Napoleon - Knowledge

656: 53: 452: 4491: 2497: 4621: 622: 1932: 1484: 1653: 520: 4646: 2193: 1859: 2445: 4474: 4228: 4360: 2764: 4671: 3223: 3290: 469: 20133: 2238: 2311: 3624: 3511: 2959: 20068: 20000: 3186: 21310: 21473: 14651: 4705: 1733: 1331: 554: 4078: 503: 4825: 1252: 2381: 2893: 2106: 21906: 995: 345: 22069: 22060: 19874: 1586: 3426: 1124: 3017: 19532: 3207:"Soldiers of my Old Guard, I have come to bid you farewell. For twenty years you have accompanied me faithfully on the paths of honor and glory. ...With men like you, our cause was lost, but the war would have dragged on interminably, and it would have been a civil war. ... So I am sacrificing our interests to those of our country. ...Do not lament my fate; if I have agreed to live on, it is to serve our glory. I wish to write the history of the great deeds we have done together. Farewell, my children!" 3763: 3089: 690: 4561: 435: 639: 21840: 486: 571: 3975:. The agreement recognized the Catholic Church as the majority church of France and in return the Church recognized Napoleon's regime, undercutting much of the ground from royalists. The Concordat confirmed the seizure of Church lands and endowments during the revolution, but reintroduced state salaries for the clergy. The government also controlled the nomination of bishops for investiture by the pope. Bishops and other clergy were required to swear an oath of loyalty to the regime. 3957: 537: 588: 401: 23618: 418: 605: 673: 3867: 363: 370: 15234: 3409: 4307: 2463:, on 2 December, Napoleon deployed his army below the Pratzen Heights. He ordered his right wing to feign retreat, enticing the Allies to descend from the heights in pursuit. The French centre and left wing then captured the heights and caught the allies in a pincer movement. Thousands of Russian troops fled across a frozen lake to escape the trap and 100 to 2,000 of them drowned. About a third of the allied forces were killed, captured or wounded. 2053: 3132: 4145: 2704: 20098: 2810: 2164:. Neither of these territories were covered by Amiens, but they inflamed tensions significantly, as did Bonaparte's occupation of Holland and apparent ambitions in India. The dispute culminated in a declaration of war by Britain in May 1803. Bonaparte responded by reassembling the invasion camp at Boulogne and ordering the arrest of every British male between eighteen and sixty years old in France and its dependencies as a 1988:

opposition newspapers were closed down to stifle dissent. Royalist and regional revolts were dealt with by a combination of amnesties for those who lay down their arms and brutal repression of those who continued to resist. Bonaparte also improved state finances by securing loans under a promise to defend private property, raising taxes on tobacco, alcohol and salt, and extracting levies from France's satellite republics.

20043: 1290:, Bonaparte was appointed artillery commander of the republican forces sent to recapture the port of Toulon which was occupied by British and allied forces. He quickly increased the available artillery and proposed a plan to capture a hill fort where republican guns could dominate the city's harbour and force the British to evacuate. The successful assault on the position on 16–17 December led to the capture of the city. 377: 21778: 2615: 15243: 1183: 4432:. His education laws of 1802 left most primary education in the hands of religious or communal schools which taught basic literacy and numeracy for a minority of the population. He abolished the revolutionary central schools and replaced them with secondary schools and elite lycées where the curriculum was based on reading, writing, mathematics, Latin, natural history, classics, and ancient history. 4169:, who met him in 1802, said "Samuel Rogers stood a little way from me and... seemed to be disappointed in the look of countenance and said it was that of a little Italian." Farington said Napoleon's eyes were "lighter, and more of a grey, than I should have expected from his complexion", that "his person is below middle size", and that "his general aspect was milder than I had before thought it." 3013:, outside Moscow, on 7 September. The battle resulted in 44,000 Russian and 35,000 French dead, wounded or captured, in one of the bloodiest days of battle in Europe up to that time. The Russians withdrew overnight and Napoleon later stated, "The most terrible of all my battles was the one before Moscow. The French showed themselves worthy of victory, and the Russians worthy of being invincible". 4272:

and indirect elections with a high property qualification replaced direct elections. Real power in the regions was now in the hands of the prefects who were judged by how they met the main priorities of Napoleon's government: efficient administration, law and order, stimulating the local economy, gathering votes for plebiscites, conscripting soldiers and provisioning the army.

3170:(20–21 March). The coalition then moved towards Paris, whose defence was under the command of Joseph Bonaparte. On 29 March, a coalition army of 200,000 began their attack on the Belleville and Montmartre heights. Empress Marie Louise fled Paris that evening with her son, the King of Rome. With an army of only 38,000 to defend the capital, Joseph authorized the French marshal 2718:, which was reluctant to strictly enforce the blockade against its traditional ally Britain. On 17 October 1807, 24,000 French troops under General Junot crossed the Pyrenees with Spanish consent and headed towards Portugal to enforce the blockade. Junot occupied Lisbon in November, but the Portuguese royal family had already fled to Brazil with the Portuguese fleet. 3812:. However, subsequent studies also found high concentrations of arsenic in hair samples from Napoleon's childhood and from his son and Joséphine. Arsenic was widely used in medicines and products such as hair creams in the 19th century. A 2021 study by an international team of gastrointestinal pathologists once again concluded that Napoleon died of stomach cancer. 2550: 4046:

and glory or for the welfare of France. Historians agree that Napoleon was highly intelligent with an excellent memory, and was a superior organizer who could work efficiently for long hours. In battle, he could rapidly dictate a series of complex commands to his subordinates, keeping in mind where major units were expected to be at each future point.

4576:, books, theatre, and art were part of his propaganda scheme, aimed at portraying him as bringing peace and stability to France. Propaganda focused on his role first as a general then as a civil leader and emperor. He fostered a relationship with artists, commissioning and controlling different forms of art to suit his propaganda goals. 5804: 4097:, numerology, fate and lucky stars, and always asked of his generals: is he lucky? Dwyer states that Napoleon's victories at Austerlitz and Jena in 1805–06 left him even more certain of his destiny and invincibility. "I am of the race that founds empires", he once boasted, deeming himself an heir to the Ancient Romans. 3339:. Four days later, Great Britain, Russia, Austria, and Prussia each pledged to put 150,000 men into the field to end his rule. Louis XVIII, however, fled Paris for Belgium in the early hours of 20 March after realizing that he did not have enough reliable troops to oppose Napoleon. Napoleon entered Paris that evening. 4173:

in 1797 and 1798, noted that "Bonaparte was rather slight and emaciated-looking; his face, too, was very thin, with a dark complexion... his black, unpowdered hair hung down evenly over both shoulders", but that, despite his slight and unkempt appearance, "his looks and expression were earnest and powerful."

3249:. The following night, Napoleon attempted suicide with poison he had carried after nearly being captured by the Russians during the retreat from Moscow. Its potency had weakened with age, however, and he survived to be exiled, while his wife and son took refuge in Austria. He was conveyed to the island on 4271:

Napoleon introduced a series of centralizing administrative reforms soon after taking power. In 1800, he established prefects appointed to run France's regional departments, sub-prefects to run districts and mayors to run towns. Local representative bodies were retained, but their powers were reduced

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on 4 May 1814. In the first few months on Elba, he drew up plans for administrative reforms, road and building works, and improvements to the island's mines and agriculture, but results were limited by lack of funds. When Napoleon learned that Joséphine had died in France on 29 May, he was distraught

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which Alexander considered an insult as his uncle was the duke. The Tsar responded by allowing neutral shipping into Russian ports and banning most French imports. Russia feared that Napoleon intended to restore the Kingdom of Poland while Napoleon suspected Russia of seeking an alliance with Britain

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Napoleon was responsible for spreading many of the values of the French Revolution to other countries, especially through the Napoleonic Code. After the fall of Napoleon, it continued to influence the law in western Europe and other parts of the world including Latin America, the Dominican Republic,

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A number of historians have argued that his expansionist foreign policy was a major factor in the Napoleonic wars which cost six million lives and caused economic disruption for a generation. McLynn and Barnett suggest that Napoleon's reputation as a military genius is exaggerated. Cobban and Conner

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Under Napoleon, the focus shifted towards destroying enemy armies rather than simply outmanoeuvering them. Wars became more costly and decisive as invasions of enemy territory occurred on larger fronts. The political cost of war also increased, as defeat for a European power now meant more than just

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A criminal code was promulgated in 1808, and eventually seven codes of law were produced under Napoleon. The Napoleonic code was carried by Napoleon's armies across Europe and influenced the law in many parts of the world. Cobban described it as, "the most effective agency for the propagation of the

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His face was slightly swarthy, with regular features. His nose was not very large, but straight, with a slight, hardly noticeable bend. The hair on his head was dark reddish-blond; his eyebrows and eyelashes were much darker than the colour of his hair, and his blue eyes, set off by the almost black

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A friend who first met him as a young man said Napoleon was only notable "for the dark color of his complexion... for his piercing and scrutinising glance, and for the style of his conversation". He also said that Napoleon was serious and sombre. Johann Ludwig Wurstemberger, who accompanied Napoleon

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to adapt the law of Moses to those of the empire. An imperial decree of March 1808 organized Jewish worship into consistories, limited usury and encouraged Jews to adopt a family name, intermarriage, and civil marriage and divorce. Jews, however, were still subject to discrimination in many parts of

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with Joséphine in 1796 and, at the pope's insistence, a private religious ceremony with her the day before his coronation as Emperor in 1804. This marriage was annulled by tribunals under Napoleon's control in January 1810. In April 1810, Napoleon married Austrian princess Marie Louise in a Catholic

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Napoleon also circulated reports of poor treatment in the hope that public opinion would force the allies to revoke his exile on Saint Helena. Under instructions from the British government, Lowe cut Napoleon's expenditure, refused to recognize him as a former emperor, and made his supporters sign a

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were peace terms offered by the coalition in November 1813 under which Napoleon would remain emperor, but France would be reduced to its "natural frontiers." That meant that France would retain control of Belgium, Savoy and the west bank of the Rhine, while withdrawing from Spain, Holland, Italy and

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Following the royalist plot, Bonaparte's supporters convinced him that creating a hereditary regime would help secure it in case of his death, make it more acceptable to constitutional monarchists, and put it on the same footing as other European monarchies. On 18 May, the senate proclaimed Napoleon

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Bonaparte believed that the best way to secure his regime was by a victorious peace. In May 1800, he led an army across the Swiss Alps into Italy, aiming to surprise the Austrian armies that had reoccupied the peninsula when Bonaparte was still in Egypt. After a difficult crossing over the Alps, the

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in Paris where he trained to become an artillery officer. He excelled at mathematics, and read widely in geography, history and literature. However, he was poor at French and German. His father's death in February 1785 cut the family income and forced him to complete the two-year course in one year.

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where he was routinely bullied by his peers for his accent, birthplace, short stature, mannerisms, and poor French. He became reserved and melancholic, applying himself to reading. An examiner observed that Napoleon "has always been distinguished for his application in mathematics. He is fairly well

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in 2005. Most modern critics of Napoleon, however, reject the Hitler comparison, arguing that Napoleon did not commit genocide and did not engage in the mass murder and imprisonment of his political opponents. Nevertheless, Bell and McLynn condemn his killing of 3,000-5,000 Turkish prisoners of war

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In his later years Napoleon gained weight and had a sallow complexion. Novelist Paul de Kock, who saw him in 1811, called Napoleon "yellow, obese, and bloated". A British captain who met him in 1815 stated "I felt very much disappointed, as I believe everyone else did, in his appearance ... He

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Some historians talk of Napoleon's dual nature: a rationalist with a strong romantic streak. He took a team of scholars, artists and engineers with him to Egypt in order to scientifically study the country's culture and history, but at the same time was struck by romantic "orientalism". "I was full

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Many historians see Napoleon as pragmatic and a realist, at least in the early years of his rule. He was not driven by ideology and promoted capable men irrespective of their political and social background, as long as they were loyal. As an expert in military matters, he valued technical expertise

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wrote in 1947, "It is impossible that two historians, especially two historians living in different periods, should see any historical personality in the same light." There is no dispute that Napoleon was ambitious, although commentators disagree on whether his ambition was mostly for his own power

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In November 1818, the allies announced that Napoleon would remain a prisoner on Saint Helena for life. When he learnt the news, he became depressed and more isolated, spending longer periods in his rooms which further undermined his health. A number of his entourage also left Saint Helena including

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Napoleon appointed a government and introduced constitutional changes which were approved by plebiscite in May. A Chamber of Representatives was also indirectly elected that month on a highly restrictive property franchise. Napoleon's priority was to raise an army to face the coalition, but the law

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The marriage was formalized in a civil ceremony on 1 April and a religious service at the Louvre on the following day. The marriage to Marie Louise was widely seen as a shift in French policy towards stronger ties with Austria and away from the already strained relationship with Russia. On 20 March

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By then, there were 120,000 French troops garrisoned in the peninsula and widespread Spanish opposition to the occupation and the overthrow of the Spanish Bourbons. On 2 May, an uprising against the French broke out in Madrid and spread throughout Spain in the following weeks. In the face of brutal

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Historians have variously described Bonaparte's new regime as "dictatorship by plebiscite," "absolutist rule decked out in the spirit of the age," and "soft despotism." Local and regional administration was reformed to concentrate power in the central government, censorship was introduced, and most

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Unknown to Bonaparte, the Directory had sent him orders to return from Egypt with his army to ward off a possible invasion of France, but these messages never arrived. By the time that he reached Paris in October, France's situation had been improved by a series of victories. The Republic, however,

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in July 1794, Bonaparte's association with leading Jacobins made him politically suspect to the new regime. He was arrested on 9 August but released two weeks later. He was asked to draw up plans to attack Italian positions as part of France's war with Austria and, in March 1795, he took part in an

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The dominant influence of Napoleon's childhood was his mother, whose firm discipline restrained a rambunctious child. Later in life, Napoleon said, "The future destiny of the child is always the work of the mother." Napoleon's noble, moderately affluent background afforded him greater opportunities

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Critics also cite Napoleon's exploitation of conquered territories. To finance his wars, Napoleon increased taxes and levies of troops from annexed territories and satellite states. He also introduced discriminatory tariff policies which promoted French trade at the expense of allies and satellite

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Meanwhile, Napoleon was in Fontainebleau with an army of 40,000 to 60,000. He contemplated a march on Paris but, on 4 April, his senior commanders persuaded him to abdicate in favour of his son, with Marie Louise as regent. Tsar Alexander, however, demanded an unconditional abdication and Napoleon

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decided on war with France. Prussia and Russia signed a new military alliance creating the fourth coalition against France. Prussia, however, committed a strategic blunder by declaring war when French troops were still in southern Germany and months before sufficient Russian troops could reach the

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Facing a potential invasion from his continental enemies, Napoleon abandoned his invasion of England and sought to destroy the isolated Austrian armies in Southern Germany before their Russian ally could arrive in force. On 25 September, 200,000 French troops began to cross the Rhine on a front of

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and joined the pro-French Corsican Republicans who opposed Paoli's policy and his aspirations to secede. He was given command over a battalion of Corsican volunteers and promoted to captain in the regular army in 1792, despite exceeding his leave of absence and a dispute between his volunteers and

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In 1808, he founded the Imperial University, a supervisory body with control over curriculum and discipline. The following year he introduced the baccalaureate. The system was designed to produce the efficient bureaucrats, technicians, professionals and military officers that the Napoleonic state

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said Napoleon saw others only as instruments and was cut off from feelings of admiration, sympathy or pity. Arthur Lévy replied that Napoleon genuinely loved Joséphine and often showed humanity and compassion to his enemies or those who had let him down. He had the normal middle class virtues and

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Napoleon's health continued to worsen, and in March 1821 he was confined to bed. In April he wrote two wills declaring that he had been murdered by the British, that the Bourbons would fall and that his son would rule France. He left his fortune to 97 legatees and asked to be buried by the Seine.

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Napoleon insisted on imperial formality. When he held a dinner party, men were expected to wear military dress and "women in evening gowns and gems. It was an explicit denial of the circumstances of his captivity". He formally received visitors, read, and dictated his memoirs and commentaries on

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The new constitution was approved by plebiscite on 7 February 1800. The official count was over three million in favour and 1,562 against. Lucien, however, had doubled the count of the "yes" vote to give the false impression that a majority of those eligible to vote had approved the constitution.

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outlawed him. In early June, Bonaparte and 400 French troops failed to capture Ajaccio from Corsican volunteers and the island was now controlled by Paoli's supporters. When Bonaparte learned that the Corsican assembly had condemned him and his family, the Buonapartes fled to Toulon on the French

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He understood the power of organized religion in social and political affairs, and later sought to use it to support his regime. His attitude to religion is often described as utilitarian. In 1800 he stated, "it was by making myself a Catholic that I won the war in the Vendée, by making myself a

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called him "the greatest statesman and the ablest general of ancient or modern times". Cobban states that he showed his genius in moving troops quickly and concentrating them on strategic points. His principles were to keep his forces united, keep no weak point unguarded, seize important points

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The civil code entrenched the principles of equality before the law, religious toleration, secure property rights, equal inheritance for all legitimate children, and the abolition of the vestiges of feudalism. However, it also reduced the rights of women and children and severely restricted the

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Similarly, historians are divided over whether Napoleon was consistently ruthless when his power was threatened or surprisingly indulgent in some cases. Those arguing for a ruthless personality point to episodes such as his violent suppression of revolts in France and conquered territories, his

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The Jews of France had been granted full civil rights in September 1791 and religious equality in 1795. The revolutionary and Napoleonic regimes abolished Jewish ghettoes in the territories they conquered. Napoleon wished to assimilate Jews into French society and convened an assembly of Jewish

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The French, pursued by the Russians, withdrew from most of Poland and Prussia over the winter of 1812–13 while both sides rebuilt their forces. Sweden and Prussia declared war on France in March 1813. In April, Napoleon assumed command of an army of 200,000 troops, and defeated the coalition at

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With the annexation of the Papal states (May 1809, February 1810), Holland (July 1810) and the northern coastal regions of Westphalia (August 1810), mainland France further increased its territory. Napoleon now ruled about 40% of the European population either directly or indirectly through his

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Napoleon's union with Joséphine had not produced a child, and he decided to secure the dynasty and strengthen its position in Europe by a strategic marriage into one of Europe's major royal houses. In November 1809, he announced his decision to divorce Joséphine and the marriage was annulled in

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The hereditary empire was confirmed by a plebiscite in June. The official result showed 3.5 million voted "yes" and 2,569 voted "no". The yes count, however, was falsely inflated by 300,000 to 500,000 votes. The turnout, at 35%, was below the figure for the previous plebiscite. Britain, Russia,

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Many historians have criticized Napoleon's authoritarian rule, especially after 1807, which included censorship, the closure of independent newspapers, the bypassing of direct elections and representative government, the dismissal of judges showing independence, and the exile of critics of the

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The defeats at Bailén and Vimiero convinced Napoleon that he had to take command of the Iberian campaign. Before leaving for Spain, he attempted to strengthen the alliance with Russia and obtain a commitment from Alexander that Russia would declare war on Austria if she attacked France. At the

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until after the outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789, but spent long periods of leave in Corsica which fed his Corsican nationalism. In September 1789, he returned to Corsica and promoted the French revolutionary cause. Paoli returned to the island in July 1790, but he had no sympathy for

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One story of Napoleon at the school is that he led junior students to victory against senior students in a snowball fight, which allegedly showed his leadership abilities. But the story was only told after Napoleon had become famous. In his later years at Brienne, Napoleon became an outspoken

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asking the French people to make "Napoleon Bonaparte" Consul for life. (It was the first time his first name was officially used by the regime.) About 3.6 million voted "yes" and 8,374 "no." Around 40-60% of eligible Frenchmen voted, the highest turnout for a plebiscite since the Revolution.

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The Napoleonic legend played a key role in collective political defiance of the Bourbon restoration monarchy in 1815–1830. People from different walks of life and areas of France, particularly Napoleonic veterans, drew on the Napoleonic legacy and its connections with the ideals of the 1789

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In February 1795, the National Convention proclaimed religious equality for France's Protestant churches and other religions. In April 1802, Napoleon published laws increasing state control of Calvinist congregations and Lutheran directories, with their pastors to be paid by the state. With

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in March 1802, bringing the Revolutionary Wars to an end. Under the treaty, Britain agreed to withdraw from most of the colonies it had recently captured from France and her allies, and France agreed to evacuate Naples. In April, Bonaparte publicly celebrated the peace and his controversial

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regime. Historians also blame Napoleon for reducing the civil rights of women, children and people of colour, and reintroducing the legal penalties of civil death and confiscation of property. His reintroduction of an hereditary monarchy and nobility remains controversial. His role in the

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was unpopular. Realizing that his wife and son would not be joining him in exile, cut off from the allowance guaranteed to him by the Treaty of Fontainebleau, and aware of rumours he was about to be banished to a remote island in the Atlantic Ocean, Napoleon escaped from Elba in the brig

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was particularly brutal. Bonaparte discovered that many of the defenders were former prisoners of war, ostensibly on parole, so he ordered the garrison and some 1,500–5,000 prisoners to be executed by bayonet or drowning. Men, women, and children were robbed and murdered for three days.

1840:. On 24 August 1799, fearing that the Republic's future was in doubt, he took advantage of the temporary departure of British ships from French coastal ports and set sail for France, despite the fact that he had received no explicit orders from Paris. The army was left in the charge of 1692:, an enemy of the British. Bonaparte assured the Directory that "as soon as he had conquered Egypt, he will establish relations with the Indian princes and, together with them, attack the English in their possessions". The Directory agreed in order to secure a trade route to the 2920:

January 1810. Napoleon had already commenced negotiations for the marriage of Tsar Alexander's sister Anna, but the Tsar responded that she was too young. Napoleon then turned to Austria, and a marriage to the Austrian Emperor's daughter, Marie Louise, was quickly agreed.

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under which the Pope recognized Bonaparte's regime and the regime recognized Catholicism as the majority religion of France. In a further step towards national reconciliation (known as "fusion"), Bonaparte offered an amnesty to most émigrés who wished to return to France.

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and listened to the advice of experts in other fields. However, there is a consensus that once he dominated Europe he became more intolerant of other views and surrounded himself with "yes men". Towards the end of his reign he lost his realism and ability to compromise.

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Bell sees the return of Napoleon's remains to France in 1840 as an attempt by Louis-Phillipe to prop up his unpopular regime by associating it with Napoleon, and that the regime of Napoleon III was only possible due to the continued resonance of the Napoleonic legend.

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Napoleon went on to say, "The battle of Austerlitz is the finest of all I have fought". Frank McLynn suggests that Napoleon was so successful at Austerlitz that he lost touch with reality, and what used to be French foreign policy became a "personal Napoleonic one".

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During the campaign, Bonaparte became increasingly influential in French politics. He founded two newspapers: one for the troops in his army and one for circulation in France. The royalists attacked him for looting Italy and warned that he might become a dictator.

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through superior artillery technology and Bonaparte's tactics. Bonaparte extracted an estimated 45 million French pounds from Italy during the campaign, another 12 million pounds in precious metals and jewels, and more than 300 paintings and sculptures.

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according to the revolutionary calendar), the conspirators launched a coup, and the following day, backed by grenadiers with fixed bayonets, forced the Council of Five Hundred to dissolve the Directory and appoint Bonaparte, Sieyès and Ducos provisional consuls.

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In the 21st century, Napoleon appears regularly in popular fiction, drama and advertising. Napoleon and his era remain major topics of historical research with a sharp increase in historical books, articles and symposia during the bicentenary years of 1999 to

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Napoleon instituted numerous reforms, many of which had a lasting influence on France, Europe and the world. He reformed the French administration, codified French law, implemented a new education system, and established the first French central bank, the

2596:, fought on 14 October, the French convincingly defeated the Prussians and inflicted heavy casualties. With several major commanders dead or incapacitated, the Prussian king proved incapable of effectively commanding the army, which quickly disintegrated. 2982:

comprised around 450,000 frontline troops of which about a third were native French speakers. Napoleon called the invasion the "Second Polish War," but he refused to guarantee an independent Poland for fear of alienating his Austrian and Prussian allies.

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and invaded Bavaria. The Austrian advance, however, was disorganized and they were unable to defeat the Bavarian army before the French could concentrate their forces. Napoleon arrived from Paris on the 17th to lead the French campaign. In the following

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on 18 June. Wellington's army withstood repeated attacks by the French until, late in the afternoon, Blücher's Prussians arrived in force on Napoleon's right flank. The coalition forces broke through Napoleon's lines, inflicting a devastating defeat.

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is fat, rather what we call pot-bellied, and although his leg is well shaped, it is rather clumsy ... He is very sallow, with light grey eyes, and rather thin, greasy-looking brown hair, and altogether a very nasty, priestlike-looking fellow."

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In late 1811, Napoleon began planning an invasion of Russia. A Franco-Prussian alliance signed in February 1812 forced Prussia to provide 20,000 troops for the invasion and, in March, Austria agreed to provide 30,000 men. Napoleon's multinational

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to retake the colony and they landed there in February 1802 with 29,000 men. Although Toussaint was captured and sent to France in July, the expedition ultimately failed due to high rates of disease and a string of defeats against rebel commander

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The overthrow of the Spanish Bourbons caused alarm in Austria over Napoleon's ambitions while France's military difficulties in the Peninsular encouraged Austria to go to war. In the early morning of 10 April 1809, the Austrian army crossed the

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France had regained her overseas colonies under Amiens but did not control them all. The French National Convention had voted to abolish slavery in February 1794, but, in May 1802, Bonaparte reintroduced it in all the recovered colonies except

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he was slightly wounded in the heel but the Austrians were forced to retreat across the Danube. The French occupied Vienna on 13 May but most of the population had fled and the retreating army had destroyed all four bridges across the river.

2791:. British, Portuguese and Spanish regular forces engaged the French in a protracted series of conflicts. Meanwhile, a brutal guerrilla war engulfed much of the Spanish countryside, a conflict in which atrocities were committed by both sides. 2527:. He also opted for an alliance with France, calling France "our sincere and natural ally". That decision brought the Ottoman Empire into a losing war against Russia and Britain. A Franco-Persian alliance was formed between Napoleon and the 1301:, a leading Jacobin. He was promoted to brigadier general and put in charge of defences on the Mediterranean coast. In February 1794, he was made artillery commander of the Army of Italy and devised plans to attack the Kingdom of Sardinia. 21250: 3827:

permission to return Napoleon's remains to France. Napoleon's body was exhumed and found to be well preserved as it had been sealed in four coffins (two of metal and two of mahogany) and placed in a masonry tomb. On 15 December 1840, a

3447:. The prisoner was guarded by a garrison of 2,100 soldiers while a squadron of 10 ships continuously patrolled the waters to prevent escape. In the following years, there were rumours of escape plots, but no serious attempts were made. 2794:

Napoleon later called the Peninsular campaign, "the unlucky war ruined me." It tied up some 300,000 French troops from 1808 to 1812. By 1814, the French had been driven from the peninsula, with over 150,000 casualties in the campaign.

12479: 4279:, an advisory body of experts which could also draft laws for submission to the legislative body. Napoleon drew many of his ministers and ambassadors from the council. It was the council which undertook the codification of French law. 970:

of conquered territories, and his mixed record on civil rights. He abolished the free press, ended directly elected representative government, exiled and jailed critics of his regime, reinstated slavery in France's colonies except for

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Revolution. The defiance manifested itself in seditious materials, displaying the tricolour and rosettes. There were also subversive activities celebrating anniversaries of Napoleon's life and reign and disrupting royal celebrations.

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said his presence on the battlefield was worth 40,000 soldiers. He could charm people when he needed to but could also publicly humiliate them and was known for his rages when his plans were frustrated. Historian McLynn sees him as a

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on 14 June. The Austrians fielded about 30,000 soldiers while Bonaparte commanded 24,000 troops. The Austrians' initial attack surprised the French who were gradually driven back. Late in the afternoon, however, a full division under

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was integrated into reserve batteries, the staff system became more fluid, and cavalry returned as an important formation in French military doctrine. These methods are now referred to as essential features of Napoleonic warfare.

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In the following month, the French captured 140,000 soldiers and over 2,000 cannon. Despite their overwhelming defeat, the Prussians refused to negotiate with the French until the Russians had an opportunity to enter the fight.

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in October. Although coalition casualties were 54,000 men, the French lost 38,000 killed or wounded and 15,000 taken prisoner. Up to 50,000 more were lost to death, illness and desertion during the French retreat to the Rhine.

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Prussia's humiliating treatment at Tilsit caused lasting resentment against France in that country. The treaty was also unpopular in Russia, putting pressure on Alexander to end the alliance with France. Nevertheless, the

975:, banned the entry of blacks and mulattos into France, reduced the civil rights of women and children in France, reintroduced a hereditary monarchy and nobility, and violently repressed popular uprisings against his rule. 3069:

river on pontoon bridges in temperatures reaching −40 °C (−40 °F). On 5 December, shortly before arriving in Vilnius, Napoleon left his disintegrating army for Paris. In the following weeks, the remnants of the

2672:

to France. In contrast, Prussia was treated harshly. It lost half its territory and population and underwent a two-year occupation costing it about 1.4 billion francs. From former Prussian territory, Napoleon created the

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Many of those who met Napoleon were surprised by his unremarkable physical appearance in contrast to his significant deeds and reputation. In his youth he was consistently described as small and thin. English painter

2779:

and took command of 240,000 French troops. After a series of victories over Anglo-Spanish forces, Madrid was retaken on 4 December. Napoleon then pursued the retreating British forces who were eventually evacuated at

2027:

Bonaparte's triumph at Marengo increased his popularity and political authority. However, he still faced royalist plots and feared Jacobin influence, especially in the army. Several assassination plots, including the

4262:

to encourage civilian and military achievements. The order is still the highest decoration in France. He introduced three French constitutions culminating in the reintroduction of a hereditary monarchy and nobility.

3053:

and peasants and suffered from the intense cold, disease and lack of food and water. Around 40,000 to 50,000 troops reached Smolensk on 9 November, a loss of about 60,000 in three weeks. Napoleon also heard that an

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in 1796, but Charles withdrew his forces to protect Vienna after learning of Bonaparte's assault. In their first encounter, Bonaparte pushed Charles back and advanced deep into Austrian territory after winning the

4708: 2729:. The following month, Napoleon summoned Carlos and Fernando to Bayonne where, in May, he forced them both to relinquish their claims to the Spanish throne. Napoleon then made his brother Joseph King of Spain. 1889:

was bankrupt and the ineffective Directory was unpopular. Despite the failures in Egypt, Bonaparte returned to a hero's welcome. The Directory discussed Bonaparte's desertion but was too weak to punish him.

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arrived on the field and reversed the tide of the battle. The Austrian army fled leaving behind 14,000 casualties. The following day, the Austrians signed an armistice and agreed to abandon Northern Italy.

3152:

Germany. Napoleon did not accept the terms and the allies crossed the Rhine into French territory on 1 January 1814. Wellington's British forces had already crossed the Pyrenees into south-western France.

24029: 21220: 9824: 9774: 2839:. Both sides inflicted about 23,000 casualties on each other and the French were forced back. The battle was reported in European capitals as a defeat for Napoleon and damaged his aura of invincibility. 11243: 2846:(5–6 July) the Austrians were forced to retreat but the French and Austrians each suffered losses of 37,000 to 39,000 killed, wounded or captured. The French caught up with the retreating Austrians at 1825:, so he marched his army back to Egypt in May. Bonaparte was alleged to have ordered plague-stricken men to be poisoned with opium to speed the retreat. Back in Egypt on 25 July, Bonaparte defeated an 1770:. Bonaparte's forces of 25,000 roughly equalled those of the Mamluks' Egyptian cavalry. Twenty-nine French and approximately 2,000 Egyptians were killed. The victory boosted the French army's morale. 3887:

Napoleon was baptized in Ajaccio on 21 July 1771, and raised a Roman Catholic. He began to question his faith at age 13 while at Brienne. Biographers have variously described him from that time as a

4379:, and from the reforms of preceding French governments, and then developed what was already in place. He continued the Revolutionary policies of conscription and promotion based primarily on merit. 12191: 4645: 4286:

in France in 1801 and it was spread through western Europe by his armies. The new system was unpopular in some circles, so in 1812 he introduced a compromise system in the retail trade called the

21257: 18534: 4859:. When Napoleon abdicated in 1815 he named his son his successor as "Napoleon II", but the allies refused to recognize him. He was awarded the title of the Duke of Reichstadt in 1818 and died of 4070:

execution of the Duc d'Enghien and plotters against his rule, and his massacre of Turkish prisoners of war in Syria in 1799. Others point to his mild treatment of disloyal subordinates such as

1120:

to improve his French (his mother tongue was the Corsican dialect of Italian). Although he eventually became fluent in French, he spoke with a Corsican accent and his French spelling was poor.

3641:

An Act for regulating the Intercourse with the Island of Saint Helena, during the time Napoleon Buonaparté shall be detained there; and for indemnifying persons in the cases therein mentioned.

2649:, wiping out about 30% of the Russian army. The scale of their defeat convinced the Russians to make peace with the French. The two emperors began peace negotiations on 25 June at the town of 1396:

where he worked on military planning. On 15 September, Bonaparte was removed from the list of generals in regular service for refusing to serve in the Vendée campaign. He sought a transfer to

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of dreams," he stated. "I saw myself founding a religion, marching into Asia, riding an elephant, a turban on my head and in my hand a new Koran that I would have composed to suit my need."

4418:

Napoleon's educational reforms laid the foundation of a modern system of secondary and tertiary education in France and throughout much of Europe. He synthesized academic elements from the

4454:

Female education, in contrast, was designed to be practical and religious, based on home science, the catechism, basic literacy and numeracy, and enough science to eradicate superstition.

4333:

that revised the drafts. The code introduced a clearly written and accessible set of national laws to replace the various regional and customary law systems that had operated in France.

2515:

Napoleon continued to entertain a grand scheme to establish a French presence in the Middle East in order to put pressure on Britain and Russia, possibly by forming an alliance with the

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The disaster at Austerlitz led Austria to seek an armistice. By the subsequent Treaty of Pressburg, signed on 26 December, Austria left the coalition, lost substantial territory to the

4443:

in history and geography, but opposed one in literature because it was not vocational. He also founded the military academy of Saint Cyr. He promoted the advanced centres, such as the

19896: 3982:, which further increased state control over the French Church. Similar arrangements were made with the Church in territories controlled by Napoleon, especially in Italy and Germany. 4402:

quickly, and seize his chance. Owen Connelly, however, states, "Napoleon's personal tactics defy analysis." He used his intuition, engaged his troops, and reacted to what developed.

2214:

In February 1804, Bonaparte's police made a series of arrests in relation to a royalist plot to kidnap or assassinate him that involved the British government, Moreau and an unnamed

12737: 2884:; and the territory of the former Archbishopric of Salzburg went to Bavaria. Austria was required to pay an indemnity of 200 million francs and its army was reduced to 150,000 men. 13011: 696: 4002:

in France. In January 1813, Napoleon pressured the pope to sign a new "Concordat of Fontainebleau" which was soon repudiated by the pontiff. The pope was not released until 1814.

1539:. The French triumph at Rivoli in January 1797 led to the collapse of the Austrian position in Italy. At Rivoli, Austria lost 43% of its soldiers dead, wounded or taken prisoner. 1469:

The couple married on 9 March 1796 in a civil ceremony. Bonaparte now habitually styled himself "Napoleon Bonaparte" rather than using the Italian form "Napoleone di Buonaparte."

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for an emerging middle class, and centralized state power at the expense of religious authorities. His conquests acted as a catalyst for political change and the development of

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published articles insinuating the British government was trying to hasten his death. Napoleon often complained of his living conditions in letters to the island's governor,

21754: 4126:. Harold T. Parker speculated that rivalry with his older brother and bullying when he moved to France led him to develop an inferiority complex which made him domineering. 2592:. Upon learning the whereabouts of the Prussian army, the French swung westwards thus cutting the Prussians off from Berlin and the slowly approaching Russians. At the twin 3440:

in the Atlantic Ocean, 1,870 km (1,010 nmi) from the west coast of Africa. Napoleon and 27 followers arrived at Jamestown, Saint Helena, in October 1815 on board

3123:

The coalition, however, had a growing advantage in infantry, cavalry, reserves and armaments. In the largest battle of the Napoleonic wars, the coalition was victorious at

1383:

region. As an infantry command, it was a demotion from artillery general and he pleaded poor health to avoid the posting. During this period, he wrote the romantic novella

5788: 4200:". He was mocked as a short-tempered small man and was nicknamed "Little Boney in a strong fit". In fact, at about 170 cm (5 ft 7 in), he was of average height. 3994:

from 1805. When he annexed Rome in May 1809, the pope excommunicated him the following month. In July, French officials arrested the pope in the Vatican and exiled him to

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Sweden and the Ottoman Empire refused to recognize Napoleon's new title. Austria, however, recognized Napoleon as Emperor of the French in return for his recognition of

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as a genius in the art of war, and many historians rank him as a great military commander. Wellington considered him the greatest military commander of all time, and

3808:, the disease that had killed his father. A later theory, based on high concentrations of arsenic found in samples of Napoleon's hair, held that Napoleon had died of 2081:

With Europe at peace and the economy recovering, Bonaparte became increasingly popular, both domestically and abroad. In May 1802, the Council of State recommended a

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Napoleon's use of propaganda contributed to his rise to power, legitimated his regime, and established his image for posterity. Strict censorship and control of the

3074:, about 75,000 troops, crossed the Nieman into allied territory. Russian military losses in the campaign were up to 300,000 and total deaths were up to one million. 3061:

From Smolensk, Napoleon's army headed for Vilnius, where there was a French garrison of 20,000. In late November, under attack from all sides by Russian forces, the

2145:

As war with Britain again loomed in 1803, Bonaparte realized that his American colony of Louisiana would be difficult to defend. In need of funds, he agreed to the

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In July, Joseph travelled to Madrid where he was proclaimed King of Spain on the 24th. However, following news of a French defeat by regular Spanish forces at the

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lashes, gave him a most pleasing expression ... The man I saw was of short stature, just over five feet tall, rather heavy although he was only 37 years old.

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in November, capturing 100,000 muskets, 500 cannons, and the intact bridges across the Danube. Napoleon then sent his army north in pursuit of the Allies. Tsar

19763: 18105: 12451: 4292:(traditional units of measurement). In December 1805, Napoleon abolished the Revolutionary calendar, with its ten-day week, which had been introduced in 1793. 2573:, a collection of German states intended to serve as a buffer zone between France and Central Europe. The creation of the confederation spelled the end of the 11233: 2038:

two months later, gave him a pretext to arrest about 100 suspected Jacobins and royalists, some of whom were shot and many others deported to penal colonies.

1575: 1511:

Two days after the marriage, Bonaparte left Paris to take command of the Army of Italy. He went on the offensive, hoping to defeat the Kingdom of Sardinia in

24114: 22298: 13288: 11273: 22084: 20137: 20927: 16103: 15058: 14736: 9820: 24109: 21159: 18249: 12181: 2138:. In May 1803, Bonaparte acknowledged defeat, and the last 8,000 French troops left the island. The former slaves proclaimed the independent republic of 21588: 13447: 4490: 2611:

issued in November 1806. The Continental System, which prohibited European nations from trading with Britain, was widely violated throughout his reign.

20549: 19450: 19405: 19312: 19259: 19190: 19060: 19034: 18951: 18848: 18775: 1833: 1316:. After this campaign, Augustin Robespierre sent Bonaparte on a mission to the Republic of Genoa to determine the country's intentions towards France. 769: 58: 4258:, which regulated public worship in France. He also implemented civil and religious equality for Protestants and Jews. In May 1802, he instituted the 2787:

Napoleon never returned to Spain after the 1808 campaign. In April, the British sent another army to the peninsula under Arthur Wellesley, the future

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There were actually three versions of the act written on 4 April 1814. The final signed version explicitly refers to "Napoleon II" as his successor.

3725:

and warned Lowe that he could die from the poor climate and lack of exercise. Lowe thought O'Meara was exaggerating and dismissed him in July 1818.

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Saint-Domingue was the most profitable of the colonies – a major source of sugar, coffee and indigo – but was under the control of the former slave

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but could not take communion due to his illness. He died on 5 May 1821 at age 51. His last words, variously recorded by those present, were either

3320:

on 7 March. Napoleon approached the battalion alone and called to them, "Here I am. Kill your Emperor, if you wish!" The soldiers responded with, "

2535:. It collapsed in 1807 when France and Russia formed an unexpected alliance. In the end, Napoleon made no effective alliances in the Middle East. 23914: 23904: 20145: 17984: 17957: 9390: 9301: 4321:, known from 1807 as the Napoleonic Code, was implemented in March 1804. It was prepared by committees of legal experts under the supervision of 13516: 52: 24069: 23919: 23909: 21266: 19938: 12784: 4530:

states. He institutionalized plunder: French museums contain art stolen by Napoleon's forces from across Europe. Artefacts were brought to the

2946:

Tsar Alexander saw the creation of the Grand Duchy of Warsaw, Napoleon's marriage alliance with Austria and the election of the French Marshal

2740:, Joseph fled Madrid several days later. The following month, a British force landed in Portugal and, on the 21st, they defeated the French at 1128: 4809:. Such leaders embraced nationalistic sentiments influenced by French nationalism and led successful independence movements in Latin America. 1630:. This left Barras and his republican allies in control again but more dependent upon Bonaparte who finalized peace terms with Austria by the 1220:

Bonaparte plunged into a complex three-way struggle among royalists, revolutionaries, and Corsican nationalists. He became a supporter of the

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in 1809. His will in 1821 stated, "I die in the Apostolical Roman religion, in the bosom of which I was born, more than fifty years since."

760:

in 1785. He supported the French Revolution in 1789, and promoted its cause in Corsica. He rose rapidly through the ranks after winning the

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Napoleon's military victories, formal religious equality and civil rights for religious minorities spread to the conquered territories and

1446:. On 26 October, he was promoted to commander of the Army of the Interior, and in January 1796 he was appointed head of the Army of Italy. 23646: 20476: 20418: 20207: 18293: 15369: 12729: 10143: 2760:

and called upon Britain to cease its war against France. However, Alexander failed to provide a firm commitment to make war with Austria.

