinction among types of history books rests upon the research techniques used in writing a history. Verifiability, accuracy, and openness to criticism are central tenets of

2790:

Throughout the post war era, though Tito denounced nationalist sentiments in historiography, those trends continued with Croat and Serbian academics at times accusing each other of misrepresenting each other's histories, especially in relation to the Croat-Nazi alliance. Communist historiography was

1890:

in his Russian translation of this book. According to Bournoutian and Hewsen these distortions are widespread in these works; they thus advise the readers in general to avoid the books produced in Azerbaijan in Soviet and post-Soviet times if these books do not contain the facsimile copy of original

4442:

and Alex Grobman (2000). These scholars make a distinction between historical revisionism and denial. Revisionism, in their view, entails a refinement of existing knowledge about an historical event, not a denial of the event itself, that comes through the examination of new empirical evidence or a

2859:

and while praising aspects of the book also asserted that it was "shaped by the author's overriding determination to challenge Serbian myths", that Malcolm was "partisan", and also complained that the book made a "transparent attempt to prove that the main Serbian myths are false". In 2006, a study

2687:

for their text glorifying those who served the Imperial Japanese government (Chinilpa) and the authoritarian dictatorship with a far-right political perspective. On the other hand, New Right supporters welcomed the textbook, saying that "the new textbook finally describes historical truths contrary

1564:

On 7 February 2006, five journalists were tried for insulting the judicial institutions of the State, and for aiming to prejudice a court case (per Article 288 of the Turkish penal code). The reporters were on trial for criticizing the court-ordered closing of a conference in Istanbul regarding the

1266:

by a number of Serbian historians. Serbian collaborationist armed forces were involved, either directly or indirectly, in the mass killings of Jews as well as Roma and those Serbs who sided with any anti-German resistance and the killing of many Croats and Muslims. Since the end of the war, Serbian

450:

in discussions on the role of the slave system of the South, however insofar as it is to further this ideological point it obscures and downplays the specificities of the American slave system- both its place in history, and comparison to other such systems overall. For example, court decisions and

6853:

Willem M. Floor, Hasan Javadi. "Abbas-Kuli-aga Bakikhanov. The Heavenly Rose-Garden: A History of Shirvan & Daghestan". Mage Publishers, 2008. p. xvi: "This is in particular disturbing because he suppresses, for example, the mention of territory inhabited by Armenians, thus not only falsifying

3628:

and Alex Grobman (2000). These scholars make a distinction between historical revisionism and denial. Revisionism, in their view, entails a refinement of existing knowledge about a historical event, not a denial of the event itself, that comes through the examination of new empirical evidence or a

2799:

played a significant role in the explanation of the new historical narrative. The process of writing a "new Serbian history" paralleled alongside the emerging ethno-nationalist mobilization of Serbs with the objective of reorganizing the Yugoslav federation. Using ideas and concepts from Holocaust

1405:

and his SNSD party, who stated that it was "impossible to use here the textbooks ... which say the Serbs have committed genocide and kept Sarajevo under siege. This is not correct and this will not be taught here". In 2019 Republika Srpska authorities appointed Israeli historian Gideon Greif – who

907:

says: "This is an active attempt to reshape historical memory, an effort by white Southerners to find historical justifications for present-day actions. The neo–Confederate movement's ideologues have grasped that if they control how people remember the past, they'll control how people approach the

1392:

as "one of the worst examples of revisionism in relation to the mass executions of Bosnian Muslims committed in Srebrenica in July 1995". Outrage and condemnation by a wide variety of Balkan and international figures eventually forced the Republika Srpska to disown the report. In 2017 legislation

314:

and negationist historians, commenting: "Reputable and professional historians do not suppress parts of quotations from documents that go against their own case, but take them into account, and, if necessary, amend their own case, accordingly. They do not present, as genuine, documents which they

216:

as true scholarship. By adding a measure of credibility to the work of revised history, the ideas of the negationist historian are more readily accepted in the public mind. As such, professional historians recognize the revisionist practice of historical negationism as the work of "truth-seekers"

1424:

The issue of the Volyn massacres was largely non-existent in Ukrainian scholarly literature for many years, and until very recently, Ukrainian historiography did not undertake any objective research of the events in Volyn. Until 1991 any independent Ukrainian historic research was only possible

978:

According to author Clifford Trafzer, although many historians have pushed for recognition of the genocide in public school curricula, government-approved textbooks omit mention of the genocide because of the dominance of conservative publishing companies with an ideological impetus to deny the

2595:, the textbook only refers to it as the Nanking Incident, mentioning there were civilian casualties without delving into specifics, and mentioning it again in relation to the Tokyo tribunal, stating that there are multiple opinions about the topic with controversies continuing to this day (see 1117:

expressed concern that such revisionism, in his words "mellowing", would allow the harsh facts of the history that led to the bombings to be forgotten. Historians Hill and Koshiro have stated that attempts to minimize the importance of the bombings as "righteous revenge and salvation" would be

1206:

from 1992 were made public in which he stated that Jasenovac was not a death camp. The far-right NGO "The Society for Research of the Threefold Jasenovac Camp" also advocates this disproven theory, in addition to claiming that the camp was used by the Yugoslav authorities following the war to

406:

Comparing certain historical atrocities to other crimes is the practice of relativization, interpretation by moral judgements, to alter public perception of the first historical atrocity. Although such comparisons often occur in negationist history, their pronouncement is not usually part of

2158:

entities, modern Azeri historians and geographers view it as a single state that has been separated into "northern" and "southern" sectors and which will be united in the future. ... Since the collapse of the Soviet Union the current Azeri historians have not only continued to use the terms

286:

of public debate for the advancement of a given interpretation of history and the cultural perspective of the "revised history". As a document, the revised history is used to negate the validity of the factual, documentary record, and so reframe explanations and perceptions of the discussed

2653:

12 October 2015, South Korea's government has announced controversial plans to control the history textbooks used in secondary schools despite oppositional concerns of people and academics that the decision is made to glorify the history of those who served the Imperial Japanese government

2682:

formed History Act Network in solidarity and have staged protests: "The government's decision allows the state too much control and power and, therefore, it is against political neutrality that is certainly the fundamental principle of education." Many South Korean historians condemned

2448:, known as the "génocidaires", have been an element of this controversy. Concentrated details involving the planning, financing, and progress of war crimes have gotten unearthed, yet campaigns of denial endure given the influences of extremist ideologies surrounding ethnicity and race. 3221:

Africa in April 2008. The United States government does not believe that the final version of the Protocol is consistent with the United States' First Amendment Constitutional rights and has informed the Council of Europe that the United States will not become a Party to the protocol.