2569:

and installed his elder brother, Joseph, on the throne. He then made his younger brother, Louis, King of Holland. He also established the

1813:

Bonaparte began with an army of 13,000 men. 1,500 were reported missing, 1,200 died in combat, and thousands perished from disease—mostly

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in 1822, creating a legend of Napoleon as a liberal, visionary proponent of European unification, deposed by reactionary elements of the

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guarantee they would stay with the prisoner indefinitely. Accounts of the mistreatment led, in March 1817, to a debate in parliament and

14214: 13595: 11783: 9340: 9032: 8621: 8028: 5746: 5489: 2423:, Mack surrendered. For just 2,000 French casualties, Napoleon had captured 60,000 Austrian soldiers through his army's rapid marching. 987:

noble family who emigrated to Corsica in the 16th century and his maternal ancestors, the Ramolinos, descended from a noble family from

24119: 23573: 21404: 20907: 20264: 19603: 14157: 14057: 8091: 1931: 15900: 12059: 24024: 24019: 23934: 22182: 21628: 20030: 15920: 15780: 11362: 4812:

Napoleon's reputation is generally favourable in Poland, which is the only country in the world to evoke him in its national anthem,

4604:

in the late 1880s, the Napoleonic legend was divorced from party politics and revived in popular culture. Writers and critics of the

4406:

losing isolated territories. Peace terms were often punitive, sometimes involving regime change, which intensified the trend towards

2470:

and Bavaria, and was forced to pay an indemnity of 40 million francs. Alexander's army was granted safe passage back to Russia.

2419:. Napoleon's army, however, moved quickly and outflanked the Austrian positions. After some minor engagements that culminated in the 1956:, under which three consuls were appointed for 10 years. Real power lay with Bonaparte as First Consul, and his preferred candidates 23674: 21547: 20862: 20314: 20217: 14413: 12925: 3389:, considering an escape to the United States. However, when he found that British ships were blockading the port, he surrendered to 3175: 24094: 23939: 23929: 21991: 18484: 17565: 12990: 12979: 10275: 4526:

argue that Napoleon had insufficient regard for the lives of his soldiers and that his battle tactics led to excessive casualties.

4254:

with the Catholic Church, which sought to reconcile the majority Catholic population to his regime. It was presented alongside the

4050: 2788: 1523:. The Austrians launched offensives against the French to break the siege, but Bonaparte defeated every relief effort, winning the 730: 23690: 23641: 22270: 21557: 20441: 18112: 15364: 4916: 4322: 3891:, a follower of Rousseau's "natural religion" or a believer in destiny. He consistently expressed his belief in a God or creator. 3804:

Antommarchi and the British wrote separate autopsy reports, each concluding that Napoleon had died of internal bleeding caused by

3002:, making it increasingly difficult for the French to forage food for themselves and their horses. On 18 August, Napoleon captured 2634:

In the next few months, Napoleon marched against the advancing Russian armies through Poland and fought a bloody stalemate at the

1957: 1105:, who became his patron and godfather to Napoleon. With Mabeuf's support, Carlo was named Corsican representative to the court of 24074: 22369: 21210: 20279: 20192: 19653: 17927: 17585: 15962: 15125: 11303: 19848: 13083: 8519: 2660:

Napoleon offered Alexander relatively lenient terms—demanding that Russia join the Continental System, withdraw its forces from

2638:

in February 1807. After a period of rest and consolidation on both sides, the war restarted in June with an initial struggle at

2478:

disagrees, stating that Napoleon was not overly ambitious for himself, "he embodied the ambitions of thirty million Frenchmen".

21118: 20892: 20609: 18217: 15246: 9567: 4712: 3646: 3533: 1415:, knew of Bonaparte's military exploits at Toulon and made him second in command of the forces defending the convention in the 13455: 12897: 10382: 22137: 22131: 22068: 20020: 19959: 19917: 19748: 18201: 17785: 17685: 17605: 15618: 14390: 14310: 14291: 14264: 14241: 14208: 14187: 14151: 14103: 14082: 14051: 13999: 13980: 13959: 13940: 13898: 13879: 13835: 13793: 13729: 13705: 13682: 13652: 13566: 13543: 13510: 13436: 13400: 13379: 13360: 13341: 13318: 13282: 13258: 13239: 13208: 13180: 13147: 13056: 12949: 12635: 12608: 11777: 11680: 11647: 11525: 11343: 11089: 10752: 10721: 10491: 10464: 10174: 9889: 9768: 9334: 9026: 8615: 8462: 8290: 8085: 8022: 7908: 7703: 7411: 7050: 6117: 5798: 5483: 5426: 4798: 3899:

that I turned men's hearts towards me in Italy. If I were to govern a nation of Jews I would rebuild the Temple of Solomon."

3370:

Napoleon returned to Paris and found that the legislature had turned against him. Realizing that his position was untenable,

3034:, and Napoleon entered Moscow on 14 September. The following evening, the city was set on fire on the orders of its governor 2357:

To facilitate the invasion, Napoleon planned to lure the Royal Navy from the English Channel by a diversionary attack on the

2082: 1269:

Bonaparte returned to his regiment in Nice and was made captain of a coastal battery. In July 1793, he published a pamphlet,

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Dwyer, Philip (2008b). "Remembering and Forgetting in Contemporary France: Napoleon, Slavery, and the French History Wars".

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which induced the coalition to offer peace on the basis of France's 1791 frontiers. Napoleon, however, decided to fight on.

2331:

By September 1805, Sweden, Russia, Austria, Naples and the Ottoman Empire had joined Britain in a coalition against France.

1596: 1232:. Following allegations that Paoli had sabotaged the expedition and that his regime was corrupt and incompetent, the French 1191: 400: 24089: 23944: 23924: 23816: 21813: 20383: 19800: 19693: 18617: 17490: 15137: 13585: 12999: 12275: 11961: 10456: 5584: 5107: 4398: 3485: 2130: 1423:

there three years earlier and realized that artillery would be the key to its defence. He ordered a young cavalry officer,

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and decision to reinstate slavery in France's colonies in the Caribbean and Indian Ocean adversely affect his reputation.

4227: 2444: 942:

endures through the modernizing legal and administrative reforms he enacted in France and Western Europe, embodied in the

23954: 21318: 20897: 20852: 20025: 19177: 18938: 18193: 17580: 16022: 13214: 3245:, an island of 12,000 inhabitants in the Mediterranean, 10 km (6 mi) off the Tuscan coast, where they made him 3116:. Britain formally joined the coalition in June followed by Austria in August, but the allies were again defeated in the 2234:

and approved a new constitution. The following day, Napoleon appointed 18 of his leading generals Marshals of the Empire.

1774: 35: 22903: 22294: 22200: 22119: 22100: 22059: 21721: 20398: 20352: 17218: 4882:, was also widely known to be his child, as DNA evidence has confirmed. He may have had further illegitimate offspring. 4722:

Napoleon's regime abolished remnants of feudalism in the lands he conquered and in his satellite states. He liberalized

2994:

with the aim of luring the Russians into one or two decisive battles. The Russians retreated 320 kilometres east to the

2868:

in October 1809 was harsh for Austria which lost substantial territory and over three million subjects. France received

2426:

For the French, this spectacular victory on land was soured by the decisive victory that the Royal Navy attained at the

23999: 21215: 21205: 19969: 19275: 18925: 17861: 16462: 15880: 14878: 14505: 10106:"The gastric disease of Napoleon Bonaparte: brief report for the bicentenary of Napoleon's death on St. Helena in 1821" 6514: 5740: 4699: 1647: 1466: 781: 22264: 22164: 21603: 20594: 19805: 19780: 10332: 5689: 4871: 4473: 3458:, a 40-room wooden bungalow. The location and interior of the house were damp, windswept, rat-infested and unhealthy. 2763: 24144: 24134: 24129: 23363: 23343: 23323: 22993: 20589: 19930: 19891: 19437: 19068: 18098: 18049: 17780: 17775: 17760: 17743: 17738: 17733: 17728: 17600: 17575: 17203: 16032: 13917: 13856: 13812: 13767: 13489: 13119: 12713: 12674: 11504: 11111:"Perfectionism: A Hallmark Quality of World Class Performers, or a Psychological Impediment to Athletic Development?" 6492: 5250: 4506: 3343:

did not allow conscription and he was only able to raise about 300,000 men, mostly raw recruits and national guards.

2161: 1726: 1547: 1488: 891:, which ended in the catastrophic retreat of his army that winter. In 1813, Prussia and Austria joined Russia in the 21542: 19638: 1729:

surrendered after token resistance, and Bonaparte captured an important naval base with the loss of only three men.

1672:

After two months of planning, Bonaparte decided that France's naval strength was not yet sufficient to confront the

1519:, he knocked the Piedmontese out of the war in two weeks. The French then focused on the Austrians, laying siege to 24004: 23797: 23368: 23358: 23328: 23215: 22338: 20584: 20491: 19825: 18301: 18241: 17790: 17645: 17625: 16134: 14997: 13033: 11095: 9812: 9758: 6488: 3861: 3628: 3515: 3222: 2581: 2362: 756:

to a family of Italian origin, Napoleon moved to mainland France in 1779 and was commissioned as an officer in the

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unveiled by Napoleon III in 1858. Napoleon I strengthened the town's defences to prevent British naval incursions.

3832:

was held in Paris with 700,000-1,000,000 attendees who lined the route of the funeral procession to the chapel of

3351: 3350:, into Belgium, aiming to drive a wedge between Wellington's army of 112,000 British, German and Dutch troops and 2288:. Austria saw this as a provocation because of its own territorial interests in Italy. When Napoleon incorporated 1743: 24104: 24034: 23959: 23388: 23338: 23180: 22936: 22278: 22112: 21623: 20960: 20669: 19608: 18070: 18042: 18014: 17866: 17695: 17570: 16926: 16331: 15165: 15119: 14763: 11834: 5878: 4350: 4135: 3155:

In north-eastern France, Napoleon led about 70,000 troops against a coalition army of 200,000. After a defeat at

2566: 1652: 1520: 1202: 344: 20802: 20699: 20289: 19283: 23969: 23840: 23669: 23566: 23446: 23408: 23403: 23383: 23284: 22364: 22194: 22170: 21856: 21397: 21294: 21195: 20797: 20574: 19267: 18405: 18257: 17906: 17590: 17535: 17530: 16886: 16764: 16407: 16285: 16108: 15612: 14768: 14659: 14565: 14531: 5083: 4829: 4579:

Napoleonic propaganda survived his exile to Saint Helena. Las Cases, who was with Napoleon in exile, published

4108:

in which short people adopt over-aggressive behaviour to compensate for lack of height; this inspired the term

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Bonaparte's role in defeating the rebellion earned him and his family the patronage of the new government, the

1420: 1356: 20202: 17972: 13444: 4782:

was similarly sparked by Napoleonic rule. These changes contributed to the development of nationalism and the

2689:

gave Napoleon a respite from war and allowed him to return to France, which he had not seen in over 300 days.

2012:

When peace negotiations with Austria stalled, Bonaparte reopened hostilities in November. A French army under

1964:

were appointed as second and third consuls who only had an advisory role. The constitution also established a

1703:. His Egyptian expedition included a group of 167 scientists, with mathematicians, naturalists, chemists, and 23949: 23792: 23535: 23461: 23398: 23393: 23373: 23348: 23333: 23313: 23269: 23146: 23141: 22176: 21502: 21200: 19723: 19198: 19042: 19021: 18959: 18879: 18742: 18477: 18397: 18362: 17962: 17932: 16593: 15885: 15773: 15521: 15411: 15391: 14697: 14011: 11893:

Scientific education versus military training: the influence of Napoleon Bonaparte on the École Polytechnique

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Napoleon married Joséphine in 1796, but the marriage produced no children. In 1806, he adopted his step-son,

4061:

There is debate over whether Napoleon was an outsider who never felt at home in France or with other people.

3702: 3589: 3270: 2467: 2035: 1953: 1941: 1635: 1483: 1478: 1229: 915:. In February 1815, Napoleon escaped from Elba and again took control of France in what became known as the " 912: 21522: 19633: 19623: 18310: 17540: 17273: 17172: 16840: 15086: 10435:

William Roberts (1999), "Napoleon, the Concordat of 1801, and Its Consequences". in by Frank J. Coppa, ed.,

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Forging Napoleon's Grande Armée: Motivation, Military Culture, and Masculinity in the French Army, 1800–1808

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Napoleon's growing influence in Germany threatened the status of Prussia as a great power and in response

2441:

and Francis I decided to engage Napoleon in battle, despite reservations from some of their subordinates.

2354:

had grown to a force of 350,000 men, who were well equipped, well trained, and led by competent officers.

1638:, France's Foreign Minister, and took command of the Army of England for the planned invasion of Britain. 24079: 24064: 23862: 23828: 23210: 23175: 23126: 22331: 21583: 21578: 21014: 20639: 20534: 20413: 20393: 20304: 20233: 20055: 19553: 19320: 19013: 18866: 18354: 16991: 16693: 16427: 16381: 16376: 16149: 16093: 15808: 15551: 14912: 14828: 14464: 5347: 5312: 4789:

The Napoleonic invasion of Spain and ousting of the Spanish Bourbon monarchy had a significant effect on

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on 21 October. After Trafalgar, the Royal Navy was never again seriously challenged by Napoleon's fleet.

2261:, on 2 December 1804. After having been anointed by the pope, Napoleon crowned himself with a replica of 2237: 1926: 1837: 1657: 1342: 1287: 983:

Napoleon's family was of Italian origin. His paternal ancestors, the Buonapartes, descended from a minor

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with the loss of 4,000 to 10,000 men, Napoleon retreated towards Smolensk. The French were attacked by

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In January 1779, at age 9, Napoleon moved to the French mainland and enrolled at a religious school in

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The Islamic World in Decline: From the Treaty of Karlowitz to the Disintegration of the Ottoman Empire

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was allegedly removed during the autopsy and sold and exhibited. In 1840, the British government gave

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After six weeks of preparations, Napoleon made another attempt at crossing the Danube. In the ensuing

1961: 1578:, ending 1,100 years of Venetian independence. He authorized the French to loot treasures such as the 23979: 23559: 23530: 23511: 23492: 23259: 22206: 21922: 21868: 21390: 21164: 20749: 20481: 20324: 20179: 19982: 19545: 19421: 19344: 19222: 19206: 17831: 17500: 17293: 17072: 17016: 16966: 16845: 16598: 16578: 16422: 16371: 16346: 16275: 16255: 16174: 16075: 15829: 15177: 15051: 14936: 14837: 14753: 14009:

Glover, Richard (1967). "The French Fleet, 1807–1814; Britain's Problem; and Madison's Opportunity".

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in October 1808, Napoleon and Alexander reached an agreement that recognized the Russian conquest of

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Bonaparte, as he deemed his father a traitor for having deserted the cause of Corsican independence.

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formally ceded Corsica's rights, it remained un-incorporated during 1769 until it became one of the

4451:

required. It outperformed its European counterparts, many of which borrowed from the French system.

3978:

When the Concordat was published on 8 April 1802, Napoleon presented another set of laws called the

2958: 2876:, and the Adriatic ports of Trieste and Fiume(Rijeka); the part of Poland annexed by Austria in the 2344:, created in August 1805. At the start, this French army had about 200,000 men organized into seven 2060:

totalled 2,144,480 square kilometres (827,987 square miles), doubling the size of the United States.

1897: 784:

in 1798 which served as a springboard to political power. In November 1799, Napoleon engineered the

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prince. On the advice of his foreign minister, Talleyrand, Napoleon ordered the kidnapping of the

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expedition to take back Corsica from the British, but the French were repulsed by the Royal Navy.

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in professions including law, medicine, pharmacy, engineering and school teaching. He introduced

3999: 2491: 2487: 2408: 2396: 2135: 1936: 1893: 1826: 1552: 1389:, about a soldier and his lover, in a clear parallel to Bonaparte's own relationship with Clary. 1372: 1187: 959: 900: 256: 20729: 20624: 19678: 17851: 17137: 17102: 16189: 13170: 11892: 4734:

of merchants and craftsmen to facilitate entrepreneurship, legalized divorce, closed the Jewish

4589:. Napoleon remained a central figure in the romantic art and literature of the 1820s and 1830s. 3375: 2950:

as Crown Prince of Sweden as attempts to contain Russia. In December 1810, Napoleon annexed the

2865: 1841: 1762:, Egypt's ruling military caste. This helped the French practise their defensive tactic for the 23989: 23984: 23451: 23220: 22746: 22374: 21862: 21633: 21512: 21487: 20514: 20347: 19951: 19643: 19628: 19501: 19368: 19246: 18992: 18912: 18581: 18456: 18448: 18338: 17911: 17871: 17856: 17836: 17811: 17665: 17409: 17324: 17288: 17283: 17278: 17258: 17248: 17152: 17107: 17092: 16623: 16341: 16245: 16220: 16179: 16129: 16113: 14884: 14843: 14816: 14726: 14591: 14498: 12758: 11329: 4907: 4813: 4794: 4768: 4657: 4502: 3749: 3394: 3328:, who had boasted that he would bring Napoleon to Paris in an iron cage, also joined Napoleon. 2757: 2726: 2509: 2296:

into his empire, Austria formally protested against this violation of the Treaty of Lunéville.

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in the mountains. From Ormea, it headed west to outflank the Austro-Sardinian positions around

1298: 1271: 1246: 1023: 1019: 809: 761: 689: 451: 183: 120: 23695: 21309: 19458: 17816: 16503: 13046: 12939: 12452:""L'appel Au Soldat": Visions of the Napoleonic Legend in Popular Culture of the Belle Epoque" 10738: 7898: 7693: 6109: 5416: 4824: 4704: 4444: 2373:

instead of linking up with French naval forces at Brest for an attack on the English Channel.

2021: 1251: 23237: 23185: 23157: 22736: 22018: 21983: 21972: 21684: 21643: 21472: 21462: 21351: 21054: 20368: 20319: 20254: 19785: 19668: 19658: 19536: 19531: 19429: 19384: 19137: 19084: 18902: 18892: 18831: 18821: 18816: 18573: 18429: 18077: 17615: 17515: 17379: 17374: 17369: 17319: 17208: 17132: 17122: 16956: 16896: 16825: 16658: 16608: 16543: 16538: 16215: 16042: 15925: 15571: 15499: 15489: 15192: 15014: 14622: 14231: 14198: 13672: 13589: 12594: 11767: 10405: 9324: 9016: 8605: 8012: 6040: 5728: 5473: 5333: 5320: 5013: 4551: 4478: 4372: 4011: 3636: 3523: 3385:

When Napoleon heard that Prussian troops had orders to capture him dead or alive, he fled to

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Dwyer, Phillip (2015a). "Napoleon, the Revolution and the Empire". In Andress, David (ed.).

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After Austerlitz, Napoleon increased his political power in Europe. In 1806, he deposed the

2338:

for an invasion of Britain. They never invaded, but the force formed the core of Napoleon's

2265:

crown. He then crowned Joséphine, who became only the second woman in French history, after

1973: 1602:

In this Italian campaign, Bonaparte's army captured 150,000 prisoners, 540 cannons, and 170

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Parker, Harold T. (1971). "The Formation of Napoleon's Personality: An Exploratory Essay".

11073: 11067: 10450: 5142: 5125: 4833: 4764: 4425: 4238: 4139: 3836:. The coffin was later placed in the cupola in St Jérôme's Chapel, where it remained until 3451: 3250: 3246: 3217: 2869: 2745: 2460: 2452: 2318: 2122: 2105: 2024:

in February 1801. The treaty reaffirmed and expanded earlier French gains at Campo Formio.

1818: 1627: 1579: 1371:

had married Bonaparte's elder brother Joseph. In April 1795, Bonaparte was assigned to the

1294: 1162: 1098: 1062:. Five more siblings were stillborn or did not survive infancy. Napoleon was baptized as a 824: 587: 536: 434: 20309: 19790: 19708: 18861: 18806: 17520: 16774: 16643: 16583: 16482: 16412: 14930: 11234:"Greatest cartooning coup of all time: The Brit who convinced everyone Napoleon was short" 3093: 2828: 1977: 1863:

General Bonaparte surrounded by members of the Council of Five Hundred during the Coup of

1684:. Bonaparte wished to establish a French presence in the Middle East and join forces with 1376: 8: 23264: 23254: 23242: 23080: 23051: 23036: 23022: 22897: 22800: 22776: 22756: 22726: 22716: 22677: 22657: 22652: 22632: 22563: 22558: 22514: 22390: 22154: 22094: 21492: 21270: 21069: 20999: 20847: 20777: 20634: 20614: 20579: 20554: 20486: 20187: 19713: 19097: 18976: 18734: 18646: 18421: 18413: 18389: 18148: 17901: 17680: 17675: 17404: 17354: 17238: 17223: 17127: 17021: 16921: 16835: 16723: 16683: 16603: 16573: 16553: 16487: 16452: 16402: 16366: 16361: 16321: 16184: 16169: 16154: 16139: 16098: 15875: 15474: 15378: 15209: 14959: 14741: 14679: 14538: 13759: 12392: 12047: 5352: 5316: 4851:

Napoleon's marriage to Marie Louise produced one child, Napoleon Francis Joseph Charles (

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who wrought greater misery than any man before the coming of Hitler". He was compared to

4394: 4364: 4216: 4105: 4049:

He was an inspiring leader who could obtain the best from his soldiers and subordinates.

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with the loss of 9,000 of his men, but the Russians were able to withdraw in good order.

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which separated the French and Russian troops and their respective spheres of influence.

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acquainted with history and geography ... This boy would make an excellent sailor".

1097:

during the Corsican war of independence against France. After the Corsican defeat at the

955: 856: 785: 742: 553: 22921: 20754: 20709: 17142: 16437: 16432: 16280: 12987: 12976: 11636:

Archer, Christon I.; Ferris, John R.; Herwig, Holger H.; Travers, Timothy H. E. (2008).

7695:

Losing America, Conquering India: Lord Cornwallis and the Remaking of the British Empire

4797:, whom they considered the legitimate monarch. Napoleon indirectly began the process of 4282:

After several attempts by revolutionary governments, Napoleon officially introduced the

2737: 2588:

Napoleon invaded Prussia with 180,000 troops, rapidly marching on the right bank of the

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On 3 October, royalists in Paris declared a rebellion against the National Convention.

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Napoleon and Wellington: the Battle of Waterloo and the Great commanders who fought it

13426: 11295: 10437:

Controversial Concordats: The Vatican's Relations with Napoleon, Mussolini, and Hitler

7040: 3042:, refused to negotiate a peace, and after six weeks Napoleon's army evacuated Moscow. 1789:). Bonaparte led these 13,000 French soldiers in the conquest of the coastal towns of 1504: 1156: 23889: 23112: 23041: 22721: 22682: 22637: 22608: 22603: 22593: 22026: 21939: 21664: 21452: 21106: 21039: 21029: 21009: 20115: 19413: 19352: 19336: 19129: 18209: 18063: 18030: 17298: 17263: 17233: 17193: 17167: 17157: 17112: 17082: 17036: 16981: 16901: 16850: 16830: 16815: 16805: 16784: 16728: 16688: 16513: 16447: 16442: 16300: 16230: 16083: 16002: 15997: 15435: 15237: 15002: 14954: 14894: 14867: 14849: 14804: 14635: 14491: 14478: 14386: 14341: 14306: 14287: 14260: 14237: 14204: 14183: 14177: 14147: 14099: 14078: 14047: 14032: 13995: 13976: 13955: 13936: 13929: 13913: 13894: 13875: 13852: 13831: 13808: 13789: 13777: 13763: 13752: 13747: 13735: 13725: 13719: 13715: 13701: 13678: 13648: 13562: 13539: 13506: 13485: 13432: 13422: 13396: 13375: 13356: 13337: 13314: 13278: 13254: 13235: 13204: 13176: 13143: 13115: 13052: 12945: 12889: 12709: 12691: 12670: 12664: 12631: 12604: 12556: 12471: 12416: 12331: 11830: 11773: 11643: 11500: 11339: 11110: 11085: 10748: 10717: 10487: 10460: 10170: 10135: 9764: 9330: 9293: 9022: 8611: 8515: 8458: 8286: 8081: 8018: 7904: 7699: 7407: 7046: 6520: 6510: 6113: 6102: 5862: 5794: 5736: 5479: 5422: 5360: 5298: 5290: 5089: 4970: 4750: 4429: 4359: 4251: 4212: 4196:, poised to invade. A nursery rhyme warned children that he ate naughty people; the " 4157: 3972: 3961: 3951: 3809: 3674: 3561: 3124: 3117: 3097: 3035: 2781: 2741: 2574: 2293: 2149:

with the United States, doubling the latter's size. The price was $ 15 million.

2070: 2000: 1996: 1945: 1832:

Bonaparte stayed informed of European affairs. He learned that France had suffered a

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In the Service of the Tsar Against Napoleon: The Memoirs of Denis Davydov, 1806–1814

9559: 7036: 3967:

Seeking national reconciliation between revolutionaries and Catholics, Napoleon and

3313: 2784:

in January 1809. Napoleon left for France on 17 January, leaving Joseph in command.

2348:, artillery and cavalry reserves, and the élite Imperial Guard. By August 1805, the 1336: 1325: 1101:

in 1769 and Paoli's exile in Britain, Carlo became friends with the French governor

966:. However, he is controversial due to his role in wars which devastated Europe, his 765: 672: 23856: 23771: 23582: 23307: 23205: 23085: 23031: 22930: 22883: 22811: 22687: 22553: 22239: 21598: 21593: 21437: 21427: 21361: 21326: 21174: 21034: 20827: 20822: 20812: 20544: 20471: 20408: 20378: 20150: 20120: 20015: 19718: 19568: 19493: 19230: 19214: 19169: 19105: 19076: 18871: 18750: 18633: 18598: 18140: 18091: 18084: 17821: 17705: 17505: 17344: 17243: 17228: 17077: 17026: 16946: 16855: 16810: 16759: 16673: 16558: 16467: 16457: 16351: 16290: 16052: 15442: 15422: 15349: 15336: 15309: 15170: 15112: 15036: 14872: 14747: 14684: 14612: 14607: 14599: 14365: 14333: 14126: 14020: 13620: 13533: 12874: 12548: 12463: 12408: 12323: 11810: 11149: 11077: 10125: 10117: 9283: 8450: 6502: 5854: 5285: 5189: 4977: 4900: 4790: 4288: 4259: 4255: 4166: 4110: 4071: 3979: 3824: 3718: 3039: 3031: 2947: 2843: 2814: 2707: 2335: 2270: 2215: 2157: 2114: 2098:

which were under the control of rebel generals. A French military expedition under

2065: 1922: 1591: 1585: 1536: 1532: 1443: 1427:, to seize cannons and Bonaparte deployed them in key positions. On 5 October 1795— 1416: 1263: 1039: 1035: 1027: 999: 884: 868: 816: 789: 738: 655: 519: 333: 323: 23752: 20953: 18056: 17595: 13908:

Ellis, Geoffrey (1997a). "Religion according to Napoleon". In Aston, Nigel (ed.).

6506: 4420: 1905: 1515:

before their Austrian allies could intervene. In a series of victories during the

1123: 23164: 23056: 23046: 22707: 22573: 22548: 22532: 22245: 21689: 21669: 21537: 21447: 21442: 21346: 21331: 21099: 20887: 20564: 20559: 20524: 20274: 19878: 19873: 19775: 19698: 19588: 19558: 18917: 18793: 18518: 18464: 18265: 17700: 17635: 17620: 17510: 17394: 17384: 17359: 17334: 17162: 16996: 16518: 16326: 16250: 16225: 15977: 15865: 15789: 15187: 15081: 15024: 15019: 14976: 14918: 14720: 14712: 14640: 14617: 14460: 14380: 14131: 14114: 14093: 13500: 13462: 13451: 13390: 13200: 13133: 12994: 12983: 12625: 12290: 11899: 11637: 10711: 10481: 8280: 5268: 4301: 4189: 4062: 4022: 3355: 3166:

After a series of battles in March, the allies forced Napoleon to retreat at the

2912: 2881: 2776: 2678: 2635: 2393: 2285: 2187: 2165: 1619: 1563: 1462: 1276: 1257: 1133: 1063: 1047: 1043: 943: 621: 23802: 20744: 17967: 14573: 12265: 8445:

Engman, Max (2016). "Finland and the Napoleonic Empire". In Planert, Ute (ed.).

5580: 5469: 4867: 4606: 4534:

for a grand central museum; an example which would later be followed by others.

3016: 2387: 2340: 2273:; and to govern in the interests, wellbeing and the glory of the French people. 846: 721:, was a French military officer and statesman who rose to prominence during the 23190: 23121: 23097: 22618: 22479: 21805: 21659: 21169: 21111: 20917: 20739: 20519: 20239: 20102: 20097: 20047: 20042: 19862: 19050: 18284: 17979: 17891: 17881: 17414: 17253: 17117: 16916: 16668: 16012: 15992: 15982: 15942: 15815: 15155: 15106: 15007: 14889: 14862: 14526: 14474: 13782: 13304: 13190: 12182:"'Glory of arms and art': Napoleonic plunder and the birth of national museums" 11325: 10121: 9326:

Making Sense of Constitutional Monarchism in Post-Napoleonic France and Germany

8276: 5175: 5111: 5031: 5006: 4879: 4755: 4685: 4661: 4483: 4247: 3938: 3913: 3908: 3903: 3896: 3841: 3805: 3762: 3455: 3429: 3425: 3141: 3088: 3024: 2999: 2698: 2669: 2558: 2516: 2475: 2091: 2016:

swept through Bavaria and scored an overwhelming victory over the Austrians at

1853: 1814: 1806: 1607: 1397: 1209: 1094: 1007: 876: 852: 16027: 13194: 11081: 9560:"The Congress of Vienna, the Hundred Days, and Napoleon's Exile on St. Helena" 5332:

Aside from his name, there does not appear to be a connection between him and

4560: 3178:

as head of a provisional government. On 2 April, the Senate deposed Napoleon.

2645:

On 14 June Napoleon obtained an overwhelming victory over the Russians at the

2102:

regained control of Guadeloupe and slavery was reintroduced there on 16 July.

934:

Napoleon is considered one of the greatest military commanders in history and

23883: 23721: 23521: 22578: 22504: 22469: 22434: 21336: 21183: 21154: 21024: 20842: 20619: 20461: 20357: 20249: 19810: 19753: 17455: 16159: 16017: 15947: 15536: 15101: 14345: 13739: 13624: 13558: 13129: 12893: 12695: 12560: 12475: 12420: 12335: 11238: 10105: 9297: 8454: 7402:

Regent, Frédéric (2013). "Slavery and the Colonies". In McPhee, Peter (ed.).

5866: 5046: 4742:. The power of church courts and religious authority was sharply reduced and 4283: 4233: 4176: 4119: 4058:

with a cruel streak which he often inflicted on women, children and animals.

3968: 3833: 3829: 3819:. Napoleon's heart and intestines were removed and sealed inside his coffin. 3772: 3374:. He left Paris three days later and settled at Joséphine's former palace in 3304:

On 1 March 1815, Napoleon and his followers landed on the French mainland at

3230: 2608: 2528: 2420: 2400: 2277: 2254: 2156:

as promised and protested against Bonaparte's annexation of Piedmont and his

2074: 1948:

was often used in portraits of rulers to indicate calm and stable leadership.

1708: 1666: 1567: 1424: 872: 805: 198: 20649: 15745: 14337: 12875:"Reconstruction of the Lineage Y Chromosome Haplotype of Napoléon the First" 12467: 9272:"4, 6 et 11 avril 1814 : les trois actes d'abdication de Napoléon I er" 3956: 1750:

Bonaparte and his expedition eluded pursuit by the Royal Navy and landed at

1566:, signed on 18 April, gave France control of most of northern Italy and the 23617: 23066: 23017: 22956: 22499: 22489: 22484: 22464: 22459: 22404: 22251: 22188: 21532: 21373: 21356: 21190: 21135: 21049: 21004: 20832: 20714: 20506: 19663: 19648: 19618: 16007: 15843: 15255: 14970: 13468: 10139: 8607:

The Battle of Znaim: Napoleon, the Habsburgs and the end of the War of 1809

8014:

Empires of the Sand: The Struggle for Mastery in the Middle East, 1789–1923

6524: 5681: 4998: 4860: 4783: 4723: 4568:: the ex-emperor is riding a donkey backwards while holding a broken sword. 4518: 4510: 4101: 3991: 3845: 3801:("who retreats... at the head of the army") or "France, my son, the Army." 3664: 3551: 3437: 3284: 3257: 2970: 2505: 2500:

The Iranian envoy Mirza Mohammad-Reza Qazvini meeting with Napoleon at the

2110: 2005: 1822: 1677: 963: 928: 916: 96: 22312: 12873:

Lucotte, Gérard; Macé, Jacques & Hrechdakian, Peter (September 2013).

12412: 12327: 9288: 8518:. Vol. 15, no. 4. Cobbett's political register. pp. 91–94. 4447:, that provided both military expertise and advanced research in science. 3275:

on 26 February 1815 with about 1,000 men and a flotilla of seven vessels.

2880:

in 1795, known at the time as West Galicia, was given to the Polish-ruled

1010:. After their defeat, he eventually became the island's representative to 23607: 23231: 22892: 22872: 22568: 22542: 22494: 22449: 22439: 22424: 22414: 22233: 22217: 22080: 22048: 21497: 21299: 21044: 20902: 20792: 20569: 20539: 19688: 19008: 18801: 17795: 17765: 17753: 17710: 17465: 15685: 15324: 15160: 14583: 14445: 11541:"Outlines of the evolution of weights and measures and the metric system" 5790:

The Child and Childhood in Folk Thought: (The Child in Primitive Culture)

5027: 5002: 4852: 4727: 4632: 4610:

exploited the Napoleonic legend for diverse political and cultural ends.

4555: 4514: 4115: 4042: 3849: 3528:

An Act for the more effectually detaining in Custody Napoleon Buonaparté.

3465: 3265: 2925: 2823: 2627: 2262: 1901: 1864: 1685: 1408: 1368: 946:. He established a system of public education, abolished the vestiges of 931:

in the South Atlantic, where he died of stomach cancer in 1821, aged 51.

823:

by 1805. Napoleon shattered the coalition with a decisive victory at the

715: 301: 89: 21839: 21142: 14095:

The War of Wars: The Epic Struggle Between Britain and France, 1789-1815

8327: 4100:

Various psychologists have attempted to explain Napoleon's personality.

1892:

Bonaparte formed an alliance with Talleyrand and leading members of the

1435:—he fired on the rebels with canister rounds (later called: "a whiff of 23540: 22846: 22825: 22627: 22537: 22519: 22444: 22429: 22409: 22042: 21265: 20948: 20787: 20403: 19758: 18233: 17480: 14173: 12568: 12536: 6069: 4573: 4318: 4311: 4055: 3866: 3786: 3729:

Las Cases in December 1816, General Gaspard Gourgaud in March 1818 and

3408: 3325: 3305: 2861:

but lost 4,000 men, mainly to illness, before withdrawing in December.

2835:

On 21 May, the French attempted to cross the Danube, precipitating the

2721:

In March 1808, a palace coup led to the abdication of the Spanish king

2095: 1751: 1673: 1626:

that purged royalists from the legislative councils on 4 September—the

1419:. Bonaparte had seen the massacre of the King's Swiss Guard during the 1393: 1109:

and Napoleon obtained a royal bursary to a military academy in France.

22978: 20655: 11822: 11798: 11161: 6045: 5874: 5842: 4152:, the regiment that often served as his personal escort, with a large 3436:

Napoleon was held in British custody and transferred to the island of

1034:, where Napoleon was born on 15 August 1769. He had an elder brother, 883:, in which Napoleon solidified his grip over Europe after winning the 23581: 22840: 22830: 22751: 22474: 22454: 22323: 22036: 20782: 20428: 20339: 19922: 19291: 15699: 12186: 10407:

Memoirs of the Life, Exile, and Conversations of the Emperor Napoleon

4407: 4030: 3960:

Leaders of the Catholic Church taking the civil oath required by the

3870:

Reorganisation of the religious geography: France is divided into 59

3722: 3651: 3538: 3460: 2991: 2892: 2733:

French repression, the uprising developed into a sustained conflict.

2661: 2520: 2052: 1794: 1777:

captured or destroyed all but two vessels of the French fleet in the

1436: 1404:. The request was eventually granted, but he never took up the post. 1401: 1330: 1186:

Bonaparte, aged 23, as lieutenant-colonel of a battalion of Corsican

1106: 1011: 947: 780:, scoring decisive victories and becoming a national hero. He led an 17999: 14455: 12552: 12505: 12397:"Memory and Political Imagination: The Legend of Napoleon Revisited" 8768: 8610:. Austria, February 1809: The Die is Cast for War. Greenhill Books. 8495: 8363: 8303: 4801:

when the power vacuum was filled by local political leaders such as

3131: 1380: 1293:

Toulon brought Bonaparte to the attention of powerful men including

24030:

French Republican military leaders of the French Revolutionary Wars

22835: 22741: 22523: 22399: 21382: 21130: 21125: 21064: 20943: 14024: 12295: 12270: 12086: 11814: 11153: 8077:

Napoleon and Berlin: The Franco-Prussian War in North Germany, 1813

5858: 5533: 5531: 4197: 4144: 4025:, although their implementation varied with the local authorities. 3933: 3354:'s force of 130,000 Prussians and Saxons. After engagements at the 3317: 3309: 3050: 2873: 2703: 2665: 2380: 1969: 1634:. Bonaparte returned to Paris on 5 December 1797 as a hero. He met 1512: 1221: 994: 18127: 15758: 14450: 10520:"Napoleon and the Pope: From the Concordat to the Excommunication" 7900:

The Encyclopedia of Warfare: From Earliest Time to the Present Day

5504: 4306: 4148:

Napoleon is often represented in his green colonel uniform of the

3174:

to capitulate on 31 March. The following day, the allies accepted

2809: 2603:

Following his triumph, Napoleon imposed the first elements of the

2370: 22419: 21777: 7277: 7275: 5059: 4208: 4153: 3871: 3469: 3312:

through the foothills of the Alps, taking the route now known as

2995: 1786: 1782: 1704: 1213: 1031: 1003: 984: 753: 308: 166: 13910:

Religious change in Europe, 1650-1914: essays for John McManners

10184: 10072: 10070: 5528: 4600:

Venita Datta argues that following the collapse of militaristic

4275:

An enduring reform was the foundation, in December 1799, of the

3324:" and joined Napoleon's men. Six days later, 5,000 troops under 2361:. However, the plan unravelled after the British victory at the 1197:

Upon graduating in September 1785, Bonaparte was commissioned a

1113:

to study than were available to a typical Corsican of the time.

13870:

The Billy Ruffian: The Bellerophon and the Downfall of Napoleon

12312:"Propaganda and the Legitimation of Power in Napoleonic France" 11428: 11114: 7088: 7086: 5843:"The Formation of Napoleon's Personality: An Exploratory Essay" 4735: 4531: 4193: 3995: 3929: 3895:

Moslem that I established myself in Egypt, by making myself an

3697: 3584: 3379: 3336: 2847: 2768: 2614: 2434: 2416: 1759: 1559:, about 100 km from Vienna, the Austrians sued for peace. 1556: 1313: 1182: 22013: 20198:

François Alexandre Frédéric, duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt

14422:(in French). Vol. 2. Paris: Henri Javal. pp. 10–12. 12666:

Between Salt Water And Holy Water: A History Of Southern Italy

10939: 9991: 9857: 8223: 8221: 7272: 5543: 1972:

which were selected from indirectly elected candidates, and a

907:

in April 1814. They exiled him to the Mediterranean island of

20132: 12941:

Franco-Batavian Relations in the Revolutionary Era, 1795-1803

12125: 11211:. Translation by Gregory Troubetzkoy. Greenhill Books. p. 64. 10220: 10208: 10067: 8900: 8387: 6940: 4731: 4382: 3925: 3921: 3888: 2987: 2654: 2589: 2345: 2289: 2223: 2153: 2139: 1802: 1798: 1790: 1309: 1117: 11174:

The Fortnightly, Volume 114. Chapman and Hall, 1923. p. 836.

10840: 10794: 10792: 10592: 10570: 10568: 10419: 10417: 9979: 8134: 7529: 7440:

White Fury: A Jamaican Slaveholder and the Age of Revolution

7083: 6981: 6258: 5418:

The Napoleonic Empire and the New European Political Culture

5239: 4435:

He retained the revolutionary higher education system, with

3137:

Napoleon after his abdication in Fontainebleau, 4 April 1814

2152:

The peace with Britain was uneasy. Britain did not evacuate

15638: 14483: 13172:

Napoleon: Symbol for an Age, A Brief History with Documents

12796: 12794: 12221: 12211: 12209: 11576: 11574: 11404: 10538: 9781: 9389:. Bulletin des lois de la Republique Française. July 1814. 8218: 5233: 5227: 5213: 5210: 5204: 5195: 4565: 4486:, showing Spanish resisters being executed by French troops 4393:

Napoleon was regarded by the influential military theorist

4232:

First remittance of the Legion of Honour, 15 July 1804, at

4094: 3242: 1603: 1127:

Statue of Bonaparte as a schoolboy in Brienne, aged 15, by

908: 20172: 14255:

The Penguin Dictionary of Curious and Interesting Geometry

13473:

Napoleon Bonaparte and the Legacy of the French Revolution

12291:"Napoleon's incendiary legacy divides France 200 years on" 12003: 11189: 9921: 9919: 8924: 7863: 7493: 6971: 6969: 6967: 6800: 5758: 5756: 3480:

for a few months but gave up as he was poor at languages.