2667:, education minister said on 12 October 2015. According to the government's plan, the current history textbooks of South Korea will be replaced by a single textbook written by a panel of government-appointed historians and the new series of publications would be issued under the title 2340:

On 20 February 2006, Irving was found guilty, and sentenced to three years imprisonment for Holocaust denial, under Austria's 1947 law banning Nazi revivalism and criminalizing the "public denial, belittling or justification of National Socialist crimes". Besides Austria, eleven other

2241:(WPK) privately admitted to the "excesses" of their earlier campaign against North Korean citizens who had collaborated with the enemy – either actually or allegedly – during the US–South Korean occupation of North Korea. Later, the WPK blamed every wartime atrocity upon the 971:. Between 9,500 and 16,000 California Natives were killed by both government forces and white settlers in massacres during this period. Despite the well documented evidence of the widespread massacres and atrocities, the public school curriculum and history textbooks approved by the 2803:

Chetniks along with the Ustashe were vilified by Tito era historiography within Yugoslavia. In the 1980s, Serbian historians initiated the process of re-examining the narrative of how World War Two was told in Yugoslavia which was accompanied by the rehabilitation of Četnik leader

3787:"One of Britain's most prominent speakers on Muslim issues is today exposed as a supporter of David Irving. ... Bukhari contacted the discredited historian, sentenced this year to three years in an Austrian prison for Holocaust denial, after reading his website." Doward, Jamie. 2712:. In 2003, reformation of textbook began when the textbooks on Korean modern and contemporary history were published though the Textbook Screening System, which allows textbooks to be published not by a single government body but by many different companies, for the first time. 849:, which were then bound together. The exact extent of the damage is hard to assess; technological books were to be spared and even the "objectionable" books, poetry and philosophy in particular, were preserved in imperial archives and allowed to be kept by the official scholar. 4010:"The two best-known present-day Holocaust deniers are the discredited historian David Irving, jailed last year in Austria for the offence, and the Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, who wants Israel wiped off the map." Wills, Clair. " Ben Kiely and the 'Holocaust denial'", 979:

genocide, the fear of publishing companies being branded as un-American for discussing it, and the unwillingness of state and federal government officials to acknowledge the genocide due to the possibility of having to pay reparations to indigenous communities affected by it.

14073: 16159: 3193:

The Protocol requires participant States to criminalize the dissemination of racist and xenophobic material, and of racist and xenophobic threats and insults through computer networks, such as the Internet. Article 6, Section 1 of the Protocol specifically covers

3943:"Ironically, Julius is also a celebrated solicitor famous for his defence of Schuchard's colleague, Deborah Lipstadt, against the suit for of libel brought by the discredited historian David Irving brought when Lipstadt accused him of denying the Holocaust." 3359:, the public records (newspapers, cinema, television) indicate that Oceania has been always at war with Eurasia; yet, when Eurasia and Oceania are no longer fighting each other, the historical records are subjected to negationism; thus, the populace are 1809:, said the Kremlin was trying to whitewash Soviet history in order to justify its denial of human rights: "It's part of the Russian Federation's policy to create an ideological foundation for what is happening in Russia right now." Historian and author 1674:

questioned the veracity of the Holocaust, remarking that "The Holocaust is an event whose reality is uncertain and if it has happened, it's uncertain how it has happened." This was consistent with Khamenei's previous comments regarding the Holocaust.

15514: 3853:"Yet Irving, a discredited right-wing historian, was described by a High Court judge after a long libel trial as a racist anti-semite who denied the Holocaust." Edwards, Rob. "Anti-green activist in links with Nazi writer; Revealed: campaigner", 14119: 3190:, ("Protocol"). It opened on 28 January 2003, and became current on 1 March 2006; as of 30 November 2011, 20 States have signed and ratified the Protocol, and 15 others have signed, but not yet ratified it (including Canada and South Africa). 3395:, glorifying war as a desirable state, while fabricating eyewitness reports of atrocities allegedly committed by the Allies, especially Bomber Command and the air raids on Cologne and Dresden as a planned genocide of the civilian population. 14107: 1194:

had long exaggerated the number of victims at the camp. Tuđman criticized the long-standing figures, but also described the camp as a "work camp", giving an estimate of between 30,000 and 40,000 deaths. Tuđman's government's toleration of

2662:

announced that it would put the secondary-school history textbook under state control; "This was an inevitable choice in order to straighten out historical errors and end the social dispute caused by ideological bias in the textbooks,"

2188:

has consistently denied that the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) launched the attack with which it began the war for the Communist unification of Korea. The historiography of the DPRK maintains that the war was provoked by

3896:"After the discredited British historian David Irving was sentenced to a three-year jail term in Austria as a penalty for denying the Holocaust, the liberal conscience of western Europe has squirmed and agonised." Glover, Gillian. 1241:

which advocated the same theories, labelling the camp as a "collection and labour camp". The film contained alleged falsifications and forgeries, in addition to denial of crimes and hate speech towards politicians and journalists.

8464:, p. 770. "Noel Malcolm, who offers a detailed critique of the competing versions of Kosovo's history... Here is a remarkable reversal, as Malcolm, like other Western historians, had previously accepted the Serbian account." 9141:"Additional Protocol to the Convention on cybercrime, concerning the criminalisation of acts of a racist and xenophobic nature committed through computer systems (Chart of signatures and ratifications) Status as of: 30/11/2011" 3879:"Deborah Lipstadt is Dorot Professor of Modern Jewish and Holocaust Studies and director of The Rabbi Donald A. Tam Institute for Jewish Studies at Emory University. She is the author of two books about the Holocaust. Her book 2582:

vets all history textbooks, especially those containing references to imperialist atrocities due to a special provision in the textbook examination rules to avoid inflaming controversy with neighbouring countries; however, the

2504:

legal perspective. For example, denying the Rwandan genocide has led to prosecutions in that country. However, the negative social affects from disinformation and misinformation have expanded in some cases using modern media.

14504: 2141:

and had only become part of Soviet Azerbaijan, some eight decades later ... Although the overwhelming number of nineteenth-century Russian and Iranian, as well as present-day European historians view the Iranian province of

1916:. The cemetery was still standing in the late 1990s, when the government of Azerbaijan began a systematic campaign to destroy the monuments. After studying and comparing satellite photos of Julfa taken in 2003 and 2009, the 1573:. The conference continued elsewhere, transferring locations from a state to a private university. The trial continued until 11 April 2006, when four of the reporters were acquitted. The case against the fifth journalist, 1474:

textbooks were briefly changed to include the events, but this new curriculum discontinued in 2006 following protests from the military and Islamic groups. The textbooks which mentioned the mass killings were subsequently

225:

History provides insight into past political policies and consequences, and thus assists people in extrapolating political implications for contemporary society. Historical negationism is applied to cultivate a specific

10244: 4204: 14746: 6910:

critical, and this context continually changes: given the events of the last nine years, assertion that today's Azerbaijan was the original homeland of Turkic-speaking peoples is charged with political significance"

2167:, Azeri politicians and historians deny any historic Armenian presence in the South Caucasus and add that all Armenian architectural monuments located in the present-day Republic of Azerbaijan are not Armenian but 7714:

The past was systematically falsified to conceal the fact that many prominent 'Macedonians' had supposed themselves to be Bulgarian, and generations of students were taught the "pseudo-history" of the 'Macedonian

10436: 1490:

in 2009. A hesitant search for mass graves by survivors and family members began after 1998, although little has been found. Over three decades later, great enmity remains in Indonesian society over the events.

5296: 4341:

is often considered confusing, since it conceals misleading ideologies that purport to avoid disapproval by presenting revisions of the past based on pseudo-scientific methods, while they are in fact a part of

4054:"In Britain, which does not have a Holocaust denial law, Irving had already been thoroughly discredited when he unsuccessfully sued historian Deborah Lipstadt in 1998 for describing him as a Holocaust denier." 15509: 2488:

warning of multiple distortions of reality with lasting implications given the actions of the then Khartoum-based government. Specifically, they alleged that the state had "systematically denied access to the

4731: 4718: 10348: 14095: 7678:

Sinisa Jakov Marusic, New Statue Awakens Past Quarrels in Macedonia. BalkanInsight, 13 July 2012, cited in War in the Balkans: Conflict and Diplomacy before World War I by James Pettifer, I.B.Tauris, 2015,

7156:Керимов Р. Молчание Кремля: РФ рассматривает ноту протеста Азербайджана, в МИД АР ждут извинений и исправлений ошибок, а НАНА готова помочь соседу документами/Р. Керимов // Эхо, 2007.-3 мая, N N 77.-С.1.3 2220:

Further North Korean pronouncements included the claim that the U.S. needed the peninsula of Korea as "a bridgehead, for invading the Asian continent, and as a strategic base, from which to fight against

19736: 12613: 2847:. Critics said that the book was "marred by his sympathies for its ethnic Albanian separatists, anti-Serbian bias, and illusions about the Balkans". In late 1999, Thomas Emmert of the history faculty of 3206:

has made it clear that the denial or revision of 'clearly established historical facts – such as the Holocaust – ... would be removed from the protection of Article 10 by Article 17' of the

16228: 2733:

or must be approved by its Instruction and Education Board. In practice, this means that the Turkish government is directly responsible for what textbooks are taught in schools across Turkey. In 2014,

3800:"David Irving, the discredited historian and Nazi apologist, was last night starting a three-year prison sentence in Vienna for denying the Holocaust and the gas chambers of Auschwitz." Traynor, Ian. 333:, and lying to manipulate public opinion about the historical event discussed in the revised history. The negationist historian applies the techniques of deception to achieve either a political or an 10450: 7047:

By analogy, other tragic events or threatening processes are designated today by Armenians as "cultural genocide" (for example, the destruction by Azerbaijanis of the Armenian cemetery in Julfa)...

6569: 6078: 5633: 1988: 4333:

31 August – 7 September 2001. "Given the ignorance with which it is treated, the slave trade comprises one of the most radical forms of historical negationism." Pascale Bloch has written in

4118: 4093:"Discredited British historian David Irving began serving three years in an Austrian prison yesterday for denying the Holocaust, a crime in the country where Hitler was born." Schofield, Matthew. 3974: 3840:"An account of the 2000–2001 libel trial in the high court of the now discredited historian David Irving, which formed the backdrop for his recent conviction in Vienna for denying the Holocaust." 15665: 15305: 183:

Usually, the purpose of historical negation is to achieve a national, political aim, by transferring war guilt, demonizing an enemy, providing an illusion of victory, or preserving a friendship.

14774: 7623:

Eugene N. Borza, Macedonia Redux in The Eye Expanded: Life and the Arts in Greco-Roman Antiquity with Frances B. Titchener, and Richard F. Moorton as ed. University of California Press, 1999,

2674:

The move has sparked fierce criticism from academics who argue that the system can be used to distort the history and glorify the history of those who served the Imperial Japanese government (

51:

Some countries, such as Germany, have criminalized the negationist revision of certain historical events, while others take a more cautious position for various reasons, such as protection of

3970:"David Irving, the discredited historian and Nazi apologist, was on Monday night starting a three-year prison sentence in Vienna for denying the Holocaust and the gas chambers of Auschwitz." 1734:

by Russians. During the 1928–1956 period, modern and contemporary history was generally composed according to the wishes of the CPSU, not the requirements of accepted historiographic method.

7344: 7269: 7210: 6539: 15705: 13892: 10854: 4541:

Fenelon, James V.; Trafzer, Clifford E. (4 December 2013). "From Colonialism to Denial of California Genocide to Misrepresentations: Special Issue on Indigenous Struggles in the Americas".

14881: 7126:Махмудов Я.М. Самый опасный вымысел в истории: (Ложь о "Великой Армении" – "идеология" террора, геноцида и захвата чужих земель) // Бакинский рабочий. – 2009:27 января. – N 16. – С. 2–3. ( 16723: 16098: 2005:, are "backed by state and state backed non-governmental organizational bodies", ranging "from elementary school all the way to the highest level of universities". As a result of the two 1943:

who visited the area reported that no visible traces of the cemetery remained. In the same year, photographs taken from Iran showed that the cemetery site had been turned into a military

1482:(2006) was initially banned by the Attorney General's Office. The Indonesian parliament set up a truth and reconciliation commission to analyse the killings, but it was suspended by the 16110: 10065: 9363: 6195:

The Iğdır genocide monument is the ultimate caricature of the Turkish government's policy of denying the 1915 genocide by rewriting history and transforming victims into guilty parties.

1139: 582: 4318: 2069:

As noted, in order to construct an Azerbaijani national history and identity based on the territorial definition of a nation, as well as to reduce the influence of Islam and Iran, the

14090: 10823: 7399:

Talattof, Kamran (2012). "Reviewed Work: Ali Doostzadeh, On the Modern Politicization of the Persian Poet Nezami Ganjavi (Yerevan Series for Oriental Studies—1) by Siavash Lornejad".

6900:. Rewriting History: Recent Azeri Alterations of Primary Sources Dealing with Karabakh // Research note from Volume 6 of the "Journal of the Society for Armenian Studies" (1992,1993) 3866:, director of the London-based Institute for Jewish Policy Research. 'It is better to combat denial by education and using good speech to drive out bad speech.'" Gruber, Ruth Ellen. 1722:(CPSU) attempted to ideologically and politically control the writing of both academic and popular history. These attempts were most successful in the 1934–1952 period. According to 16154: 2994:. Instead, Olagüe held that the events of 711 could be explained as skirmishes involving allied North African troops within the context of a civil war pitting Catholic Goths led by 3606:

Routledge, pp. 11–12. Bartov is John P. Birkelund Distinguished Professor of European History at the Watson Institute, and is regarded as one of the world's leading authorities on

931:" version of the history of the U.S. Civil War. To that pedagogical end, Rutherford assembled a "massive collection" of documents that included "essay contests on the glory of the 15823: 14876: 14509: 14068: 3182:, addressing materials and "acts of racist or xenophobic nature committed through computer networks"; it was negotiated from late 2001 to early 2002, and, on 7 November 2002, the 2440:

has proliferated in multiple contexts despite the fact that the mass killings took place amidst widespread news coverage and additionally later received detailed study during the

14791: 2043:

In Azerbaijan, periods and aspects of Iranian history are usually claimed as being an "Azerbaijani" product in a distortion of history, and historic Iranian figures, such as the

1227:. The ideas promoted by its members have been amplified by mainstream media interviews and book tours. The last book, "The Jasenovac Lie Revealed" written by Vukić, prompted the 16308: 16284: 16252: 16142: 10666: 8695: 2843:, that have seen a robust debate among historians following their release; following the release of the latter, the merits of the book were the subject of an extended debate in 1759: 1577:, proceeded until 8 June 2006, when he was also acquitted. The purpose of the conference was to critically analyse the official Turkish view of the Armenian genocide in 1915; a 16296: 16191: 5016: 2579: 1202:

Croatia's far-right often advocates the false theory that Jasenovac was a "labour camp" where mass murder did not take place. In 2017, two videos of former Croatian president

7640:

Dichev, Ivaylo, Eros Identiteta, In: Dušan Bjelić, Obrad Savić (eds.), Balkan kao metafora: između globalizacije i fragmentacije. Beograd: Beogradski krug, 2003, pp. 269-284.