2411:

had gathered most of the Austrian army at the fortress of

927:

in June 1815. Napoleon was exiled to the remote island of

20012: 12806: 12245: 12149: 12103: 12101: 11991: 11635: 11586: 11513: 11035: 11011: 10975: 10876: 10816: 10789: 10691: 10667: 10655: 10616: 10565: 10414: 10352: 10350: 10303: 10301: 10286: 10244: 9967: 9793: 9714: 9179: 9059: 8804: 8744: 8534: 8428: 8426: 8122: 7753: 7751: 6918: 6916: 6903: 6901: 6899: 5953: 5452: 5450: 3346:

On 12 June, Napoleon led about 124,000 men, known as the

2653:

during a meeting on a raft floating in the middle of the

2538: 2412: 1555:

in March 1797. Alarmed by the French thrust that reached

1546:. French forces in Southern Germany had been defeated by 1363:

From 1794, Bonaparte was in a romantic relationship with

30:"Napoleon Bonaparte" redirects here. For other uses, see 12791: 12431: 12206: 12137: 11933: 11861: 11735: 11711: 11598: 11571: 11476: 11452: 11440: 11416: 11392: 11177: 10987: 10929: 10927: 10864: 10777: 10645: 10643: 10604: 10196: 10082: 10015: 9071: 9047: 8972: 8960: 8876: 8852: 8840: 8828: 8816: 8792: 8756: 8720: 8708: 8696: 8684: 8648: 8585: 8399: 8351: 8315: 8257: 8245: 8233: 8206: 8146: 8098: 8055: 7929: 7875: 6884: 6848: 6531: 6342: 4329:. Napoleon participated actively in the sessions of the 4215:

gesture—a reference to the painting produced in 1812 by

3717:

In mid-1817, Napoleon's health worsened. His physician,

3190:

Napoleon's farewell to his Imperial Guard, 20 April 1814

3009:

The Russians, now commanded by Kutuzov, made a stand at

2334:

In 1803 and 1804, Napoleon had assembled a force around

879:. In 1809, the Austrians again challenged France in the 12516: 12486: 11687: 10804: 10404:

Cases, Emmanuel-Auguste-Dieudonné comte de Las (1855).

9955: 9916: 9869: 9839:"A Journey to St. Helena, Home of Napoleon's Last Days" 9738: 9726: 7481: 7469: 7445: 6964: 5753: 5516: 4848:(1789–1860), and arranged dynastic marriages for them. 2549: 24060:

Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary

24055:

Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint James of the Sword

13232:

Napoleon: The Decline and Fall of an Empire, 1811-1821

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Broers, M.; Hicks, P.; Guimera, A. (10 October 2012).

3793:("France, the army, head of the army, Joséphine"), or 2020:

in December. The Austrians capitulated and signed the

792:, and became First Consul of the Republic. He won the 764:

in 1793 and defeating royalist insurgents in Paris on

21762: 12346: 12233: 12161: 12113: 11968: 11909: 11873: 11849: 11723: 11610: 11559: 11464: 10951: 10924: 10888: 10640: 10232: 10027: 10003: 9367: 9083: 8996: 8936: 8780: 8732: 8636: 8471: 8411: 8375: 8339: 8194: 8182: 8043: 7968: 7941: 7736: 7724: 6675: 6543: 5893: 5562: 5560: 5558: 5251: 5230: 5216: 5192: 4693: 4192:, the British press depicted Napoleon as a dangerous 4029:

notables in 1806 to that end. In 1807, he summoned a

2064:

After a decade of war, France and Britain signed the

1392:

In August, he obtained a position with the Bureau of

1093:

ceded Corsica to France. His father fought alongside

938:

are still studied at military schools worldwide. His

20928:

List of people associated with the French Revolution

13968: 13952:

Napoleon's Wars: An International History, 1803-1815

13372:

Napoleon: Passion, Death and Resurrection, 1815-1840

12830: 12370: 12358: 12046: 11668: 10852: 10313: 9943: 9904: 8774: 8501: 8369: 8333: 8309: 5819: 5510: 5242: 5236: 5224: 5207: 5201: 4564:

1814 English caricature of Napoleon being exiled to

4375:, Napoleon borrowed from previous theorists such as 3736:

In September 1819, two priests and a new physician,

3058:

by General Malet in Paris had only narrowly failed.

2924:

1811, Marie Louise gave birth to the heir apparent,

1439:"). About 300 to 1,400 rebels died in the uprising. 1379:—a civil war and royalist counter-revolution in the 1304:

The French army carried out Bonaparte's plan in the

1228:

In February 1793, Bonaparte took part in the failed

1161:

In September he was examined by the famed scientist

812:

Emperor of the French, further expanding his power.

21160:

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

18250:

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

14409:

advanced diplomatic history of Napoleon and his era

13972:

The Napoleonic Wars: The Rise and Fall of an Empire

12603:. Internet Archive. McGraw-Hill. pp. 428–429. 12035:

Napoleon's Wars: An International History 1803–1815

11226: 10999: 10765: 10628: 10580: 9405: 8073: 7287: 6776: 5929: 5384: 5221: 5198: 3733:, who was possibly Napoleon's lover, in July 1819. 1980:which were effectively nominated by the executive. 1766:on 21 July, about 24 km (15 mi) from the 1699:In May 1798, Bonaparte was elected a member of the 1286:In September, with the help of his fellow Corsican 1165:and became the first Corsican to graduate from the 895:, in which Napoleon was decisively defeated at the 714:; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his 14252: 13928: 13867: 13826:Blundering to Glory: Napoleon's Military Campaigns 13823: 13781: 13751: 13693: 13329: 11642:. University of Nebraska Press. pp. 380–404. 8551: 8549: 7223: 7221: 6687: 6591: 6101: 5555: 5414: 5319:in 1770. Corsica would be legally integrated as a 4793:. Many local elites sought to rule in the name of 2710:, Napoleon's brother, as King of Spain (1808–1813) 1283:which was now heavily influenced by the Jacobins. 1142:In May, he transferred to the military academy at 59:The Emperor Napoleon in His Study at the Tuileries 21372:Several family members held additional titles in 14382:The Transformation of European Politics 1763–1848 14284:Waterloo Lectures:A Study Of The Campaign Of 1815 9018:Command Failure in War: Psychology and Leadership 7238: 7236: 5396: 4505:who laid the foundations of modern Europe" or "a 3316:. The 5th Regiment intercepted him just south of 2986:On 24 June, Napoleon's troops began crossing the 2253:Napoleon's coronation, with the participation of 1908:to overthrow the government. On 9 November 1799 ( 24010:French military personnel of the Napoleonic Wars 23881: 21589:Napoléon Charles, Prince of Canino and Musignano 20086:Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen 11543:. London: The Macmillan Company. pp. 66–69. 11524:sfnp error: no target: CITEREFO'Connor2003 ( 11499:. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. p. 191. 10555: 10553: 10486:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 261–262. 10483:Christianity and Revolutionary Europe, 1750-1830 3990:Napoleon progressively occupied and annexed the 3815:Napoleon was buried with military honors in the 3450:Napoleon stayed for two months at a pavilion in 3241:of 11 April 1814, the allies exiled Napoleon to 1154:In September 1784, Napoleon was admitted to the 24050:Grand Crosses of the Order of Christ (Portugal) 17958:England expects that every man will do his duty 14371:Napoleon, from 18 Brumaire to Tilsit, 1799-1807 14112: 13805:A History of Modern France, Volume 2: 1799-1871 12701:Unity and Diversity in European Culture c. 1800 10190: 10104:Lugli, Alessandro; et al. (4 March 2021). 8546: 8115: 8113: 7218: 5652: 5650: 4310:First page of the 1804 original edition of the 3199:In his farewell address to the soldiers of the 2714:After Tilsit, Napoleon turned his attention to 2209: 1606:. The French army fought 67 actions and won 18 796:in 1800, which secured France's victory in the 702:Rescale the fullscreen map to see Saint Helena. 21508:Charles Lucien, Prince of Canino and Musignano 18128:Significant civil and political events by year 13969:Fremont-Barnes, Gregory; Fisher, Todd (2004). 10099: 10097: 10044: 10042: 9482: 9480: 7896: 7233: 6371: 6369: 6099: 5836: 5834: 4501:There is debate over whether Napoleon was "an 4385:replaced divisions as the largest army units, 3852:in the crypt under the dome at Les Invalides. 3844:, was completed. In 1861, during the reign of 2887: 1717:in 1809. En route to Egypt, Bonaparte reached 1680:and thereby undermine Britain's access to its 1574:with Austria. Bonaparte marched on Venice and 1542:The French then invaded the heartlands of the 954:and other religious minorities, abolished the 749:from 1804 to 1814, and briefly again in 1815. 23567: 22994: 22339: 21999: 21748: 21574:Joseph Lucien, Prince of Canino and Musignano 21398: 21251: 18015: 15774: 15750: 14499: 12928:(decreed on the 13th, proclaimed on the 15th) 12669:. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 264ff. 12506:"H-Net announcements 2004-08-12 - 2004-08-17" 11769:Napoleon: Conquest, Reform and Reorganisation 10740:Soldiers And Warriors: An Illustrated History 10550: 10103: 5170: 5168: 3998:. In 1812 the pontiff was transferred to the 3476:military campaigns. He studied English under 3468:, while his attendants complained of "colds, 3261:and locked himself in his room for two days. 3077: 2798: 2677:, ruled by his young brother Jérôme, and the 2299: 1995:The French confronted an Austrian army under 1676:He decided on a military expedition to seize 1070:. In his youth, his name was also spelled as 24115:People excommunicated by the Catholic Church 21670:Marie, Princess George of Greece and Denmark 21181: 21140: 21116: 21097: 20081:Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick 15260: 13891:The Oxford Handbook of the French Revolution 13577: 13353:Citizen Emperor: Napoleon in Power 1799-1815 12944:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 276. 12765:. Oxford: Clarendon Press 1992, pp. 402–403. 12391: 11765: 11519: 10736: 10452:Religion and revolution in France, 1780-1804 8864: 8110: 5647: 4878:(1810–1868), the son of his Polish mistress 4866:Napoleon acknowledged one illegitimate son: 4341:basic principles of the French Revolution." 3770: 3432:, Saint Helena, site of Napoleon's captivity 3372:he abdicated on 22 June in favour of his son 2692: 2385: 2349: 2041: 844: 733:from 1796 to 1815. He was the leader of the 196: 18768: 15598:Protector of the Confederation of the Rhine 14115:"The Death of Napoleon, Cancer or Arsenic?" 14113:Hindmarsh, J. Thomas; Savory, John (2008). 12907: 12535:Lobingier, Charles Sumner (December 1918). 11538: 10158: 10094: 10039: 9763:. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 272. 9477: 8449:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 227–238. 8282:How Far From Austerlitz? Napoleon 1805–1815 8080:. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 9. 7892: 7890: 6366: 5831: 5786: 5099:Protector of the Confederation of the Rhine 4377:Jacques Antoine Hippolyte, Comte de Guibert 4093:Napoleon was superstitious. He believed in 2481: 1707:among them. Their discoveries included the 1151:Corsican nationalist and admirer of Paoli. 24110:Officers of the French Academy of Sciences 23574: 23560: 23001: 22987: 22346: 22332: 22006: 21992: 21755: 21741: 21599:Jeanne, Marchioness of Villeneuve-Escaplon 21405: 21391: 21258: 21244: 20285:Alexandre-Théodore-Victor, comte de Lameth 18022: 18008: 15781: 15767: 15316:Provisional Consul of the French Republic 14506: 14492: 14412: 13851:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. 13584: 13267: 12387: 12385: 12288: 11631: 11629: 11627: 11625: 11539:Hallock, William; Wade, Herbert T (1906). 11358: 11195: 11183: 9014: 8010: 7958: 7956: 6032: 6030: 6028: 5359:. He is less realistically portrayed on a 5165: 3985: 3159:, the French won a series of victories in 1773:On 1 August 1798, the British fleet under 1308:in April 1794, and then advanced to seize 51: 27:Emperor of the French (r. 1804–1814, 1815) 23647:Charles-François Lebrun, duc de Plaisance 21523:Napoléon Charles, Prince Royal of Holland 21488:Zénaïde, Princess of Canino and Musignano 20550:Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau 20208:Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau 20031:Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany 14378: 14130: 14075:Napoleon and the Transformation of Europe 14043:Napoleon and the Transformation of Europe 13865: 13421: 12534: 11679:sfnp error: no target: CITEREFFlynn2001 ( 11532: 10129: 9720: 9287: 8514:Hope, John; Baird, D. (28 January 1809). 8513: 7691: 6946: 6766: 6764: 6762: 6264: 4005: 3264:Napoleon understood that the French king 3227:Napoleon leaving Elba on 26 February 1815 1952:On 15 December, Bonaparte introduced the 1472: 1457:Bonaparte was romantically involved with 24125:People of the War of the First Coalition 23975:French commanders of the Napoleonic Wars 22072:Imperial Eagle of the House of Bonaparte 21629:Princess Marie Letizia, Duchess of Aosta 20982: 18266:Nationalization of the Church properties 14364: 13821: 13776: 13746: 13714: 13594:. Vol. 1. Charles Scribner's Sons. 13552: 13248: 13168: 12662: 12009: 11951: 11796: 11410: 10685: 9985: 9185: 9021:. Indiana University Press. p. 48. 8762: 8726: 8702: 8678: 8666: 8555: 8140: 8017:. Harvard University Press. p. 12. 7887: 7881: 7781: 7769: 7631: 7583: 7559: 7535: 7487: 7463: 7426: 7377: 7365: 7329: 7305: 7281: 7266: 7254: 7242: 7227: 7212: 7200: 7188: 7152: 7140: 7128: 7104: 7077: 7065: 7023: 6987: 6975: 6890: 6854: 6633: 6549: 6474: 6438: 6411: 6312: 6252: 6204: 6144: 6087: 6063: 6001: 5995: 5983: 5971: 5959: 5911: 5774: 5714: 5635: 5617: 4823: 4703: 4559: 4545: 4489: 4472: 4457: 4358: 4305: 4226: 4143: 4076: 4051:Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington 3955: 3865: 3791:France, l'armée, tête d'armée, Joséphine 3761: 3424: 3407: 3403: 3362:, Napoleon confronted Wellington at the 3288: 3221: 3184: 3130: 3087: 3015: 2957: 2891: 2808: 2762: 2702: 2613: 2548: 2495: 2443: 2379: 2309: 2236: 2191: 2104: 2051: 1930: 1857: 1731: 1651: 1584: 1482: 1329: 1250: 1181: 1122: 993: 919:". His opponents responded by forming a 731:French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars 23008: 21211:Historiography of the French Revolution 20482:Antoine Christophe Merlin de Thionville 20193:Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette 14300: 14281: 14139: 13949: 13807:(2nd ed.). London: Penguin Books. 13640: 13531: 13388: 13109: 13102: 13084:Traité de Fontainebleau, 11 avril 1814. 12382: 12309: 12257: 12092: 11927: 11705: 11693: 11622: 11296:"Was Napoleon Short? | Britannica" 11220: 10709: 10697: 10622: 10380: 10282:from the original on 19 September 2011. 9900:from the original on 18 September 2016. 9756: 9322: 9233: 9149: 8930: 8227: 7953: 7475: 7451: 6806: 6537: 6486: 6462: 6450: 6422: 6420: 6300: 6075: 6051: 6036: 6025: 5899: 5720: 5702: 5572: 4855:) (1811–1832), known from birth as the 4749:Napoleon reorganized what had been the 4494:A mass grave of soldiers killed at the 4150:Chasseur à Cheval of the Imperial Guard 4129: 3498:Custody of Napoleon Buonaparte Act 1816 3415:, watercolour by Franz Josef Sandmann, 3378:. By 28 June, the Prussian army was at 2241:Napoleon's throne room at Fontainebleau 1721:on 9 June 1798, then controlled by the 243: 133:13 December 1799 – 18 May 1804 14: 23915:19th-century French military personnel 23905:18th-century French military personnel 23882: 23675:Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord 22353: 21675:Marie Clotilde, Countess Serge de Witt 21594:Roland, Prince of Canino and Musignano 21579:Lucien, Prince of Canino and Musignano 21438:Lucien, Prince of Canino and Musignano 20218:Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord 20173:Other significant figures and factions 16104:Planned invasion of the United Kingdom 15359:12 December 1799 – 18 May 1804 15319:11 November – 12 December 1799 14737:Planned invasion of the United Kingdom 14319: 14229: 14196: 14091: 14008: 13907: 13888: 13844: 13802: 13691: 13613:French Politics, Culture & Society 13610: 13479: 13327: 13303: 13229: 13189: 13044: 13023:Statut constitutionnel du 17 mars 1805 12937: 12913: 12860: 12854: 12848: 12836: 12824: 12812: 12763:Caudillos in Spanish America 1800–1850 12623: 12593: 12251: 12239: 12227: 12215: 12179: 12167: 12155: 12143: 12131: 12119: 12107: 12080: 12021: 11997: 11986: 11939: 11915: 11879: 11867: 11855: 11741: 11729: 11717: 11616: 11604: 11592: 11580: 11565: 11553: 11494: 11482: 11470: 11458: 11446: 11434: 11422: 11398: 11374: 11324: 11139: 11127: 11117:: Meyer & Meyer. pp. 178–211. 11041: 11017: 10993: 10981: 10969: 10957: 10945: 10933: 10918: 10906: 10894: 10882: 10870: 10834: 10822: 10798: 10783: 10673: 10661: 10649: 10610: 10574: 10559: 10544: 10423: 10383:"Napoléon et l'islam, l'anti-croisade" 10368: 10356: 10307: 10292: 10262: 10250: 10164: 10048: 9937: 9931: 9827:from the original on 27 February 2024. 9777:from the original on 27 February 2024. 9696: 9660: 9636: 9624: 9600: 9588: 9546: 9534: 9522: 9510: 9486: 9459: 9435: 9423: 9245: 9209: 9161: 9113: 9101: 8990: 8954: 8918: 8894: 8870: 8750: 8567: 8489: 8444: 8432: 8299:from the original on 25 February 2018. 8176: 8164: 8094:from the original on 18 November 2016. 8049: 7998: 7986: 7947: 7869: 7818: 7806: 7757: 7742: 7607: 7601: 7547: 7511: 7499: 7401: 7317: 7176: 7164: 7011: 6999: 6958: 6934: 6922: 6878: 6866: 6842: 6830: 6818: 6794: 6770: 6759: 6753: 6741: 6729: 6717: 6705: 6681: 6669: 6657: 6645: 6621: 6609: 6585: 6573: 6561: 6426: 6399: 6387: 6375: 6360: 6348: 6336: 6324: 6288: 6276: 6240: 6228: 6216: 6192: 6180: 6168: 6156: 6132: 6019: 6007: 5947: 5923: 5840: 5825: 5762: 5726: 5692:from the original on 28 November 2017. 5668: 5656: 5641: 5629: 5605: 5549: 5537: 5456: 5390: 5355:and in Jacques-Louis David's imperial 4775:that opposed the French intervention. 4759:, into a more streamlined forty-state 4713:United States House of Representatives 4207:He is often portrayed wearing a large 4179:considered him average in appearance: 3924:in translation and had an interest in 3611:Intercourse with Saint Helena Act 1816 3176:Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord 2539:War of the Fourth Coalition and Tilsit 2034:(Dagger plot) in October 1800 and the 1711:, and their work was published in the 1641: 851:into Eastern Europe, and defeated the 24070:Knights of the Golden Fleece of Spain 23920:19th-century heads of state of France 23910:18th-century heads of state of France 23555: 22982: 22327: 21987: 21736: 21386: 21239: 21086: 20981: 20265:François-Marie, marquis de Barthélemy 20171: 20021:James Saumarez, 1st Baron de Saumarez 19960:Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld 19918:Friedrich Adolf, Count von Kalckreuth 19521: 18767: 18398:Paris Commune becomes insurrectionary 18126: 18029: 18003: 17786:Spanish American wars of independence 15762: 15749: 15259: 14487: 14470:Daily tracking of Napoleon's location 14250: 14172: 13989: 13670: 13586:Bourrienne, Louis Antoine Fauvelet de 13498: 13467: 13369: 13350: 13217:from the original on 27 February 2024 13034:Die Rheinbunds-Akte. – 1806, Juli 12. 12800: 12787:from the original on 7 December 2023. 12774: 12689: 12627:Germany, 1871-1945: A Concise History 12575:from the original on 10 February 2023 12482:from the original on 7 December 2023. 12449: 12427:from the original on 7 December 2023. 12352: 12342:from the original on 7 December 2023. 11786:from the original on 18 October 2015. 11674: 11497:An Encyclopaedia of Napoleon's Europe 11306:from the original on 1 September 2022 11065: 11053: 10771: 10761:from the original on 7 December 2023. 10479: 10448: 10403: 10393:from the original on 2 December 2023. 10343:from the original on 21 January 2018. 10319: 10238: 10226: 10214: 10202: 10146:from the original on 27 February 2024 10088: 10076: 10033: 10021: 10009: 9997: 9973: 9961: 9949: 9925: 9910: 9875: 9863: 9799: 9787: 9744: 9732: 9708: 9684: 9672: 9648: 9612: 9570:from the original on 7 September 2023 9498: 9471: 9447: 9393:from the original on 22 December 2011 9373: 9361: 9257: 9221: 9197: 9173: 9137: 9125: 9089: 9077: 9065: 9053: 9015:Langer, Philip; Pois, Robert (2004). 9002: 8978: 8966: 8942: 8906: 8882: 8858: 8846: 8834: 8822: 8810: 8798: 8786: 8738: 8714: 8690: 8654: 8642: 8591: 8540: 8477: 8417: 8405: 8393: 8381: 8357: 8345: 8321: 8275: 8263: 8251: 8239: 8212: 8200: 8188: 8152: 8128: 8104: 8061: 7974: 7962: 7935: 7903:. Taylor & Francis. p. 133. 7845:Great Generals of the Napoleonic Wars 7730: 7712:from the original on 27 February 2024 7679: 7667: 7655: 7643: 7619: 7595: 7571: 7523: 7389: 7353: 7341: 7293: 7092: 7035: 6782: 5935: 5881:from the original on 25 February 2018 5807:from the original on 27 February 2024 5478:. Yale University Press. p. 98. 5468: 5408: 5297: 5284: 5267: 4771:in 1871, as it sparked a new wave of 2935: 2850:on 10 July, and the latter signed an 1827:Ottoman amphibious invasion at Abukir 1279:), demonstrating his support for the 1089:Napoleon was born one year after the 768:in 1795. In 1796, Napoleon commanded 272: 23817:Hugues-Bernard Maret, duc de Bassano 22967:Debatable or disputed rulers are in 21412: 20419:Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux 19831:Claude Victor-Perrin, Duc de Belluno 19522: 18618:Insurrection of 12 Germinal Year III 15356:First Consul of the French Republic 15242: 14426:from the original on 7 December 2023 14399:from the original on 7 December 2023 14217:from the original on 7 December 2023 14160:from the original on 7 December 2023 14072: 14060:from the original on 2 December 2023 14039: 13663: 13631: 13598:from the original on 2 December 2023 13519:from the original on 5 December 2023 13409:from the original on 2 December 2023 13291:from the original on 2 December 2023 13156:from the original on 7 December 2023 13128: 13065:from the original on 2 December 2023 13000:Historical Dictionary of Switzerland 12958:from the original on 2 December 2023 12644:from the original on 7 December 2023 12522: 12492: 12437: 12376: 12364: 12263: 12194:from the original on 9 November 2023 11974: 11837:from the original on 3 December 2017 11753: 11656:from the original on 7 December 2023 11386: 11108: 11029: 11005: 10858: 10846: 10810: 10634: 10598: 10586: 10526:from the original on 24 January 2018 10500:from the original on 2 December 2023 10457:Catholic University of America Press 9411: 9343:from the original on 2 November 2022 9269: 9035:from the original on 2 December 2023 8624:from the original on 2 December 2023 8603: 8579: 8522:from the original on 29 October 2021 8031:from the original on 2 December 2023 8011:Karsh, Efraim; Karsh, Inari (2001). 7406:. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 409–12. 7404:A Companion to the French Revolution 7116: 6907: 6693: 6597: 6417: 5749:from the original on 22 August 2022. 5578: 5566: 5522: 5492:from the original on 2 December 2023 5435:from the original on 2 December 2023 5402: 4982:19 February 1803 – 29 December 1813 4844:(1781–1824), and his second cousin, 3882: 3486:Henry Vassall-Fox, 3rd Baron Holland 3472:, damp floors and poor provisions". 2767:Napoleon accepting the surrender of 2519:. In February 1806, Ottoman Emperor 2449:Napoleon at the Battle of Austerlitz 2276:On 26 May, Napoleon crowned himself 1177: 1038:, and, later, six younger siblings: 829:dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire 235: 24085:Marshals of the First French Empire 24040:Generals of the First French Empire 22315:from 1848-1873 as Louis Philippe II 21604:Napoléon, Prince Imperial of France 21584:Augusta, Princess Placido Gabrielli 21503:Charlotte, Princess Mario Gabrielli 21295:Marie Louise, Empress of the French 21087: 20026:Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth 17771:Franco-Swedish War (Pomeranian War) 15788: 15723:11 April 1814 – 20 March 1815 15447:19 February 1803 – 19 October 1813 15443:Mediator of the Swiss Confederation 13893:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 12278:from the original on 20 April 2010. 12062:from the original on 24 August 2019 11799:"Science, Education and Napoleon I" 9817:The Spirit of the English Magazines 5286:[napoleˈoːnediˌbwɔnaˈparte] 4978:Mediator of the Swiss Confederation 4908:First Consul of the French Republic 3936:("a great man") against Voltaire's 1916: 121:First Consul of the French Republic 36:Napoleon Bonaparte (disambiguation) 24: 24100:Monarchs taken prisoner in wartime 24045:Grand Crosses of the Order of Aviz 22067: 22063:Coat of arms of the House of Capet 22058: 21216:Influence of the French Revolution 21206:Symbolism in the French Revolution 19970:Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss-Plauen 19931:Charles Eugene, Prince of Lambesc 18186:Convocation of the Estates General 15398:President of the Italian Republic 14879:French campaign in Egypt and Syria 14275: 12903:from the original on 6 April 2014. 8775:Fremont-Barnes & Fisher (2004) 8502:Fremont-Barnes & Fisher (2004) 8370:Fremont-Barnes & Fisher (2004) 8334:Fremont-Barnes & Fisher (2004) 8310:Fremont-Barnes & Fisher (2004) 7442:, Oxford University Press, p. 182. 6480: 6104:Napoleon: A Biographical Companion 5587:from the original on 20 April 2010 5511:Fremont-Barnes & Fisher (2004) 5475:The Spanish Inquisition: A History 4711:of Napoleon in the chamber of the 4700:Influence of the French Revolution 4694:Long-term influence outside France 4295: 1847: 1648:French campaign in Egypt and Syria 1597:Henri Félix Emmanuel Philippoteaux 1240: 1192:Henri Félix Emmanuel Philippoteaux 25: 24156: 24120:People of the First French Empire 20858:Guillaume-Chrétien de Malesherbes 20590:Antoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville 19892:Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen 19674:François Christophe de Kellermann 18913:Battle of Peyrestortes (Pyrenees) 15178:"China is a sleeping giant" quote 14439: 13931:The Peninsular War: A New History 13555:Napoleon: The Man Behind The Myth 13374:. Oxford: Bloomsbury Publishing. 12882:International Journal of Sciences 12740:from the original on 31 July 2021 12266:"Furore over Austerlitz ceremony" 11952:Hastings, Max (31 October 2014). 9887: 9845:from the original on 3 March 2021 7917:from the original on 29 July 2014 7026:, pp. 209–10, 219–23, 229–34 6501:. pp. 15–16, 18, 20, 22–23. 5581:"Furore over Austerlitz ceremony" 5147:11 April 1814 – 26 February 1815 4945:President of the Italian Republic 4753:, made up of about three hundred 4266: 4034:the empire and satellite states. 3848:, his remains were entombed in a 3182:reluctantly complied on 6 April. 3021:Napoleon's withdrawal from Russia 2748:, the French evacuated Portugal. 1992:French captured Milan on 2 June. 1896:and Directory: Lucien Bonaparte, 1727:Ferdinand von Hompesch zu Bolheim 1548:Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen 1465:, and her family owned slaves on 1340:, artillery fire in front of the 1319: 276: 24025:French people of Lombard descent 24020:French people of Italian descent 23935:19th-century presidents of Italy 23798:Pierre-Alexandre-Laurent Forfait 23691:Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès 23642:Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès 23616: 23585:(10 November 1799 – 18 May 1804) 21904: 21838: 21776: 21722:Jean-Christophe, Prince Napoléon 21660:Princess Mary, Mrs. Enrico Gotti 21553:Mathilde, Princess of San Donato 21471: 21308: 21290:Joséphine, Empress of the French 20585:Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai 20492:Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours 20462:Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot 20353:Jean-Marie Roland de la Platière 20131: 20096: 20066: 20041: 19998: 19872: 19749:Édouard Mortier, Duke of Trévise 19530: 18302:Civil Constitution of the Clergy 17646:Frederick William III of Prussia 17626:Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly 15401:26 January 1802 – 17 March 1805 15365:Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès 15241: 15233: 15232: 14649: 14456:International Napoleonic Society 14419:Mémoires du Prince de Talleyrand 14385:. Oxford U.P. pp. 177–560. 14352:from the original on 15 May 2021 13077: 13038: 13027: 13016: 13005: 12970: 12931: 12926:Constitution du 13 décembre 1799 12919: 12866: 12768: 12752: 12722: 12683: 12656: 12617: 12587: 12528: 12498: 12443: 12303: 12282: 12173: 12052:"The Little Tyrant, A review of 12040: 12027: 11980: 11945: 11921: 11885: 11790: 11759: 11488: 11318: 11288: 11276:from the original on 4 June 2016 11258: 11246:from the original on 3 June 2023 11201: 11168: 11133: 11102: 11059: 11047: 10730: 10703: 10512: 10473: 10442: 10429: 10397: 10374: 10325: 10268: 10054: 9881: 9831: 9805: 9750: 9702: 9690: 9678: 9666: 9654: 9642: 9630: 9618: 9606: 9594: 9582: 9552: 9540: 9528: 9516: 9504: 9492: 9465: 9453: 9441: 9429: 9417: 9379: 9355: 9316: 9304:from the original on 2 July 2023 9263: 9251: 9239: 9227: 9215: 9203: 9191: 9167: 9155: 9143: 9131: 9119: 9107: 9095: 9008: 8984: 8672: 8660: 8597: 8507: 8438: 8269: 8170: 8158: 8067: 8004: 7980: 7850: 7837: 7824: 7812: 7800: 7787: 7775: 7763: 7685: 7673: 7661: 7649: 7637: 7625: 7613: 7589: 7577: 7565: 7553: 7541: 7517: 7505: 7457: 7432: 7420: 7395: 7383: 7371: 7359: 7347: 7335: 7323: 7311: 7299: 7260: 7248: 7206: 7194: 7182: 7170: 7146: 7134: 7122: 7110: 7098: 7071: 7059: 7042:The French Revolution, 1770-1814 7029: 7017: 7005: 6993: 6952: 6928: 6872: 6860: 6836: 6824: 6812: 6788: 6489:"Chapter 2: Bird of the Islands" 5366: 5339: 5299:[napuliˈɔnɛˌbwɔnaˈbartɛ] 5188: 4917:Jean-Jacques-Régis de Cambacérès 4669: 4644: 4619: 4323:Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès 3862:Napoleon and the Catholic Church 3629:Parliament of the United Kingdom 3622: 3516:Parliament of the United Kingdom 3509: 3211: 2926:François Charles Joseph Napoleon 2315:Napoleon in his coronation robes 2171: 1570:, and promised to partition the 1400:to offer his services to Sultan 1225:the French garrison in Ajaccio. 776:and their Italian allies in the 727:a series of successful campaigns 688: 671: 654: 637: 620: 603: 586: 569: 552: 535: 518: 501: 484: 467: 450: 433: 416: 399: 375: 368: 361: 343: 239: 24095:Military personnel from Ajaccio 23940:19th-century princes of Andorra 23930:19th-century monarchs of France 22015:Pretenders to the French throne 21665:Eugénie, Princess of La Moskowa 21443:Elisa, Grand Duchess of Tuscany 21285:Napoleon, Emperor of the French 20923:Jean-Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil 20670:Jacques-Nicolas Billaud-Varenne 20595:Philippe-François-Joseph Le Bas 19806:Jean-Mathieu-Philibert Sérurier 19801:Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer 19781:Catherine-Dominique de Pérignon 19609:Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine 18527:Marie Antoinette is guillotined 17766:Russo-Swedish War (Finnish War) 17696:Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies 15602:12 July 1806 – 19 October 1813 15120:Napoleon as Mars the Peacemaker 13051:. Routledge. pp. 246–248. 12310:Forrest, A. (1 December 2004). 12289:Williamson, Lucy (4 May 2021). 12180:Dodman, Benjamin (7 May 2021). 11096:Springer Science+Business Media 10381:Youssef, Ahmed (January 2023). 7858:Atlas of World Military History 7832:Atlas of World Military History 6747: 6735: 6723: 6711: 6699: 6663: 6651: 6639: 6627: 6615: 6603: 6579: 6567: 6555: 6468: 6456: 6444: 6432: 6405: 6393: 6381: 6354: 6330: 6318: 6306: 6294: 6282: 6270: 6246: 6234: 6222: 6210: 6198: 6186: 6174: 6162: 6150: 6138: 6126: 6093: 6081: 6057: 6013: 5989: 5977: 5965: 5941: 5917: 5905: 5787:Chamberlain, Alexander (1896). 5780: 5768: 5708: 5674: 5662: 5623: 5611: 5599: 5326: 5305: 4872:Eléonore Denuelle de La Plaigne 4351:Napoleonic weaponry and warfare 4136:Cultural depictions of Napoleon 4122:ascribed his nervous energy to 3331:On 13 March, the powers at the 3278: 2900:at its greatest extent in 1812: 2775:On 6 November, Napoleon was in 2626:on a raft in the middle of the 2248:Francis I as Emperor of Austria 2222:, violating the sovereignty of 1172: 802:sold the territory of Louisiana 741:from 1799 to 1804, then of the 268: 231: 24075:Leaders who took power by coup 21453:Pauline, Princess of Guastalla 21196:Women in the French Revolution 20798:Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien 19975:Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló 19639:Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino 19268:French invasion of Switzerland 17681:Prince Regent John of Portugal 17591:Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor 17536:Frederick Augustus I of Saxony 17531:Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria 15643:11 April 1814 – 20 March 1815 15541:17 March 1805 – 11 April 1814 15529:as last crowned monarch, 1530 14203:. Greenwood Publishing Group. 13992:The Napoleonic Wars, 1803–1815 13091: 12777:"Napoleon and Polish Identity" 10716:. Da Capo Press. p. 171. 10713:Wellington: A Personal History 10169:. Royal Society of Chemistry. 9387:"Napoleon's act of abdication" 8285:. Pan Macmillan. p. 238. 7308:, pp. 283–84, 289, 294–96 5462: 5275: 5180: 5103:12 July 1806 – 4 November 1813 4912:13 December 1799 – 18 May 1804 4830:Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma 4104:cited Napoleon to describe an 4081:Napoleon visiting the Tribunat 4037: 1875: 1489:Bonaparte at the Pont d'Arcole 1421:Insurrection of 10 August 1792 1357:Fall of Maximilien Robespierre 887:. In summer 1812, he launched 13: 1: 23793:Marc-Antoine Bourdon de Vatry 21201:Incroyables and merveilleuses 21020:Pierre Claude François Daunou 20808:Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé 19939:Maximilian Baillet de Latour 19910:Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze 19207:Naval Engagement off Brittany 18960:Battle of Villers-en-Cauchies 18934:Battle of Truillas (Pyrenees) 18743:Constitution of the Year VIII 18478:Committee of General Security 18363:National Legislative Assembly 18218:National Constituent Assembly 17706:Prince Charles John of Sweden 15682:as King of France and Navarre 15660:as King of France and Navarre 15522:Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 15506:as King of France and Navarre 15452:New Confederation established 14414:Talleyrand, Chares-Maurice de 14012:The Journal of Modern History 13591:Memoirs of Napoleon Bonaparte 13135:Napoleon: A Concise Biography 12600:A history of the modern world 12264:Repa, Jan (2 December 2005). 11954:"Everything is Owed to Glory" 10710:Hibbert, Christopher (1999). 10191:Hindmarsh & Savory (2008) 9757:Hibbert, Christopher (2003). 6507:10.4159/harvard.9780674188761 6487:Knapton, Ernest John (1963). 5735:. Pearson Education Limited. 5579:Repa, Jan (2 December 2005). 4949:26 January 1802 – 18 May 1805 4410:since the Revolutionary era. 3911:by the pope through the bull 3740:, joined Napoleon's retinue. 3703:Statute Law Revision Act 1873 3590:Statute Law Revision Act 1873 3416: 3352:Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher 2594:battles of Jena and Auerstedt 2508:, 27 April 1807, to sign the 2322: 2036:Plot of the Rue Saint-Nicaise 1954:Constitution of the Year VIII 1946:the hand inside the waistcoat 1744:Louis-François, Baron Lejeune 1636:Charles Maurice de Talleyrand 1497: 1479:Italian Campaign of 1796-1797 1230:French expedition to Sardinia 978: 861:trade embargo against Britain 808:. In December 1804, Napoleon 294: 23741:Martin-Michel-Charles Gaudin 22295:Napoléon VII Jean-Christophe 21278:Emperor and immediate family 21119:Liberté, égalité, fraternité 20913:Charles Alexandre de Calonne 20803:Louis Henri, Prince of Condé 20700:Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte 20600:Marc-Guillaume Alexis Vadier 20290:Charles Malo François Lameth 19965:Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich 19796:Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr 19739:Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey 18939:Second Battle of Wissembourg 18626:Constitution of the Year III 15494:18 May 1804 – 11 April 1814 15392:Italian Republic established 14513: 14374:. Columbia University Press. 14132:10.1373/clinchem.2008.117358 13927:Esdaile, Charles J. (2003). 13926: 13830:. Rowman & Littlefield. 13431:. Harvard University Press. 13277:. Harcourt Brace, & Co. 13196:Napoleon: Soldier of Destiny 11797:Williams, L. Pearce (1956). 10276:"L'Empire et le Saint-Siège" 9890:"Napoleon's English Lessons" 9329:. Springer. pp. 10–15. 8074:Michael V. Leggiere (2015). 7692:Rosenberg, Chaim M. (2017). 5378: 5051:17 March 1805 – 6 April 1814 4746:was proclaimed for all men. 4582:The Memorial of Saint Helena 4468: 4413: 3945: 3478:Emmanuel, comte de Las Cases 3387:Rochefort, Charente-Maritime 2210:Bonaparte becomes Napoleon I 923:, which defeated him at the 905:forcing Napoleon to abdicate 169:, Corsica, Kingdom of France 102:20 March 1815 – 22 June 1815 7: 24090:Military governors of Paris 23945:Characters in War and Peace 23925:19th-century kings of Italy 23863:First Cabinet of Napoleon I 22155:Blancs d'Espagne succession 21869:Francis Joseph I of Austria 21558:Napoléon, Prince of Monfort 21015:Charles-Augustin de Coulomb 20640:Antoine Christophe Saliceti 20575:Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois 20535:Louis Antoine de Saint-Just 20414:Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet 20399:Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve 20394:Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud 20203:Isaac René Guy le Chapelier 20056:William V, Prince of Orange 18926:First Battle of Wissembourg 18883:(21 Dec 1792 - 25 May 1793) 18599:Closing of the Jacobin Club 18468:(27 Jun 1793 – 27 Jul 1794) 18425:(20 Sep 1792 – 26 Oct 1795) 18285:Abolition of the Parlements 18258:Women's March on Versailles 15552:Victor Emmanuel II of Savoy 15436:Helvetic Republic dissolved 14913:War of the Fourth Coalition 14465:Public Broadcasting Service 14379:Schroeder, Paul W. (1996). 13912:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 13505:. Oxford University Press. 13332:Napoleon: The Path to Power 13234:. New York: Pegasus books. 13012:Constitution du 18 mai 1804 12095:, pp. 41, 53, 75, 103. 12058:. The Claremont Institute. 10688:, "Introduction", pp. 3-36. 9270:Vial, Charles-Éloi (2014). 5348:Bonaparte Crossing the Alps 4863:aged 21, with no children. 4819: 4799:Latin American independence 4682:French occupation of Moscow 4678:Napoleon leaves the Kremlin 4653:Bonaparte Crossing the Alps 4355:Military career of Napoleon 4066:understood the common man. 3855: 3294:Napoleon's Return from Elba 3203:on 20 April, Napoleon said: 2888:Consolidation of the Empire 2857:In August, a British force 2545:War of the Fourth Coalition 2377:260 km (160 mi). 2113:coin depicting Napoleon as 1927:War of the Second Coalition 1838:War of the Second Coalition 1658:Bonaparte Before the Sphinx 1375:, which was engaged in the 1343:Church of Saint-Roch, Paris 1288:Antoine Christophe Saliceti 1190:. Portrait made in 1835 by 958:, enacted the principle of 833:War of the Fourth Coalition 798:War of the Second Coalition 782:invasion of Egypt and Syria 10: 24161: 23955:Deaths from stomach cancer 23503:North German Confederation 23419:Confederation of the Rhine 21968:House of Habsburg-Lorraine 21901:North German Confederation 21886:Archduke Johann of Austria 21773:Confederation of the Rhine 21150:French Republican calendar 20705:Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Gobel 20330:Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac 19684:Pierre Choderlos de Laclos 19634:Charles François Dumouriez 19624:Jacques François Dugommier 19438:League of Armed Neutrality 19271:(28 January – 17 May 1798) 19223:Battle of the Bay of Cádiz 19046:(22 Nov 1794 - 7 Jun 1795) 19025:(22 Nov 1794 - 7 Jun 1795) 18689:Second Congress of Rastatt 18473:Committee of Public Safety 18460:(9 Mar 1793 – 31 May 1795) 17541:Frederick I of Württemberg 15911:Confederation of the Rhine 15689:according to his will only 15222:Symphony No. 3 (Beethoven) 15087:Column of the Grande Armée 14949:War of the Sixth Coalition 14925:War of the Fifth Coalition 14901:War of the Third Coalition 14143:Heavy Words Lightly Thrown 13502:Napoleon: The End of Glory 13392:Napoleon: A Political Life 13110:Barnett, Corelli (1997) . 13095: 12663:Astarita, Tommaso (2005). 11891:Margaret Bradley (1975), " 10745:Courier Dover Publications 10167:Is Arsenic an Aphrodisiac? 10122:10.1007/s00428-021-03061-1 9813:"Two Days at Saint Helena" 8467:– via Springer Link. 7698:. McFarland. p. 168. 7045:. Blackwell. p. 212. 5841:Parker, Harold T. (1971). 5793:. MacMillan. p. 385. 5540:, pp. 574–76, 582–84. 5357:Napoleon Crossing the Alps 5269:[napɔleɔ̃bɔnapaʁt] 5020:18 May 1804 – 6 April 1814 4876:Alexandre Colonna-Walewski 4763:; this helped promote the 4761:Confederation of the Rhine 4697: 4628:Napoleon Crossing the Alps 4549: 4461: 4348: 4344: 4299: 4222: 4133: 4009: 3949: 3859: 3785:On 3 May he was given the 3747: 3738:François Carlo Antommarchi 3604:United Kingdom legislation 3491:United Kingdom legislation 3282: 3215: 3084:War of the Sixth Coalition 3081: 3078:War of the Sixth Coalition 3030:The Russians retreated to 2939: 2805:War of the Fifth Coalition 2802: 2799:War of the Fifth Coalition 2696: 2571:Confederation of the Rhine 2542: 2485: 2306:War of the Third Coalition 2303: 2300:War of the Third Coalition 2198:The Coronation of Napoleon 2181: 2175: 2160:, which established a new 2045: 2031:Conspiration des poignards 1920: 1881: 1851: 1701:French Academy of Sciences 1645: 1476: 1433:French Republican calendar 1323: 1244: 893:War of the Sixth Coalition 881:War of the Fifth Coalition 867:and installed his brother 821:War of the Third Coalition 778:War of the First Coalition 29: 24000:French governors of Egypt 23851: 23841:Jean François Aimé Dejean 23835: 23823: 23811: 23785: 23759: 23747: 23735: 23709: 23683: 23670:Charles-Frédéric Reinhard 23662: 23655: 23629: 23614: 23590: 23520: 23501: 23482: 23460: 23436: 23417: 23106: 23065: 23016: 22965: 22946: 22920: 22882: 22856: 22810: 22785: 22706: 22617: 22513: 22389: 22359: 22308: 22216: 22153: 22079: 22056: 22025: 21953: 21932: 21915: 21899: 21878: 21849: 21833: 21804: 21787: 21771: 21714: 21698: 21652: 21609:Prince Jerome Napoleon II 21566: 21480: 21469: 21458:Caroline, Queen of Naples 21420: 21370: 21317: 21306: 21277: 21165:Cult of the Supreme Being 21093: 21082: 20988: 20977: 20936: 20770: 20763: 20648: 20505: 20427: 20338: 20325:Pierre Paul Royer-Collard 20231: 20180:Patriotic Society of 1789 20178: 20167: 20129: 20094: 20064: 20039: 19996: 19983:Karl Philipp Sebottendorf 19905:Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg 19870: 19861: 19839: 19544: 19528: 19517: 19486: 19449: 19422:Convention of Alessandria 19404: 19311: 19258: 19189: 19059: 19033: 18950: 18847: 18774: 18763: 18719: 18708:Law of 22 Floréal Year VI 18700: 18673: 18610: 18546: 18441: 18374: 18323: 18277: 18169:What Is the Third Estate? 