5703: 4208: 14895: 14492: 4857: 1305:, and as victims of communism". The glorification of the Chetnik movement has now become the central theme of Serbia's WWII memory politics. Chetnik leaders convicted under 1144:

Some Croats, including some high-ranked officials and political leaders during the 1990s and far-right organization members, have attempted to minimize the magnitude of the

18626: 16355: 13860: 11436: 9480: 8874: 5593: 4265:

refused to sign a prepared "friendly treaty" with France. On 26 June 2005, Bouteflika declared that the law "approached mental blindness, negationism and revisionism". In

2729:

is centralized, and its policy, administration, and content are each determined by the Turkish government. Textbooks taught in schools are either prepared directly by the

1935:

members from investigating the claims, charging them with a "biased and hysterical approach" to the issue and stating that it would only accept a delegation if it visited

670: 15624: 14201: 10343: 6374: 3862:"'The sentence against Irving confirms that he and his views are discredited, but as a general rule I don't think that this is the way this should be dealt with,' said 16537: 14056: 4423:

In addition, Holocaust research can support the fight against the falsification of history, not only Nazi negationism, but also lighter forms of historical propaganda.

3670:(The Assassins of Memory – A Paper-Eichmann and Other Essays on Revisionism) 15 (1987)." Cited in Roth, Stephen J. "Denial of the Holocaust as an Issue of Law" in the 1936: 1895:

brings an example of a theory advanced by Azerbaijani archaeologist Akhundov about Albanian origin of Khachkars as an example of patently false cultural origin myths.

4082:"Holocaust denier: An Austrian court hears discredited British historian David Irving's appeal against his jail sentence for denying the Nazi genocide of the Jews.", 675: 16583: 16350: 15768: 13390: 4962:"Neoconfederate civil war revisionism: Those who commemorate the South's fallen heroes are entitled to do so, but not to deny that slavery was the war's prime cause" 2791:

challenged in the 1980s and a rehabilitation of Serbian nationalism by Serbian historians began. Historians and other members of the intelligentsia belonging to the

1845: 1389: 1231:

to urge Croatian authorities to ban such works, noting that they "would immediately be banned in Germany and Austria and rightfully so". In 2016, Croatian filmmaker

1102: 2121:'s death arguments rose between Azerbaijani historians and Soviet Iranologists dealing with the history of the region in ancient times (specifically the era of the 14516: 14406: 14114: 13906: 8570: 3814: 2341:

countries – including Belgium, France, Germany, Lithuania, Poland, and Switzerland – have criminalized Holocaust denial as punishable with imprisonment.

837:'burning of books and burying (alive) of (Confucian) scholars'), or "Fires of Qin", refers to the burning of writings and slaughter of scholars during the 650: 5951: 16565: 15288: 6021: 3188:

Additional Protocol to the Convention on Cyber-crime, Concerning the Criminalization of Acts of a Racist and Xenophobic Nature Committed through Computer Systems

2886:

voted a law compelling history textbooks and teachers to "acknowledge and recognize in particular the positive role of the French presence abroad, especially in

2800:

historiography, Serbian historians alongside church leaders applied it to World War Two Yugoslavia and equated the Serbs with Jews and Croats with Nazi Germans.

8584: 1259: 16360: 14473: 14324: 14307: 6962:Алиев В. "Кампанией вокруг хачкаров армяне хотят отвлечь внимание мира от агрессии Армении против Азербайджана"/В. Алиев // Наш век, 2006.-5-11 мая, N N18.-С.6 5547: 4241: 9285: 4067:"Holocaust denier and discredited British historian David Irving, for example, asserts. ... that Auschwitz gas chambers were constructed after World War II." 16857: 15423: 12132: 10355: 10338: 8748: 3116:). Underlying assumptions of Nakba denial cited by scholars can include the denial of historically documented violence against Palestinians, the denial of a 1145: 15650: 7739: 1635:

appeal of the decision. This strained relations with Vietnam, as a spokesperson for Vietnam's fording ministry called the decision "extremely regrettable".

14568: 13781: 10476: 2708:, also known as the Yushin Dictatorship; however, there had been continuous criticisms about the system especially from the 1980s when Korea experienced a 2472:

In terms of the 21st Century, increased international debate and discussion have partially failed to prevent efforts obfuscating the facts surrounding the

2401:

process is still in development. The recent nation-building project imposes the idea of a "Macedonian nation" with unbroken continuity from the antiquity (

278:

as genuine sources, presents specious reasons to distrust genuine documents, exploits published opinions by quoting out of historical context, manipulates

7458:

The 1820 Russian Survey of the Khanate of Shirvan: A Primary Source on the Demography and Economy of an Iranian Province prior to its Annexation by Russia

7443:

The 1820 Russian Survey of the Khanate of Shirvan: A Primary Source on the Demography and Economy of an Iranian Province prior to its Annexation by Russia

6577: 6075: 5641: 2750:, in which as many as 20,000–30,000 Armenians were massacred, is identified as "The Rebellion of Armenians of Adana". According to the book, the Armenian 2133:

in "Azerbaijan". The author, just like Petrushevskii, totally ignored the fact that between 1828 and 1921, Nakhichivan and Ordubad were first part of the

1741:(1956–1964), Soviet historiographic practice was more complicated. In this period, Soviet historiography was characterized by complex competition between 258:

and peasant rebellions; Soviet historical negationism advanced a specific, political, and ideological agenda about Russia and its place in world history.

16335: 15862: 15473: 15349: 13551: 10984: 6949: 3173: 2277: 1917: 239: 14914: 6854:

history, but also not respecting Bakikhanov's dictum that a historian should write without prejudice, whether religious, ethnic, political or otherwise"

6446: 1317:, and television programmes have contributed to spreading a positive image of the movement, "distorting the real picture of what happened during WWII". 299:

to construct arguments that will obtain the desired results, a "revised history" that supports an agenda – political, ideological, religious, etc.

14859: 10546: 9955: 5476: 3867: 1703:, Leon Trotsky cited a range of historical documents such as private letters, telegrams, party speeches, meeting minutes, and suppressed texts such as 1445: 14931: 6945: 16851: 15139: 14919: 10255: 9062:

Protocol to the Convention on cybercrime, concerning the criminalisation of acts of a racist and xenophobic nature committed through computer systems

8490:"Loi n° 2005-158 du 23 février 2005 portant reconnaissance de la Nation et contribution nationale en faveur des Français rapatriés (1). - Légifrance" 7650: 4831: 2633:

bias. Pakistan's use of officially published textbooks has been criticized for using schools to more subtly foster religious extremism, whitewashing

1959:

have claimed that foreign historians falsify the history of Azerbaijan and criticism was directed towards a Russian documentary about the regions of

1310: 1174: 6547: 5877: 1549:, were killed in these lands, and nobody, but me, dares to talk about it". The controversy occurred as Turkey was first vying for membership in the 16863: 16340: 16233: 16196: 15997: 14786: 10743: 10227: 7353: 7278: 7219: 3971: 2921: 2394: 2201:

as his special envoy to South Korea to examine the anti-North war scenario and give an order to start the attack. On June 18, Dulles inspected the

364:

Denial is defensively protecting information from being shared with other historians, and claiming that facts are untrue, especially denial of the

8626: 16176: 15911: 13132: 12608: 11681: 11444: 10050: 7037:

Antonyan, Yulia; Siekierski, Konrad (2014). "A neopagan movement in Armenia: the children of Ara". In Aitamurto, Kaarina; Simpson, Scott (eds.).