18160: 18133: 18122: 18037: 17920: 17804: 17719: 17701:Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden 17691:William, Prince of Orange 17554: 17501:Pierre-Charles Villeneuve 17434: 17427: 17307: 17186: 17050: 16879: 16793: 16747: 16496: 16390: 16314: 16208: 16122: 16074: 16065: 15961: 15862: 15853: 15830:French Invasion of Russia 15796: 15756: 15751:Links to related articles 15725: 15710: 15705: 15698: 15674: 15665: 15652: 15635: 15630: 15595: 15586: 15578: 15569: 15558: 15543: 15534: 15513: 15496: 15487: 15463: 15458: 15440: 15429: 15403: 15396: 15385: 15354: 15343: 15314: 15303: 15298: 15271: 15266: 15230: 15146: 15074: 15052:Saint-Domingue expedition 14990: 14937:French invasion of Russia 14838:French Revolutionary Wars 14827: 14658: 14647: 14548: 14521: 14282:Chesney, Charles (2006). 14236:. Greenwood. p. 99. 14046:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 13950:Esdaile, Charles (2007). 13866:Cordingly, David (2004). 13845:Conner, Susan P. (2004). 13788:. Saturday Review Press. 13754:The Campaigns of Napoleon 13721:The Campaigns of Napoleon 13700:. Yale University Press. 13692:Bordes, Philippe (2007). 13634:Napoleon: For and Against 13578:Historiography and memory 13484:. London: Jonathan Cape. 13355:. Yale University Press. 13336:. Yale University Press. 12456:French Historical Studies 11772:. Routledge. p. 52. 11142:French Historical Studies 11082:10.1007/978-1-349-08847-8 9627:, pp. 540–45, 562–64 9248:, pp. 461–62, 487–88 7856:Richard Brooks (editor), 7830:Richard Brooks (editor), 6612:, pp. 245–50, 268–71 5847:French Historical Studies 5727:Ellis, Geoffrey (1997b). 5421:. Springer. p. 230. 5313:1768 Treaty of Versailles 5149: 5140: 5134: 5116: 5096: 5080: 5064: 5044: 5038: 5024: 5011: 4994: 4984: 4975: 4967: 4959: 4942: 4934: 4926: 4905: 4897: 4892: 4885: 4832:and her son Napoleon, by 4234:Saint-Louis des Invalides 4074:, Talleyrand and Fouché. 3771: 3708: 3696: 3691: 3683: 3673: 3663: 3658: 3645: 3635: 3621: 3616: 3609: 3595: 3583: 3578: 3570: 3560: 3550: 3545: 3532: 3522: 3508: 3503: 3496: 3194:Antoine-Alphonse Montfort 2942:French invasion of Russia 2693:Peninsular War and Erfurt 2392:receive the surrender of 2363:Battle of Cape Finisterre 2129:under his brother-in-law 2127:Saint-Domingue expedition 2042:Temporary peace in Europe 1754:on 1 July. He fought the 1297:, the younger brother of 729:across Europe during the 339: 329: 319: 307: 287: 208: 197: 189: 173: 153: 149: 145: 141: 137: 126: 119: 115: 107: 95: 85: 74: 67: 50: 45: 32:Napoleon (disambiguation) 24145:Self-proclaimed monarchy 24135:Politicians from Ajaccio 24130:People of Tuscan descent 23727:Louis-Alexandre Berthier 23717:Louis-Alexandre Berthier 23471:Archduke John of Austria 21814:Karl Theodor von Dalberg 21706:Charles, Prince Napoléon 21267:Imperial House of France 20873:Gui-Jean-Baptiste Target 20838:Joséphine de Beauharnais 20720:Stanislas-Marie Maillard 20690:François-Nicolas Vincent 20675:Pierre Gaspard Chaumette 19849:Charles-Alexandre Linois 19744:Jean Victor Marie Moreau 19724:François Séverin Marceau 19704:François Joseph Lefebvre 19599:Jean-Étienne Championnet 19574:Louis-Alexandre Berthier 19569:Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte 19564:Alexandre de Beauharnais 19554:Eustache Charles d'Aoust 19276:French Invasion of Egypt 19154:Second Battle of Bassano 18888:Battle of Kaiserslautern 18662:Conspiracy of the Equals 18355:The Constitution of 1791 18226:Storming of the Bastille 17611:Archduke John of Austria 17606:Prince von Schwarzenberg 17451:Louis-Alexandre Berthier 15672:20 March – 22 June 1815 15606:Confederation dissolved 15261:Offices and distinctions 14965:Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube 14561:Joséphine de Beauharnais 14286:. Kessinger Publishing. 14197:Watson, William (2003). 14073:Grab, Alexander (2003). 14040:Grab, Alexander (2017). 13677:. Taylor & Francis. 13647:. Simon & Schuster. 13641:Roberts, Andrew (2001). 13636:. London: Jonathan Cape. 13625:10.3167/fpcs.2008.260306 13532:Roberts, Andrew (2014). 13389:Englund, Steven (2010). 13249:Chandler, David (2002). 13230:Broers, Michael (2022). 13098:Bibliography of Napoleon 12938:Kubben, Raymond (2011). 12630:. Berg. pp. 11–13. 12624:Scheck, Raffael (2008). 12054:Napoleon: A Penguin Life 12033:Charles Esdaile (2008), 11906:(1975) 32#5 pp. 415–449. 11639:World History of Warfare 11066:Ellis, Geoffrey (2003). 10165:Cullen, William (2008). 10000:, pp. 82–89, 90–93. 9866:, pp. 44–46, 64–67. 8455:10.1057/9781137455475_16 7438:Christer Petley (2018), 6499:Harvard University Press 5552:, pp. 32–34, 50–51. 5159: 5022:20 March – 22 June 1815 4846:Stéphanie de Beauharnais 4016:Napoleon and Protestants 3876:ecclesiastical provinces 3743: 3488:'s call for an inquiry. 3413:Napoleon on Saint Helena 3391:Frederick Lewis Maitland 3168:Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube 2998:river and implemented a 2837:Battle of Aspern-Essling 2642:that proved indecisive. 2622:: Napoleon meeting with 2482:Middle-Eastern alliances 2184:Coronation of Napoleon I 1682:trade interests in India 1459:Joséphine de Beauharnais 1306:Second Battle of Saorgio 1103:Charles Louis de Marbeuf 859:. Seeking to extend his 841:Battle of Jena–Auerstedt 220:Joséphine de Beauharnais 24005:French military leaders 23701:Claude Ambroise Régnier 22380:List of French monarchs 21958:List of German monarchs 21619:Victor, Prince Napoléon 20853:Jacques-Donatien Le Ray 20725:Charles-Philippe Ronsin 20685:Antoine-François Momoro 20680:Charles-Philippe Ronsin 20497:François de Neufchâteau 20447:Charles-François Lebrun 20389:Jean Baptiste Treilhard 20270:Guillaume-Mathieu Dumas 20146:Luis Firmin de Carvajal 19952:Rudolf Ritter von Otto 19947:Karl Mack von Leiberich 19579:Jean-Baptiste Bessières 19393:Second Battle of Zurich 19284:Irish Rebellion of 1798 19130:First Battle of Bassano 18968:Second Battle of Boulou 18769:Revolutionary campaigns 18727:Coup of 30 Prairial VII 18642:Council of Five Hundred 18430:First republic declared 18366:(1 Oct 1791 – Sep 1792) 18347:Declaration of Pillnitz 18071:Constitutional monarchy 17546:Frederick VI of Denmark 17496:Jean-Baptiste Bessières 16286:Greater Poland uprising 16109:Duc d'Enghien Execution 15370:Charles-François Lebrun 15097:Palace of Fontainebleau 14338:10.1111/1468-229X.12089 14320:Dwyer, Philip (2015b). 14230:Sicker, Martin (2001). 14140:Roberts, Chris (2004). 14092:Harvey, Robert (2007). 13822:Connelly, Owen (2006). 13803:Cobban, Alfred (1963). 13553:Zamoyski, Adam (2018). 13450:19 October 2016 at the 13370:Dwyer, Phillip (2018). 13328:Dwyer, Philip (2008a). 13169:Blaufarb, Rafe (2008). 13140:Oxford University Press 13138:. Oxford and New York: 12993:2 December 2023 at the 12982:2 December 2023 at the 12706:Oxford University Press 12537:"Napoleon and His Code" 12468:10.1215/00161071-28-1-1 11958:The Wall Street Journal 11437:, p. 29-35, 51-53. 11336:Weidenfeld and Nicolson 11266:"La taille de Napoléon" 11207:Davydov, Denis (1999). 10948:, pp. 573, 575–76. 10849:, pp. 135–37, 175. 10601:, pp. 135–37, 198. 10229:, pp. 216–19, 225. 10217:, pp. 141, 195–99. 10079:, pp. 115, 282n82. 9152:, pp. 600–602, 608 8909:, pp. 361, 370–71. 7897:Adrian Gilbert (2000). 6588:, pp. 195, 204–206 6100:David Nicholls (1999). 6078:, Chapter 2, pp. 29–53. 5686:Encyclopædia Britannica 4922:Charles-François Lebrun 4744:equality before the law 4000:Palace of Fontainebleau 3986:Arrest of Pope Pius VII 3907:ceremony. Napoleon was 3817:Valley of the Geraniums 3454:before he was moved to 3382:, just north of Paris. 3239:Treaty of Fontainebleau 2553:Napoleon reviewing the 2523:recognized Napoleon as 2492:Franco-Persian alliance 2488:Franco-Ottoman alliance 2433:French forces occupied 2136:Jean-Jacques Dessalines 1962:Charles-François Lebrun 1937:Bonaparte, First Consul 1894:Council of Five Hundred 1785:of Damascus (Syria and 1714:Description de l'Égypte 1618:Bonaparte sent General 1068:Napoleone di Buonaparte 960:equality before the law 875:in 1808, provoking the 863:, Napoleon invaded the 712:Napoleone di Buonaparte 257:Marie Louise of Austria 24105:Monarchs who abdicated 24035:French Roman Catholics 23960:Emperors of the French 23829:François Barbé-Marbois 23603:Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès 22886:(1814–1815; 1815–1830) 22375:List of Frankish kings 22370:Simplified family tree 22218:Bonapartist pretenders 22073: 22064: 21863:Ferdinand I of Austria 21680:Louis, Prince Napoléon 21634:William Bonaparte-Wyse 21624:Prince Louis Bonaparte 21543:Prince Jérôme Napoléon 21518:Prince Pierre Napoléon 21300:Napoleon, King of Rome 21182: 21141: 21117: 21098: 20610:Prieur de la Côte-d'Or 20605:Jean-Pierre-André Amar 20515:Maximilien Robespierre 20348:Jacques Pierre Brissot 20213:Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès 19644:Louis-Charles de Flers 19629:Thomas-Alexandre Dumas 19594:Jean François Carteaux 19369:First Battle of Zurich 19332:(20 Mar – 21 May 1799) 19287:(23 May – 23 Sep 1798) 19247:Treaty of Campo Formio 18993:Glorious First of June 18921:(18 Sep – 18 Dec 1793) 18880:Expedition to Sardinia 18558:Desmoulins guillotined 18493:Assassination of Marat 18485:Fall of the Girondists 18457:Revolutionary Tribunal 18449:Execution of Louis XVI 18339:Champ de Mars massacre 18242:Abolition of Feudalism 17666:Ferdinand VII of Spain 16114:Coronation of Napoleon 15719:Emperor of the French 15482:as King of the French 15329:Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès 14885:Battle of the Pyramids 14690:Assassination attempts 14592:Carlo Maria Buonaparte 14301:Johnson, Paul (2002). 13954:. London: Allen Lane. 13724:. New York: Scribner. 13480:McLynn, Frank (1997). 13351:Dwyer, Philip (2013). 13045:Emsley, Clive (2014). 12450:Datta, Venita (2005). 12134:, pp. 62, 105–07. 10333:"Napoleon's "divorce"" 9176:, pp. 453, 458–63 8604:Gill, John H. (2020). 8396:, p. 271-72, 275. 7598:, pp. 125, 129–31 6756:, pp. 327, 333–35 6648:, pp. 285–86, 291 6054:, Chapter 1, pp. 3–28. 5294: 5264: 4954:Francesco Melzi d'Eril 4837: 4814:Poland Is Not Yet Lost 4795:Ferdinand VII of Spain 4769:unification of Germany 4719:Louisiana and Quebec. 4715: 4569: 4498: 4487: 4368: 4314: 4242: 4186: 4161: 4082: 4006:Religious emancipation 3964: 3879: 3778: 3750:Death mask of Napoleon 3433: 3422: 3301: 3234: 3209: 3196: 3144: 3104: 3027: 2974: 2963:Napoleon watching the 2916: 2818: 2772: 2711: 2631: 2567:Bourbon king of Naples 2562: 2512: 2510:Treaty of Finckenstein 2456: 2404: 2386: 2350: 2328: 2282:Iron Crown of Lombardy 2242: 2206: 2118: 2061: 1949: 1898:Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès 1872: 1764:Battle of the Pyramids 1747: 1738:Battle of the Pyramids 1669: 1632:Treaty of Campo Formio 1622:to Paris to support a 1599: 1508: 1473:First Italian campaign 1352: 1299:Maximilien Robespierre 1272:Le souper de Beaucaire 1266: 1247:Siege of Toulon (1793) 1194: 1139: 1024:Maria Letizia Ramolino 1020:Carlo Maria Buonaparte 1015: 845: 752:Born on the island of 184:Longwood, Saint Helena 23970:French Army personnel 22071: 22062: 21973:House of Hohenzollern 21820:Eugène de Beauharnais 21764:German Confederations 21685:Andrew Bonaparte-Wyse 21644:Lucien Bonaparte-Wyse 21463:Jérôme I of Westfalia 21342:Eugène de Beauharnais 21055:Jean-Jacques Rousseau 20320:Jean-Charles Pichegru 20300:Jean-François Rewbell 19786:Jean-Charles Pichegru 19669:Jean-Baptiste Jourdan 19659:Jacques Maurice Hatry 19430:Battle of Hohenlinden 19303:(12 Oct – 5 Dec 1798) 19138:Battle of Emmendingen 19085:Battle of Castiglione 18972:(30 Apr – 1 May 1794) 18903:Battle of Hondschoote 18574:Thermidorian Reaction 18538:(throughout the year) 18311:Fête de la Fédération 18237:(20 Jul – 5 Aug 1789) 18221:(9 Jul – 30 Sep 1791) 18205:(17 Jun – 9 Jul 1790) 17953:Conference of Dresden 17862:Paris (February 1812) 17791:Swedish–Norwegian War 17616:Alexander I of Russia 15713:— TITULAR — 15669:Co-Prince of Andorra 15667:Emperor of the French 15576:1806 – 11 April 1814 15490:Emperor of the French 15350:Consulate established 14251:Wells, David (1992). 14200:Tricolor and crescent 13990:Gates, David (2003). 13671:Amini, Iradj (2000). 13632:Geyl, Pieter (1949). 13499:Price, Munro (2014). 13482:Napoleon: a Biography 13475:. St. Martin's Press. 13461:23 March 2018 at the 13269:Kircheisen, Friedrich 12690:Alter, Peter (2006). 11766:Clive Emsley (2014). 11495:Palmer, Alan (1984). 11069:The Napoleonic Empire 10737:Jack Coggins (1966). 10480:Aston, Nigel (2002). 10449:Aston, Nigel (2000). 10154:– via Springer. 9790:, pp. 39–41, 90. 9289:10.3917/napo.141.0003 6477:, pp. 97, 103–04 5056:Eugène de Beauharnais 5014:Emperor of the French 4842:Eugène de Beauharnais 4827: 4707: 4563: 4552:Napoleonic propaganda 4546:Propaganda and memory 4493: 4479:The Third of May 1808 4476: 4458:Memory and evaluation 4373:military organization 4362: 4349:Further information: 4337:grounds for divorce. 4309: 4230: 4181: 4147: 4134:Further information: 4080: 4012:Napoleon and the Jews 4010:Further information: 3959: 3950:Further information: 3869: 3860:Further information: 3765: 3428: 3411: 3404:Exile on Saint Helena 3360:Battle of Quatre Bras 3335:declared Napoleon an 3292: 3225: 3205: 3188: 3134: 3091: 3065:managed to cross the 3019: 3000:scorched earth policy 2961: 2895: 2812: 2766: 2725:in favour of his son 2706: 2675:Kingdom of Westphalia 2624:Alexander I of Russia 2617: 2582:Frederick William III 2552: 2499: 2447: 2439:Alexander I of Russia 2383: 2365:in July 1805. French 2313: 2240: 2232:Emperor of the French 2195: 2125:. Bonaparte sent the 2108: 2055: 1934: 1861: 1756:Battle of Shubra Khit 1735: 1655: 1588: 1525:Battle of Castiglione 1486: 1413:Thermidorian Reaction 1333: 1254: 1188:Republican volunteers 1185: 1126: 997: 889:an invasion of Russia 843:in 1806, marched his 815:The breakdown of the 747:Emperor of the French 69:Emperor of the French 23950:Corsican politicians 23777:Jean-Antoine Chaptal 23767:Pierre-Simon Laplace 23484:German Confederation 23438:German Confederation 22365:Detailed family tree 22291:Napoléon VII Charles 21923:Wilhelm I of Prussia 21857:Francis I of Austria 21835:German Confederation 21639:Marie Bonaparte-Wyse 20983:Influential thinkers 20730:Jean-François Varlet 20630:Jean-Lambert Tallien 20625:Jean Bon Saint-André 20452:Pierre-Joseph Cambon 20374:Marquis de Condorcet 20223:Nicolas de Condorcet 19988:Dagobert von Wurmser 19821:Louis-Gabriel Suchet 19764:Pierre-Jacques Osten 19679:Jean-Baptiste Kléber 19614:Louis-Nicolas Davout 19604:Chapuis de Tourville 19146:Battle of Schliengen 19093:Battle of Theiningen 19014:Battle of Aldenhoven 18898:Battle of Wattignies 18867:Battle of Neerwinden 18681:Coup of 18 Fructidor 18194:Death of the Dauphin 17907:Fontainebleau (1814) 17461:Louis-Nicolas Davout 16382:Invasion of Portugal 15613:Francis I of Austria 15572:Co-Prince of Andorra 15273:Napoleon I of France 14907:Battle of Austerlitz 14764:Weaponry and warfare 14446:The Napoleonic Guide 13760:Simon & Schuster 13428:Bonaparte: 1769–1802 13114:. Ware: Wordsworth. 13103:Biographical studies 12781:www.historytoday.com 12775:Nieuwazny, Andrzej. 12736:. Brown University. 12730:"The Crisis of 1808" 12393:Hazareesingh, Sudhir 12230:, pp. 578, 584. 12048:Hanson, Victor Davis 11964:on 13 November 2014. 11074:Macmillan Publishers 10547:, pp. 242, 245. 10459:. pp. 279–315. 9323:Prutsch, M. (2012). 9276:Napoleonica la Revue 6108:. ABC-CLIO. p. 5998:, pp. 26, 30–31 5345:This is depicted in 5295:Napulione Buonaparte 5126:German Confederation 5041:Himself as President 4778:The movement toward 4765:German Confederation 4250:. He negotiated the 4239:Jean-Baptiste Debret 4211:hat—sideways—with a 4140:Uniforms of Napoleon 4130:Appearance and image 3721:, diagnosed chronic 3376:Château de Malmaison 3218:Principality of Elba 3092:Napoleon and Prince 2932:satellite kingdoms. 2866:Treaty of Schönbrunn 2746:Convention of Cintra 2668:, and hand over the 2533:Fat′h-Ali Shah Qajar 2461:Battle of Austerlitz 2123:Toussaint Louverture 1842:Jean-Baptiste Kléber 1628:Coup of 18 Fructidor 1580:Horses of Saint Mark 1576:forced its surrender 1449:Within weeks of the 1429:13 Vendémiaire An IV 1295:Augustin Robespierre 1163:Pierre-Simon Laplace 1099:Battle of Ponte Novu 1018:Napoleon's parents, 903:and captured Paris, 835:, Napoleon defeated 825:Battle of Austerlitz 24015:French nationalists 23696:André Joseph Abrial 23591:Provisional consuls 23023:Carolingian dynasty 23010:Monarchs of Germany 22801:Henry VI of England 22313:Orléanist pretender 22085:Unionist pretenders 21528:Louis II of Holland 21513:Prince Louis Lucien 21271:First French Empire 21070:Mary Wollstonecraft 20848:Jean Sylvain Bailly 20635:Pierre Louis Prieur 20580:Jean-Henri Voulland 20555:Jacques-Louis David 20487:Jean Joseph Mounier 20188:Jean Sylvain Bailly 19826:Belgrand de Vaubois 19714:Jean-Antoine Marbot 19654:Emmanuel de Grouchy 19459:Treaty of Lunéville 19098:Battle of Neresheim 19043:Siege of Luxembourg 19022:Siege of Luxembourg 18977:Battle of Tourcoing 18908:Siege of Bellegarde 18735:Coup of 18 Brumaire 18647:Council of Ancients 18422:National Convention 18414:September Massacres 18390:Brunswick Manifesto 18382:France declares war 18149:Assembly of Vizille 17933:Bourbon Restoration 17676:Maria I of Portugal 17661:Prince of Hohenlohe 17651:Gebhard von Blücher 16594:Neumarkt-Sankt Veit 15901:Swiss Confederation 15647:Relinquished title 15310:Directory dissolved 15166:Cultural depictions 14960:Battle of Vauchamps 14680:Coup of 18 Brumaire 14539:First French Empire 13848:The Age of Napoleon 13696:Jacques-Louis David 13674:Napoleon and Persia 12440:, pp. 107–109. 12413:10.1093/fh/18.4.463 12328:10.1093/fh/18.4.426 11109:Hall, H.K. (2006). 9988:, pp. 638–639. 9976:, pp. 103–105. 9802:, pp. 769–770. 9068:, pp. 400–407. 8813:, pp. 326–330. 8543:, pp. 296–300. 8516:"Battle of Corunna" 8336:, pp. 198–199. 8230:, pp. 458–461. 8143:, pp. 467–468. 8131:, pp. 225–228. 8119:Brooks 2000, p. 110 7872:, pp. 233–252. 7793:Michael J. Hughes, 7538:, pp. 338–339. 7502:, pp. 389–390. 6990:, pp. 205–206. 6949:, pp. 500–502. 6267:, pp. 137–159. 5525:, pp. 204–211. 5363:in the latter work. 5353:Hippolyte Delaroche 5317:Provinces of France 4938:Cisalpine Directory 4780:Italian unification 4740:Spanish Inquisition 4637:Jacques-Louis David 4445:École Polytechnique 4395:Carl von Clausewitz 4365:Cherbourg-Octeville 4217:Jacques-Louis David 4106:inferiority complex 3932:. He also defended 3731:Albine de Montholon 3256:and disembarked at 3149:Frankfurt proposals 3102:January Suchodolski 2905: French Empire 2647:Battle of Friedland 2502:Finckenstein Palace 2428:Battle of Trafalgar 2407:Austrian commander 2359:British West Indies 2259:Notre Dame de Paris 2203:Jacques-Louis David 2178:First French Empire 2162:Swiss Confederation 2022:Treaty of Lunéville 1819:reduce the fortress 1723:Knights Hospitaller 1694:Indian subcontinent 1674:British Royal Navy. 1642:Egyptian expedition 1517:Montenotte campaign 1281:National Convention 1234:National Convention 1006:independence under 998:Napoleon's father, 956:Spanish Inquisition 857:Battle of Friedland 827:, which led to the 786:Coup of 18 Brumaire 770:a military campaign 356:Battles of Napoleon 24080:Marshals of France 24065:House of Bonaparte 23836:War Administration 23812:Secretary of State 23637:Napoleon Bonaparte 23598:Napoleon Bonaparte 23108:Kingdom of Germany 23072:Kingdom of Germany 22948:House of Bonaparte 22858:House of Bonaparte 22788:House of Lancaster 22354:Monarchs of France 22074: 22065: 21963:History of Germany 21493:Princess Charlotte 21448:Louis I of Holland 20908:Loménie de Brienne 20883:Madame de Lamballe 20818:Napoléon Bonaparte 20615:Prieur de la Marne 20530:Camille Desmoulins 20384:Marie Jean Hérault 20260:Jean-Sifrein Maury 20255:Arnaud de La Porte 20111:Alexander Korsakov 19897:Count of Clerfayt 19816:Jean-de-Dieu Soult 19729:Auguste de Marmont 19584:Napoléon Bonaparte 19475:Algeciras campaign 19467:Treaty of Florence 19345:Battle of Stockach 19178:Ireland expedition 19162:Battle of Calliano 19122:Battle of Rovereto 19114:Battle of Würzburg 18566:Law of 22 Prairial 18535:Anti-clerical laws 18510:The Death of Marat 18331:Flight to Varennes 17948:Continental System 17943:Congress of Erfurt 17867:Paris (March 1812) 17641:Peter Wittgenstein 17566:Duke of Wellington 17521:Prince Poniatowski 17486:Jean-de-Dieu Soult 17471:Auguste de Marmont 16866:Arroyo dos Molinos 16714:Walcheren Campaign 16704:Armistice of Znaim 16599:Dalmatian Campaign 16524:Tyrolean Rebellion 15730:Title next held by 15700:Titles in pretence 15563:Title last held by 15548:Title next held by 15518:Title last held by 15471:Title last held by 15419:Title next held by 15361:Served alongside: 15321:Served alongside: 15299:Political offices 15278:House of Bonaparte 15204:Retour des cendres 15183:German Romanticism 15133:Rue de la Victoire 15047:Law of 20 May 1802 14982:Battle of Waterloo 14943:Battle of Borodino 14631:Caroline Bonaparte 14579:Alexandre Walewski 14179:Napoleon Bonaparte 14119:Clinical Chemistry 13748:Chandler, David G. 13443:; 1008 pp.; vol 1 13423:Gueniffey, Patrice 12803:, pp. 320–21. 12708:. pp. 61–76. 12541:Harvard Law Review 12495:, pp. 109–12. 12254:, pp. 579–84. 12000:, pp. 666–67. 11930:, pp. 278–281 11898:4 May 2023 at the 11413:, pp. 101–10. 11300:www.britannica.com 11056:, pp. 175–176 11044:, pp. 288–89. 11020:, pp. 287–91. 10984:, pp. 19, 47. 10825:, pp. 277–79. 10813:, pp. 135–37. 10801:, pp. 279–80. 10676:, pp. 280–81. 10577:, pp. 160–61. 10426:, pp. 244–45. 10295:, pp. 236–37. 10253:, pp. 239–41. 10205:, pp. 126–27. 10116:(479): 1055–1060. 10091:, pp. 120–23. 10024:, pp. 108–13. 9821:Monroe and Francis 9426:, pp. 593–594 9080:, pp. 410–19. 9056:, pp. 388–98. 8981:, pp. 379–82. 8933:, pp. 563–64. 8885:, pp. 358–61. 8861:, pp. 353–55. 8849:, pp. 350–53. 8837:, pp. 334–41. 8801:, pp. 321–25. 8753:, pp. 285–86. 8717:, pp. 312–14. 8693:, pp. 308–12. 8657:, pp. 306–08. 8594:, pp. 304–05. 8558:, pp. 659–660 8408:, pp. 276–78. 8360:, pp. 269–70. 8324:, pp. 262–63. 8266:, pp. 261–62. 8254:, pp. 251–53. 8242:, pp. 247–50. 8215:, pp. 245–47. 8155:, pp. 233–34. 8107:, pp. 224–25. 8064:, pp. 216–20. 7938:, pp. 204–05. 7843:Andrew Uffindell, 7797:(NYU Press, 2012). 7392:, pp. 100–102 7356:, pp. 111–114 7230:, pp. 279–281 6881:, pp. 411–424 6809:, pp. 127–28. 6624:, pp. 282–285 6351:, pp. 159–63. 6159:, pp. 106–122 5620:, pp. xiv, 14 5334:Napoleon's theorem 5265:Napoléon Bonaparte 5152:Himself as Emperor 5137:Himself as Emperor 5073:Victor Emmanuel II 5069:Title next held by 4929:Himself as Emperor 4893:Political offices 4838: 4807:José de San Martín 4773:German nationalism 4716: 4570: 4540:Haitian Revolution 4503:enlightened despot 4499: 4496:Battle of Waterloo 4488: 4464:Legacy of Napoleon 4369: 4319:civil code of laws 4315: 4243: 4162: 4124:sexual dysfunction 4083: 3965: 3920:Napoleon read the 3880: 3779: 3754:Retour des cendres 3434: 3423: 3364:Battle of Waterloo 3333:Congress of Vienna 3302: 3298:Charles de Steuben 3235: 3197: 3172:Auguste de Marmont 3145: 3105: 3028: 2975: 2952:Duchy of Oldenburg 2936:Invasion of Russia 2917: 2819: 2789:Duke of Wellington 2773: 2754:Congress of Erfurt 2712: 2687:Treaties of Tilsit 2632: 2620:Treaties of Tilsit 2605:Continental System 2563: 2513: 2457: 2405: 2369:then retreated to 2367:Admiral Villeneuve 2329: 2286:Cathedral of Milan 2243: 2207: 2147:Louisiana Purchase 2119: 2100:Antoine Richepanse 2062: 2058:Louisiana Purchase 2048:Haitian Revolution 1950: 1873: 1779:Battle of the Nile 1775:Sir Horatio Nelson 1748: 1670: 1600: 1572:Republic of Venice 1509: 1411:, a leader of the 1386:Clisson et Eugénie 1353: 1267: 1206:artillery regiment 1195: 1144:Brienne-le-Château 1140: 1016: 936:Napoleonic tactics 925:Battle of Waterloo 708:Napoleon Bonaparte 23877: 23876: 23871: 23870: 23847: 23846: 23786:Navy and Colonies 23549: 23548: 23475: 23474:(Imperial Regent) 23113:Holy Roman Empire 23042:Louis the Younger 22976: 22975: 22937:Louis Philippe II 22860:(1804–1814; 1815) 22321: 22320: 22316: 22275:Napoléon V Victor 22271:Napoléon V Jérôme 22260: 22257:Emperor 1852–1870 22027:Monarchy in exile 21981: 21980: 21949: 21948: 21940:Otto von Bismarck 21895: 21894: 21829: 21828: 21730: 21729: 21428:Joseph I of Spain 21380: 21379: 21233: 21232: 21229: 21228: 21107:Cockade of France 21078: 21077: 21040:Antoine Lavoisier 21030:Benjamin Franklin 21010:Anacharsis Cloots 20973: 20972: 20969: 20968: 20893:Louis de Breteuil 20735:Theophile Leclerc 20163: 20162: 20159: 20158: 20116:Alexander Suvorov 19857: 19856: 19791:Józef Poniatowski 19709:Étienne Macdonald 19513: 19512: 19414:Battle of Marengo 19377:Battle of Trebbia 19361:Battle of Cassano 19353:Battle of Magnano 19337:Battle of Ostrach 19239:Battle of Neuwied 19001:Battle of Fleurus 18985:Battle of Tournay 18862:War in the Vendée 18798:Royalist Revolts 18759: 18758: 18316: 18292:Abolition of the 18210:Tennis Court Oath 18202:National Assembly 18031:French Revolution 17997: 17996: 17993: 17992: 17985:Types of military 17781:Russo-Turkish War 17776:Russo-Persian War 17744:Anglo-Turkish War 17739:Anglo-Swedish War 17734:Anglo-Spanish War 17729:Anglo-Russian War 17656:Duke of Brunswick 17559:political leaders 17439:political leaders 17423: 17422: 16428:Medina de Rioseco 16150:Haslach-Jungingen 16084:French Revolution 16061: 16060: 15844:Seventh Coalition 15743: 15742: 15738: 15737: 15715: 15694: 15675:Succeeded by 15663: 15637:Sovereign of the 15610:successive ruler: 15579:Succeeded by 15532: 15509: 15497:Succeeded by 15485: 15468:French Revolution 15416: 15253: 15252: 15148:Legacy and memory 15092:Equestrian statue 15075:Homes and honours 15003:Concordat of 1801 14955:Battle of Leipzig 14931:Battle of Eckmühl 14895:Battle of Marengo 14868:Battle of Bassano 14850:French Revolution 14732:Sale of Louisiana 14636:Pauline Bonaparte 14479:Project Gutenberg 14475:Works by Napoleon 14392:978-0-1982-0654-5 14366:Lefebvre, Georges 14312:978-0-6700-3078-1 14305:. Penguin Books. 14293:978-1-4286-4988-0 14266:978-0-1401-1813-1 14259:. Penguin Books. 14243:978-0-2759-6891-5 14210:978-0-2759-7470-1 14189:978-0-0601-7214-5 14182:. HarperCollins. 14153:978-1-8620-7765-2 14105:978-1-8452-9635-3 14084:978-0-3336-8275-3 14053:978-1-4039-3757-5 14001:978-0-7126-0719-3 13982:978-1-8417-6831-1 13961:978-0-1419-0946-2 13942:978-1-4039-6231-7 13900:978-0-1996-3974-8 13881:978-1-5823-4468-3 13837:978-0-7425-5318-7 13795:978-0-8415-0254-3 13731:978-0-0252-3660-8 13707:978-0-3001-2346-3 13684:978-0-9342-1158-1 13664:Specialty studies 13654:978-0-7432-2832-9 13568:978-0-0081-1607-1 13557:. Great Britain: 13545:978-0-6700-2532-9 13538:. Penguin Group. 13512:978-0-1996-6080-3 13438:978-0-6743-6835-4 13402:978-0-6740-1803-7 13381:978-1-4088-9175-9 13362:978-0-3002-1253-2 13343:978-0-3001-3754-5 13320:978-0-0063-7521-0 13313:. HarperCollins. 13284:978-0-8369-6981-8 13260:978-0-8505-2750-6 13241:978-1-6393-6177-9 13210:978-0-5712-7345-4 13182:978-0-3124-3110-5 13149:978-0-1902-6271-6 13058:978-1-317-89780-4 13048:Napoleonic Europe 12977:Acte de Médiation 12951:978-90-04-18558-6 12815:, p. 318-19. 12692:T. C. W. Blanning 12637:978-1-84520-817-2 12610:978-0-07-040826-5 12525:, p. 2016ff. 12218:, pp. 32–34. 12158:, p. 29, 46. 12146:, pp. 81–82. 11942:, pp. 60–61. 11904:Annals of science 11870:, pp. 58–59. 11779:978-1-317-61028-1 11756:, pp. 10–13. 11744:, pp. 93–94. 11720:, pp. 46–47. 11649:978-0-8032-1941-0 11607:, pp. 43–44. 11595:, p. 577-78. 11485:, pp. 21–23. 11461:, pp. 24–25. 11449:, pp. 75–76. 11425:, pp. 49–51. 11401:, pp. 37–40. 11389:, pp. 53–56. 11359:Kircheisen (1932) 11345:978-0-297-78809-6 11331:Napoleon's family 11242:. 28 April 2016. 11196:Kircheisen (1932) 11184:Bourrienne (1889) 11091:978-1-4039-4401-6 10996:, pp. 95–96. 10885:, p. 279-80. 10873:, pp. 16–17. 10754:978-0-486-45257-9 10723:978-0-7382-0148-1 10664:, p. 280-83. 10625:, pp. 88–89. 10613:, pp. 18–19. 10562:, pp. 435–36 10493:978-0-521-46592-2 10466:978-0-8132-0976-0 10176:978-0-85404-363-7 9964:, pp. 93–97. 9928:, pp. 64–67. 9878:, pp. 43–44. 9770:978-0-393-32499-0 9747:, pp. 71–74. 9735:, pp. 13–34. 9711:, pp. 556–62 9687:, pp. 551–56 9675:, pp. 546–47 9663:, pp. 573–74 9651:, pp. 544–46 9639:, pp. 553–54 9615:, pp. 538–42 9603:, pp. 537–38 9564:library.brown.edu 9549:, pp. 532–33 9537:, pp. 525–26 9513:, pp. 522–23 9501:, pp. 514–16 9462:, pp. 513–15 9450:, pp. 500–03 9364:, pp. 484–86 9336:978-1-137-29165-3 9260:, pp. 479–84 9236:, pp. 626–67 9224:, pp. 475–78 9200:, pp. 465–69 9140:, pp. 445–46 9104:, pp. 280–84 9028:978-0-253-11093-0 8969:, p. 371-72. 8873:, pp. 494–95 8825:, p. 328-30. 8617:978-1-78438-451-7 8582:, pp. 78–80. 8464:978-1-349-56731-7 8447:Napoleon's Empire 8292:978-1-74328-540-4 8087:978-0-8061-8017-5 8024:978-0-674-00541-9 7910:978-1-57958-216-6 7705:978-1-4766-6812-3 7682:, pp. 185–87 7670:, pp. 164–66 7658:, pp. 130–31 7646:, pp. 144–45 7622:, pp. 127–28 7586:, pp. 349–50 7574:, pp. 116–23 7562:, pp. 342–48 7526:, pp. 110–13 7413:978-1-4443-3564-4 7332:, pp. 313–15 7245:, pp. 271–74 7203:, pp. 268–70 7068:, pp. 240–43 7052:978-0-631-20299-8 6910:, pp. 39–40. 6732:, pp. 311–16 6720:, pp. 304–05 6636:, pp. 149–51 6540:, pp. 92–94. 6494:Empress Josephine 6339:, pp. 76, 84 6327:, pp. 155–57 6291:, pp. 154–55 6279:, pp. 147–52 6243:, pp. 245–47 6231:, pp. 140–41 6219:, pp. 132–35 6195:, pp. 131–32 6119:978-0-87436-957-1 6066:, pp. 36, 38 5962:, pp. 12–14. 5800:978-1-4219-8748-4 5765:, pp. 20–21. 5485:978-0-300-11982-4 5459:, pp. 38–40. 5428:978-1-137-27139-6 5157: 5156: 5150:Succeeded by 5129: 5117:Succeeded by 5114: 5093: 5090:Holy Roman Empire 5062: 5025:Succeeded by 4988:Swiss Restoration 4985:Succeeded by 4971:Helvetic Assembly 4960:Succeeded by 4957: 4927:Succeeded by 4924: 4751:Holy Roman Empire 4426:The Enlightenment 4399:Henry Vassall-Fox 4252:Concordat of 1801 4213:hand-in-waistcoat 4158:hand-in-waistcoat 3973:Concordat of 1801 3962:Concordat of 1801 3952:Concordat of 1801 3883:Religious beliefs 3810:arsenic poisoning 3799:à la tête d'armée 3715: 3714: 3692:Other legislation 3617:Act of Parliament 3602: 3601: 3579:Other legislation 3504:Act of Parliament 3400:on 15 July 1815. 3348:Army of the North 3118:Battle of Dresden 3036:Feodor Rostopchin 2992:Russian Lithuania 2967:in September 1812 2859:landed in Holland 2829:Battle of Eckmühl 2771:, 4 December 1808 2575:Holy Roman Empire 2561:, 14 October 1806 2384:Napoleon and the 2117:from AN XI, 1802 2071:Concordat of 1801 1997:Michael von Melas 1834:series of defeats 1719:Hospitaller Malta 1544:House of Habsburg 1529:Battle of Bassano 1494:Antoine-Jean Gros 1467:sugar plantations 1377:War in the Vendée 1256:Bonaparte at the 1199:second lieutenant 1178:Return to Corsica 1091:Republic of Genoa 1066:, under the name 921:Seventh Coalition 913:Bourbons to power 911:and restored the 897:Battle of Leipzig 865:Iberian Peninsula 794:Battle of Marengo 758:French Royal Army 723:French Revolution 351: 350: 16:(Redirected from 24152: 23980:French Consulate 23857:French Directory 23772:Lucien Bonaparte 23660: 23659: 23620: 23583:French Consulate 23576: 23569: 23562: 23553: 23552: 23473: 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20070: 20046: 20045: 20016:Ralph Abercromby 20003: 20002: 19978: 19955: 19942: 19934: 19926: 19913: 19900: 19877: 19876: 19868: 19867: 19772: 19719:Marcellin Marbot 19542: 19541: 19535: 19534: 19523:Military leaders 19519: 19518: 19506: 19498: 19494:Treaty of Amiens 19479: 19471: 19463: 19442: 19434: 19426: 19418: 19397: 19396:(25–26 Sep 1799) 19389: 19381: 19380:(17–20 Jun 1799) 19373: 19365: 19364:(27–28 Apr 1799) 19357: 19349: 19341: 19340:(20–21 Mar 1799) 19333: 19325: 19321:Second Coalition 19304: 19296: 19288: 19280: 19272: 19251: 19243: 19235: 19231:Treaty of Leoben 19227: 19219: 19218:(14–15 Jan 1797) 19215:Battle of Rivoli 19211: 19203: 19199:Italian campaign 19182: 19174: 19173:(15–17 Nov 1796) 19170:Battle of Arcole 19166: 19158: 19150: 19142: 19134: 19126: 19118: 19110: 19106:Battle of Amberg 19102: 19089: 19081: 19077:Battle of Lonato 19073: 19069:Italian campaign 19047: 19026: 19018: 19005: 18997: 18989: 18981: 18973: 18964: 18943: 18942:(26–27 Dec 1793) 18930: 18922: 18884: 18876: 18872:Battle of Famars 18840: 18765: 18764: 18747: 18739: 18731: 18712: 18693: 18685: 18666: 18658: 18638: 18630: 18622: 18603: 18595: 18587: 18578: 18570: 18562: 18539: 18531: 18523: 18515: 18505: 18497: 18489: 18469: 18461: 18453: 18434: 18426: 18418: 18410: 18402: 18394: 18386: 18367: 18359: 18351: 18343: 18335: 18334:(20–21 Jun 1791) 18314: 18306: 18298: 18289: 18270: 18262: 18254: 18246: 18238: 18230: 18222: 18214: 18206: 18198: 18190: 18182: 18174: 18153: 18145: 18141:Day of the Tiles 18124: 18123: 18024: 18017: 18010: 18001: 18000: 17761:Dano-Swedish War 17749:Anglo-Danish War 17601:Archduke Charles 17516:Jérôme Bonaparte 17432: 17431: 17365:Castel di Sangro 17274:Fère-Champenoise 16927:García Hernández 16841:Fuentes de Oñoro 16357:Guttstadt-Deppen 16094:Second Coalition 16072: 16071: 16053:French Royalists 15860: 15859: 15809:Fourth Coalition 15783: 15776: 15769: 15760: 15759: 15747: 15746: 15711: 15679: 15657: 15653:Preceded by 15526: 15503: 15479: 15423:Enrico De Nicola 15408: 15294: 15287: 15269: 15268: 15257: 15256: 15245: 15244: 15236: 15235: 15171:Napoleon complex 15113:Maison Bonaparte 15067: 15037:Organic Articles 14873:Battle of Rivoli 14829:Battles and wars 14813: 14799: 14748:Mesures usuelles 14676: 14653: 14623:Jérôme Bonaparte 14613:Lucien Bonaparte 14608:Joseph Bonaparte 14600:Letizia Ramolino 14508: 14501: 14494: 14485: 14484: 14435: 14433: 14431: 14408: 14406: 14404: 14375: 14361: 14359: 14357: 14316: 14303:Napoleon: A life 14297: 14270: 14258: 14247: 14226: 14224: 14222: 14193: 14169: 14167: 14165: 14136: 14134: 14109: 14088: 14069: 14067: 14065: 14036: 14005: 13986: 13965: 13946: 13934: 13923: 13904: 13885: 13873: 13862: 13841: 13829: 13818: 13799: 13787: 13773: 13757: 13743: 13711: 13699: 13688: 13658: 13637: 13628: 13607: 13605: 13603: 13572: 13549: 13535:Napoleon: A Life 13528: 13526: 13524: 13495: 13476: 13442: 13418: 13416: 13414: 13385: 13366: 13347: 13335: 13324: 13300: 13298: 13296: 13264: 13245: 13226: 13224: 13222: 13186: 13165: 13163: 13161: 13125: 13086: 13081: 13075: 13074: 13072: 13070: 13042: 13036: 13031: 13025: 13020: 13014: 13009: 13003: 12974: 12968: 12967: 12965: 12963: 12935: 12929: 12923: 12917: 12911: 12905: 12904: 12902: 12879: 12870: 12864: 12858: 12852: 12846: 12840: 12834: 12828: 12822: 12816: 12810: 12804: 12798: 12789: 12788: 12772: 12766: 12756: 12750: 12749: 12747: 12745: 12726: 12720: 12719: 12687: 12681: 12680: 12660: 12654: 12653: 12651: 12649: 12621: 12615: 12614: 12591: 12585: 12584: 12582: 12580: 12532: 12526: 12520: 12514: 12513: 12502: 12496: 12490: 12484: 12483: 12447: 12441: 12435: 12429: 12428: 12389: 12380: 12374: 12368: 12362: 12356: 12350: 12344: 12343: 12307: 12301: 12300: 12286: 12280: 12279: 12261: 12255: 12249: 12243: 12237: 12231: 12225: 12219: 12213: 12204: 12203: 12201: 12199: 12177: 12171: 12165: 12159: 12153: 12147: 12141: 12135: 12129: 12123: 12117: 12111: 12105: 12096: 12090: 12084: 12078: 12072: 12071: 12069: 12067: 12044: 12038: 12031: 12025: 12019: 12013: 12012:, p. xliii. 12007: 12001: 11995: 11989: 11984: 11978: 11977:, pp. 7–10. 11972: 11966: 11965: 11960:. Archived from 11949: 11943: 11937: 11931: 11925: 11919: 11913: 11907: 11889: 11883: 11877: 11871: 11865: 11859: 11853: 11847: 11846: 11844: 11842: 11794: 11788: 11787: 11763: 11757: 11751: 11745: 11739: 11733: 11727: 11721: 11715: 11709: 11703: 11697: 11691: 11685: 11684: 11672: 11666: 11665: 11663: 11661: 11633: 11620: 11614: 11608: 11602: 11596: 11590: 11584: 11583:, p. 27-28. 11578: 11569: 11563: 11557: 11551: 11545: 11544: 11536: 11530: 11529: 11517: 11511: 11510: 11492: 11486: 11480: 11474: 11468: 11462: 11456: 11450: 11444: 11438: 11432: 11426: 11420: 11414: 11408: 11402: 11396: 11390: 11384: 11378: 11372: 11366: 11356: 11350: 11349: 11322: 11316: 11315: 11313: 11311: 11292: 11286: 11285: 11283: 11281: 11262: 11256: 11255: 11253: 11251: 11230: 11224: 11218: 11212: 11205: 11199: 11193: 11187: 11181: 11175: 11172: 11166: 11165: 11137: 11131: 11125: 11119: 11118: 11106: 11100: 11099: 11063: 11057: 11051: 11045: 11039: 11033: 11032:, p. 37-38. 11027: 11021: 11015: 11009: 11003: 10997: 10991: 10985: 10979: 10973: 10967: 10961: 10955: 10949: 10943: 10937: 10931: 10922: 10916: 10910: 10904: 10898: 10892: 10886: 10880: 10874: 10868: 10862: 10856: 10850: 10844: 10838: 10832: 10826: 10820: 10814: 10808: 10802: 10796: 10787: 10786:, p. 18-19. 