3523: 3320: 785:

to avoid records on colonial rule falling into the hands of countries declaring independence from Britain and any scrutiny of the British state.

540: 16495: 7060: 5575: 4986: 1553:(EU) where the suppression of dissenters is looked down upon. Article 301 originally was part of penal-law reforms meant to modernize Turkey to 1018:

is an example of "illegitimate" historical revisionism; some contemporary Japanese revisionists, such as Yūko Iwanami (granddaughter of General

572: 16390: 15974: 15886: 14194: 12448: 10706: 10249: 9371: 6591: 5678: 8542: 8023: 3829:"Discredited British author David Irving spoke in front of some 250 people at a small theatre on Szabadság tér last Monday." Hodgson, Robert. 3644:"At this time, in the mid-1970s, the specter of Holocaust Denial (masked as "revisionism") had begun to raise its head in Australia ..." 18797: 18694: 16713: 16485: 16345: 16132: 15629: 14384: 11133: 10646: 7591: 4315: 3744: 2688:

to the history textbooks published by left-wing publishers", and the textbook issue became intensified as a case of ideological conflict. In

2406: 1263: 8801: 7995: 7492:

Balázs Szalontai. "Captives of the Past: The Questions of Responsibility and Reconciliation in North Korea's Narratives of the Korean War",

3994: 3648:"A Little More Understanding: The Experience of a Holocaust Educator in Australia" in Samuel Totten, Steven Leonard Jacobs, Paul R Bartrop. 17054: 15550: 14155: 12127: 11268: 11263: 11255: 10562: 7696:

Kyril Drezov, Macedonian identity: an overview of the major claims in The New Macedonian Question with J. Pettifer as ed., Springer, 1999,

6262: 5521: 4490:

trial; the book presents his perspective of the trial, and the expert-witness report, including his research about the Dresden death count.

4226: 3947: 2571: 2531: 1711: 1615:-style massacres", while the Korean Ministry of Defense has denied all such accusations. Korean forces are alleged to have perpetrated the 1331:

There have been a number of far-right and nationalist authors and political activists who have publicly disagreed with mainstream views of

1062: 498: 9061: 7518: 3722: 16472: 16078: 15747: 15449: 14900: 14374: 3961:"Irving, a discredited historian, has insisted that Jews at Auschwitz were not gassed." "Irving vows to continue denial", Breaking News, 3355:

continually revises historical records to concord with the contemporary political explanations of The Party. When Oceania is at war with

3059: 2765:

Similar revisionist claims found in other textbooks by Akçam included that Armenian "back-stabbing" was the reason the Ottomans lost the

2679: 2634: 1594: 602: 9862:, Sita Ram Goel, Harsh Narain, J. Dubashi & Ram Swarup. Hindu Temples – What Happened to Them Vol. I, (A Preliminary Survey) (1990) 7649:

Ulf Brunnbauer, "Serving the Nation: Historiography in the Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) after Socialism", Historien, Vol. 4 (2003–04),

7098:(2015). "Cultural genocide: Destruction of material and non-material human culture". In Carmichael, Cathie; Maguire, Richard C. (eds.). 6973: 587: 16657: 16325: 16279: 15918: 15215: 14467: 13918: 11770: 11412: 9161: 9140: 9077: 7837: 7042: 6132: 2684: 2497:

observer mission to investigate attacks on civilians, so many of these attacks go unreported and the culpability remains mysterious."

2441: 1456:

passed a resolution condemning "the one-sided political assessment of the historical events in Poland", rejecting the term "genocide".

9805: 7929: 7103: 6388: 5733: 5319: 3614: 935:

and personal tributes to faithful slaves". About the historical negationism of the United Daughters of the Confederacy, the historian

19802: 19743: 16274: 16269: 15964: 14634: 12073: 8366: 4930: 3872: 3063: 1774:, a controversy over negationist historical revisionism exists, where numerous revisionist scholars in the West have been accused of 1558: 1442:

National Day of Remembrance of the victims of the Genocide of the Citizens of the Polish Republic committed by Ukrainian Nationalists

1096: 871: 730: 287:

historical event, to deceive the reader, the listener, and the viewer; therefore, historical negationism functions as a technique of

16166: 13897: 6297: 6150: 6105: 2077:, which replaced the Arabo-Persian script. In the 1930s a number of Soviet historians, including the prominent Russian Orientalist, 346:. When these techniques are sidestepped, the presented historical information might be deliberately deceptive, a "revised history". 17349: 16987: 15574: 15273: 13776: 12646: 12078: 10557: 10455: 10097: 8339: 7774: 5420: 3579: 3183: 2927: 2831:. One of the most prominent authors on the field of historical revisionism in the 1990s considering the newly emerged republics is 2051:

are called "Azerbaijanis", contrary to universally acknowledged fact. In the Azerbaijan SSR, forgeries such as an alleged "Turkish

1306: 801: 794: 15828: 9099: 9042: 8256: 3624:"The two leading critical exposés of Holocaust denial in the United States were written by historians Deborah Lipstadt (1993) and 1363:

were unarmed civilians or armed resistance fighters, whether death and rape tolls were inflated, and whether prison camps such as

19707: 18676: 16728: 16203: 15710: 15545: 15359: 15283: 14871: 13972: 11891: 11383: 10676: 10519: 10374: 5615: 5277: 2730: 2539: 2521: 1968: 1806: 1504: 1466: 491: 424: 15725: 14741: 9888: 9599: 9477: 8676: 8258:

Conflict in Southeastern Europe at the End of the Twentieth Century: A" Scholars' Initiative" Assesses Some of the Controversies

8229: 8187: 8051: 3054:. The aboriginal people were regarded as lacking any concept of property or land rights: consequently, Australia was considered 2021:, left significant numbers of what were later coined "Azerbaijanis" to the north of the Aras river. During the existence of the 1250:

Among far-right and nationalist groups, denial and revisionism of Serbian war crimes are carried out through the downplaying of

16627: 16313: 16301: 16289: 16257: 16171: 16147: 16115: 16103: 15804: 15786: 15737: 15391: 14679: 13982: 12965: 10420: 10217: 9948: 9221: 8847: 8783: 8503: 8395: 8312: 8283: 8124: 8080: 5831: 4757: 3760: 1826: 1803:

Presidential Commission of the Russian Federation to Counter Attempts to Falsify History to the Detriment of Russia's Interests

627: 12266: 6366: 4038: 1947:. The destruction of the cemetery has been widely described by Armenian sources, and some non-Armenian sources, as an act of " 18901: 18068: 16823: 16662: 16073: 15132: 14061: 12596: 12433: 12283: 9901: 9586: 9560: 8953: 6998: 6750: 6655: 6628: 5504: 5454: 5403: 5358: 5259: 4705: 4631: 4382: 3841: 3085: 1940: 1837: 1787: 432: 6428: 6414: 2461:

on the topic, with her having assisted with ICTR related prosecutions. She concluded that the "pernicious influence" of the

19843: 19153: 16808: 16652: 16420: 15959: 15928: 15398: 15329: 15045: 14981: 14959: 14640: 13883: 13163: 12172: 12016: 12006: 11989: 11984: 11901: 9911: 9337: 3364: 2792: 1984: 1268: 13911: 9311: 7661:

Klaus Roth, Asker Kartarı as authors and ed., Cultures of Crisis in Southeast Europe, Volume 2, LIT Verlag Münster, 2017,

7514:"Holocaust deniers often refer to themselves as 'revisionists', in an attempt to claim legitimacy for their activities". ( 4961: 4732:

Russia's New Normal: The Cold War may be over, but that doesn't mean the threat from the Kremlin has entirely disappeared.