10781: 10775: 10769: 10763: 10762: 10734: 10728: 10727: 10707: 10701: 10700:, p. 379ff. 10695: 10689: 10683: 10677: 10671: 10665: 10659: 10653: 10647: 10638: 10632: 10626: 10620: 10614: 10608: 10602: 10596: 10590: 10584: 10578: 10572: 10563: 10557: 10548: 10542: 10536: 10535: 10533: 10531: 10516: 10510: 10509: 10507: 10505: 10477: 10471: 10470: 10446: 10440: 10433: 10427: 10421: 10412: 10411: 10401: 10395: 10394: 10378: 10372: 10366: 10360: 10354: 10345: 10344: 10329: 10323: 10317: 10311: 10305: 10296: 10290: 10284: 10283: 10278:. Napoleon.org. 10272: 10266: 10260: 10254: 10248: 10242: 10236: 10230: 10224: 10218: 10212: 10206: 10200: 10194: 10188: 10182: 10180: 10162: 10156: 10155: 10153: 10151: 10133: 10101: 10092: 10086: 10080: 10074: 10065: 10058: 10052: 10046: 10037: 10031: 10025: 10019: 10013: 10007: 10001: 9995: 9989: 9983: 9977: 9971: 9965: 9959: 9953: 9947: 9941: 9935: 9929: 9923: 9914: 9908: 9902: 9901: 9885: 9879: 9873: 9867: 9861: 9855: 9854: 9852: 9850: 9835: 9829: 9828: 9809: 9803: 9797: 9791: 9785: 9779: 9778: 9760:Napoleon's Women 9754: 9748: 9742: 9736: 9730: 9724: 9721:Cordingly (2004) 9718: 9712: 9706: 9700: 9694: 9688: 9682: 9676: 9670: 9664: 9658: 9652: 9646: 9640: 9634: 9628: 9622: 9616: 9610: 9604: 9598: 9592: 9586: 9580: 9579: 9577: 9575: 9556: 9550: 9544: 9538: 9532: 9526: 9520: 9514: 9508: 9502: 9496: 9490: 9484: 9475: 9469: 9463: 9457: 9451: 9445: 9439: 9433: 9427: 9421: 9415: 9409: 9403: 9402: 9400: 9398: 9383: 9377: 9371: 9365: 9359: 9353: 9352: 9350: 9348: 9320: 9314: 9313: 9311: 9309: 9291: 9267: 9261: 9255: 9249: 9243: 9237: 9231: 9225: 9219: 9213: 9212:, p. 432-39 9207: 9201: 9195: 9189: 9183: 9177: 9171: 9165: 9159: 9153: 9147: 9141: 9135: 9129: 9123: 9117: 9111: 9105: 9099: 9093: 9087: 9081: 9075: 9069: 9063: 9057: 9051: 9045: 9044: 9042: 9040: 9012: 9006: 9000: 8994: 8988: 8982: 8976: 8970: 8964: 8958: 8952: 8946: 8940: 8934: 8928: 8922: 8916: 8910: 8904: 8898: 8892: 8886: 8880: 8874: 8868: 8862: 8856: 8850: 8844: 8838: 8832: 8826: 8820: 8814: 8808: 8802: 8796: 8790: 8784: 8778: 8772: 8766: 8760: 8754: 8748: 8742: 8736: 8730: 8724: 8718: 8712: 8706: 8700: 8694: 8688: 8682: 8676: 8670: 8664: 8658: 8652: 8646: 8640: 8634: 8633: 8631: 8629: 8601: 8595: 8589: 8583: 8577: 8571: 8565: 8559: 8553: 8544: 8538: 8532: 8531: 8529: 8527: 8511: 8505: 8499: 8493: 8487: 8481: 8475: 8469: 8468: 8442: 8436: 8430: 8421: 8415: 8409: 8403: 8397: 8391: 8385: 8379: 8373: 8367: 8361: 8355: 8349: 8343: 8337: 8331: 8325: 8319: 8313: 8307: 8301: 8300: 8273: 8267: 8261: 8255: 8249: 8243: 8237: 8231: 8225: 8216: 8210: 8204: 8198: 8192: 8186: 8180: 8174: 8168: 8162: 8156: 8150: 8144: 8138: 8132: 8126: 8120: 8117: 8108: 8102: 8096: 8095: 8071: 8065: 8059: 8053: 8047: 8041: 8040: 8038: 8036: 8008: 8002: 7996: 7990: 7984: 7978: 7972: 7966: 7960: 7951: 7945: 7939: 7933: 7927: 7926: 7924: 7922: 7894: 7885: 7879: 7873: 7867: 7861: 7854: 7848: 7841: 7835: 7828: 7822: 7816: 7810: 7804: 7798: 7791: 7785: 7779: 7773: 7767: 7761: 7755: 7746: 7740: 7734: 7728: 7722: 7721: 7719: 7717: 7689: 7683: 7677: 7671: 7665: 7659: 7653: 7647: 7641: 7635: 7629: 7623: 7617: 7611: 7605: 7599: 7593: 7587: 7581: 7575: 7569: 7563: 7557: 7551: 7545: 7539: 7533: 7527: 7521: 7515: 7509: 7503: 7497: 7491: 7485: 7479: 7473: 7467: 7461: 7455: 7449: 7443: 7436: 7430: 7424: 7418: 7417: 7399: 7393: 7387: 7381: 7380:, p. 319-20 7375: 7369: 7363: 7357: 7351: 7345: 7344:, pp. 79–84 7339: 7333: 7327: 7321: 7315: 7309: 7303: 7297: 7291: 7285: 7279: 7270: 7264: 7258: 7252: 7246: 7240: 7231: 7225: 7216: 7210: 7204: 7198: 7192: 7186: 7180: 7174: 7168: 7162: 7156: 7155:, p. 249-50 7150: 7144: 7143:, p. 246-47 7138: 7132: 7126: 7120: 7114: 7108: 7102: 7096: 7090: 7081: 7075: 7069: 7063: 7057: 7056: 7033: 7027: 7021: 7015: 7009: 7003: 6997: 6991: 6985: 6979: 6973: 6962: 6956: 6950: 6947:Gueniffey (2015) 6944: 6938: 6932: 6926: 6920: 6911: 6905: 6894: 6888: 6882: 6876: 6870: 6864: 6858: 6852: 6846: 6840: 6834: 6828: 6822: 6816: 6810: 6804: 6798: 6792: 6786: 6780: 6774: 6773:, pp. 13–14 6768: 6757: 6751: 6745: 6739: 6733: 6727: 6721: 6715: 6709: 6703: 6697: 6691: 6685: 6679: 6673: 6667: 6661: 6655: 6649: 6643: 6637: 6631: 6625: 6619: 6613: 6607: 6601: 6595: 6589: 6583: 6577: 6571: 6565: 6559: 6553: 6547: 6541: 6535: 6529: 6528: 6484: 6478: 6472: 6466: 6465:, pp. 67–68 6460: 6454: 6453:, pp. 65–66 6448: 6442: 6441:, pp. 95–96 6436: 6430: 6424: 6415: 6409: 6403: 6397: 6391: 6385: 6379: 6378:, p. 165-68 6373: 6364: 6358: 6352: 6346: 6340: 6334: 6328: 6322: 6316: 6315:, pp. 79–80 6310: 6304: 6298: 6292: 6286: 6280: 6274: 6268: 6265:Gueniffey (2015) 6262: 6256: 6255:, pp. 76–79 6250: 6244: 6238: 6232: 6226: 6220: 6214: 6208: 6207:, pp. 65–66 6202: 6196: 6190: 6184: 6178: 6172: 6171:, pp. 58–63 6166: 6160: 6154: 6148: 6147:, pp. 52–53 6142: 6136: 6135:, pp. 52–54 6130: 6124: 6123: 6107: 6097: 6091: 6090:, pp. 41–46 6085: 6079: 6073: 6067: 6061: 6055: 6049: 6043: 6034: 6023: 6017: 6011: 6010:, pp. 38–42 6005: 5999: 5993: 5987: 5981: 5975: 5974:, pp. 22–23 5969: 5963: 5957: 5951: 5945: 5939: 5933: 5927: 5921: 5915: 5909: 5903: 5897: 5891: 5890: 5888: 5886: 5838: 5829: 5823: 5817: 5816: 5814: 5812: 5784: 5778: 5777:, pp. 16–20 5772: 5766: 5760: 5751: 5750: 5724: 5718: 5717:, pp. 13–17 5712: 5706: 5700: 5694: 5693: 5678: 5672: 5666: 5660: 5654: 5645: 5639: 5633: 5627: 5621: 5615: 5609: 5603: 5597: 5596: 5594: 5592: 5576: 5570: 5564: 5553: 5547: 5541: 5535: 5526: 5520: 5514: 5508: 5502: 5501: 5499: 5497: 5466: 5460: 5454: 5445: 5444: 5442: 5440: 5412: 5406: 5400: 5394: 5388: 5373: 5370: 5364: 5343: 5337: 5330: 5324: 5309: 5303: 5301: 5288: 5283: 5279: 5273: 5271: 5259: 5255: 5249: 5248: 5245: 5244: 5241: 5238: 5235: 5232: 5229: 5226: 5223: 5219: 5218: 5215: 5212: 5209: 5206: 5203: 5200: 5197: 5194: 5184: 5178: 5172: 5135:Preceded by 5123: 5108:Karl von Dalberg 5105: 5088:(Emperor of the 5087: 5081:Preceded by 5053: 5039:Preceded by 4995:Preceded by 4968:Preceded by 4956:as Vicepresident 4951: 4935:Preceded by 4914: 4901:French Directory 4898:Preceded by 4890: 4889: 4730:, abolished the 4673: 4648: 4623: 4387:mobile artillery 4371:In the field of 4331:Council of State 4289:mesures usuelles 4277:Council of State 4260:Legion of Honour 4256:Organic Articles 4248:Banque de France 4167:Joseph Farington 4111:Napoleon complex 4072:Charles XIV John 4023:satellite states 3980:Organic Articles 3825:Louis Philippe I 3821:Napoleon's penis 3776: 3775: 3710:Status: Repealed 3626: 3625: 3612: 3607: 3606: 3597:Status: Repealed 3513: 3512: 3499: 3494: 3493: 3421: 3418: 3322:Vive l'empereur! 3045:After capturing 3038:. Alexander, in 2955:against France. 2928:, King of Rome. 2913:satellite states 2910: 2904: 2844:Battle of Wagram 2815:Battle of Wagram 2813:Napoleon at the 2738:Battle of Bailén 2708:Joseph Bonaparte 2468:Kingdom of Italy 2403:in October 1805. 2391: 2353: 2327: 2324: 2271:Legion of Honour 2267:Marie de' Medici 2257:, took place at 2158:Act of Mediation 2066:Treaty of Amiens 1978:Council of State 1966:Legislative Body 1923:French Consulate 1917:French Consulate 1870:François Bouchot 1783:Ottoman province 1690:Sultan of Mysore 1663:Jean-Léon Gérôme 1592:Battle of Rivoli 1590:Napoleon at the 1562:The preliminary 1553:Battle of Tarvis 1537:Battle of Rivoli 1533:Battle of Arcole 1502: 1499: 1444:French Directory 1417:Tuileries Palace 1373:Army of the West 1349:Rue Saint-Honoré 1264:Edouard Detaille 1137: 1028:Maison Bonaparte 1000:Carlo Buonaparte 952:emancipated Jews 899:. The coalition 885:Battle of Wagram 850: 817:Treaty of Amiens 698: 692: 685: 680: 675: 668: 663: 658: 651: 646: 641: 634: 629: 624: 617: 612: 607: 600: 595: 590: 583: 578: 573: 566: 561: 556: 549: 544: 539: 532: 527: 522: 515: 510: 505: 498: 493: 488: 481: 476: 471: 464: 459: 454: 447: 442: 437: 430: 425: 420: 413: 408: 403: 396: 391: 386: 379: 378: 372: 365: 347: 334:Letizia Ramolino 324:Carlo Buonaparte 298: 280: 278: 274: 270: 247: 245: 241: 237: 233: 202: 201: 193:15 December 1840 180: 163: 161: 131: 103: 81: 55: 43: 42: 21: 24160: 24159: 24155: 24154: 24153: 24151: 24150: 24149: 24140:Royal reburials 23995:French generals 23880: 23879: 23878: 23873: 23872: 23867: 23843: 23831: 23819: 23807: 23781: 23755: 23743: 23731: 23705: 23679: 23663:Foreign Affairs 23651: 23625: 23623: 23621: 23612: 23586: 23580: 23550: 23545: 23516: 23497: 23478: 23456: 23432: 23413: 23280:Frederick (III) 23111: 23102: 23070: 23061: 23057:Louis the Child 23047:Charles the Fat 23021: 23012: 23007: 22977: 22972: 22961: 22942: 22916: 22878: 22852: 22806: 22781: 22708:House of Valois 22702: 22613: 22574:Charles the Fat 22533:Pepin the Short 22518: 22509: 22385: 22384: 22355: 22352: 22322: 22317: 22304: 22212: 22149: 22075: 22066: 22054: 22021: 22012: 21982: 21977: 21945: 21928: 21903: 21891: 21879:Imperial regent 21874: 21837: 21825: 21800: 21775: 21767: 21761: 21731: 21726: 21710: 21694: 21690:Eugenia Rasponi 21648: 21562: 21538:Dermide Leclerc 21476: 21467: 21416: 21411: 21381: 21376: 21366: 21347:Elisa Bonaparte 21332:Louis Bonaparte 21313: 21304: 21273: 21264: 21234: 21225: 21100:La Marseillaise 21089: 21088:Cultural impact 21074: 20984: 20965: 20932: 20888:Madame du Barry 20878:Catherine Théot 20868:Thérésa Tallien 20759: 20750:Gracchus Babeuf 20695:François Chabot 20652: 20644: 20565:Georges Couthon 20560:Marquis de Sade 20525:Jean-Paul Marat 20501: 20457:Bertrand Barère 20423: 20334: 20315:Boissy d'Anglas 20310:Madame de Staël 20275:Antoine Barnave 20243: 20236: 20227: 20174: 20155: 20130: 20125: 20095: 20090: 20065: 20060: 20040: 20035: 19997: 19992: 19976: 19953: 19940: 19932: 19924: 19911: 19898: 19887:József Alvinczi 19871: 19853: 19835: 19776:Nicolas Oudinot 19766: 19699:Claude Lecourbe 19694:Charles Leclerc 19589:Guillaume Brune 19559:Pierre Augereau 19529: 19524: 19509: 19504: 19502:Treaty of Paris 19496: 19482: 19477: 19469: 19461: 19445: 19440: 19432: 19424: 19416: 19400: 19395: 19387: 19379: 19371: 19363: 19355: 19347: 19339: 19331: 19323: 19307: 19302: 19294: 19286: 19278: 19270: 19254: 19249: 19241: 19233: 19225: 19217: 19209: 19201: 19185: 19180: 19172: 19164: 19156: 19148: 19140: 19132: 19124: 19116: 19108: 19100: 19087: 19079: 19071: 19055: 19045: 19029: 19024: 19016: 19003: 18995: 18987: 18979: 18971: 18962: 18946: 18941: 18928: 18920: 18918:Siege of Toulon 18882: 18874: 18857:First Coalition 18843: 18834: 18770: 18755: 18745: 18737: 18729: 18715: 18710: 18696: 18691: 18683: 18669: 18664: 18656: 18636: 18628: 18620: 18606: 18601: 18593: 18585: 18576: 18568: 18560: 18542: 18537: 18529: 18521: 18519:Law of Suspects 18513: 18503: 18495: 18487: 18467: 18465:Reign of Terror 18459: 18451: 18437: 18432: 18424: 18416: 18408: 18400: 18392: 18384: 18370: 18365: 18357: 18349: 18341: 18333: 18319: 18304: 18296: 18287: 18273: 18268: 18260: 18252: 18245:(4–11 Aug 1789) 18244: 18236: 18228: 18220: 18212: 18204: 18196: 18188: 18180: 18178:Réveillon riots 18172: 18156: 18151: 18143: 18129: 18118: 18033: 18028: 17998: 17989: 17916: 17800: 17721: 17715: 17671:Miguel de Álava 17636:Pyotr Bagration 17631:Count Bennigsen 17621:Mikhail Kutuzov 17586:Thomas Cochrane 17558: 17556: 17550: 17511:Louis Bonaparte 17438: 17436: 17435:French and ally 17419: 17303: 17219:Château-Thierry 17182: 17046: 17017:Maloyaroslavets 16875: 16789: 16743: 16534:Yevenes/Yébenes 16492: 16408:Rosily Squadron 16386: 16310: 16276:Waren-Nossentin 16204: 16135:Cape Finisterre 16118: 16089:First Coalition 16067: 16057: 15964: 15957: 15868: 15864: 15855: 15849: 15837:Sixth Coalition 15823:Fifth Coalition 15802:Third Coalition 15792: 15790:Napoleonic Wars 15787: 15752: 15744: 15739: 15731: 15722: 15716: 15683: 15678: 15671: 15668: 15656: 15642: 15626: 15615: 15611: 15608: 15601: 15593: 15590: 15582: 15575: 15564: 15549: 15540: 15525: 15519: 15502: 15493: 15478: 15472: 15469: 15446: 15438: 15433: 15420: 15417: 15400: 15394: 15389: 15368: 15367:(Second Consul) 15363: 15360: 15358: 15352: 15347: 15323: 15320: 15318: 15312: 15307: 15288: 15282: 15281: 15274: 15262: 15254: 15249: 15226: 15188:Napoleonic Code 15142: 15138:Warsaw monument 15082:Arc de Triomphe 15070: 15061: 15025:Infamous Decree 15020:Grand Sanhedrin 14998:Catholic Church 14986: 14977:Battle of Ligny 14919:Battle of Eylau 14844:Siege of Toulon 14823: 14807: 14793: 14721:Napoleonic Wars 14670: 14668:Stay in Auxonne 14660:Life and career 14654: 14645: 14641:Elisa Bonaparte 14618:Louis Bonaparte 14544: 14543: 14517: 14512: 14451:Napoleon Series 14442: 14429: 14427: 14402: 14400: 14393: 14355: 14353: 14313: 14294: 14278: 14276:Further reading 14273: 14267: 14244: 14220: 14218: 14211: 14190: 14163: 14161: 14154: 14106: 14085: 14063: 14061: 14054: 14002: 13983: 13962: 13943: 13920: 13901: 13882: 13859: 13838: 13815: 13796: 13778:Chandler, David 13770: 13732: 13716:Chandler, David 13708: 13685: 13666: 13661: 13655: 13601: 13599: 13580: 13575: 13569: 13546: 13522: 13520: 13513: 13492: 13463:Wayback Machine 13452:Wayback Machine 13439: 13412: 13410: 13403: 13382: 13363: 13344: 13321: 13305:Cronin, Vincent 13294: 13292: 13285: 13261: 13242: 13220: 13218: 13211: 13201:Faber and Faber 13191:Broers, Michael 13183: 13159: 13157: 13150: 13122: 13105: 13100: 13094: 13089: 13082: 13078: 13068: 13066: 13059: 13043: 13039: 13032: 13028: 13021: 13017: 13010: 13006: 12995:Wayback Machine 12984:Wayback Machine 12975: 12971: 12961: 12959: 12952: 12936: 12932: 12924: 12920: 12912: 12908: 12900: 12877: 12871: 12867: 12859: 12855: 12847: 12843: 12835: 12831: 12823: 12819: 12811: 12807: 12799: 12792: 12773: 12769: 12757: 12753: 12743: 12741: 12728: 12727: 12723: 12716: 12688: 12684: 12677: 12661: 12657: 12647: 12645: 12638: 12622: 12618: 12611: 12592: 12588: 12578: 12576: 12553:10.2307/1327640 12533: 12529: 12521: 12517: 12504: 12503: 12499: 12491: 12487: 12448: 12444: 12436: 12432: 12390: 12383: 12375: 12371: 12363: 12359: 12351: 12347: 12308: 12304: 12287: 12283: 12262: 12258: 12250: 12246: 12238: 12234: 12226: 12222: 12214: 12207: 12197: 12195: 12178: 12174: 12166: 12162: 12154: 12150: 12142: 12138: 12130: 12126: 12118: 12114: 12106: 12099: 12091: 12087: 12079: 12075: 12065: 12063: 12045: 12041: 12032: 12028: 12020: 12016: 12010:Chandler (1973) 12008: 12004: 11996: 11992: 11985: 11981: 11973: 11969: 11950: 11946: 11938: 11934: 11926: 11922: 11914: 11910: 11900:Wayback Machine 11890: 11886: 11878: 11874: 11866: 11862: 11854: 11850: 11840: 11838: 11795: 11791: 11780: 11764: 11760: 11752: 11748: 11740: 11736: 11728: 11724: 11716: 11712: 11704: 11700: 11692: 11688: 11678: 11673: 11669: 11659: 11657: 11650: 11634: 11623: 11615: 11611: 11603: 11599: 11591: 11587: 11579: 11572: 11564: 11560: 11552: 11548: 11537: 11533: 11523: 11520:O'Connor (2003) 11518: 11514: 11507: 11493: 11489: 11481: 11477: 11469: 11465: 11457: 11453: 11445: 11441: 11433: 11429: 11421: 11417: 11411:Blaufarb (2008) 11409: 11405: 11397: 11393: 11385: 11381: 11373: 11369: 11357: 11353: 11346: 11338:. p. 124. 11326:Seward, Desmond 11323: 11319: 11309: 11307: 11294: 11293: 11289: 11279: 11277: 11264: 11263: 11259: 11249: 11247: 11232: 11231: 11227: 11219: 11215: 11206: 11202: 11194: 11190: 11182: 11178: 11173: 11169: 11138: 11134: 11126: 11122: 11107: 11103: 11092: 11076:. p. 125. 11064: 11060: 11052: 11048: 11040: 11036: 11028: 11024: 11016: 11012: 11004: 11000: 10992: 10988: 10980: 10976: 10968: 10964: 10956: 10952: 10944: 10940: 10932: 10925: 10917: 10913: 10905: 10901: 10893: 10889: 10881: 10877: 10869: 10865: 10857: 10853: 10845: 10841: 10833: 10829: 10821: 10817: 10809: 10805: 10797: 10790: 10782: 10778: 10770: 10766: 10755: 10747:. p. 187. 10735: 10731: 10724: 10708: 10704: 10696: 10692: 10686:Chandler (1966) 10684: 10680: 10672: 10668: 10660: 10656: 10648: 10641: 10633: 10629: 10621: 10617: 10609: 10605: 10597: 10593: 10585: 10581: 10573: 10566: 10558: 10551: 10543: 10539: 10529: 10527: 10518: 10517: 10513: 10503: 10501: 10494: 10478: 10474: 10467: 10447: 10443: 10434: 10430: 10422: 10415: 10402: 10398: 10379: 10375: 10367: 10363: 10355: 10348: 10331: 10330: 10326: 10318: 10314: 10306: 10299: 10291: 10287: 10274: 10273: 10269: 10261: 10257: 10249: 10245: 10237: 10233: 10225: 10221: 10213: 10209: 10201: 10197: 10193:, p. 2092. 10189: 10185: 10177: 10163: 10159: 10149: 10147: 10110:Virchows Archiv 10102: 10095: 10087: 10083: 10075: 10068: 10059: 10055: 10047: 10040: 10032: 10028: 10020: 10016: 10008: 10004: 9996: 9992: 9986:Zamoyski (2018) 9984: 9980: 9972: 9968: 9960: 9956: 9948: 9944: 9936: 9932: 9924: 9917: 9909: 9905: 9886: 9882: 9874: 9870: 9862: 9858: 9848: 9846: 9837: 9836: 9832: 9811: 9810: 9806: 9798: 9794: 9786: 9782: 9771: 9755: 9751: 9743: 9739: 9731: 9727: 9719: 9715: 9707: 9703: 9695: 9691: 9683: 9679: 9671: 9667: 9659: 9655: 9647: 9643: 9635: 9631: 9623: 9619: 9611: 9607: 9599: 9595: 9587: 9583: 9573: 9571: 9558: 9557: 9553: 9545: 9541: 9533: 9529: 9521: 9517: 9509: 9505: 9497: 9493: 9485: 9478: 9470: 9466: 9458: 9454: 9446: 9442: 9434: 9430: 9422: 9418: 9410: 9406: 9396: 9394: 9385: 9384: 9380: 9372: 9368: 9360: 9356: 9346: 9344: 9337: 9321: 9317: 9307: 9305: 9268: 9264: 9256: 9252: 9244: 9240: 9232: 9228: 9220: 9216: 9208: 9204: 9196: 9192: 9188:, p. 1020. 9186:Chandler (1995) 9184: 9180: 9172: 9168: 9160: 9156: 9148: 9144: 9136: 9132: 9124: 9120: 9112: 9108: 9100: 9096: 9088: 9084: 9076: 9072: 9064: 9060: 9052: 9048: 9038: 9036: 9029: 9013: 9009: 9001: 8997: 8989: 8985: 8977: 8973: 8965: 8961: 8953: 8949: 8941: 8937: 8929: 8925: 8917: 8913: 8905: 8901: 8893: 8889: 8881: 8877: 8869: 8865: 8857: 8853: 8845: 8841: 8833: 8829: 8821: 8817: 8809: 8805: 8797: 8793: 8785: 8781: 8773: 8769: 8763:Chandler (1973) 8761: 8757: 8749: 8745: 8737: 8733: 8727:Chandler (1973) 8725: 8721: 8713: 8709: 8703:Chandler (1973) 8701: 8697: 8689: 8685: 8679:Chandler (1966) 8677: 8673: 8667:Chandler (1966) 8665: 8661: 8653: 8649: 8641: 8637: 8627: 8625: 8618: 8602: 8598: 8590: 8586: 8578: 8574: 8566: 8562: 8556:Chandler (1966) 8554: 8547: 8539: 8535: 8525: 8523: 8512: 8508: 8500: 8496: 8488: 8484: 8476: 8472: 8465: 8443: 8439: 8431: 8424: 8416: 8412: 8404: 8400: 8392: 8388: 8380: 8376: 8368: 8364: 8356: 8352: 8344: 8340: 8332: 8328: 8320: 8316: 8308: 8304: 8293: 8277:Horne, Alistair 8274: 8270: 8262: 8258: 8250: 8246: 8238: 8234: 8226: 8219: 8211: 8207: 8199: 8195: 8187: 8183: 8175: 8171: 8163: 8159: 8151: 8147: 8141:Chandler (1966) 8139: 8135: 8127: 8123: 8118: 8111: 8103: 8099: 8088: 8072: 8068: 8060: 8056: 8048: 8044: 8034: 8032: 8025: 8009: 8005: 7997: 7993: 7985: 7981: 7973: 7969: 7961: 7954: 7946: 7942: 7934: 7930: 7920: 7918: 7911: 7895: 7888: 7882:Chandler (1973) 7880: 7876: 7868: 7864: 7855: 7851: 7842: 7838: 7829: 7825: 7817: 7813: 7805: 7801: 7792: 7788: 7782:Chandler (1966) 7780: 7776: 7770:Chandler (1966) 7768: 7764: 7756: 7749: 7741: 7737: 7729: 7725: 7715: 7713: 7706: 7690: 7686: 7678: 7674: 7666: 7662: 7654: 7650: 7642: 7638: 7632:Zamoyski (2018) 7630: 7626: 7618: 7614: 7606: 7602: 7594: 7590: 7584:Zamoyski (2018) 7582: 7578: 7570: 7566: 7560:Zamoyski (2018) 7558: 7554: 7546: 7542: 7536:Zamoyski (2018) 7534: 7530: 7522: 7518: 7510: 7506: 7498: 7494: 7488:Connelly (2006) 7486: 7482: 7474: 7470: 7464:Zamoyski (2018) 7462: 7458: 7450: 7446: 7437: 7433: 7427:Zamoyski (2018) 7425: 7421: 7414: 7400: 7396: 7388: 7384: 7378:Zamoyski (2018) 7376: 7372: 7366:Zamoyski (2018) 7364: 7360: 7352: 7348: 7340: 7336: 7330:Zamoyski (2018) 7328: 7324: 7316: 7312: 7306:Zamoyski (2018) 7304: 7300: 7292: 7288: 7282:Chandler (1966) 7280: 7273: 7267:Chandler (1966) 7265: 7261: 7255:Chandler (1966) 7253: 7249: 7243:Zamoyski (2018) 7241: 7234: 7228:Chandler (1966) 7226: 7219: 7213:Chandler (2002) 7211: 7207: 7201:Zamoyski (2018) 7199: 7195: 7189:Zamoyski (2018) 7187: 7183: 7175: 7171: 7163: 7159: 7153:Zamoyski (2018) 7151: 7147: 7141:Zamoyski (2018) 7139: 7135: 7129:Zamoyski (2018) 7127: 7123: 7115: 7111: 7105:Zamoyski (2018) 7103: 7099: 7091: 7084: 7078:Zamoyski (2018) 7076: 7072: 7066:Zamoyski (2018) 7064: 7060: 7053: 7037:Furet, François 7034: 7030: 7024:Zamoyski (2018) 7022: 7018: 7010: 7006: 6998: 6994: 6988:Zamoyski (2018) 6986: 6982: 6976:Connelly (2006) 6974: 6965: 6957: 6953: 6945: 6941: 6933: 6929: 6921: 6914: 6906: 6897: 6891:Zamoyski (2018) 6889: 6885: 6877: 6873: 6865: 6861: 6855:Zamoyski (2018) 6853: 6849: 6841: 6837: 6829: 6825: 6817: 6813: 6805: 6801: 6793: 6789: 6781: 6777: 6769: 6760: 6752: 6748: 6740: 6736: 6728: 6724: 6716: 6712: 6704: 6700: 6692: 6688: 6680: 6676: 6668: 6664: 6656: 6652: 6644: 6640: 6634:Zamoyski (2018) 6632: 6628: 6620: 6616: 6608: 6604: 6596: 6592: 6584: 6580: 6572: 6568: 6560: 6556: 6550:Chandler (1966) 6548: 6544: 6536: 6532: 6517: 6485: 6481: 6475:Zamoyski (2018) 6473: 6469: 6461: 6457: 6449: 6445: 6439:Zamoyski (2018) 6437: 6433: 6425: 6418: 6412:Zamoyski (2018) 6410: 6406: 6398: 6394: 6386: 6382: 6374: 6367: 6359: 6355: 6347: 6343: 6335: 6331: 6323: 6319: 6313:Zamoyski (2018) 6311: 6307: 6299: 6295: 6287: 6283: 6275: 6271: 6263: 6259: 6253:Zamoyski (2018) 6251: 6247: 6239: 6235: 6227: 6223: 6215: 6211: 6205:Zamoyski (2018) 6203: 6199: 6191: 6187: 6179: 6175: 6167: 6163: 6155: 6151: 6145:Zamoyski (2018) 6143: 6139: 6131: 6127: 6120: 6098: 6094: 6088:Zamoyski (2018) 6086: 6082: 6074: 6070: 6064:Zamoyski (2018) 6062: 6058: 6050: 6046: 6035: 6026: 6018: 6014: 6006: 6002: 5996:Zamoyski (2018) 5994: 5990: 5984:Zamoyski (2018) 5982: 5978: 5972:Zamoyski (2018) 5970: 5966: 5960:Chandler (1973) 5958: 5954: 5946: 5942: 5934: 5930: 5922: 5918: 5912:Zamoyski (2018) 5910: 5906: 5898: 5894: 5884: 5882: 5839: 5832: 5824: 5820: 5810: 5808: 5801: 5785: 5781: 5775:Zamoyski (2018) 5773: 5769: 5761: 5754: 5743: 5725: 5721: 5715:Zamoyski (2018) 5713: 5709: 5701: 5697: 5680: 5679: 5675: 5667: 5663: 5655: 5648: 5640: 5636: 5628: 5624: 5618:Zamoyski (2018) 5616: 5612: 5604: 5600: 5590: 5588: 5577: 5573: 5565: 5556: 5548: 5544: 5536: 5529: 5521: 5517: 5509: 5505: 5495: 5493: 5486: 5467: 5463: 5455: 5448: 5438: 5436: 5429: 5413: 5409: 5401: 5397: 5389: 5385: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5367: 5344: 5340: 5331: 5327: 5310: 5306: 5281: 5280: 5276: 5257: 5253: 5220: 5191: 5187: 5185: 5181: 5173: 5166: 5162: 5153: 5146: 5138: 5130: 5122: 5104: 5102: 5094: 5086: 5070: 5052: 5050: 5042: 5034: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5009: 5001: 4990: 4981: 4973: 4963: 4962:Himself as King 4950: 4948: 4940: 4930: 4919: 4913: 4911: 4903: 4888: 4870:(1806–1881) by 4834:François Gérard 4822: 4791:Spanish America 4702: 4696: 4689: 4676:Moscow (1812). 4674: 4665: 4649: 4640: 4624: 4558: 4550:Main articles: 4548: 4532:Musée du Louvre 4471: 4466: 4460: 4416: 4357: 4347: 4304: 4302:Napoleonic Code 4298: 4296:Napoleonic Code 4269: 4225: 4190:Napoleonic Wars 4142: 4132: 4063:Hippolyte Taine 4040: 4018: 4008: 3988: 3954: 3948: 3902:Napoleon had a 3885: 3864: 3858: 3838:Napoleon's tomb 3767:Napoleon's tomb 3760: 3758:Napoleon's tomb 3746: 3711: 3631: 3623: 3610: 3605: 3598: 3518: 3510: 3497: 3492: 3419: 3406: 3356:Battle of Ligny 3308:and headed for 3287: 3281: 3220: 3214: 3120:(August 1813). 3086: 3080: 3047:Maloyaroslavets 2944: 2938: 2915: 2908: 2906: 2902: 2890: 2882:Duchy of Warsaw 2878:third partition 2807: 2801: 2701: 2695: 2679:Duchy of Warsaw 2636:Battle of Eylau 2547: 2541: 2494: 2486:Main articles: 2484: 2453:François Gérard 2325: 2319:François Gérard 2308: 2302: 2220:Duke of Enghien 2212: 2190: 2188:Napoleonic Wars 2180: 2174: 2166:prisoner of war 2131:General Leclerc 2050: 2044: 1929: 1921:Main articles: 1919: 1886: 1880: 1856: 1850: 1848:Ruler of France 1817:. He failed to 1807:attack on Jaffa 1740:on 21 July 1798 1725:. Grand Master 1650: 1644: 1620:Pierre Augereau 1608:pitched battles 1564:peace of Leoben 1505:Musée du Louvre 1500: 1481: 1475: 1463:Lesser Antilles 1328: 1322: 1258:Siege of Toulon 1249: 1243: 1241:Siege of Toulon 1208:. He served in 1180: 1175: 1167:École militaire 1157:École militaire 1131: 1026:, lived in the 981: 944:Napoleonic Code 855:in 1807 at the 810:crowned himself 762:siege of Toulon 735:French Republic 719:Napoleon I 705: 704: 703: 700: 699: 695: 693: 686: 683: 681: 678: 676: 669: 666: 664: 661: 659: 652: 649: 647: 644: 642: 635: 632: 630: 627: 625: 618: 615: 613: 610: 608: 601: 598: 596: 593: 591: 584: 581: 579: 576: 574: 567: 564: 562: 559: 557: 550: 547: 545: 542: 540: 533: 530: 528: 525: 523: 516: 513: 511: 508: 506: 499: 496: 494: 491: 489: 482: 479: 477: 474: 472: 465: 462: 460: 457: 455: 448: 445: 443: 440: 438: 431: 428: 426: 423: 421: 414: 411: 409: 406: 404: 397: 394: 392: 389: 387: 384: 382: 380: 376: 373: 366: 358: 292: 291: 283: 282: 279: 1814) 266: 262: 259: 249: 229: 225: 222: 204: 194: 182: 178: 165: 159: 157: 132: 127: 101: 79: 63: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 24158: 24148: 24147: 24142: 24137: 24132: 24127: 24122: 24117: 24112: 24107: 24102: 24097: 24092: 24087: 24082: 24077: 24072: 24067: 24062: 24057: 24052: 24047: 24042: 24037: 24032: 24027: 24022: 24017: 24012: 24007: 24002: 23997: 23992: 23987: 23982: 23977: 23972: 23967: 23965:Exiled royalty 23962: 23957: 23952: 23947: 23942: 23937: 23932: 23927: 23922: 23917: 23912: 23907: 23902: 23897: 23892: 23875: 23874: 23869: 23868: 23866: 23865: 23859: 23852: 23849: 23848: 23845: 23844: 23839: 23837: 23833: 23832: 23827: 23825: 23821: 23820: 23815: 23813: 23809: 23808: 23806: 23805: 23800: 23795: 23789: 23787: 23783: 23782: 23780: 23779: 23774: 23769: 23763: 23761: 23757: 23756: 23751: 23749: 23745: 23744: 23739: 23737: 23733: 23732: 23730: 23729: 23724: 23719: 23713: 23711: 23707: 23706: 23704: 23703: 23698: 23693: 23687: 23685: 23681: 23680: 23678: 23677: 23672: 23666: 23664: 23657: 23653: 23652: 23650: 23649: 23644: 23639: 23633: 23631: 23627: 23626: 23615: 23613: 23611: 23610: 23605: 23600: 23594: 23592: 23588: 23587: 23579: 23578: 23571: 23564: 23556: 23547: 23546: 23544: 23543: 23538: 23533: 23527: 23525: 23518: 23517: 23515: 23514: 23508: 23506: 23499: 23498: 23496: 23495: 23493:Franz Joseph I 23489: 23487: 23480: 23479: 23477: 23476: 23467: 23465: 23458: 23457: 23455: 23454: 23449: 23443: 23441: 23434: 23433: 23431: 23430: 23424: 23422: 23415: 23414: 23412: 23411: 23406: 23401: 23396: 23391: 23386: 23381: 23376: 23371: 23366: 23361: 23356: 23351: 23346: 23341: 23336: 23331: 23326: 23321: 23316: 23311: 23304: 23299: 23294: 23287: 23282: 23277: 23272: 23267: 23262: 23257: 23252: 23245: 23240: 23235: 23228: 23223: 23218: 23213: 23208: 23203: 23198: 23193: 23188: 23183: 23181:Lothair II/III 23178: 23173: 23168: 23161: 23154: 23149: 23144: 23139: 23134: 23129: 23124: 23118: 23116: 23104: 23103: 23101: 23100: 23095: 23088: 23083: 23077: 23075: 23063: 23062: 23060: 23059: 23054: 23049: 23044: 23039: 23034: 23028: 23026: 23014: 23013: 23006: 23005: 22998: 22991: 22983: 22974: 22973: 22966: 22963: 22962: 22960: 22959: 22953: 22951: 22944: 22943: 22941: 22940: 22933: 22927: 22925: 22918: 22917: 22915: 22914: 22907: 22900: 22895: 22889: 22887: 22880: 22879: 22877: 22876: 22869: 22863: 22861: 22854: 22853: 22851: 22850: 22843: 22838: 22833: 22828: 22823: 22817: 22815: 22808: 22807: 22805: 22804: 22796: 22794: 22783: 22782: 22780: 22779: 22774: 22769: 22764: 22759: 22754: 22749: 22744: 22739: 22734: 22729: 22724: 22719: 22713: 22711: 22704: 22703: 22701: 22700: 22695: 22690: 22685: 22680: 22675: 22670: 22665: 22660: 22655: 22650: 22645: 22640: 22635: 22630: 22624: 22622: 22619:House of Capet 22615: 22614: 22612: 22611: 22606: 22601: 22596: 22591: 22586: 22581: 22576: 22571: 22566: 22561: 22556: 22551: 22546: 22540: 22535: 22529: 22527: 22511: 22510: 22508: 22507: 22502: 22497: 22492: 22487: 22482: 22480:Childebert III 22477: 22472: 22467: 22462: 22457: 22452: 22447: 22442: 22437: 22432: 22427: 22422: 22417: 22412: 22407: 22402: 22396: 22394: 22387: 22386: 22383: 22382: 22377: 22372: 22367: 22361: 22360: 22357: 22356: 22351: 22350: 22343: 22336: 22328: 22319: 22318: 22309: 22306: 22305: 22303: 22302: 22287: 22281: 22267: 22261: 22248: 22242: 22236: 22230: 22223: 22221: 22220:(1814–present) 22214: 22213: 22211: 22210: 22203: 22197: 22191: 22185: 22179: 22173: 22167: 22160: 22158: 22157:(1883–present) 22151: 22150: 22148: 22147: 22140: 22134: 22128: 22122: 22116: 22109: 22103: 22097: 22090: 22088: 22087:(1830–present) 22077: 22076: 22057: 22055: 22053: 22052: 22045: 22039: 22032: 22030: 22023: 22022: 22011: 22010: 22003: 21996: 21988: 21979: 21978: 21976: 21975: 21970: 21965: 21960: 21954: 21951: 21950: 21947: 21946: 21944: 21943: 21936: 21934: 21930: 21929: 21927: 21926: 21919: 21917: 21910: 21897: 21896: 21893: 21892: 21890: 21889: 21882: 21880: 21876: 21875: 21873: 21872: 21866: 21860: 21853: 21851: 21844: 21831: 21830: 21827: 21826: 21824: 21823: 21817: 21810: 21808: 21806:Prince primate 21802: 21801: 21799: 21798: 21791: 21789: 21782: 21769: 21768: 21760: 21759: 21752: 21745: 21737: 21728: 21727: 21725: 21724: 21718: 21716: 21715:6th generation 21712: 21711: 21709: 21708: 21702: 21700: 21699:5th generation 21696: 21695: 21693: 21692: 21687: 21682: 21677: 21672: 21667: 21662: 21656: 21654: 21653:4th generation 21650: 21649: 21647: 21646: 21641: 21636: 21631: 21626: 21621: 21616: 21614:Prince Charles 21611: 21606: 21601: 21596: 21591: 21586: 21581: 21576: 21570: 21568: 21567:3rd generation 21564: 21563: 21561: 21560: 21555: 21550: 21545: 21540: 21535: 21530: 21525: 21520: 21515: 21510: 21505: 21500: 21495: 21490: 21484: 21482: 21481:2nd generation 21478: 21477: 21470: 21468: 21466: 21465: 21460: 21455: 21450: 21445: 21440: 21435: 21430: 21424: 21422: 21421:1st generation 21418: 21417: 21410: 21409: 21402: 21395: 21387: 21378: 21377: 21371: 21368: 21367: 21365: 21364: 21359: 21354: 21349: 21344: 21339: 21334: 21329: 21323: 21321: 21319:French Princes 21315: 21314: 21307: 21305: 21303: 21302: 21297: 21292: 21287: 21281: 21279: 21275: 21274: 21263: 21262: 21255: 21248: 21240: 21231: 21230: 21227: 21226: 21224: 21223: 21218: 21213: 21208: 21203: 21198: 21193: 21188: 21179: 21178: 21177: 21170:Cult of Reason 21167: 21162: 21157: 21152: 21147: 21138: 21133: 21128: 21123: 21114: 21112:Flag of France 21109: 21104: 21094: 21091: 21090: 21080: 21079: 21076: 21075: 21073: 21072: 21067: 21062: 21057: 21052: 21047: 21042: 21037: 21032: 21027: 21022: 21017: 21012: 21007: 21002: 20997: 20989: 20986: 20985: 20975: 20974: 20971: 20970: 20967: 20966: 20964: 20963: 20958: 20957: 20956: 20951: 20940: 20938: 20934: 20933: 20931: 20930: 20925: 20920: 20918:Jacques Necker 20915: 20910: 20905: 20900: 20895: 20890: 20885: 20880: 20875: 20870: 20865: 20860: 20855: 20850: 20845: 20840: 20835: 20830: 20825: 20820: 20815: 20810: 20805: 20800: 20795: 20790: 20785: 20780: 20774: 20772: 20765: 20761: 20760: 20758: 20757: 20752: 20747: 20742: 20740:Claire Lacombe 20737: 20732: 20727: 20722: 20717: 20712: 20707: 20702: 20697: 20692: 20687: 20682: 20677: 20672: 20667: 20665:Jacques Hébert 20661: 20659: 20646: 20645: 20643: 20642: 20637: 20632: 20627: 20622: 20617: 20612: 20607: 20602: 20597: 20592: 20587: 20582: 20577: 20572: 20567: 20562: 20557: 20552: 20547: 20542: 20537: 20532: 20527: 20522: 20520:Georges Danton 20517: 20511: 20509: 20503: 20502: 20500: 20499: 20494: 20489: 20484: 20479: 20474: 20469: 20464: 20459: 20454: 20449: 20444: 20439: 20433: 20431: 20425: 20424: 20422: 20421: 20416: 20411: 20406: 20401: 20396: 20391: 20386: 20381: 20376: 20371: 20366: 20364:Henri Grégoire 20360: 20355: 20350: 20344: 20342: 20336: 20335: 20333: 20332: 20327: 20322: 20317: 20312: 20307: 20305:Camille Jordan 20302: 20297: 20292: 20287: 20282: 20277: 20272: 20267: 20262: 20257: 20252: 20246: 20244: 20232: 20229: 20228: 20226: 20225: 20220: 20215: 20210: 20205: 20200: 20195: 20190: 20184: 20182: 20176: 20175: 20165: 20164: 20161: 20160: 20157: 20156: 20154: 20153: 20148: 20142: 20140: 20127: 20126: 20124: 20123: 20118: 20113: 20107: 20105: 20092: 20091: 20089: 20088: 20083: 20077: 20075: 20062: 20061: 20059: 20058: 20052: 20050: 20037: 20036: 20034: 20033: 20028: 20023: 20018: 20009: 20007: 19994: 19993: 19991: 19990: 19985: 19980: 19972: 19967: 19962: 19957: 19949: 19944: 19936: 19928: 19920: 19915: 19907: 19902: 19894: 19889: 19883: 19881: 19865: 19859: 19858: 19855: 19854: 19852: 19851: 19845: 19843: 19837: 19836: 19834: 19833: 19828: 19823: 19818: 19813: 19808: 19803: 19798: 19793: 19788: 19783: 19778: 19773: 19761: 19756: 19751: 19746: 19741: 19736: 19731: 19726: 19721: 19716: 19711: 19706: 19701: 19696: 19691: 19686: 19681: 19676: 19671: 19666: 19661: 19656: 19651: 19646: 19641: 19636: 19631: 19626: 19621: 19616: 19611: 19606: 19601: 19596: 19591: 19586: 19581: 19576: 19571: 19566: 19561: 19556: 19550: 19548: 19539: 19526: 19525: 19515: 19514: 19511: 19510: 19508: 19507: 19499: 19490: 19488: 19484: 19483: 19481: 19480: 19472: 19464: 19455: 19453: 19447: 19446: 19444: 19443: 19435: 19427: 19419: 19410: 19408: 19402: 19401: 19399: 19398: 19390: 19385:Battle of Novi 19382: 19374: 19372:(4–7 Jun 1799) 19366: 19358: 19350: 19342: 19334: 19326: 19317: 19315: 19309: 19308: 19306: 19305: 19297: 19289: 19281: 19273: 19264: 19262: 19256: 19255: 19253: 19252: 19244: 19236: 19228: 19220: 19212: 19204: 19195: 19193: 19187: 19186: 19184: 19183: 19175: 19167: 19165:(6–7 Nov 1796) 19159: 19151: 19143: 19135: 19127: 19119: 19111: 19103: 19095: 19090: 19082: 19080:(3–4 Aug 1796) 19074: 19065: 19063: 19057: 19056: 19054: 19053: 19051:Peace of Basel 19048: 19039: 19037: 19031: 19030: 19028: 19027: 19019: 19011: 19006: 18998: 18990: 18982: 18974: 18965: 18956: 18954: 18948: 18947: 18945: 18944: 18936: 18931: 18923: 18915: 18910: 18905: 18900: 18895: 18893:Siege of Mainz 18890: 18885: 18877: 18869: 18864: 18859: 18853: 18851: 18845: 18844: 18842: 18841: 18829: 18824: 18822:Siege of Mainz 18819: 18814: 18813: 18812: 18809: 18804: 18796: 18791: 18786: 18780: 18778: 18772: 18771: 18761: 18760: 18757: 18756: 18754: 18753: 18748: 18740: 18732: 18723: 18721: 18717: 18716: 18714: 18713: 18704: 18702: 18698: 18697: 18695: 18694: 18686: 18677: 18675: 18671: 18670: 18668: 18667: 18659: 18654:13 Vendémiaire 18651: 18650: 18649: 18644: 18631: 18623: 18614: 18612: 18608: 18607: 18605: 18604: 18596: 18588: 18579: 18571: 18563: 18550: 18548: 18544: 18543: 18541: 18540: 18532: 18524: 18516: 18506: 18501:Levée en masse 18498: 18490: 18482: 18481: 18480: 18475: 18462: 18454: 18445: 18443: 18439: 18438: 18436: 18435: 18427: 18419: 18411: 18406:10th of August 18403: 18395: 18387: 18378: 18376: 18372: 18371: 18369: 18368: 18360: 18352: 18344: 18336: 18327: 18325: 18321: 18320: 18318: 18317: 18307: 18299: 18290: 18288:(Feb–Jul 1790) 18281: 18279: 18275: 18274: 18272: 18271: 18263: 18255: 18247: 18239: 18231: 18223: 18215: 18207: 18199: 18191: 18183: 18175: 18164: 18162: 18158: 18157: 18155: 18154: 18146: 18137: 18135: 18131: 18130: 18120: 18119: 18117: 18116: 18109: 18102: 18095: 18088: 18081: 18074: 18067: 18060: 18053: 18046: 18038: 18035: 18034: 18027: 18026: 18019: 18012: 18004: 17995: 17994: 17991: 17990: 17988: 17987: 17982: 17980:Longwood House 17977: 17976: 17975: 17965: 17960: 17955: 17950: 17945: 17940: 17935: 17930: 17924: 17922: 17918: 17917: 17915: 17914: 17909: 17904: 17899: 17894: 17889: 17884: 17879: 17874: 17869: 17864: 17859: 17854: 17849: 17844: 17839: 17834: 17829: 17824: 17819: 17814: 17808: 17806: 17802: 17801: 17799: 17798: 17793: 17788: 17783: 17778: 17773: 17768: 17763: 17758: 17757: 17756: 17746: 17741: 17736: 17731: 17725: 17723: 17717: 17716: 17714: 17713: 17708: 17703: 17698: 17693: 17688: 17686:Count of Feira 17683: 17678: 17673: 17668: 17663: 17658: 17653: 17648: 17643: 17638: 17633: 17628: 17623: 17618: 17613: 17608: 17603: 17598: 17593: 17588: 17583: 17581:Horatio Nelson 17578: 17573: 17568: 17562: 17560: 17552: 17551: 17549: 17548: 17543: 17538: 17533: 17528: 17523: 17518: 17513: 17508: 17503: 17498: 17493: 17491:Marshal Victor 17488: 17483: 17478: 17473: 17468: 17463: 17458: 17453: 17448: 17442: 17440: 17429: 17425: 17424: 17421: 17420: 17418: 17417: 17412: 17407: 17402: 17397: 17392: 17387: 17382: 17377: 17372: 17367: 17362: 17357: 17352: 17347: 17342: 17337: 17332: 17327: 17322: 17317: 17311: 17309: 17305: 17304: 17302: 17301: 17296: 17291: 17286: 17281: 17276: 17271: 17269:Arcis-sur-Aube 17266: 17261: 17256: 17251: 17246: 17241: 17236: 17231: 17226: 17221: 17216: 17211: 17206: 17201: 17196: 17190: 17188: 17184: 17183: 17181: 17180: 17175: 17170: 17165: 17160: 17155: 17150: 17145: 17140: 17135: 17130: 17125: 17120: 17115: 17110: 17105: 17100: 17095: 17090: 17085: 17080: 17075: 17070: 17065: 17060: 17054: 17052: 17048: 17047: 17045: 17044: 17039: 17034: 17029: 17024: 17019: 17014: 17012:Venta del Pozo 17009: 17004: 16999: 16994: 16989: 16984: 16979: 16974: 16969: 16964: 16959: 16954: 16949: 16944: 16939: 16934: 16929: 16924: 16919: 16914: 16909: 16904: 16899: 16894: 16889: 16887:Ciudad Rodrigo 16883: 16881: 16877: 16876: 16874: 16873: 16868: 16863: 16858: 16853: 16848: 16843: 16838: 16833: 16828: 16823: 16818: 16813: 16808: 16803: 16797: 16795: 16791: 16790: 16788: 16787: 16782: 16777: 16772: 16767: 16765:Ciudad Rodrigo 16762: 16757: 16751: 16749: 16745: 16744: 16742: 16741: 16739:Alba de Tormes 16736: 16731: 16726: 16721: 16716: 16711: 16706: 16701: 16696: 16691: 16686: 16681: 16676: 16671: 16666: 16661: 16656: 16651: 16646: 16641: 16639:Aspern-Essling 16636: 16631: 16626: 16621: 16616: 16611: 16606: 16601: 16596: 16591: 16586: 16581: 16576: 16571: 16566: 16561: 16556: 16551: 16546: 16541: 16536: 16531: 16526: 16521: 16516: 16511: 16506: 16500: 16498: 16494: 16493: 16491: 16490: 16485: 16480: 16475: 16470: 16465: 16460: 16455: 16450: 16445: 16440: 16435: 16430: 16425: 16420: 16415: 16410: 16405: 16400: 16394: 16392: 16388: 16387: 16385: 16384: 16379: 16374: 16369: 16364: 16359: 16354: 16349: 16344: 16339: 16334: 16329: 16324: 16318: 16316: 16312: 16311: 16309: 16308: 16303: 16298: 16293: 16288: 16283: 16278: 16273: 16268: 16263: 16258: 16253: 16248: 16243: 16241:Jena–Auerstedt 16238: 16233: 16228: 16223: 16218: 16212: 16210: 16206: 16205: 16203: 16202: 16197: 16192: 16187: 16182: 16177: 16172: 16167: 16162: 16157: 16152: 16147: 16142: 16137: 16132: 16126: 16124: 16120: 16119: 16117: 16116: 16111: 16106: 16101: 16096: 16091: 16086: 16080: 16078: 16069: 16063: 16062: 16059: 16058: 16056: 16055: 16050: 16045: 16040: 16035: 16030: 16025: 16020: 16015: 16013:Ottoman Empire 16010: 16005: 16000: 15995: 15990: 15985: 15980: 15975: 15973:United Kingdom 15969: 15967: 15959: 15958: 15956: 15955: 15950: 15945: 15943:Ottoman Empire 15940: 15938:Denmark–Norway 15935: 15934: 15933: 15928: 15923: 15918: 15908: 15903: 15898: 15893: 15888: 15883: 15881:Polish Legions 15878: 15872: 15870: 15857: 15851: 15850: 15848: 15847: 15840: 15833: 15826: 15819: 15816:Peninsular War 15812: 15805: 15797: 15794: 15793: 15786: 15785: 15778: 15771: 15763: 15757: 15754: 15753: 15741: 15740: 15736: 15735: 15729: 15724: 15709: 15703: 15702: 15696: 15695: 15676: 15673: 15664: 15654: 15650: 15649: 15644: 15639:Island of Elba 15634: 15628: 15627: 15621:Präsidialmacht 15609: 15603: 15594: 15591: 15584: 15583: 15580: 15577: 15568: 15562: 15556: 15555: 15547: 15542: 15533: 15517: 15511: 15510: 15498: 15495: 15486: 15470: 15467: 15461: 15460: 15459:Regnal titles 15456: 15455: 15448: 15439: 15434: 15427: 15426: 15418: 15407: 15402: 15395: 15390: 15383: 15382: 15374: 15372:(Third Consul) 15353: 15348: 15341: 15340: 15332: 15313: 15308: 15301: 15300: 15296: 15295: 15286:15 August 1769 15275: 15272: 15267: 15264: 15263: 15251: 15250: 15231: 15228: 15227: 15225: 15224: 15219: 15214: 15213: 15212: 15207: 15195: 15190: 15185: 15180: 15175: 15174: 15173: 15163: 15158: 15156:Bank of France 15152: 15150: 15144: 15143: 15141: 15140: 15135: 15130: 15129: 15128: 15116: 15109: 15107:Longwood House 15104: 15099: 15094: 15089: 15084: 15078: 15076: 15072: 15071: 15069: 15068: 15056: 15055: 15054: 15049: 15041: 15040: 15039: 15029: 15028: 15027: 15022: 15012: 15011: 15010: 15005: 14994: 14992: 14988: 14987: 14985: 14984: 14979: 14974: 14967: 14962: 14957: 14952: 14945: 14940: 14933: 14928: 14921: 14916: 14909: 14904: 14897: 14892: 14890:Siege of Jaffa 14887: 14882: 14875: 14870: 14865: 14863:Battle of Lodi 14860: 14857:13 Vendémiaire 14853: 14846: 14841: 14833: 14831: 14825: 14824: 14822: 14821: 14820: 14819: 14802: 14801: 14800: 14786:2nd abdication 14783: 14781:Route Napoléon 14778: 14777: 14776: 14769:1st abdication 14766: 14761: 14756: 14754:Looting of art 14751: 14744: 14739: 14734: 14729: 14724: 14717: 14716: 14715: 14710: 14705: 14700: 14694:Constitutions 14692: 14687: 14682: 14677: 14664: 14662: 14656: 14655: 14648: 14646: 14644: 14643: 14638: 14633: 14625: 14620: 14615: 14610: 14602: 14594: 14586: 14581: 14576: 14568: 14563: 14554: 14552: 14546: 14545: 14542: 14541: 14536: 14535: 14534: 14527:Napoleonic era 14523: 14522: 14519: 14518: 14511: 14510: 14503: 14496: 14488: 14482: 14481: 14472: 14467: 14458: 14453: 14448: 14441: 14440:External links 14438: 14437: 14436: 14410: 14391: 14376: 14362: 14332:(339): 40–57. 