1906:

exclave of Azerbaijan originally housed around 10,000 funerary monuments. The tombstones consisted mainly of thousands of

337:

goal, or both. The field of history distinguishes among history books based upon credible, verifiable sources, which were

234:

either manipulate or misrepresent historical accounts to achieve political ends. For example, after the late 1930s in the

15938: 15716: 15594: 15584: 15374: 15220: 15055: 14257: 13987: 13937: 12679: 12200: 12026: 11999: 11430: 10778: 10701: 9621: 9050: 8699: 6931: 4503:

Trafzer, Clifford E.; Lorimer, Michelle (5 August 2013). "Silencing California Indian Genocide in Social Studies Texts".

3208: 3129: 3066:

were carried out against indigenous people. Indigenous children were removed from their families in what is known as the

2659: 1719: 1561:. In 2006, the charges were dropped due to pressure from the European Union and United States on the Turkish government. 1419: 920: 665: 16264: 14497: 9436:"Comparative study on legislation sanctioning hate speech and discrimination in the member states of the European Union" 9415:"Comparative study on legislation sanctioning hate speech and discrimination in the member states of the European Union" 9394:"Comparative study on legislation sanctioning hate speech and discrimination in the member states of the European Union" 9259: 9195: 5157:""They will be hunted down like wild beasts and destroyed!": a comparative study of genocide in California and Tasmania" 4893: 19756: 16818: 15893: 15655: 15018: 14800: 14339: 12336: 12068: 12041: 12021: 11349: 11318: 11291: 11223: 7312: 6993:

Abbasov, Idrak; Rzayev, Shahin; Mamedov, Jasur; Muradian, Seda; Avetian, Narine; Ter-Sahakian, Karine (27 April 2006).

5232: 5205: 5118:"Patterns of frontier genocide 1803–1910: the aboriginal Tasmanians, the Yuki of California, and the Herero of Namibia" 3704: 2268:

garb, which considerably influenced the inexperienced cadres of the Party and government organs." Kathryn Weathersby's

1699: 1684: 1286: 1208: 972: 243: 15293: 9443:

Comparative Study on Legislation Sanctioning Hate Speech and Discrimination in the Member States of the European Union

9422:

Comparative Study on Legislation Sanctioning Hate Speech and Discrimination in the Member States of the European Union

9401:

Comparative Study on Legislation Sanctioning Hate Speech and Discrimination in the Member States of the European Union

8546: 6258: 2637:

and promoting "expansive pan-Islamic imaginings" that "detect the beginnings of Pakistan in the birth of Islam on the

18495: 16500: 15403: 15369: 15354: 14349: 14189: 14184: 14172: 13635: 12458: 12224: 12122: 11313: 11126: 10790: 10535: 10291: 9941: 9867: 9853: 9815: 9794: 9725: 9694: 9435: 9414: 9393: 8835: 8588: 8407: 8378: 8349: 8322: 8295: 8266: 8239: 8197: 8167: 8134: 8092: 8063: 7556: 7303:

Ahmadi, Hamid (2017). "The Clash of Nationalisms: Iranian response to Baku's irredentism". In Kamrava, Mehran (ed.).

7111: 6710: 6188: 5381:"Japan's Atomic Bomb Victims Complain that Their Government Still Neglects Them & Refuses to Take Responsibility" 4867: 4697: 4676: 4655: 4479: 4452: 4360: 4028: 3937: 3922: 3712: 3679: 3666:

urges that denial of the Holocaust should not be called 'revisionism' because 'to deny history is not to revise it'.

3657: 3638: 3283: 2755: 2350: 1538: 943:

as Rutherford, but all, in the name of a reconciled nation, participated in an enterprise that deeply influenced the

15457: 14440: 8924:

Fischbach, Michael R. (3 September 2021). "Nakba Denial: Israeli Resistance to Palestinian Refugee Reparations". In

7144: 2932:

In the Philippines, the biggest examples of historical negationism are linked to the Marcos family dynasty, usually

1332: 1026:, itself, were justified reactions to the Western imperialism of the time. On 2 March 2007, Japanese prime minister 19131: 18928: 18005: 17047: 16400: 16026: 15742: 15418: 15381: 15254: 15125: 13955: 13950: 13609: 12102: 12046: 11465: 11308: 9836: 8937: 8700:"La creciente difusión de un fraude historiográfico: la negación de la conquista musulmana de la península ibérica" 6341: 5849: 4076: 2796: 2751: 2642: 2430: 2074: 1530: 1035: 960: 15579: 15525: 15386: 13945: 13786: 20182: 20115: 19781: 19723: 19439: 19256: 18918: 17998: 17786: 17020: 16442: 15485: 15467: 15300: 14991: 13960: 13813: 13343: 12961: 11780: 11709: 11359: 10686: 10681: 10504: 10405: 10114: 10003: 5338: 4156: 3356: 2990:

to have invaded Hispania in 711 since they had not yet established their dominance over the neighbouring part of

2766: 2620: 2578:

textbook with the purpose of traditional national and international view of that Japanese historical period. The

1920:

came to the conclusion in December 2010 that the cemetery was demolished and levelled. After the director of the

1870:

since the 1960s there is a practice of revising primary sources on the South Caucasus in which any mention about

1607:

sent approximately 320,000 South Korean troops to fight alongside the United States and South Vietnam during the

1585:; the EU insisted that Turkey should allow increased freedom of expression rights, as a condition to membership. 892:, and that the Confederacy's motivation for secession from the United States was the maintenance of the Southern 201:

The principal functions of negationist history are the abilities to control ideological and political influence.

18631: 14302: 7013: 4606:

New York; Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2001, on legitimate Soviet historiography particularly in the post 1956 period.

1971:

Yagub Mahmudov, prior to 1918 "there was never an Armenian state in the South Caucasus". According to Mahmudov,

1410:

for more than three decades – to head its own revisionist commission to "determine the truth" about Srebrenica.

1291:

The Politics of Memory of the Second World War in Contemporary Serbia: Collaboration, Resistance and Retribution

18775: 18566: 18305: 16622: 16614: 16577: 16559: 16380: 16213: 16068: 15923: 15871: 15844: 15606: 15203: 15001: 14812: 14667: 14379: 14334: 14319: 13843: 11937: 11525: 10410: 10396: 10306: 10104: 10070: 8904: 8284:"Catholic resistance and collaboration in the Second World War: From Master Narrative to Practical Application" 7722: 7701: 7684: 7666: 7628: 7127: 4034:"Now that holocaust denier David Irving has been discredited, what is the future of history?" Kustow, Michael. 3203: 2721: 2625:

Allegations of historical revisionism have been made regarding Pakistani textbooks in that they are laced with

2381:

claims that the Macedonian historiography has the impossible task of filling the huge gaps between the ancient

2126: 2026: 1992: 1964: 1903: 1771: 1749:

Marxist historians. To avoid the professional hazard of politicized history, some historians chose pre-modern,

1620: 1267:

collaboration in the Holocaust has been the subject of historical revisionism by Serbian leaders. In 1993, the

1034:

during the war, saying, "The fact is, there is no evidence to prove there was coercion". Before he spoke, some

806: 282:, and mistranslates texts in other languages. The revision techniques of historical negationism operate in the 13395: 9008:"Zionism and the Nakba: The Mainstream Narrative, the Oppressed Narratives, and the Israeli Collective Memory" 6994: 5446: 4794: 4142: 2040:

in the last years of the Soviet Union, shortly prior to the establishment of the Azerbaijan Republic in 1991.