14317: 14311: 14298: 14292: 14277: 14274: 14272: 14271: 14265: 14248: 14242: 14227: 14209: 14194: 14188: 14170: 14152: 14137: 14110: 14104: 14089: 14083: 14070: 14052: 14037: 14025:10.1086/240080 14019:(3): 233–252. 14006: 14000: 13987: 13981: 13966: 13960: 13947: 13941: 13924: 13918: 13905: 13899: 13886: 13880: 13874:. Bloomsbury. 13863: 13857: 13842: 13836: 13819: 13813: 13800: 13794: 13774: 13768: 13744: 13730: 13712: 13706: 13689: 13683: 13667: 13665: 13662: 13660: 13659: 13653: 13638: 13629: 13619:(3): 110–122. 13608: 13581: 13579: 13576: 13574: 13573: 13567: 13550: 13544: 13529: 13511: 13496: 13490: 13477: 13465: 13437: 13419: 13401: 13386: 13380: 13367: 13361: 13348: 13342: 13325: 13319: 13301: 13283: 13265: 13259: 13253:. Leo Cooper. 13246: 13240: 13227: 13209: 13187: 13181: 13166: 13148: 13130:Bell, David A. 13126: 13120: 13106: 13104: 13101: 13096:Main article: 13093: 13090: 13088: 13087: 13076: 13057: 13037: 13026: 13015: 13004: 12969: 12950: 12930: 12918: 12906: 12888:(9): 127–139. 12865: 12853: 12851:, p. 105. 12841: 12829: 12827:, p. 203. 12817: 12805: 12790: 12767: 12751: 12721: 12714: 12682: 12675: 12655: 12636: 12616: 12609: 12586: 12547:(2): 114–134. 12527: 12515: 12497: 12485: 12442: 12430: 12407:(4): 463–483. 12401:French History 12381: 12379:, p. 107. 12369: 12367:, p. 106. 12357: 12355:, p. 262. 12345: 12322:(4): 426–445. 12316:French History 12302: 12281: 12256: 12244: 12232: 12220: 12205: 12172: 12160: 12148: 12136: 12124: 12112: 12110:, p. 665. 12097: 12093:Barnett (1997) 12085: 12083:, p. 666. 12073: 12039: 12026: 12024:, p. 574. 12014: 12002: 11990: 11979: 11967: 11944: 11932: 11928:Roberts (2014) 11920: 11908: 11884: 11872: 11860: 11848: 11815:10.1086/348507 11809:(4): 369–382. 11789: 11778: 11758: 11746: 11734: 11722: 11710: 11706:Roberts (2001) 11698: 11696:, p. 272. 11694:Roberts (2004) 11686: 11667: 11648: 11621: 11609: 11597: 11585: 11570: 11558: 11556:, p. 234. 11546: 11531: 11512: 11505: 11487: 11475: 11463: 11451: 11439: 11427: 11415: 11403: 11391: 11379: 11377:, p. 118. 11367: 11351: 11344: 11317: 11287: 11257: 11225: 11221:Roberts (2004) 11213: 11200: 11198:, p. 129. 11188: 11176: 11167: 11154:10.2307/286104 11132: 11130:, p. 285. 11120: 11101: 11090: 11058: 11046: 11034: 11022: 11010: 10998: 10986: 10974: 10972:, p. 582. 10962: 10950: 10938: 10923: 10921:, p. 573. 10911: 10909:, p. 286. 10899: 10887: 10875: 10863: 10861:, p. 198. 10851: 10839: 10837:, p. 287. 10827: 10815: 10803: 10788: 10776: 10764: 10753: 10729: 10722: 10702: 10698:Englund (2010) 10690: 10678: 10666: 10654: 10639: 10627: 10623:Barnett (1997) 10615: 10603: 10591: 10579: 10564: 10549: 10537: 10511: 10492: 10472: 10465: 10441: 10428: 10413: 10396: 10373: 10371:, p. 197. 10361: 10359:, p. 248. 10346: 10324: 10312: 10310:, p. 235. 10297: 10285: 10267: 10265:, p. 236. 10255: 10243: 10241:, p. 235. 10231: 10219: 10207: 10195: 10183: 10175: 10157: 10093: 10081: 10066: 10064:(2014) 799–801 10053: 10038: 10036:, p. 115. 10026: 10014: 10012:, p. 105. 10002: 9990: 9978: 9966: 9954: 9942: 9930: 9915: 9903: 9888:Hicks, Peter. 9880: 9868: 9856: 9830: 9804: 9792: 9780: 9769: 9749: 9737: 9725: 9723:, p. 254. 9713: 9701: 9699:, pp. 635 9689: 9677: 9665: 9653: 9641: 9629: 9617: 9605: 9593: 9581: 9551: 9539: 9527: 9515: 9503: 9491: 9476: 9464: 9452: 9440: 9428: 9416: 9404: 9378: 9376:, p. 259. 9366: 9354: 9335: 9315: 9262: 9250: 9238: 9234:Esdaile (2007) 9226: 9214: 9202: 9190: 9178: 9166: 9154: 9150:Esdaile (2007) 9142: 9130: 9118: 9106: 9094: 9092:, p. 425. 9082: 9070: 9058: 9046: 9027: 9007: 9005:, p. 385. 8995: 8983: 8971: 8959: 8957:, p. 773. 8947: 8945:, p. 370. 8935: 8931:Esdaile (2007) 8923: 8921:, p. 508. 8911: 8899: 8897:, p. 501. 8887: 8875: 8863: 8851: 8839: 8827: 8815: 8803: 8791: 8789:, p. 316. 8779: 8777:, p. 144. 8767: 8765:, p. 732. 8755: 8743: 8741:, p. 314. 8731: 8729:, p. 729. 8719: 8707: 8705:, p. 708. 8695: 8683: 8671: 8659: 8647: 8645:, p. 306. 8635: 8616: 8596: 8584: 8572: 8570:, p. 128. 8560: 8545: 8533: 8506: 8504:, p. 205. 8494: 8492:, p. 118. 8482: 8480:, p. 286. 8470: 8463: 8437: 8435:, p. 218. 8422: 8420:, p. 296. 8410: 8398: 8386: 8384:, p. 267. 8374: 8372:, p. 199. 8362: 8350: 8348:, p. 264. 8338: 8326: 8314: 8312:, p. 197. 8302: 8291: 8268: 8256: 8244: 8232: 8228:Roberts (2014) 8217: 8205: 8203:, p. 244. 8193: 8191:, p. 243. 8181: 8169: 8157: 8145: 8133: 8121: 8109: 8097: 8086: 8066: 8054: 8042: 8023: 8003: 8001:, p. 344. 7991: 7979: 7977:, p. 209. 7967: 7952: 7940: 7928: 7909: 7886: 7884:, p. 407. 7874: 7862: 7849: 7836: 7823: 7811: 7799: 7786: 7774: 7762: 7760:, p. 138. 7747: 7735: 7733:, p. 190. 7723: 7704: 7684: 7672: 7660: 7648: 7636: 7624: 7612: 7600: 7588: 7576: 7564: 7552: 7540: 7528: 7516: 7504: 7492: 7480: 7478:, Introduction 7476:Roberts (2014) 7468: 7456: 7454:, p. 303. 7452:Roberts (2014) 7444: 7431: 7419: 7412: 7394: 7382: 7370: 7358: 7346: 7334: 7322: 7310: 7298: 7286: 7271: 7259: 7247: 7232: 7217: 7205: 7193: 7181: 7169: 7167:, p. 256. 7157: 7145: 7133: 7121: 7109: 7097: 7082: 7070: 7058: 7051: 7028: 7016: 7004: 6992: 6980: 6963: 6951: 6939: 6927: 6925:, p. 280. 6912: 6895: 6893:, p. 198. 6883: 6871: 6859: 6857:, p. 188. 6847: 6835: 6823: 6811: 6807:Englund (2010) 6799: 6787: 6775: 6758: 6746: 6734: 6722: 6710: 6698: 6686: 6684:, p. 135. 6674: 6662: 6650: 6638: 6626: 6614: 6602: 6590: 6578: 6566: 6554: 6542: 6538:Englund (2010) 6530: 6516:978-0674252011 6515: 6479: 6467: 6463:Roberts (2014) 6455: 6451:Roberts (2014) 6443: 6431: 6416: 6404: 6392: 6380: 6365: 6353: 6341: 6329: 6317: 6305: 6301:Roberts (2014) 6293: 6281: 6269: 6257: 6245: 6233: 6221: 6209: 6197: 6185: 6173: 6161: 6149: 6137: 6125: 6118: 6092: 6080: 6076:Roberts (2014) 6068: 6056: 6052:Roberts (2014) 6044: 6037:Roberts (2001) 6024: 6012: 6000: 5988: 5976: 5964: 5952: 5940: 5928: 5916: 5904: 5900:Roberts (2014) 5892: 5859:10.2307/286104 5830: 5818: 5799: 5779: 5767: 5752: 5742:978-1317874690 5741: 5719: 5707: 5705:, p. 142. 5703:Roberts (2014) 5695: 5673: 5661: 5646: 5634: 5622: 5610: 5598: 5571: 5554: 5542: 5527: 5515: 5513:, p. 336. 5503: 5484: 5461: 5446: 5427: 5407: 5395: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5374: 5365: 5338: 5325: 5304: 5274: 5179: 5176:King of France 5163: 5161: 5158: 5155: 5154: 5151: 5148: 5143:Prince of Elba 5139: 5136: 5132: 5131: 5120:Francis II (I) 5118: 5115: 5112:Prince-primate 5095: 5082: 5078: 5077: 5068: 5063: 5043: 5040: 5036: 5035: 5032:King of France 5026: 5023: 5017:as Napoleon I 5010: 5007:King of France 4996: 4992: 4991: 4986: 4983: 4974: 4969: 4965: 4964: 4961: 4958: 4941: 4936: 4932: 4931: 4928: 4925: 4904: 4899: 4895: 4894: 4887: 4884: 4880:Maria Walewska 4821: 4818: 4756:Kleinstaaterei 4738:and ended the 4698:Main article: 4695: 4692: 4691: 4690: 4686:Maurice Orange 4684:, painting by 4680:, part of the 4675: 4668: 4666: 4662:Paul Delaroche 4650: 4643: 4641: 4625: 4618: 4547: 4544: 4484:Francisco Goya 4470: 4467: 4462:Main article: 4459: 4456: 4441:grandes écoles 4437:grandes écoles 4430:the Revolution 4415: 4412: 4346: 4343: 4300:Main article: 4297: 4294: 4268: 4267:Administration 4265: 4224: 4221: 4131: 4128: 4039: 4036: 4007: 4004: 3987: 3984: 3971:agreed to the 3947: 3944: 3914:Quum memoranda 3909:excommunicated 3904:civil marriage 3884: 3881: 3857: 3854: 3842:Louis Visconti 3840:, designed by 3806:stomach cancer 3745: 3742: 3713: 3712: 3709: 3706: 3705: 3700: 3694: 3693: 3689: 3688: 3685: 3681: 3680: 3677: 3671: 3670: 3667: 3661: 3660: 3656: 3655: 3649: 3643: 3642: 3639: 3633: 3632: 3627: 3619: 3618: 3614: 3613: 3603: 3600: 3599: 3596: 3593: 3592: 3587: 3581: 3580: 3576: 3575: 3572: 3568: 3567: 3564: 3558: 3557: 3554: 3548: 3547: 3543: 3542: 3536: 3530: 3529: 3526: 3520: 3519: 3514: 3506: 3505: 3501: 3500: 3490: 3456:Longwood House 3444:Northumberland 3430:Longwood House 3405: 3402: 3314:Route Napoléon 3283:Main article: 3280: 3277: 3216:Main article: 3213: 3210: 3142:Paul Delaroche 3100:, painting by 3082:Main article: 3079: 3076: 3056:attempted coup 3025:Adolph Northen 3023:, painting by 2965:fire of Moscow 2940:Main article: 2937: 2934: 2907: 2901: 2889: 2886: 2803:Main article: 2800: 2797: 2699:Peninsular War 2697:Main article: 2694: 2691: 2670:Ionian Islands 2559:Battle of Jena 2555:Imperial Guard 2543:Main article: 2540: 2537: 2529:Persian Empire 2517:Ottoman Empire 2483: 2480: 2476:Vincent Cronin 2304:Main article: 2301: 2298: 2211: 2208: 2176:Main article: 2173: 2170: 2092:Saint-Domingue 2083:new plebiscite 2043: 2040: 2014:General Moreau 1918: 1915: 1882:Main article: 1879: 1874: 1854:Napoleonic era 1852:Main article: 1849: 1846: 1815:bubonic plague 1646:Main article: 1643: 1640: 1477:Main article: 1474: 1471: 1398:Constantinople 1337:13 Vendémiaire 1326:13 Vendémiaire 1324:Main article: 1321: 1320:13 Vendémiaire 1318: 1245:Main article: 1242: 1239: 1179: 1176: 1174: 1171: 1095:Pasquale Paoli 1008:Pasquale Paoli 980: 977: 901:invaded France 877:Peninsular War 800:, and in 1803 766:13 Vendémiaire 701: 694: 687: 682: 677: 670: 665: 660: 653: 648: 643: 636: 631: 626: 619: 614: 609: 602: 597: 592: 585: 580: 575: 568: 563: 558: 551: 546: 541: 534: 529: 524: 517: 512: 507: 500: 495: 490: 483: 478: 473: 466: 461: 456: 449: 444: 439: 432: 427: 422: 415: 410: 405: 398: 393: 388: 381: 374: 367: 360: 359: 354: 353: 352: 349: 348: 341: 337: 336: 331: 327: 326: 321: 317: 316: 311: 305: 304: 299: 285: 284: 264: 260: 255: 254: 253: 252: 227: 223: 218: 217: 216: 215: 212: 210: 206: 205: 195: 191: 187: 186: 181:(aged 51) 175: 171: 170: 164:15 August 1769 155: 151: 150: 147: 146: 143: 142: 139: 138: 135: 134: 124: 123: 117: 116: 113: 112: 109: 105: 104: 99: 93: 92: 87: 83: 82: 78:18 May 1804 – 76: 72: 71: 65: 64: 56: 48: 47: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 24157: 24146: 24143: 24141: 24138: 24136: 24133: 24131: 24128: 24126: 24123: 24121: 24118: 24116: 24113: 24111: 24108: 24106: 24103: 24101: 24098: 24096: 24093: 24091: 24088: 24086: 24083: 24081: 24078: 24076: 24073: 24071: 24068: 24066: 24063: 24061: 24058: 24056: 24053: 24051: 24048: 24046: 24043: 24041: 24038: 24036: 24033: 24031: 24028: 24026: 24023: 24021: 24018: 24016: 24013: 24011: 24008: 24006: 24003: 24001: 23998: 23996: 23993: 23991: 23990:French exiles 23988: 23986: 23985:French deists 23983: 23981: 23978: 23976: 23973: 23971: 23968: 23966: 23963: 23961: 23958: 23956: 23953: 23951: 23948: 23946: 23943: 23941: 23938: 23936: 23933: 23931: 23928: 23926: 23923: 23921: 23918: 23916: 23913: 23911: 23908: 23906: 23903: 23901: 23898: 23896: 23893: 23891: 23888: 23887: 23885: 23864: 23860: 23858: 23854: 23853: 23850: 23842: 23838: 23834: 23830: 23826: 23822: 23818: 23814: 23810: 23804: 23801: 23799: 23796: 23794: 23791: 23790: 23788: 23784: 23778: 23775: 23773: 23770: 23768: 23765: 23764: 23762: 23758: 23754: 23753:Joseph Fouché 23750: 23746: 23742: 23738: 23734: 23728: 23725: 23723: 23722:Lazare Carnot 23720: 23718: 23715: 23714: 23712: 23708: 23702: 23699: 23697: 23694: 23692: 23689: 23688: 23686: 23682: 23676: 23673: 23671: 23668: 23667: 23665: 23661: 23658: 23654: 23648: 23645: 23643: 23640: 23638: 23635: 23634: 23632: 23628: 23619: 23609: 23606: 23604: 23601: 23599: 23596: 23595: 23593: 23589: 23584: 23577: 23572: 23570: 23565: 23563: 23558: 23557: 23554: 23542: 23539: 23537: 23536:Frederick III 23534: 23532: 23529: 23528: 23526: 23523: 23522:German Empire 23519: 23513: 23510: 23509: 23507: 23504: 23500: 23494: 23491: 23490: 23488: 23485: 23481: 23472: 23469: 23468: 23466: 23463: 23462:German Empire 23459: 23453: 23450: 23448: 23445: 23444: 23442: 23439: 23435: 23429: 23426: 23425: 23423: 23420: 23416: 23410: 23407: 23405: 23402: 23400: 23397: 23395: 23392: 23390: 23387: 23385: 23382: 23380: 23377: 23375: 23372: 23370: 23367: 23365: 23364:Ferdinand III 23362: 23360: 23357: 23355: 23352: 23350: 23347: 23345: 23344:Maximilian II 23342: 23340: 23337: 23335: 23332: 23330: 23327: 23325: 23324:Frederick III 23322: 23320: 23317: 23315: 23312: 23310: 23309: 23305: 23303: 23300: 23298: 23295: 23293: 23292: 23288: 23286: 23283: 23281: 23278: 23276: 23273: 23271: 23268: 23266: 23263: 23261: 23258: 23256: 23253: 23251: 23250: 23246: 23244: 23241: 23239: 23236: 23234: 23233: 23229: 23227: 23224: 23222: 23219: 23217: 23214: 23212: 23209: 23207: 23204: 23202: 23199: 23197: 23194: 23192: 23189: 23187: 23184: 23182: 23179: 23177: 23174: 23172: 23169: 23167: 23166: 23162: 23160: 23159: 23155: 23153: 23150: 23148: 23145: 23143: 23140: 23138: 23135: 23133: 23130: 23128: 23125: 23123: 23120: 23119: 23117: 23114: 23109: 23105: 23099: 23096: 23094: 23093: 23089: 23087: 23084: 23082: 23079: 23078: 23076: 23073: 23068: 23064: 23058: 23055: 23053: 23050: 23048: 23045: 23043: 23040: 23038: 23035: 23033: 23030: 23029: 23027: 23024: 23019: 23015: 23011: 23004: 22999: 22997: 22992: 22990: 22985: 22984: 22981: 22970: 22964: 22958: 22955: 22954: 22952: 22949: 22945: 22939: 22938: 22934: 22932: 22929: 22928: 22926: 22923: 22919: 22913: 22912: 22908: 22906: 22905: 22901: 22899: 22896: 22894: 22891: 22890: 22888: 22885: 22881: 22875: 22874: 22870: 22868: 22865: 22864: 22862: 22859: 22855: 22849: 22848: 22844: 22842: 22839: 22837: 22834: 22832: 22829: 22827: 22824: 22822: 22819: 22818: 22816: 22813: 22809: 22803: 22802: 22798: 22797: 22795: 22793: 22790: 22789: 22784: 22778: 22775: 22773: 22770: 22768: 22765: 22763: 22760: 22758: 22755: 22753: 22750: 22748: 22745: 22743: 22740: 22738: 22735: 22733: 22730: 22728: 22725: 22723: 22720: 22718: 22715: 22714: 22712: 22709: 22705: 22699: 22696: 22694: 22691: 22689: 22686: 22684: 22681: 22679: 22676: 22674: 22671: 22669: 22666: 22664: 22661: 22659: 22656: 22654: 22651: 22649: 22646: 22644: 22641: 22639: 22636: 22634: 22631: 22629: 22626: 22625: 22623: 22620: 22616: 22610: 22607: 22605: 22602: 22600: 22597: 22595: 22592: 22590: 22587: 22585: 22582: 22580: 22577: 22575: 22572: 22570: 22567: 22565: 22562: 22560: 22557: 22555: 22552: 22550: 22547: 22544: 22541: 22539: 22536: 22534: 22531: 22530: 22528: 22525: 22521: 22516: 22512: 22506: 22505:Childeric III 22503: 22501: 22498: 22496: 22493: 22491: 22488: 22486: 22483: 22481: 22478: 22476: 22473: 22471: 22470:Theuderic III 22468: 22466: 22463: 22461: 22458: 22456: 22453: 22451: 22448: 22446: 22443: 22441: 22438: 22436: 22435:Childebert II 22433: 22431: 22428: 22426: 22423: 22421: 22418: 22416: 22413: 22411: 22408: 22406: 22403: 22401: 22398: 22397: 22395: 22392: 22388: 22381: 22378: 22376: 22373: 22371: 22368: 22366: 22363: 22362: 22358: 22349: 22344: 22342: 22337: 22335: 22330: 22329: 22326: 22314: 22307: 22300: 22296: 22292: 22288: 22286: 22282: 22280: 22276: 22272: 22268: 22266: 22262: 22258: 22253: 22249: 22247: 22243: 22241: 22237: 22235: 22231: 22229: 22225: 22224: 22222: 22219: 22215: 22208: 22204: 22202: 22198: 22196: 22192: 22190: 22186: 22184: 22180: 22178: 22174: 22172: 22168: 22166: 22162: 22161: 22159: 22156: 22152: 22145: 22141: 22139: 22135: 22133: 22129: 22127: 22123: 22121: 22120:Philippe VIII 22117: 22114: 22110: 22108: 22104: 22102: 22098: 22096: 22092: 22091: 22089: 22086: 22082: 22078: 22070: 22061: 22050: 22046: 22044: 22040: 22038: 22034: 22033: 22031: 22028: 22024: 22020: 22016: 22009: 22004: 22002: 21997: 21995: 21990: 21989: 21986: 21974: 21971: 21969: 21966: 21964: 21961: 21959: 21956: 21955: 21952: 21941: 21938: 21937: 21935: 21931: 21924: 21921: 21920: 21918: 21914: 21911: 21907: 21902: 21898: 21887: 21884: 21883: 21881: 21877: 21870: 21867: 21864: 21861: 21858: 21855: 21854: 21852: 21848: 21845: 21841: 21836: 21832: 21821: 21818: 21815: 21812: 21811: 21809: 21807: 21803: 21796: 21793: 21792: 21790: 21786: 21783: 21779: 21774: 21770: 21765: 21758: 21753: 21751: 21746: 21744: 21739: 21738: 21735: 21723: 21720: 21719: 21717: 21713: 21707: 21704: 21703: 21701: 21697: 21691: 21688: 21686: 21683: 21681: 21678: 21676: 21673: 21671: 21668: 21666: 21663: 21661: 21658: 21657: 21655: 21651: 21645: 21642: 21640: 21637: 21635: 21632: 21630: 21627: 21625: 21622: 21620: 21617: 21615: 21612: 21610: 21607: 21605: 21602: 21600: 21597: 21595: 21592: 21590: 21587: 21585: 21582: 21580: 21577: 21575: 21572: 21571: 21569: 21565: 21559: 21556: 21554: 21551: 21549: 21548:Prince Jérôme 21546: 21544: 21541: 21539: 21536: 21534: 21531: 21529: 21526: 21524: 21521: 21519: 21516: 21514: 21511: 21509: 21506: 21504: 21501: 21499: 21496: 21494: 21491: 21489: 21486: 21485: 21483: 21479: 21474: 21464: 21461: 21459: 21456: 21454: 21451: 21449: 21446: 21444: 21441: 21439: 21436: 21434: 21431: 21429: 21426: 21425: 21423: 21419: 21415: 21408: 21403: 21401: 21396: 21394: 21389: 21388: 21385: 21375: 21374:vassal states 21369: 21363: 21360: 21358: 21355: 21353: 21350: 21348: 21345: 21343: 21340: 21338: 21337:Joachim Murat 21335: 21333: 21330: 21328: 21325: 21324: 21322: 21320: 21316: 21311: 21301: 21298: 21296: 21293: 21291: 21288: 21286: 21283: 21282: 21280: 21276: 21272: 21268: 21261: 21256: 21254: 21249: 21247: 21242: 21241: 21238: 21222: 21219: 21217: 21214: 21212: 21209: 21207: 21204: 21202: 21199: 21197: 21194: 21192: 21189: 21186: 21185: 21184:Sans-culottes 21180: 21176: 21173: 21172: 21171: 21168: 21166: 21163: 21161: 21158: 21156: 21155:Metric system 21153: 21151: 21148: 21145: 21144: 21139: 21137: 21134: 21132: 21129: 21127: 21124: 21121: 21120: 21115: 21113: 21110: 21108: 21105: 21102: 21101: 21096: 21095: 21092: 21085: 21081: 21071: 21068: 21066: 21063: 21061: 21058: 21056: 21053: 21051: 21048: 21046: 21043: 21041: 21038: 21036: 21033: 21031: 21028: 21026: 21023: 21021: 21018: 21016: 21013: 21011: 21008: 21006: 21003: 21001: 20998: 20996: 20995: 20991: 20990: 20987: 20980: 20976: 20962: 20959: 20955: 20954:Panthéon Club 20952: 20950: 20947: 20946: 20945: 20942: 20941: 20939: 20935: 20929: 20926: 20924: 20921: 20919: 20916: 20914: 20911: 20909: 20906: 20904: 20901: 20899: 20896: 20894: 20891: 20889: 20886: 20884: 20881: 20879: 20876: 20874: 20871: 20869: 20866: 20864: 20861: 20859: 20856: 20854: 20851: 20849: 20846: 20844: 20843:Joachim Murat 20841: 20839: 20836: 20834: 20831: 20829: 20826: 20824: 20821: 20819: 20816: 20814: 20811: 20809: 20806: 20804: 20801: 20799: 20796: 20794: 20791: 20789: 20786: 20784: 20781: 20779: 20776: 20775: 20773: 20769: 20766: 20762: 20756: 20753: 20751: 20748: 20746: 20743: 20741: 20738: 20736: 20733: 20731: 20728: 20726: 20723: 20721: 20718: 20716: 20713: 20711: 20708: 20706: 20703: 20701: 20698: 20696: 20693: 20691: 20688: 20686: 20683: 20681: 20678: 20676: 20673: 20671: 20668: 20666: 20663: 20662: 20660: 20658: 20657: 20651: 20647: 20641: 20638: 20636: 20633: 20631: 20628: 20626: 20623: 20621: 20620:Gilbert Romme 20618: 20616: 20613: 20611: 20608: 20606: 20603: 20601: 20598: 20596: 20593: 20591: 20588: 20586: 20583: 20581: 20578: 20576: 20573: 20571: 20568: 20566: 20563: 20561: 20558: 20556: 20553: 20551: 20548: 20546: 20543: 20541: 20538: 20536: 20533: 20531: 20528: 20526: 20523: 20521: 20518: 20516: 20513: 20512: 20510: 20508: 20504: 20498: 20495: 20493: 20490: 20488: 20485: 20483: 20480: 20478: 20475: 20473: 20470: 20468: 20465: 20463: 20460: 20458: 20455: 20453: 20450: 20448: 20445: 20443: 20442:de Cambacérès 20440: 20438: 20435: 20434: 20432: 20430: 20426: 20420: 20417: 20415: 20412: 20410: 20407: 20405: 20402: 20400: 20397: 20395: 20392: 20390: 20387: 20385: 20382: 20380: 20377: 20375: 20372: 20370: 20367: 20365: 20361: 20359: 20358:Madame Roland 20356: 20354: 20351: 20349: 20346: 20345: 20343: 20341: 20337: 20331: 20328: 20326: 20323: 20321: 20318: 20316: 20313: 20311: 20308: 20306: 20303: 20301: 20298: 20296: 20295:André Chénier 20293: 20291: 20288: 20286: 20283: 20281: 20278: 20276: 20273: 20271: 20268: 20266: 20263: 20261: 20258: 20256: 20253: 20251: 20250:Grace Elliott 20248: 20247: 20245: 20242: 20241: 20235: 20230: 20224: 20221: 20219: 20216: 20214: 20211: 20209: 20206: 20204: 20201: 20199: 20196: 20194: 20191: 20189: 20186: 20185: 20183: 20181: 20177: 20170: 20166: 20152: 20149: 20147: 20144: 20143: 20141: 20139: 20134: 20128: 20122: 20119: 20117: 20114: 20112: 20109: 20108: 20106: 20104: 20099: 20093: 20087: 20084: 20082: 20079: 20078: 20076: 20074: 20069: 20063: 20057: 20054: 20053: 20051: 20049: 20044: 20038: 20032: 20029: 20027: 20024: 20022: 20019: 20017: 20014: 20011: 20010: 20008: 20006: 20001: 19995: 19989: 19986: 19984: 19981: 19979: 19973: 19971: 19968: 19966: 19963: 19961: 19958: 19956: 19950: 19948: 19945: 19943: 19937: 19935: 19929: 19927: 19921: 19919: 19916: 19914: 19908: 19906: 19903: 19901: 19895: 19893: 19890: 19888: 19885: 19884: 19882: 19880: 19875: 19869: 19866: 19864: 19860: 19850: 19847: 19846: 19844: 19842: 19838: 19832: 19829: 19827: 19824: 19822: 19819: 19817: 19814: 19812: 19811:Joseph Souham 19809: 19807: 19804: 19802: 19799: 19797: 19794: 19792: 19789: 19787: 19784: 19782: 19779: 19777: 19774: 19770: 19765: 19762: 19760: 19757: 19755: 19754:Joachim Murat 19752: 19750: 19747: 19745: 19742: 19740: 19737: 19735: 19734:André Masséna 19732: 19730: 19727: 19725: 19722: 19720: 19717: 19715: 19712: 19710: 19707: 19705: 19702: 19700: 19697: 19695: 19692: 19690: 19687: 19685: 19682: 19680: 19677: 19675: 19672: 19670: 19667: 19665: 19662: 19660: 19657: 19655: 19652: 19650: 19647: 19645: 19642: 19640: 19637: 19635: 19632: 19630: 19627: 19625: 19622: 19620: 19617: 19615: 19612: 19610: 19607: 19605: 19602: 19600: 19597: 19595: 19592: 19590: 19587: 19585: 19582: 19580: 19577: 19575: 19572: 19570: 19567: 19565: 19562: 19560: 19557: 19555: 19552: 19551: 19549: 19547: 19543: 19540: 19538: 19533: 19527: 19520: 19516: 19505:(25 Jun 1802) 19503: 19500: 19497:(25 Mar 1802) 19495: 19492: 19491: 19489: 19485: 19476: 19473: 19470:(18 Mar 1801) 19468: 19465: 19460: 19457: 19456: 19454: 19452: 19448: 19439: 19436: 19431: 19428: 19425:(15 Jun 1800) 19423: 19420: 19417:(14 Jun 1800) 19415: 19412: 19411: 19409: 19407: 19403: 19394: 19391: 19388:(15 Aug 1799) 19386: 19383: 19378: 19375: 19370: 19367: 19362: 19359: 19354: 19351: 19348:(25 Mar 1799) 19346: 19343: 19338: 19335: 19330: 19329:Siege of Acre 19327: 19322: 19319: 19318: 19316: 19314: 19310: 19301: 19300:Peasants' War 19298: 19293: 19290: 19285: 19282: 19277: 19274: 19269: 19266: 19265: 19263: 19261: 19257: 19250:(17 Oct 1797) 19248: 19245: 19242:(18 Apr 1797) 19240: 19237: 19234:(17 Apr 1797) 19232: 19229: 19226:(25 Jan 1797) 19224: 19221: 19216: 19213: 19210:(13 Jan 1797) 19208: 19205: 19200: 19197: 19196: 19194: 19192: 19188: 19179: 19176: 19171: 19168: 19163: 19160: 19155: 19152: 19149:(26 Oct 1796) 19147: 19144: 19141:(19 Oct 1796) 19139: 19136: 19131: 19128: 19123: 19120: 19115: 19112: 19109:(24 Aug 1796) 19107: 19104: 19101:(11 Aug 1796) 19099: 19096: 19094: 19091: 19086: 19083: 19078: 19075: 19070: 19067: 19066: 19064: 19062: 19058: 19052: 19049: 19044: 19041: 19040: 19038: 19036: 19032: 19023: 19020: 19015: 19012: 19010: 19007: 19004:(26 Jun 1794) 19002: 18999: 18994: 18991: 18988:(22 May 1794) 18986: 18983: 18980:(18 May 1794) 18978: 18975: 18969: 18966: 18963:(24 Apr 1794) 18961: 18958: 18957: 18955: 18953: 18949: 18940: 18937: 18935: 18932: 18929:(13 Oct 1793) 18927: 18924: 18919: 18916: 18914: 18911: 18909: 18906: 18904: 18901: 18899: 18896: 18894: 18891: 18889: 18886: 18881: 18878: 18875:(23 May 1793) 18873: 18870: 18868: 18865: 18863: 18860: 18858: 18855: 18854: 18852: 18850: 18846: 18838: 18833: 18830: 18828: 18825: 18823: 18820: 18818: 18815: 18810: 18808: 18805: 18803: 18800: 18799: 18797: 18795: 18792: 18790: 18787: 18785: 18782: 18781: 18779: 18777: 18773: 18766: 18762: 18752: 18749: 18746:(24 Dec 1799) 18744: 18741: 18736: 18733: 18730:(18 Jun 1799) 18728: 18725: 18724: 18722: 18718: 18711:(11 May 1798) 18709: 18706: 18705: 18703: 18699: 18690: 18687: 18682: 18679: 18678: 18676: 18672: 18663: 18660: 18655: 18652: 18648: 18645: 18643: 18640: 18639: 18635: 18632: 18629:(22 Aug 1795) 18627: 18624: 18619: 18616: 18615: 18613: 18609: 18602:(11 Nov 1794) 18600: 18597: 18592: 18589: 18586:(28 Jul 1794) 18583: 18580: 18577:(27 Jul 1794) 18575: 18572: 18569:(10 Jun 1794) 18567: 18564: 18559: 18555: 18552: 18551: 18549: 18545: 18536: 18533: 18530:(16 Oct 1793) 18528: 18525: 18522:(17 Sep 1793) 18520: 18517: 18512: 18511: 18507: 18504:(23 Aug 1793) 18502: 18499: 18496:(13 Jul 1793) 18494: 18491: 18486: 18483: 18479: 18476: 18474: 18471: 18470: 18466: 18463: 18458: 18455: 18452:(21 Jan 1793) 18450: 18447: 18446: 18444: 18440: 18433:(22 Sep 1792) 18431: 18428: 18423: 18420: 18415: 18412: 18409:(10 Aug 1792) 18407: 18404: 18399: 18396: 18393:(25 Jul 1792) 18391: 18388: 18385:(20 Apr 1792) 18383: 18380: 18379: 18377: 18373: 18364: 18361: 18356: 18353: 18350:(27 Aug 1791) 18348: 18345: 18342:(17 Jul 1791) 18340: 18337: 18332: 18329: 18328: 18326: 18322: 18315:(14 Jul 1790) 18313: 18312: 18308: 18305:(12 Jul 1790) 18303: 18300: 18297:(23 Jun 1790) 18295: 18291: 18286: 18283: 18282: 18280: 18276: 18267: 18264: 18259: 18256: 18253:(26 Aug 1789) 18251: 18248: 18243: 18240: 18235: 18232: 18229:(14 Jul 1789) 18227: 18224: 18219: 18216: 18213:(20 Jun 1789) 18211: 18208: 18203: 18200: 18197:(4 June 1789) 18195: 18192: 18187: 18184: 18181:(28 Apr 1789) 18179: 18176: 18171: 18170: 18166: 18165: 18163: 18159: 18152:(21 Jul 1788) 18150: 18147: 18142: 18139: 18138: 18136: 18132: 18125: 18121: 18115: 18114: 18110: 18108: 18107: 18103: 18101: 18100: 18096: 18094: 18093: 18089: 18087: 18086: 18082: 18080: 18079: 18075: 18073: 18072: 18068: 18066: 18065: 18061: 18059: 18058: 18057:Ancien Régime 18054: 18052: 18051: 18047: 18045: 18044: 18040: 18039: 18036: 18032: 18025: 18020: 18018: 18013: 18011: 18006: 18005: 18002: 17986: 17983: 17981: 17978: 17974: 17971: 17970: 17969: 17966: 17964: 17961: 17959: 17956: 17954: 17951: 17949: 17946: 17944: 17941: 17939: 17936: 17934: 17931: 17929: 17926: 17925: 17923: 17921:Miscellaneous 17919: 17913: 17910: 17908: 17905: 17903: 17900: 17898: 17895: 17893: 17890: 17888: 17885: 17883: 17880: 17878: 17875: 17873: 17870: 17868: 17865: 17863: 17860: 17858: 17855: 17853: 17850: 17848: 17845: 17843: 17840: 17838: 17835: 17833: 17830: 17828: 17825: 17823: 17820: 17818: 17815: 17813: 17810: 17809: 17807: 17803: 17797: 17794: 17792: 17789: 17787: 17784: 17782: 17779: 17777: 17774: 17772: 17769: 17767: 17764: 17762: 17759: 17755: 17752: 17751: 17750: 17747: 17745: 17742: 17740: 17737: 17735: 17732: 17730: 17727: 17726: 17724: 17718: 17712: 17709: 17707: 17704: 17702: 17699: 17697: 17694: 17692: 17689: 17687: 17684: 17682: 17679: 17677: 17674: 17672: 17669: 17667: 17664: 17662: 17659: 17657: 17654: 17652: 17649: 17647: 17644: 17642: 17639: 17637: 17634: 17632: 17629: 17627: 17624: 17622: 17619: 17617: 17614: 17612: 17609: 17607: 17604: 17602: 17599: 17597: 17596:Manuel Lapeña 17594: 17592: 17589: 17587: 17584: 17582: 17579: 17577: 17574: 17572: 17569: 17567: 17564: 17563: 17561: 17553: 17547: 17544: 17542: 17539: 17537: 17534: 17532: 17529: 17527: 17526:Prince Eugène 17524: 17522: 17519: 17517: 17514: 17512: 17509: 17507: 17504: 17502: 17499: 17497: 17494: 17492: 17489: 17487: 17484: 17482: 17479: 17477: 17476:André Masséna 17474: 17472: 17469: 17467: 17464: 17462: 17459: 17457: 17456:Joachim Murat 17454: 17452: 17449: 17447: 17444: 17443: 17441: 17433: 17430: 17426: 17416: 17413: 17411: 17408: 17406: 17403: 17401: 17400:Rocheserviere 17398: 17396: 17393: 17391: 17388: 17386: 17383: 17381: 17378: 17376: 17373: 17371: 17368: 17366: 17363: 17361: 17358: 17356: 17353: 17351: 17348: 17346: 17343: 17341: 17338: 17336: 17333: 17331: 17328: 17326: 17323: 17321: 17318: 17316: 17313: 17312: 17310: 17306: 17300: 17297: 17295: 17292: 17290: 17287: 17285: 17282: 17280: 17277: 17275: 17272: 17270: 17267: 17265: 17262: 17260: 17257: 17255: 17252: 17250: 17247: 17245: 17242: 17240: 17237: 17235: 17232: 17230: 17227: 17225: 17222: 17220: 17217: 17215: 17212: 17210: 17207: 17205: 17202: 17200: 17197: 17195: 17192: 17191: 17189: 17185: 17179: 17176: 17174: 17171: 17169: 17166: 17164: 17161: 17159: 17156: 17154: 17151: 17149: 17146: 17144: 17141: 17139: 17136: 17134: 17131: 17129: 17126: 17124: 17121: 17119: 17116: 17114: 17111: 17109: 17106: 17104: 17101: 17099: 17096: 17094: 17091: 17089: 17088:San Sebastián 17086: 17084: 17081: 17079: 17076: 17074: 17071: 17069: 17066: 17064: 17061: 17059: 17056: 17055: 17053: 17049: 17043: 17040: 17038: 17035: 17033: 17030: 17028: 17025: 17023: 17020: 17018: 17015: 17013: 17010: 17008: 17005: 17003: 17000: 16998: 16995: 16993: 16990: 16988: 16985: 16983: 16980: 16978: 16975: 16973: 16970: 16968: 16965: 16963: 16960: 16958: 16955: 16953: 16950: 16948: 16945: 16943: 16940: 16938: 16935: 16933: 16930: 16928: 16925: 16923: 16920: 16918: 16915: 16913: 16910: 16908: 16905: 16903: 16900: 16898: 16895: 16893: 16890: 16888: 16885: 16884: 16882: 16878: 16872: 16869: 16867: 16864: 16862: 16859: 16857: 16854: 16852: 16849: 16847: 16844: 16842: 16839: 16837: 16834: 16832: 16829: 16827: 16824: 16822: 16819: 16817: 16814: 16812: 16809: 16807: 16804: 16802: 16799: 16798: 16796: 16792: 16786: 16783: 16781: 16778: 16776: 16773: 16771: 16768: 16766: 16763: 16761: 16758: 16756: 16753: 16752: 16750: 16746: 16740: 16737: 16735: 16732: 16730: 16727: 16725: 16722: 16720: 16717: 16715: 16712: 16710: 16707: 16705: 16702: 16700: 16697: 16695: 16692: 16690: 16687: 16685: 16682: 16680: 16677: 16675: 16672: 16670: 16667: 16665: 16662: 16660: 16657: 16655: 16652: 16650: 16649:Sankt Michael 16647: 16645: 16642: 16640: 16637: 16635: 16632: 16630: 16627: 16625: 16622: 16620: 16617: 16615: 16612: 16610: 16607: 16605: 16602: 16600: 16597: 16595: 16592: 16590: 16587: 16585: 16582: 16580: 16577: 16575: 16572: 16570: 16567: 16565: 16564:Teugen-Hausen 16562: 16560: 16557: 16555: 16552: 16550: 16547: 16545: 16542: 16540: 16537: 16535: 16532: 16530: 16527: 16525: 16522: 16520: 16517: 16515: 16512: 16510: 16507: 16505: 16502: 16501: 16499: 16495: 16489: 16486: 16484: 16481: 16479: 16476: 16474: 16471: 16469: 16466: 16464: 16461: 16459: 16456: 16454: 16451: 16449: 16446: 16444: 16441: 16439: 16436: 16434: 16431: 16429: 16426: 16424: 16421: 16419: 16416: 16414: 16411: 16409: 16406: 16404: 16401: 16399: 16396: 16395: 16393: 16389: 16383: 16380: 16378: 16375: 16373: 16370: 16368: 16365: 16363: 16360: 16358: 16355: 16353: 16350: 16348: 16345: 16343: 16340: 16338: 16335: 16333: 16330: 16328: 16325: 16323: 16320: 16319: 16317: 16313: 16307: 16304: 16302: 16299: 16297: 16294: 16292: 16289: 16287: 16284: 16282: 16279: 16277: 16274: 16272: 16269: 16267: 16264: 16262: 16259: 16257: 16254: 16252: 16249: 16247: 16244: 16242: 16239: 16237: 16234: 16232: 16229: 16227: 16224: 16222: 16219: 16217: 16214: 16213: 16211: 16207: 16201: 16198: 16196: 16193: 16191: 16188: 16186: 16183: 16181: 16178: 16176: 16173: 16171: 16168: 16166: 16163: 16161: 16158: 16156: 16153: 16151: 16148: 16146: 16143: 16141: 16138: 16136: 16133: 16131: 16128: 16127: 16125: 16121: 16115: 16112: 16110: 16107: 16105: 16102: 16100: 16097: 16095: 16092: 16090: 16087: 16085: 16082: 16081: 16079: 16077: 16073: 16070: 16064: 16054: 16051: 16049: 16046: 16044: 16041: 16039: 16036: 16034: 16031: 16029: 16026: 16024: 16021: 16019: 16016: 16014: 16011: 16009: 16006: 16004: 16001: 15999: 15996: 15994: 15991: 15989: 15986: 15984: 15981: 15979: 15976: 15974: 15971: 15970: 15968: 15966: 15960: 15954: 15951: 15949: 15946: 15944: 15941: 15939: 15936: 15932: 15929: 15927: 15924: 15922: 15919: 15917: 15914: 15913: 15912: 15909: 15907: 15904: 15902: 15899: 15897: 15894: 15892: 15889: 15887: 15884: 15882: 15879: 15877: 15874: 15873: 15871: 15867: 15866:client states 15861: 15858: 15852: 15846: 15845: 15841: 15839: 15838: 15834: 15832: 15831: 15827: 15825: 15824: 15820: 15818: 15817: 15813: 15811: 15810: 15806: 15804: 15803: 15799: 15798: 15795: 15791: 15784: 15779: 15777: 15772: 15770: 15765: 15764: 15761: 15755: 15748: 15734: 15728: 15721: 15720: 15714: 15708: 15704: 15701: 15697: 15693: 15692: 15688: 15687: 15670: 15662: 15661: 15651: 15648: 15645: 15641: 15640: 15633: 15629: 15625: 15624: 15622: 15614: 15607: 15604: 15600: 15599: 15592:State created 15589: 15585: 15574: 15573: 15567: 15561: 15557: 15554: 15553: 15546: 15539: 15538: 15537:King of Italy 15531: 15530: 15524: 15523: 15516: 15512: 15508: 15507: 15501: 15492: 15491: 15484: 15483: 15477: 15476: 15466: 15462: 15457: 15454: 15453: 15449: 15445: 15444: 15437: 15432: 15428: 15425: 15424: 15415: 15413: 15406: 15399: 15393: 15388: 15384: 15381: 15380: 15375: 15373: 15371: 15366: 15357: 15351: 15346: 15342: 15339: 15338: 15333: 15331: 15330: 15326: 15317: 15311: 15306: 15302: 15297: 15292: 15285: 15280: 15279: 15270: 15265: 15258: 15248: 15239: 15229: 15223: 15220: 15218: 15215: 15211: 15208: 15206: 15205: 15201: 15200: 15199: 15196: 15194: 15191: 15189: 15186: 15184: 15181: 15179: 15176: 15172: 15169: 15168: 15167: 15164: 15162: 15159: 15157: 15154: 15153: 15151: 15149: 15145: 15139: 15136: 15134: 15131: 15127: 15124: 15123: 15122: 15121: 15117: 15115: 15114: 15110: 15108: 15105: 15103: 15102:Les Invalides 15100: 15098: 15095: 15093: 15090: 15088: 15085: 15083: 15080: 15079: 15077: 15073: 15065: 15060: 15057: 15053: 15050: 15048: 15045: 15044: 15042: 15038: 15035: 15034: 15033: 15030: 15026: 15023: 15021: 15018: 15017: 15016: 15015:Jewish people 15013: 15009: 15006: 15004: 15001: 15000: 14999: 14996: 14995: 14993: 14989: 14983: 14980: 14978: 14975: 14973: 14972: 14968: 14966: 14963: 14961: 14958: 14956: 14953: 14951: 14950: 14946: 14944: 14941: 14939: 14938: 14934: 14932: 14929: 14927: 14926: 14922: 14920: 14917: 14915: 14914: 14910: 14908: 14905: 14903: 14902: 14898: 14896: 14893: 14891: 14888: 14886: 14883: 14881: 14880: 14876: 14874: 14871: 14869: 14866: 14864: 14861: 14859: 14858: 14854: 14852: 14851: 14847: 14845: 14842: 14840: 14839: 14835: 14834: 14832: 14830: 14826: 14818: 14815: 14814: 14811: 14806: 14803: 14797: 14792: 14789: 14788: 14787: 14784: 14782: 14779: 14775: 14772: 14771: 14770: 14767: 14765: 14762: 14760: 14757: 14755: 14752: 14750: 14749: 14745: 14743: 14740: 14738: 14735: 14733: 14730: 14728: 14725: 14723: 14722: 14718: 14714: 14711: 14709: 14706: 14704: 14701: 14699: 14696: 14695: 14693: 14691: 14688: 14686: 14683: 14681: 14678: 14674: 14669: 14666: 14665: 14663: 14661: 14657: 14652: 14642: 14639: 14637: 14634: 14632: 14629: 14626: 14624: 14621: 14619: 14616: 14614: 14611: 14609: 14606: 14603: 14601: 14598: 14595: 14593: 14590: 14587: 14585: 14582: 14580: 14577: 14575: 14572: 14569: 14567: 14564: 14562: 14559: 14556: 14555: 14553: 14551: 14547: 14540: 14537: 14533: 14530: 14529: 14528: 14525: 14524: 14520: 14516: 14509: 14504: 14502: 14497: 14495: 14490: 14489: 14486: 14480: 14476: 14473: 14471: 14468: 14466: 14462: 14459: 14457: 14454: 14452: 14449: 14447: 14444: 14443: 14425: 14421: 14420: 14415: 14411: 14398: 14394: 14388: 14384: 14383: 14377: 14373: 14372: 14367: 14363: 14351: 14347: 14343: 14339: 14335: 14331: 14327: 14323: 14318: 14314: 14308: 14304: 14299: 14295: 14289: 14285: 14280: 14279: 14268: 14262: 14257: 14256: 14249: 14245: 14239: 14235: 14234: 14228: 14216: 14212: 14206: 14202: 14201: 14195: 14191: 14185: 14181: 14180: 14175: 14171: 14159: 14155: 14149: 14145: 14144: 14138: 14133: 14128: 14124: 14120: 14116: 14111: 14107: 14101: 14097: 14096: 14090: 14086: 14080: 14076: 14071: 14059: 14055: 14049: 14045: 14044: 14038: 14034: 14030: 14026: 14022: 14018: 14014: 14013: 14007: 14003: 13997: 13993: 13988: 13984: 13978: 13974: 13973: 13967: 13963: 13957: 13953: 13948: 13944: 13938: 13935:. Macmillan. 13933: 13932: 13925: 13921: 13919:0-1982-0596-1 13915: 13911: 13906: 13902: 13896: 13892: 13887: 13883: 13877: 13872: 13871: 13864: 13860: 13858:0-3133-2014-4 13854: 13850: 13849: 13843: 13839: 13833: 13828: 13827: 13820: 13816: 13814:0-1402-0525-X 13810: 13806: 13801: 13797: 13791: 13786: 13785: 13779: 13775: 13771: 13769:0-02-523660-1 13765: 13761: 13756: 13755: 13749: 13745: 13741: 13737: 13733: 13727: 13723: 13722: 13717: 13713: 13709: 13703: 13698: 13697: 13690: 13686: 13680: 13676: 13675: 13669: 13668: 13656: 13650: 13646: 13645: 13639: 13635: 13630: 13626: 13622: 13618: 13614: 13609: 13597: 13593: 13592: 13587: 13583: 13582: 13570: 13564: 13560: 13559:HarperCollins 13556: 13551: 13547: 13541: 13537: 13536: 13530: 13518: 13514: 13508: 13504: 13503: 13497: 13493: 13491:0-2240-4072-3 13487: 13483: 13478: 13474: 13470: 13469:Lyons, Martyn 13466: 13464: 13460: 13457: 13456:online review 13453: 13449: 13446: 13440: 13434: 13430: 13429: 13424: 13420: 13408: 13404: 13398: 13394: 13393: 13387: 13383: 13377: 13373: 13368: 13364: 13358: 13354: 13349: 13345: 13339: 13334: 13333: 13326: 13322: 13316: 13312: 13311: 13306: 13302: 13290: 13286: 13280: 13276: 13275: 13270: 13266: 13262: 13256: 13252: 13247: 13243: 13237: 13233: 13228: 13216: 13212: 13206: 13202: 13198: 13197: 13192: 13188: 13184: 13178: 13174: 13173: 13167: 13155: 13151: 13145: 13141: 13137: 13136: 13131: 13127: 13123: 13121:1-8532-6678-7 13117: 13113: 13108: 13107: 13099: 13085: 13080: 13064: 13060: 13054: 13050: 13049: 13041: 13035: 13030: 13024: 13019: 13013: 13008: 13002: 13001: 12996: 12992: 12989: 12985: 12981: 12978: 12973: 12957: 12953: 12947: 12943: 12942: 12934: 12927: 12922: 12916:, p. 423 12915: 12914:McLynn (1997) 12910: 12899: 12895: 12891: 12887: 12883: 12876: 12869: 12863:, p. 630 12862: 12861:McLynn (1997) 12857: 12850: 12849:Palmer (1984) 12845: 12839:, p. 663 12838: 12837:McLynn (1997) 12833: 12826: 12825:Palmer (1984) 12821: 12814: 12813:McLynn (1997) 12809: 12802: 12797: 12795: 12786: 12782: 12778: 12771: 12764: 12760: 12755: 12739: 12735: 12734:www.brown.edu 12731: 12725: 12717: 12715:0-19-726382-8 12711: 12707: 12703: 12702: 12697: 12696:Hagen Schulze 12693: 12686: 12678: 12676:0-393-05864-6 12672: 12668: 12667: 12659: 12643: 12639: 12633: 12629: 12628: 12620: 12612: 12606: 12602: 12601: 12596: 12595:Palmer, R. R. 12590: 12574: 12570: 12566: 12562: 12558: 12554: 12550: 12546: 12542: 12538: 12531: 12524: 12519: 12511: 12507: 12501: 12494: 12489: 12481: 12477: 12473: 12469: 12465: 12461: 12457: 12453: 12446: 12439: 12434: 12426: 12422: 12418: 12414: 12410: 12406: 12402: 12398: 12394: 12388: 12386: 12378: 12373: 12366: 12361: 12354: 12349: 12341: 12337: 12333: 12329: 12325: 12321: 12317: 12313: 12306: 12298: 12297: 12292: 12285: 12277: 12273: 12272: 12267: 12260: 12253: 12252:Dwyer (2015a) 12248: 12242:, p. 49. 12241: 12240:Conner (2004) 12236: 12229: 12228:Dwyer (2015a) 12224: 12217: 12216:Conner (2004) 12212: 12210: 12193: 12189: 12188: 12183: 12176: 12170:, p. 52. 12169: 12168:Cobban (1963) 12164: 12157: 12156:Cobban (1963) 12152: 12145: 12144:Conner (2004) 12140: 12133: 12132:Conner (2004) 12128: 12122:, p. 19. 12121: 12120:Cobban (1963) 12116: 12109: 12108:McLynn (1997) 12104: 12102: 12094: 12089: 12082: 12081:McLynn (1997) 12077: 12061: 12057: 12055: 12049: 12043: 12036: 12030: 12023: 12022:Dwyer (2015a) 12018: 12011: 12006: 11999: 11998:McLynn (1997) 11994: 11988: 11987:Dwyer (2008b) 11983: 11976: 11971: 11963: 11959: 11955: 11948: 11941: 11940:Conner (2004) 11936: 11929: 11924: 11918:, p. 59. 11917: 11916:Conner (2004) 11912: 11905: 11901: 11897: 11894: 11888: 11882:, p. 60. 11881: 11880:Conner (2004) 11876: 11869: 11868:Conner (2004) 11864: 11858:, p. 34. 11857: 11856:Cobban (1963) 11852: 11836: 11832: 11828: 11824: 11820: 11816: 11812: 11808: 11804: 11800: 11793: 11785: 11781: 11775: 11771: 11770: 11762: 11755: 11750: 11743: 11742:Conner (2004) 11738: 11732:, p. 90. 11731: 11730:Conner (2004) 11726: 11719: 11718:Cobban (1963) 11714: 11708:, p. 59. 11707: 11702: 11695: 11690: 11682: 11677:, p. 16. 11676: 11671: 11655: 11651: 11645: 11641: 11640: 11632: 11630: 11628: 11626: 11619:, p. 28. 11618: 11617:Cobban (1963) 11613: 11606: 11605:Conner (2004) 11601: 11594: 11593:Dwyer (2015a) 11589: 11582: 11581:Cobban (1963) 11577: 11575: 11568:, p. 41. 11567: 11566:Conner (2004) 11562: 11555: 11554:Palmer (1984) 11550: 11542: 11535: 11527: 11521: 11516: 11508: 11506:0-297-78394-7 11502: 11498: 11491: 11484: 11483:Cobban (1963) 11479: 11473:, p. 76. 11472: 11471:Conner (2004) 11467: 11460: 11459:Cobban (1963) 11455: 11448: 11447:Conner (2004) 11443: 11436: 11435:Conner (2004) 11431: 11424: 11423:Conner (2004) 11419: 11412: 11407: 11400: 11399:Conner (2004) 11395: 11388: 11383: 11376: 11375:Bordes (2007) 11371: 11364: 11360: 11355: 11347: 11341: 11337: 11333: 11332: 11327: 11321: 11305: 11301: 11297: 11291: 11275: 11272:(in French). 11271: 11267: 11261: 11245: 11241: 11240: 11239:National Post 11235: 11229: 11223:, p. 93. 11222: 11217: 11210: 11204: 11197: 11192: 11185: 11180: 11171: 11163: 11159: 11155: 11151: 11147: 11143: 11136: 11129: 11128:McLynn (1997) 11124: 11116: 11112: 11105: 11097: 11093: 11087: 11083: 11079: 11075: 11071: 11070: 11062: 11055: 11050: 11043: 11042:McLynn (1997) 11038: 11031: 11026: 11019: 11018:McLynn (1997) 11014: 11008:, p. 20. 11007: 11002: 10995: 10994:Conner (2004) 10990: 10983: 10982:Cobban (1963) 10978: 10971: 10970:Dwyer (2015a) 10966: 10960:, p. 56. 10959: 10958:Cobban (1963) 10954: 10947: 10946:Dwyer (2015a) 10942: 10936:, p. 21. 10935: 10934:Cobban (1963) 10930: 10928: 10920: 10919:Dwyer (2015a) 10915: 10908: 10907:McLynn (1997) 10903: 10897:, p. 12. 10896: 10895:Cobban (1963) 10891: 10884: 10883:McLynn (1997) 10879: 10872: 10871:Cobban (1963) 10867: 10860: 10855: 10848: 10843: 10836: 10835:McLynn (1997) 10831: 10824: 10823:McLynn (1997) 10819: 10812: 10807: 10800: 10799:McLynn (1997) 10795: 10793: 10785: 10784:Cobban (1963) 10780: 10773: 10768: 10760: 10756: 10750: 10746: 10742: 10741: 10733: 10725: 10719: 10715: 10714: 10706: 10699: 10694: 10687: 10682: 10675: 10674:McLynn (1997) 10670: 10663: 10662:McLynn (1997) 10658: 10652:, p. 18. 10651: 10650:Cobban (1963) 10646: 10644: 10637:, p. 26. 10636: 10631: 10624: 10619: 10612: 10611:Cobban (1963) 10607: 10600: 10595: 10589:, p. 15. 10588: 10583: 10576: 10575:Palmer (1984) 10571: 10569: 10561: 10560:McLynn (1997) 10556: 10554: 10546: 10545:Ellis (1997a) 10541: 10525: 10521: 10515: 10499: 10495: 10489: 10485: 10484: 10476: 10468: 10462: 10458: 10454: 10453: 10445: 10438: 10432: 10425: 10424:Ellis (1997a) 10420: 10418: 10409: 10408: 10400: 10392: 10389:(in French). 10388: 10384: 10377: 10370: 10369:Conner (2004) 10365: 10358: 10357:Ellis (1997a) 10353: 10351: 10342: 10338: 10334: 10328: 10322:, p. 84. 10321: 10316: 10309: 10308:Ellis (1997a) 10304: 10302: 10294: 10293:Ellis (1997a) 10289: 10281: 10277: 10271: 10264: 10263:Ellis (1997a) 10259: 10252: 10251:Ellis (1997a) 10247: 10240: 10235: 10228: 10223: 10216: 10211: 10204: 10199: 10192: 10187: 10178: 10172: 10168: 10161: 10145: 10141: 10137: 10132: 10127: 10123: 10119: 10115: 10111: 10107: 10100: 10098: 10090: 10085: 10078: 10073: 10071: 10063: 10057: 10051:, p. 655 10050: 10049:McLynn (1997) 10045: 10043: 10035: 10030: 10023: 10018: 10011: 10006: 9999: 9994: 9987: 9982: 9975: 9970: 9963: 9958: 9952:, p. 64. 9951: 9946: 9940:, p. 642 9939: 9938:McLynn (1997) 9934: 9927: 9922: 9920: 9913:, p. 41. 9912: 9907: 9899: 9895: 9891: 9884: 9877: 9872: 9865: 9860: 9844: 9840: 9834: 9826: 9823:: 402. 1832. 9822: 9818: 9814: 9808: 9801: 9796: 9789: 9784: 9776: 9772: 9766: 9762: 9761: 9753: 9746: 9741: 9734: 9729: 9722: 9717: 9710: 9705: 9698: 9697:Broers (2022) 9693: 9686: 9681: 9674: 9669: 9662: 9661:Broers (2022) 9657: 9650: 9645: 9638: 9637:Broers (2022) 9633: 9626: 9625:Broers (2022) 9621: 9614: 9609: 9602: 9601:Broers (2022) 9597: 9591:, p. 607 9590: 9589:McLynn (1997) 9585: 9569: 9565: 9561: 9555: 9548: 9547:Broers (2022) 9543: 9536: 9535:Broers (2022) 9531: 9525:, p. 605 9524: 9523:McLynn (1997) 9519: 9512: 9511:Broers (2022) 9507: 9500: 9495: 9489:, p. 604 9488: 9487:McLynn (1997) 9483: 9481: 9474:, p. 507 9473: 9468: 9461: 9460:Broers (2022) 9456: 9449: 9444: 9438:, p. 597 9437: 9436:McLynn (1997) 9432: 9425: 9424:McLynn (1997) 9420: 9414:, p. 97. 9413: 9408: 9392: 9388: 9382: 9375: 9370: 9363: 9358: 9342: 9338: 9332: 9328: 9327: 9319: 9303: 9299: 9295: 9290: 9285: 9281: 9278:(in French). 9277: 9273: 9266: 9259: 9254: 9247: 9246:Broers (2022) 9242: 9235: 9230: 9223: 9218: 9211: 9210:Broers (2022) 9206: 9199: 9194: 9187: 9182: 9175: 9170: 9164:, p. 565 9163: 9162:McLynn (1997) 9158: 9151: 9146: 9139: 9134: 9128:, p. 445 9127: 9122: 9116:, p. 550 9115: 9114:McLynn (1997) 9110: 9103: 9102:Broers (2022) 9098: 9091: 9086: 9079: 9074: 9067: 9062: 9055: 9050: 9034: 9030: 9024: 9020: 9019: 9011: 9004: 8999: 8993:, p. 518 8992: 8991:McLynn (1997) 8987: 8980: 8975: 8968: 8963: 8956: 8955:Harvey (2007) 8951: 8944: 8939: 8932: 8927: 8920: 8919:McLynn (1997) 8915: 8908: 8903: 8896: 8895:McLynn (1997) 8891: 8884: 8879: 8872: 8871:McLynn (1997) 8867: 8860: 8855: 8848: 8843: 8836: 8831: 8824: 8819: 8812: 8807: 8800: 8795: 8788: 8783: 8776: 8771: 8764: 8759: 8752: 8751:Palmer (1984) 8747: 8740: 8735: 8728: 8723: 8716: 8711: 8704: 8699: 8692: 8687: 8681:, p. 707 8680: 8675: 8669:, p. 706 8668: 8663: 8656: 8651: 8644: 8639: 8623: 8619: 8613: 8609: 8608: 8600: 8593: 8588: 8581: 8576: 8569: 8568:Conner (2004) 8564: 8557: 8552: 8550: 8542: 8537: 8521: 8517: 8510: 8503: 8498: 8491: 8490:Palmer (1984) 8486: 8479: 8474: 8466: 8460: 8456: 8452: 8448: 8441: 8434: 8433:Palmer (1984) 8429: 8427: 8419: 8414: 8407: 8402: 8395: 8390: 8383: 8378: 8371: 8366: 8359: 8354: 8347: 8342: 8335: 8330: 8323: 8318: 8311: 8306: 8298: 8294: 8288: 8284: 8283: 8278: 8272: 8265: 8260: 8253: 8248: 8241: 8236: 8229: 8224: 8222: 8214: 8209: 8202: 8197: 8190: 8185: 8179:, p. 370 8178: 8177:McLynn (1997) 8173: 8167:, p. 497 8166: 8165:McLynn (1997) 8161: 8154: 8149: 8142: 8137: 8130: 8125: 8116: 8114: 8106: 8101: 8093: 8089: 8083: 8079: 8078: 8070: 8063: 8058: 8052:, p. 99. 8051: 8050:Sicker (2001) 8046: 8030: 8026: 8020: 8016: 8015: 8007: 8000: 7999:Cronin (1994) 7995: 7989:, p. 350 7988: 7987:McLynn (1997) 7983: 7976: 7971: 7965:, p. 414 7964: 7959: 7957: 7950:, p. 18. 7949: 7948:Palmer (1984) 7944: 7937: 7932: 7916: 7912: 7906: 7902: 7901: 7893: 7891: 7883: 7878: 7871: 7870:Glover (1967) 7866: 7859: 7853: 7846: 7840: 7833: 7827: 7821:, p. 332 7820: 7819:McLynn (1997) 7815: 7809:, p. 321 7808: 7807:McLynn (1997) 7803: 7796: 7790: 7784:, p. 333 7783: 7778: 7772:, p. 332 7771: 7766: 7759: 7758:Palmer (1984) 7754: 7752: 7745:, p. 96. 7744: 7743:Conner (2004) 7739: 7732: 7727: 7711: 7707: 7701: 7697: 7696: 7688: 7681: 7676: 7669: 7664: 7657: 7652: 7645: 7640: 7634:, p. 359 7633: 7628: 7621: 7616: 7610:, p. 297 7609: 7608:McLynn (1997) 7604: 7597: 7592: 7585: 7580: 7573: 7568: 7561: 7556: 7550:, p. 296 7549: 7548:McLynn (1997) 7544: 7537: 7532: 7525: 7520: 7514:, p. 265 7513: 7512:McLynn (1997) 7508: 7501: 7500:Broers (2015) 7496: 7490:, p. 70. 7489: 7484: 7477: 7472: 7466:, p. 337 7465: 7460: 7453: 7448: 7441: 7435: 7429:, p. 329 7428: 7423: 7415: 7409: 7405: 7398: 7391: 7386: 7379: 7374: 7368:, p. 319 7367: 7362: 7355: 7350: 7343: 7338: 7331: 7326: 7320:, p. 243 7319: 7318:McLynn (1997) 7314: 7307: 7302: 7296:, p. 302 7295: 7290: 7284:, p. 296 7283: 7278: 7276: 7269:, p. 293 7268: 7263: 7257:, p. 292 7256: 7251: 7244: 7239: 7237: 7229: 7224: 7222: 7214: 7209: 7202: 7197: 7191:, p. 267 7190: 7185: 7178: 7177:Conner (2004) 7173: 7166: 7165:Dwyer (2015a) 7161: 7154: 7149: 7142: 7137: 7131:, p. 265 7130: 7125: 7118: 7113: 7107:, p. 243 7106: 7101: 7095:, p. 111 7094: 7089: 7087: 7080:, p. 242 7079: 7074: 7067: 7062: 7054: 7048: 7044: 7043: 7038: 7032: 7025: 7020: 7014:, p. 455 7013: 7012:Dwyer (2008a) 7008: 7002:, p. 444 7001: 7000:Dwyer (2008a) 6996: 6989: 6984: 6978:, p. 57. 6977: 6972: 6970: 6968: 6961:, p. 442 6960: 6959:Dwyer (2008a) 6955: 6948: 6943: 6937:, p. 189 6936: 6935:McLynn (1997) 6931: 6924: 6923:McLynn (1997) 6919: 6917: 6909: 6904: 6902: 6900: 6892: 6887: 6880: 6879:Dwyer (2008a) 6875: 6869:, p. 392 6868: 6867:Dwyer (2008a) 6863: 6856: 6851: 6845:, p. 372 6844: 6843:Dwyer (2008a) 6839: 6833:, p. 179 6832: 6831:McLynn (1997) 6827: 6821:, p. 175 6820: 6819:McLynn (1997) 6815: 6808: 6803: 6797:, p. 342 6796: 6795:Dwyer (2008a) 6791: 6785:, p. 12. 6784: 6779: 6772: 6771:Watson (2003) 6767: 6765: 6763: 6755: 6754:Dwyer (2008a) 6750: 6744:, p. 322 6743: 6742:Dwyer (2008a) 6738: 6731: 6730:Dwyer (2008a) 6726: 6719: 6718:Dwyer (2008a) 6714: 6708:, p. 306 6707: 6706:Dwyer (2008a) 6702: 6696:, p. 30. 6695: 6690: 6683: 6682:McLynn (1997) 6678: 6672:, p. 296 6671: 6670:Dwyer (2008a) 6666: 6660:, p. 132 6659: 6658:McLynn (1997) 6654: 6647: 6646:Dwyer (2008a) 6642: 6635: 6630: 6623: 6622:Dwyer (2008a) 6618: 6611: 6610:Dwyer (2008a) 6606: 6600:, p. 29. 6599: 6594: 6587: 6586:Dwyer (2008a) 6582: 6576:, p. 109 6575: 6574:Broers (2015) 6570: 6563: 6562:Dwyer (2008a) 6558: 6551: 6546: 6539: 6534: 6526: 6522: 6518: 6512: 6508: 6504: 6500: 6496: 6495: 6490: 6483: 6476: 6471: 6464: 6459: 6452: 6447: 6440: 6435: 6428: 6427:McLynn (1997) 6423: 6421: 6413: 6408: 6402:, p. 169 6401: 6400:Dwyer (2008a) 6396: 6389: 6388:McLynn (1997) 6384: 6377: 6376:Dwyer (2008a) 6372: 6370: 6362: 6361:McLynn (1997) 6357: 6350: 6349:Dwyer (2008a) 6345: 6338: 6337:McLynn (1997) 6333: 6326: 6325:Dwyer (2008a) 6321: 6314: 6309: 6302: 6297: 6290: 6289:Dwyer (2008a) 6285: 6278: 6277:Dwyer (2008a) 6273: 6266: 6261: 6254: 6249: 6242: 6241:Dwyer (2008a) 6237: 6230: 6229:Dwyer (2008a) 6225: 6218: 6217:Dwyer (2008a) 6213: 6206: 6201: 6194: 6193:Dwyer (2008a) 6189: 6183:, p. 130 6182: 6181:Dwyer (2008a) 6177: 6170: 6169:McLynn (1997) 6165: 6158: 6157:Dwyer (2008a) 6153: 6146: 6141: 6134: 6133:McLynn (1997) 6129: 6121: 6115: 6111: 6106: 6105: 6096: 6089: 6084: 6077: 6072: 6065: 6060: 6053: 6048: 6042: 6038: 6033: 6031: 6029: 6021: 6020:McLynn (1997) 6016: 6009: 6008:Dwyer (2008a) 6004: 5997: 5992: 5985: 5980: 5973: 5968: 5961: 5956: 5949: 5948:McLynn (1997) 5944: 5938:, p. 74. 5937: 5932: 5925: 5924:McLynn (1997) 5920: 5913: 5908: 5902:, p. 11. 5901: 5896: 5880: 5876: 5872: 5868: 5864: 5860: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5844: 5837: 5835: 5828:, p. 27. 5827: 5826:Cronin (1994) 5822: 5806: 5802: 5796: 5792: 5791: 5783: 5776: 5771: 5764: 5763:Cronin (1994) 5759: 5757: 5748: 5744: 5738: 5734: 5730: 5723: 5716: 5711: 5704: 5699: 5691: 5687: 5683: 5677: 5670: 5669:McLynn (1997) 5665: 5658: 5657:McLynn (1997) 5653: 5651: 5643: 5642:Dwyer (2008a) 5638: 5631: 5630:McLynn (1997) 5626: 5619: 5614: 5607: 5606:McLynn (1997) 5602: 5586: 5582: 5575: 5569:, p. 52. 5568: 5563: 5561: 5559: 5551: 5550:Conner (2004) 5546: 5539: 5538:Dwyer (2015a) 5534: 5532: 5524: 5519: 5512: 5507: 5491: 5487: 5481: 5477: 5476: 5471: 5470:Pérez, Joseph 5465: 5458: 5457:Conner (2004) 5453: 5451: 5434: 5430: 5424: 5420: 5419: 5411: 5405:, p. 56. 5404: 5399: 5393:, p. xv. 5392: 5391:Dwyer (2008a) 5387: 5383: 5369: 5362: 5358: 5354: 5350: 5349: 5342: 5335: 5329: 5322: 5318: 5314: 5311:Although the 5308: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5287: 5278: 5270: 5266: 5262: 5261: 5247: 5183: 5177: 5171: 5169: 5164: 5145: 5144: 5133: 5127: 5124:(Head of the 5121: 5113: 5109: 5101: 5100: 5091: 5085: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5067: 5061: 5057: 5049: 5048: 5047:King of Italy 5037: 5033: 5029: 5018: 5015: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4993: 4989: 4980: 4979: 4972: 4966: 4955: 4947: 4946: 4939: 4933: 4923: 4918: 4910: 4909: 4902: 4896: 4891: 4883: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4864: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4849: 4847: 4843: 4835: 4831: 4826: 4817: 4815: 4810: 4808: 4804: 4803:Simón Bolívar 4800: 4796: 4792: 4787: 4785: 4781: 4776: 4774: 4770: 4766: 4762: 4758: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4724:property laws 4720: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4701: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4672: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4654: 4647: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4629: 4622: 4617: 4616: 4615: 4611: 4609: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4588: 4587:Ancien Régime 4584: 4583: 4577: 4575: 4567: 4562: 4557: 4553: 4543: 4541: 4535: 4533: 4527: 4523: 4520: 4517:in 1947, and 4516: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4497: 4492: 4485: 4481: 4480: 4475: 4465: 4455: 4452: 4448: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4433: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4422: 4421:Ancien Régime 4411: 4409: 4403: 4400: 4396: 4391: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4378: 4374: 4366: 4361: 4356: 4352: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4332: 4328: 4327:Second Consul 4324: 4320: 4313: 4308: 4303: 4293: 4291: 4290: 4285: 4284:metric system 4280: 4278: 4273: 4264: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4240: 4236: 4235: 4229: 4220: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4205: 4201: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4185: 4180: 4178: 4177:Denis Davydov 4174: 4170: 4168: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4146: 4141: 4137: 4127: 4125: 4121: 4120:Wilhelm Reich 4117: 4113: 4112: 4107: 4103: 4098: 4096: 4091: 4087: 4079: 4075: 4073: 4067: 4064: 4059: 4057: 4052: 4047: 4044: 4035: 4032: 4026: 4024: 4017: 4013: 4003: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3983: 3981: 3976: 3974: 3970: 3969:Pope Pius VII 3963: 3958: 3953: 3943: 3941: 3940: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3918: 3916: 3915: 3910: 3905: 3900: 3898: 3892: 3890: 3877: 3873: 3868: 3863: 3853: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3834:Les Invalides 3831: 3830:state funeral 3826: 3822: 3818: 3813: 3811: 3807: 3802: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3783: 3774: 3773:Les Invalides 3768: 3764: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3741: 3739: 3734: 3732: 3726: 3724: 3720: 3719:Barry O'Meara 3707: 3704: 3701: 3699: 3695: 3690: 3687:5 August 1873 3686: 3682: 3679:11 April 1816 3678: 3676: 3672: 3669:11 April 1816 3668: 3666: 3662: 3657: 3653: 3650: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3620: 3615: 3608: 3594: 3591: 3588: 3586: 3582: 3577: 3574:5 August 1873 3573: 3569: 3566:11 April 1816 3565: 3563: 3559: 3556:11 April 1816 3555: 3553: 3549: 3544: 3540: 3537: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3507: 3502: 3495: 3489: 3487: 3481: 3479: 3473: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3462: 3457: 3453: 3448: 3446: 3445: 3439: 3431: 3427: 3414: 3410: 3401: 3399: 3398: 3392: 3388: 3383: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3368: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3344: 3340: 3338: 3334: 3329: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3286: 3276: 3274: 3273: 3267: 3262: 3259: 3255: 3254: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3232: 3231:Joseph Beaume 3228: 3224: 3219: 3212:Exile to Elba 3208: 3204: 3202: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3164: 3162: 3158: 3153: 3150: 3143: 3139: 3138: 3133: 3129: 3126: 3121: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3090: 3085: 3075: 3073: 3068: 3064: 3059: 3057: 3052: 3048: 3043: 3041: 3040:St Petersburg 3037: 3033: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3012: 3007: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2984: 2981: 2972: 2971:Adam Albrecht 2968: 2966: 2960: 2956: 2953: 2949: 2943: 2933: 2929: 2927: 2921: 2914: 2911: French 2899: 2898:French Empire 2894: 2885: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2862: 2860: 2855: 2854:on the 12th. 2853: 2849: 2845: 2840: 2838: 2833: 2830: 2825: 2817:, 6 July 1809 2816: 2811: 2806: 2796: 2792: 2790: 2785: 2783: 2778: 2770: 2765: 2761: 2759: 2755: 2749: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2734: 2730: 2728: 2724: 2719: 2717: 2709: 2705: 2700: 2690: 2688: 2682: 2680: 2676: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2658: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2643: 2641: 2637: 2630:, 7 July 1807 2629: 2625: 2621: 2616: 2612: 2610: 2609:Berlin Decree 2606: 2601: 2597: 2595: 2591: 2586: 2583: 2578: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2560: 2556: 2551: 2546: 2536: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2498: 2493: 2489: 2479: 2477: 2471: 2469: 2464: 2462: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2440: 2436: 2431: 2429: 2424: 2422: 2421:Battle of Ulm 2418: 2414: 2410: 2402: 2401:Battle of Ulm 2398: 2395: 2390: 2389: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2355: 2352: 2347: 2343: 2342: 2337: 2332: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2307: 2297: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2278:King of Italy 2274: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2263:Charlemagne's 2260: 2256: 2255:Pope Pius VII 2251: 2249: 2239: 2235: 2233: 2227: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2204: 2200: 2199: 2194: 2189: 2185: 2179: 2172:French Empire 2169: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2150: 2148: 2143: 2141: 2137: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2116: 2112: 2107: 2103: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2087: 2084: 2079: 2076: 2075:Pope Pius VII 2072: 2067: 2059: 2054: 2049: 2039: 2037: 2033: 2032: 2025: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2010: 2007: 2002: 1998: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1938: 1933: 1928: 1924: 1914: 1911: 1907: 1906:Joseph Fouché 1903: 1899: 1895: 1890: 1885: 1878: 1871: 1867: 1866: 1860: 1855: 1845: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1830: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1811: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1771: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1745: 1741: 1739: 1734: 1730: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1715: 1710: 1709:Rosetta Stone 1706: 1702: 1697: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1668: 1667:Hearst Castle 1664: 1661:(c. 1886) by 1660: 1659: 1654: 1649: 1639: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1616: 1612: 1609: 1605: 1598: 1594: 1593: 1587: 1583: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1568:Low Countries 1565: 1560: 1558: 1554: 1549: 1545: 1540: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1506: 1495: 1491: 1490: 1485: 1480: 1470: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1447: 1445: 1440: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1425:Joachim Murat 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1405: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1390: 1388: 1387: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1367:whose sister 1366: 1365:Désirée Clary 1361: 1358: 1351: 1350: 1345: 1344: 1339: 1338: 1332: 1327: 1317: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1302: 1300: 1296: 1291: 1289: 1284: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1273: 1265: 1261: 1259: 1253: 1248: 1238: 1235: 1231: 1226: 1223: 1218: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1205: 1200: 1193: 1189: 1184: 1170: 1168: 1164: 1159: 1158: 1152: 1148: 1145: 1135: 1130: 1125: 1121: 1119: 1114: 1110: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1087: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1002:, fought for 1001: 996: 992: 990: 986: 976: 974: 969: 965: 964:nation states 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 941: 937: 932: 930: 926: 922: 918: 914: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 873:King of Spain 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 849: 848: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 813: 811: 807: 806:United States 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 759: 755: 750: 748: 744: 743:French Empire 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 720: 717: 713: 709: 697: 691: 674: 657: 640: 623: 606: 589: 572: 555: 538: 521: 504: 487: 470: 453: 436: 419: 402: 371: 364: 357: 346: 342: 338: 335: 332: 328: 325: 322: 318: 315: 312: 310: 306: 303: 300: 297: 296: 290: 286: 258: 251: 250: 221: 214: 213: 211: 207: 200: 199:Les Invalides 192: 188: 185: 176: 172: 168: 156: 152: 148: 144: 140: 136: 130: 125: 122: 118: 114: 110: 106: 100: 98: 94: 91: 88: 84: 77: 73: 70: 66: 61: 60: 54: 49: 44: 41: 37: 33: 19: 23861:Followed by 23855:Preceded by 23803:Denis Decrès 23636: 23624:First Consul 23597: 23427: 23369:Ferdinand IV 23359:Ferdinand II 23329:Maximilian I 23306: 23289: 23247: 23232:Henry (VIII) 23230: 23216:Frederick II 23171:Conrad (III) 23163: 23156: 23090: 23067:East Francia 23018:East Francia 22968: 22957:Napoleon III 22935: 22909: 22902: 22871: 22866: 22845: 22799: 22791: 22786: 22747:Charles VIII 22515:Carolingians 22500:Theuderic IV 22490:Chilperic II 22485:Dagobert III 22465:Childeric II 22460:Chlothar III 22405:Childebert I 22391:Merovingians 22252:Napoléon III 22227: 22113:Philippe VII 21794: 21533:Napoléon III 21432: 21357:Joseph Fesch 21284: 21191:Phrygian cap 21136:Bastille Day 21050:Thomas Paine 21005:Edmund Burke 21000:Beaumarchais 20994:Les Lumières 20992: 20833:Joseph Fesch 20817: 20745:Pauline Léon 20715:Jacques Roux 20654: 20238: 19664:Lazare Hoche 19649:Paul Grenier 19619:Louis Desaix 19583: 19478:(8 Jul 1801) 19462:(9 Feb 1801) 19433:(3 Dec 1800) 19356:(5 Apr 1799) 19157:(6 Nov 1796) 19133:(8 Sep 1796) 19125:(4 Sep 1796) 19117:(3 Sep 1796) 19088:(5 Aug 1796) 19017:(2 Oct 1794) 18996:(1 Jun 1794) 18738:(9 Nov 1799) 18684:(4 Sep 1797) 18621:(1 Apr 1795) 18591:White Terror 18584:guillotined 18561:(5 Apr 1794) 18508: 18488:(2 Jun 1793) 18358:(3 Sep 1791) 18309: 18269:(2 Nov 1789) 18261:(5 Oct 1789) 18189:(5 May 1789) 18167: 18144:(7 Jun 1788) 18111: 18104: 18097: 18090: 18083: 18076: 18069: 18062: 18055: 18048: 18041: 17968:Grande Armée 17928:Bibliography 17912:Paris (1815) 17872:Paris (1814) 17857:Paris (1810) 17837:Finckenstein 17812:Campo Formio 17571:Rowland Hill 17557:military and 17445: 17437:military and 17410:Rocquencourt 17279:Saint-Dizier 17249:Bar-sur-Aube 17204:Mincio River 16699:Schöngrabern 16478:2nd Zaragoza 16418:1st Zaragoza 16372:Stralsund II 16221:Campo Tenese 16195:Schöngrabern 16180:Cape Ortegal 16130:Diamond Rock 16008:Papal States 15842: 15835: 15828: 15821: 15814: 15807: 15800: 15733:Napoleon II 15732: 15726: 15718: 15717: 15712: 15706: 15690: 15681: 15680: 15666: 15659: 15658: 15646: 15636: 15631: 15620: 15619:Head of the 15616: 15605: 15596: 15587: 15570: 15565: 15559: 15550: 15544: 15535: 15528: 15527: 15520: 15514: 15505: 15504: 15488: 15481: 15480: 15473: 15464: 15450: 15441: 15430: 15421: 15409: 15404: 15397: 15386: 15376: 15362: 15355: 15344: 15337:First Consul 15334: 15322: 15315: 15304: 15290: 15283: 15276: 15240: / 15202: 15118: 15111: 14971:Hundred Days 14969: 14947: 14935: 14923: 14911: 14899: 14877: 14855: 14848: 14836: 14746: 14719: 14627: 14604: 14596: 14588: 14574:Charles Léon 14570: 14566:Marie Louise 14557: 14514: 14428:. Retrieved 14418: 14401:. Retrieved 14381: 14370: 14356:25 September 14354:. Retrieved 14329: 14325: 14302: 14283: 14254: 14232: 14219:. Retrieved 14199: 14178: 14162:. Retrieved 14142: 14125:(12): 2092. 14122: 14118: 14098:. Robinson. 14094: 14077:. Palgrave. 14074: 14062:. Retrieved 14042: 14016: 14010: 13991: 13971: 13951: 13930: 13909: 13890: 13869: 13847: 13825: 13804: 13783: 13758:. New York: 13753: 13720: 13695: 13673: 13643: 13633: 13616: 13612: 13600:. Retrieved 13590: 13554: 13534: 13521:. Retrieved 13501: 13481: 13472: 13427: 13411:. Retrieved 13395:. Scribner. 13391: 13371: 13352: 13331: 13309: 13293:. Retrieved 13273: 13250: 13231: 13219:. Retrieved 13195: 13171: 13158:. Retrieved 13134: 13111: 13079: 13067:. Retrieved 13047: 13040: 13029: 13018: 13007: 12998: 12972: 12960:. Retrieved 12940: 12933: 12921: 12909: 12885: 12881: 12868: 12856: 12844: 12832: 12820: 12808: 12801:Dwyer (2013) 12780: 12770: 12762: 12754: 12742:. Retrieved 12733: 12724: 12700: 12685: 12665: 12658: 12646:. Retrieved 12626: 12619: 12599: 12589: 12577:. Retrieved 12544: 12540: 12530: 12518: 12509: 12500: 12488: 12459: 12455: 12445: 12433: 12404: 12400: 12372: 12360: 12353:Price (2014) 12348: 12319: 12315: 12305: 12294: 12284: 12269: 12259: 12247: 12235: 12223: 12196:. Retrieved 12185: 12175: 12163: 12151: 12139: 12127: 12115: 12088: 12076: 12064:. Retrieved 12053: 12042: 12034: 12029: 12017: 12005: 11993: 11982: 11970: 11962:the original 11957: 11947: 11935: 11923: 11911: 11903: 11887: 11875: 11863: 11851: 11839:. Retrieved 11806: 11802: 11792: 11768: 11761: 11749: 11737: 11725: 11713: 11701: 11689: 11675:Flynn (2001) 11670: 11658:. Retrieved 11638: 11612: 11600: 11588: 11561: 11549: 11534: 11515: 11496: 11490: 11478: 11466: 11454: 11442: 11430: 11418: 11406: 11394: 11382: 11370: 11354: 11330: 11320: 11308:. Retrieved 11299: 11290: 11278:. Retrieved 11270:napoleon.org 11269: 11260: 11250:30 September 11248:. Retrieved 11237: 11228: 11216: 11208: 11203: 11191: 11186:, p. 7. 11179: 11170: 11145: 11141: 11135: 11123: 11104: 11094:– via 11068: 11061: 11054:Dwyer (2013) 11049: 11037: 11025: 11013: 11001: 10989: 10977: 10965: 10953: 10941: 10914: 10902: 10890: 10878: 10866: 10854: 10842: 10830: 10818: 10806: 10779: 10774:, p. 8. 10772:Price (2014) 10767: 10739: 10732: 10712: 10705: 10693: 10681: 10669: 10657: 10630: 10618: 10606: 10594: 10582: 10540: 10528:. Retrieved 10514: 10502:. Retrieved 10482: 10475: 10451: 10444: 10439:, pp. 34–80. 10436: 10431: 10406: 10399: 10387:Napoleon.org 10386: 10376: 10364: 10337:Napoleon.org 10336: 10327: 10320:Dwyer (2013) 10315: 10288: 10270: 10258: 10246: 10239:Dwyer (2018) 10234: 10227:Dwyer (2018) 10222: 10215:Dwyer (2018) 10210: 10203:Dwyer (2018) 10198: 10186: 10181:, pp. 148-61 10166: 10160: 10148:. 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New York: 6493: 6482: 6470: 6458: 6446: 6434: 6429:, p. 96 6414:, p. 92 6407: 6395: 6390:, p. 93 6383: 6363:, p. 92 6356: 6344: 6332: 6320: 6308: 6303:, p. 55 6296: 6284: 6272: 6260: 6248: 6236: 6224: 6212: 6200: 6188: 6176: 6164: 6152: 6140: 6128: 6103: 6095: 6083: 6071: 6059: 6047: 6022:, p. 26 6015: 6003: 5991: 5986:, p. 28 5979: 5967: 5955: 5950:, p. 21 5943: 5936:Wells (1992) 5931: 5926:, p. 18 5919: 5914:, p. 19 5907: 5895: 5883:. Retrieved 5850: 5846: 5821: 5809:. Retrieved 5789: 5782: 5770: 5732: 5722: 5710: 5698: 5685: 5676: 5671:, p. 20 5664: 5644:, p. xv 5637: 5625: 5613: 5601: 5589:. Retrieved 5574: 5545: 5518: 5506: 5494:. Retrieved 5474: 5464: 5437:. Retrieved 5417: 5410: 5398: 5386: 5368: 5356: 5346: 5341: 5328: 5307: 5277: 5182: 5141: 5097: 5071: 5065: 5045: 5012: 4999:First Consul 4976: 4943: 4906: 4868:Charles Léon 4865: 4861:tuberculosis 4857:King of Rome 4850: 4839: 4811: 4788: 4784:nation state 4777: 4754: 4748: 4721: 4717: 4677: 4651: 4626: 4612: 4607:Belle Époque 4605: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4586: 4580: 4578: 4571: 4536: 4528: 4524: 4519:Claude Ribbe 4511:Adolf Hitler 4507:megalomaniac 4500: 4477: 4453: 4449: 4440: 4436: 4434: 4419: 4417: 4404: 4392: 4381: 4370: 4339: 4335: 4326: 4316: 4287: 4281: 4274: 4270: 4244: 4231: 4206: 4202: 4187: 4182: 4175: 4171: 4163: 4109: 4102:Alfred Adler 4099: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4068: 4060: 4048: 4041: 4027: 4019: 3992:Papal States 3989: 3977: 3966: 3937: 3919: 3912: 3901: 3897:ultramontane 3893: 3886: 3846:Napoleon III 3814: 3803: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3784: 3780: 3735: 3727: 3716: 3675:Commencement 3665:Royal assent 3562:Commencement 3552:Royal assent 3482: 3474: 3459: 3449: 3443: 3438:Saint Helena 3435: 3412: 3396: 3384: 3369: 3345: 3341: 3330: 3321: 3303: 3293: 3285:Hundred Days 3279:Hundred Days 3271: 3263: 3258:Portoferraio 3252: 3236: 3226: 3206: 3198: 3189: 3180: 3165: 3154: 3146: 3136: 3122: 3106: 3072:grande armée 3071: 3063:grande armée 3062: 3060: 3044: 3029: 3020: 3008: 2988:Nieman river 2985: 2980:grande armée 2979: 2976: 2962: 2945: 2930: 2922: 2918: 2863: 2856: 2841: 2834: 2820: 2793: 2786: 2774: 2750: 2744:. Under the 2735: 2731: 2727:Fernando VII 2720: 2713: 2683: 2659: 2655:River Niemen 2644: 2633: 2607:through the 2602: 2598: 2587: 2579: 2564: 2524: 2514: 2506:West Prussia 2472: 2465: 2458: 2448: 2432: 2425: 2406: 2397:General Mack 2388:Grande Armée 2375: 2356: 2351:Grande Armée 2341:Grande Armée 2339: 2333: 2330: 2314: 2275: 2252: 2244: 2231: 2228: 2213: 2196: 2151: 2144: 2120: 2115:First Consul 2088: 2080: 2063: 2029: 2026: 2011: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1951: 1935: 1909: 1891: 1887: 1876: 1862: 1831: 1812: 1772: 1758:against the 1749: 1736: 1712: 1698: 1671: 1656: 1623: 1617: 1613: 1601: 1589: 1561: 1541: 1510: 1487: 1454: 1450: 1448: 1441: 1428: 1406: 1391: 1384: 1362: 1354: 1347: 1341: 1334: 1303: 1292: 1285: 1270: 1268: 1255: 1227: 1219: 1203: 1196: 1173:Early career 1166: 1155: 1153: 1149: 1141: 1129:Louis Rochet 1115: 1111: 1088: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1017: 982: 933: 929:Saint Helena 917:Hundred Days 847:Grande Armée 814: 788:against the 772:against the 751: 739:First Consul 718: 711: 707: 706: 293: 179:(1821-05-05) 128: 111:Louis XVIII 80:6 April 1814 57: 40: 23900:1821 deaths 23895:1769 births 23608:Roger Ducos 23524:(1871–1918) 23505:(1867–1871) 23486:(1850–1866) 23464:(1848/1849) 23452:Ferdinand I 23440:(1815–1848) 23421:(1806–1813) 23389:Charles VII 23339:Ferdinand I 23221:Henry (VII) 23196:Frederick I 22950:(1852–1870) 22924:(1830–1848) 22893:Louis XVIII 22873:Napoleon II 22814:(1589–1792) 22792:(1422–1453) 22737:Charles VII 22710:(1328–1589) 22584:Charles III 22569:Carloman II 22545:(Charles I) 22543:Charlemagne 22495:Chlothar IV 22450:Sigebert II 22440:Chlothar II 22425:Chilperic I 22415:Charibert I 22285:Napoléon VI 22265:Napoléon IV 22234:Napoléon II 22201:Alphonse II 22183:Charles XII 22049:Louis XVIII 22029:(1792–1815) 21942:(1867–1871) 21925:(1867–1871) 21888:(1848–1849) 21871:(1850–1866) 21865:(1835–1848) 21859:(1815–1835) 21816:(1806–1813) 21797:(1806–1813) 21766:(1806–1871) 21498:Napoléon II 21060:Abbé Sieyès 21045:Montesquieu 20961:Social Club 20903:Jean Chouan 20793:Louis XVIII 20570:Roger Ducos 20540:Paul Barras 20507:Montagnards 20437:Abbé Sieyès 20240:monarchiens 20048:Netherlands 19977:(Hungarian) 19925:(Hungarian) 19841:French Navy 19767: [ 19689:Jean Lannes 19546:French Army 19324:(1798–1802) 19295:(1798–1800) 19279:(1798–1801) 19009:Chouannerie 18970:(Pyrenees) 18835: [ 18802:Chouannerie 18594:(Fall 1794) 18582:Robespierre 17796:War of 1812 17754:Gunboat War 17711:Louis XVIII 17466:Jean Lannes 17380:Quatre Bras 17370:San Germano 17320:Occhiobello 17209:Champaubert 17199:La Rothière 17123:San Marcial 17007:2nd Polotsk 16972:1st Polotsk 16957:Majadahonda 16897:Villagarcia 16826:Campo Maior 16614:Piave River 16539:Ciudad Real 16529:Villafranca 16398:Dos de Mayo 16347:Stralsund I 16099:18 Brumaire 16033:Netherlands 15931:Württemberg 15686:Napoleon II 15677:Louis XVIII 15655:Louis XVIII 15581:Louis XVIII 15500:Louis XVIII 15325:Roger Ducos 15161:Bonapartism 15062: [ 15032:Protestants 14808: [ 14794: [ 14671: [ 14584:Napoleon II 14174:Schom, Alan 13994:. Pimlico. 13221:27 February 13175:. Bedford. 13092:Works cited 13069:30 November 12962:30 November 12523:Grab (2017) 12510:Arthist.net 12493:Bell (2015) 12462:(1): 1–30. 12438:Bell (2015) 12377:Bell (2015) 12365:Bell (2015) 11975:Geyl (1949) 11841:5 September 11754:Bell (2015) 11387:Bell (2015) 11148:(1): 6–26. 11030:Bell (2015) 11006:Geyl (1949) 10859:Geyl (1949) 10847:Geyl (1949) 10811:Geyl (1949) 10635:Bell (2015) 10599:Geyl (1949) 10587:Geyl (1949) 10410:. Redfield. 10150:28 November 9574:7 September 9412:Bell (2015) 8580:Bell (2015) 7117:Bell (2015) 6908:Bell (2015) 6694:Bell (2015) 6598:Bell (2015) 5853:(1): 6–26. 5729:"Chapter 2" 5659:, p. 6 5632:, p. 4 5608:, p. 2 5567:Bell (2015) 5523:Grab (2017) 5403:Grab (2003) 5321:département 5028:Louis XVIII 5003:Louis XVIII 4997:Himself as 4853:Napoleon II 4728:manorialism 4660:version by 4635:version by 4556:Bonapartism 4515:Pieter Geyl 4317:Napoleon's 4188:During the 4116:Erich Fromm 4043:Pieter Geyl 4038:Personality 3850:sarcophagus 3698:Repealed by 3585:Repealed by 3466:Hudson Lowe 3420: 1820 3397:Bellerophon 3266:Louis XVIII 3157:La Rothière 3094:Poniatowski 2628:Neman River 2590:River Saale 2557:before the 2326: 1805 2280:, with the 2018:Hohenlinden 1910:18 Brumaire 1902:Roger Ducos 1884:18 Brumaire 1877:18 Brumaire 1865:18 Brumaire 1686:Tipu Sultan 1624:coup d'état 1501: 1801 1492:, by Baron 1451:Vendémiaire 1409:Paul Barras 1369:Julie Clary 1335:Journée du 1275:(Supper at 1132: [ 819:led to the 716:regnal name 302:Napoleon II 90:Louis XVIII 23884:Categories 23541:William II 23428:Napoleon I 23409:Francis II 23404:Leopold II 23384:Charles VI 23297:Wenceslaus 23285:Charles IV 23191:Henry (VI) 23186:Conrad III 23115:(962–1806) 23110:within the 23020:during the 22867:Napoleon I 22847:Louis XVII 22826:Louis XIII 22772:Charles IX 22767:Francis II 22732:Charles VI 22698:Charles IV 22673:Philip III 22663:Louis VIII 22628:Hugh Capet 22621:(987–1328) 22554:Charles II 22538:Carloman I 22520:Robertians 22445:Dagobert I 22430:Sigebert I 22410:Chlothar I 22228:Napoléon I 22226:1814 1815 22195:Jacques II 22189:Alphonse I 22171:Charles XI 22081:Legitimist 22043:Louis XVII 21933:Chancellor 21850:Presidents 21795:Napoleon I 21433:Napoléon I 20949:Cordeliers 20863:Talleyrand 20788:Louis XVII 20650:Hébertists 20404:Jean Debry 20234:Feuillants 19863:Opposition 19759:Michel Ney 19181:(Dec 1796) 18789:Thionville 18692:(Dec 1797) 18665:(May 1796) 18657:5 Oct 1795 18634:Directoire 18514:(painting) 18417:(Sep 1792) 18401:(Jun 1792) 18234:Great Fear 18173:(Jan 1789) 18064:Revolution 17938:Casualties 17852:Schönbrunn 17827:Artlenburg 17576:John Moore 17481:Michel Ney 17350:Scapezzano 17340:Cesenatico 17284:Montmartre 17214:Montmirail 17148:Wartenburg 17103:Großbeeren 16962:Gorodechno 16952:Klyastitsy 16932:Saltanovka 16821:Casal Novo 16694:Hollabrunn 16679:Korneuburg 16473:Somosierra 16377:Copenhagen 16200:Austerlitz 16190:Dürenstein 15926:Westphalia 15869:and allies 15566:Louis XVI 15293:5 May 1821 15193:Propaganda 14727:Coronation 14463:by the US 14430:5 December 14146:. Granta. 14064:2 December 13975:. Osprey. 13602:2 December 13523:5 December 13413:2 December 13295:2 December 13199:. London: 13160:5 December 12759:John Lynch 12648:5 December 12579:5 December 12198:5 December 12066:16 October 11660:5 December 11361:, p. 10530:23 January 10504:2 December 9347:2 November 9308:6 December 9039:2 December 8628:2 December 8526:23 October 8035:2 December 7716:18 October 6039:, p. 5885:2 December 5811:15 October 5496:2 December 5439:2 December 5263:; French: 5084:Francis II 4709:Bas-relief 4602:Boulangism 4522:in Syria. 4363:Statue in 4312:Code Civil 4056:misogynist 3795:qui recule 3787:last rites 3748:See also: 3637:Long title 3524:Long title 3326:Michel Ney 3306:Golfe-Juan 3272:Inconstant 2948:Bernadotte 2399:after the 2182:See also: 2096:Guadeloupe 2046:See also: 1958:Cambacérès 1752:Alexandria 1705:geodesists 1535:, and the 1394:Topography 1355:After the 1237:mainland. 1080:Napolionne 979:Early life 577:Austerlitz 526:Somosierra 275:; 238:; 177:5 May 1821 160:1769-08-15 18:Napoleon I 23656:Ministers 23622:Bonaparte 23531:William I 23512:William I 23447:Francis I 23399:Joseph II 23394:Francis I 23374:Leopold I 23349:Rudolf II 23334:Charles V 23319:Albert II 23314:Sigismund 23270:Henry VII 23226:Conrad IV 23147:Henry III 23142:Conrad II 23074:(919–962) 23069:(911–919) 23025:(843–911) 22904:Louis XIX 22898:Charles X 22841:Louis XVI 22831:Louis XIV 22777:Henry III 22757:Francis I 22752:Louis XII 22727:Charles V 22717:Philip VI 22678:Philip IV 22658:Philip II 22653:Louis VII 22633:Robert II 22564:Louis III 22526:(751–987) 22475:Clovis IV 22455:Clovis II 22393:(509–751) 22297:present ( 22177:Jacques I 22138:Henri VII 22101:Louis XIX 22095:Charles X 22051:1814 1815 22037:Louis XVI 21916:President 21909:1867–1871 21843:1815–1866 21788:Protector 21781:1806–1813 20783:Louis XVI 20778:Charles X 20429:The Plain 20340:Girondins 20280:Lafayette 19941:(Walloon) 19923:Pál Kray 19899:(Walloon) 19441:(1800–02) 19292:Quasi-War 18751:Consulate 18637:(1795–99) 18092:Consulate 18085:Directory 17902:Casalanza 17877:Tauroggen 17832:Pressburg 17817:Lunéville 17722:conflicts 17555:Coalition 17405:La Suffel 17355:Tolentino 17239:Montereau 17224:Vauchamps 17173:Bornhöved 17128:Dennewitz 17073:Tarragona