1367:

were sites of mass war crimes. These authors are called "revisionists" by scholars and organizations, such as

19576: 18266: 16718: 16686: 16609: 16415: 15442: 15334: 15208: 14329: 14252: 14206: 12901: 11634: 11582: 11460: 11323: 10797: 10616: 10232: 9007: 6674: 5089:

Madley, Benjamin (1 August 2008). "California's Yuki Indians: Defining Genocide in Native American History".

4588:) Port Washington NY: Kennikat Press 1972 (1952), on the illegitimate use of history in the 1934–1952 period. 4184: 3700:. Their motivations stem from their neo-nazi political goals and their rampant antisemitism." Austin, Ben S. 3690: 3213: 2817: 2746:

Akçam summarized one textbook that claims the Armenians had sided with the Russians during the war. The 1909

2293: 928: 885: 863: 814: 723: 555: 443: 80: 16122: 15778: 8624:

Report of an Amnesty International Mission to The Republic of the Philippines: 22 November ~ 5 December 1975

8610: 4646:

Taisia Osipova, "Peasant rebellions: Origin, Scope, Design and Consequences", in Vladimir N. Brovkin (ed.),

3363:

to believe that Oceania and Eurasia always have been allies against Eastasia. The protagonist of the story,

3117: 2374: 755: 230:, sometimes with official consent from the government, whereby self-taught, amateur, and dissident academic 217:

finding different truths in the historical record to fit their political, social, and ideological contexts.

19990: 19788: 19043: 16909: 16771: 16588: 16218: 16186: 15675: 14827: 13887: 12718: 12639: 12603: 12112: 11942: 11859: 11592: 11286: 11119: 10950: 10915: 10902: 10837: 10811: 10752: 10011: 8971: 8875:"Humanizing the Enemy: Transcending Victimhood Narratives in Mahmoud Darwish'S and Yehuda Amichai'S Poetry" 8658: 8643: 4721:. The Washington Post. 26 July 1990. LexisNexis Database (Retrieved 12 October 2011). First Section, p. A3. 4094: 3774:"State prosecutor Michael Klackl said: 'He's not a historian, he's a falsifier of history.'" Traynor, Ian. 3554: 3245: 3141: 2961: 2879: 2230: 1648: 1376: 1273: 1187: 1157: 908:

present and the future. Ultimately, this is a very conscious war for memory and heritage. It's a quest for

763: 759: 495: 15535: 14587: 9735:

Djilas, Aleksa (September–October 1998). "Imagining Kosovo: A Biased New Account Fans Western Confusion".

7876: 5539: 2409:

projecting modern ethnic distinctions into the past. In this way generations of students were educated in

1652: 274:

of the historical record. In support of the "revised history" perspective, the negationist historian uses

19809: 19399: 19116: 18669: 18571: 17809: 17040: 16980: 16813: 16679: 16571: 16549: 15752: 15720: 15670: 15478: 15428: 15319: 15060: 14822: 14698: 14692: 14673: 13878: 13707: 13590: 13137: 12256: 12097: 11911: 11656: 11629: 11622: 10385: 10360: 10137: 9873:

Sisson, Jonathan (2010) “A Conceptual Framework for Dealing with the Past.” Politorbis Nr. 50 - 3 / 2010.

7770: 7744: 6870: 3889: 3544: 2481: 2453: 2222: 2078: 1651:

in order to maintain legitimacy and relevancy of the regime. One example is the regime's approach to the

1335:

of 1991–1999. Some high-ranked Serbian officials and political leaders who categorically claimed that no

645: 487: 84: 15196: 14849: 6245: 5925: 4734:

Newsweek; World Affairs. 17 March 2008. LexisNexis Database(. Retrieved 12 October 2011)Vol. 151 No 11.

4175: 3377:

was an extremely prolific right-wing German writer who dedicated his entire career to the production of

2081:, were instructed by the Kremlin to accept the totally unsubstantiated notion that the territory of the 1891:

sources. Shnirelman thinks that this practice is being realized in Azerbaijan according to state order.

19795: 19526: 19469: 18993: 16900: 16777: 16754: 16639: 16542: 16480: 16452: 16088: 15901: 15634: 15408: 15065: 14996: 14651: 14521: 14450: 13595: 13429: 13419: 11974: 11651: 11597: 11418: 11206: 10958: 10875: 10696: 10431: 9177: 8623: 6946:"High-Resolution Satellite Imagery and the Destruction of Cultural Artifacts in Nakhchivan, Azerbaijan" 6154: 3686: 3378: 2366: 2326: 2281: 2242: 2238: 1928: 1841: 1483: 1123: 15857: 14805: 14736: 14626: 10966: 10313: 10087: 9917: 4434:"The two leading critical exposés of Holocaust denial in the United States were written by historians 2908:; critics argued that the law was tantamount to refusing to acknowledge the racism inherent to French 612: 59:, where it is claimed that some schoolchildren have been explicitly prevented from learning about the 20060: 20005: 19409: 18856: 18516: 18459: 18445: 18418: 18350: 18226: 18061: 17766: 17127: 16925: 16835: 16181: 14533: 14014: 13556: 13385: 13037: 12535: 12470: 12331: 12139: 11954: 11949: 11785: 11166: 10580: 10060: 8763: 7807:

Zenchokyo Osaka (National Association for Education and Research of Korean Residents in Japan, Osaka)

7779: 7095: 7070: 6740: 6645: 6618: 5594:"Mesić na snimci iz devedesetih: 'Jasenovac nije bio logor smrti. Tko je stigao tamo, bio je spašen'" 4994: 3963: 2873: 2860:

by Frederick Anscombe looked at issues surrounding scholarship on Kosovo such as Noel Malcolm's work

2848: 2641:". Since 2001, the Pakistani government has stated that curriculum reforms have been underway by the 2500:

Historical negationism within the territories of multiple African nations constitutes a crime from a

2485: 2270:

Soviet Aims in Korea and the Origins of the Korean War, 1945–1950: New Evidence from Russian Archives

2163:

was a part of northern Azerbaijan. In their fury over what they view as the "Armenian occupation" of

770: 597: 459: 14924: 6595: 6322: 5902: 4919:

Shiji Chapter 6. "The Basic Annals of the First Emperor of Qin" thirty-fourth year: "所不去者，醫藥卜筮種樹之書。"

4329:, January 2001). It is now also sometimes used for more general political historical revisionism as 2025:, as a result of Soviet-era historical revionism and myth-building, the notion of a "northern" and " 1631:

massacres and several other massacres across Vietnam, killing as many as 9000 Vietnamese civilians.

1053:

Shinzō Abe was general secretary of a group of parliament members concerned with history education (

19836: 19367: 19261: 19227: 19111: 18261: 18256: 17305: 17300: 16920: 15700: 15680: 15237: 15171: 15006: 14581: 14051: 13838: 13795: 13586: 13283: 12341: 12165: 12107: 11896: 11790: 11250: 11218: 11019: 10481: 10400: 10163: 10045: 6921: 5156: 5117: 3051: 3037: 2944:

specifically. They have been accused of denying or trivializing the human rights violations during

2883: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2559: 2082: 1899: 1524: 1516: 716: 565: 545: 401: 76: 15035: 7588: 7569: 3788: 3319:" speech, and the Czech Republic and Ukraine have criminalized the denial and the minimization of 2587:

de-emphasizes aggressive Japanese Imperial wartime behaviour and the matter of Chinese and Korean

19920: 19774: 19692: 19444: 19126: 19065: 18836: 18464: 18030: 17967: 17678: 17615: 17557: 17499: 17489: 17202: 17187: 17010: 16915: 16410: 15852: 15089: 15028: 14954: 14817: 14598: 14354: 14167: 14162: 14140: 14102: 14082: 13716: 13712: 13529: 13402: 13365: 13348: 13168: 12632: 12063: 12031: 11906: 11171: 10109: 10092: 10055: 9990: 9603: 6794: 6679: 6670: 6180: 4483: 3991: 3883:

led to the 2000 court case in which she defeated and discredited Holocaust denier David Irving."

3768: 3528: 3472: 3157: 3031: 2905: 2596: 2555: 2437: 2260:" was attributed to political and ideological manipulations by the U.S.; the high-ranking leader 2234: 2070: 2037: 1791: 1763:

was revised to delete references to leaders purged from the party, especially during the rule of

1326: 1228: 846: 655: 622: 617: 577: 369: 19091: 15227: 15191: 6474:"The Islamic Republic of Iran and children's right to education: acceptability and adaptability" 6229: 6037:

Zurbuchen, Mary S. (July/August 2002). "History, Memory, and the '1965 Incident' in Indonesia".

5809: 4739: 4623: 4617: 4223: 3944: 3897: 3801: 3775: 3022:. These ideas were resurrected in the early 21st century by the Arabist Emilio González Ferrín. 2898:'s right to influence the way history is written (despite the French Holocaust denial laws, see 1967:

and the historical Armenian presence in these areas. According to the institute director of the

592: 20187: 20105: 20075: 19950: 19863: 19606: 19474: 19387: 19362: 19352: 18913: 18780: 18662: 18561: 18295: 17683: 16744: 16696: 16691: 15660: 15614: 15463: 14969: 14423: 14396: 14366: 14230: 14177: 13994: 13870: 13765: 13605: 13458: 13424: 13412: 13407: 13370: 13320: 13178: 13158: 12844: 12789: 12530: 12506: 12117: 12092: 12058: 12036: 12011: 11994: 11979: 11959: 11916: 11886: 11739: 11503: 11480: 11354: 11240: 11201: 11176: 11064: 11027: 11014: 10830: 10804: 10585: 10281: 10168: 9717: 9096: 9039: 8159: 7515: 6926: 4604:

Rewriting history in Soviet Russia : the politics of revisionist historiography, 1956–1974

4234: 3719: 3153: 3019: 2608: 2547: 2315: 2206: 2147: 1805:

to "defend Russia against falsifiers of history". Some critics, like Heorhiy Kasyanov from the

1775: 1667: 1624: 1364: 1237: 1199:

symbols and their crimes often dismissed in public, frequently strained relations with Israel.

1191: 956: 703: 693: 311: 168: 92: 44: 20: 16223: 14478: 9497: 8489: 8154:

Balkan Babel: The Disintegration of Yugoslavia From The Death of Tito to the Fall of Milošević

5494: 2692:, the history textbook was once put under state control during the authoritarian regime under 2671:

and are to be issued to the public and private primary and secondary schools in 2017 onwards.

20100: 20065: 20015: 19995: 19852: 19611: 19601: 19596: 19489: 19121: 19060: 19055: 18948: 18591: 18469: 18372: 18367: 18283: 18231: 18182: 17950: 17902: 17882: 17801: 17791: 17575: 17459: 16868: 16759: 16739: 16604: 16554: 16447: 16437: 16127: 16093: 16002: 15013: 14751: 14646: 14573: 14445: 13848: 13565: 13519: 13514: 13463: 13127: 13108: 12924: 12819: 12591: 12326: 12278: 12261: 12087: 12053: 11969: 11964: 11849: 11612: 11405: 11365: 11303: 11298: 11235: 11161: 10765: 10759: 10737: 10488: 10132: 9787:

The Quest for Origins - Who First Discovered and Settled New Zealand and the Pacific Islands?

9686: 8742: 8710: 6897: 6882: 6233: 4352: 4060: 4047: 3477: 3179: 3047: 2805: 2770: 2600: 2370: 1863: 251: 16672: 16083: 15619: 9119: 8341:

Balkan Holocausts?: Serbian and Croatian victim centred propaganda and the war in Yugoslavia

7061:"Cultural War: Systematic destruction of Old Julfa khachkars raises international attention" 6838: 6521: 6130:

Teaching and Remembering Inside Indonesia History Textbooks Suharto Era Transitional Justice

6129: 2306:

as an inaccurate description of their historical point of view, instead preferring the term

2093:) was part of an Azerbaijani nation. Petrushevskii's two important studies dealing with the 20030: 19940: 19561: 19232: 19143: 19038: 18831: 18760: 18536: 18454: 18428: 18413: 18377: 18278: 18246: 18204: 18187: 18054: 17917: 17708: 17658: 17394: 17389: 17359: 17222: 16955: 16432: 15773: 15490: 14845: 14685: 14418: 14294: 14265: 14036: 13698: 13672: 13619: 13453: 13380: 13225: 13190: 13144: 13112: 12990: 12704: 12565: 12555: 12550: 12511: 12496: 12368: 12241: 12212: 11824: 11775: 11747: 11470: 11400: 11186: 10661: 10157: 9578: 9456:

Gorton, Sean (2015). "THE UNCERTAIN FUTURE OF GENOCIDE DENIAL LAWS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION".

8530: 7819: 7717:

For more see: Michael L. Benson, Yugoslavia: A Concise History, Edition 2, Springer, 2003,

7614:

21 February 2006. "Austria is one of 11 countries with laws against denying the Holocaust."

4330: 4262: 3884: 3611: 3445: 3343: 2971: 2827:, there was a rise of the publications considering the matter on historical revisionism of 2405:) to the modern times, which has been criticized by some domestic and foreign scholars for 2334: 2333:, and thus was publicly discredited and identified as a Holocaust denier, the trial judge, 1883: 1814: 1704: 1464:

Discussion of the killings was taboo in Indonesia and, if mentioned at all, usually called

1352: 1169: 1135: 1015: 993: 463: 266:

Historical negationism applies the techniques of research, quotation, and presentation for

97: 14726: 8969:

Nassar, Maha (2023). "Exodus, Nakba Denialism, and the Mobilization of Anti-Arab Racism".

4938: 4068: 2193:, at the instigation of the United States: "On June 17, Juche 39 the then U.S. President 8: 20130: 19960: 19935: 19885: 19829: 19697: 19531: 18841: 18611: 18394: 18382: 18320: 18167: 18131: 17877: 17867: 17824: 17595: 17422: 17384: 17280: 16749: 15495: 14909: 14616: 14312: 13524: 13436: 13195: 12829: 12794: 12697: 12501: 12219: 12158: 11854: 11765: 11757: 11520: 11513: 11245: 11230: 11181: 11033: 10590: 10391: 8909: 7740:"Histories of Violence: The Violence of Denial — Rwanda and the Lived Memory of Genocide" 7426: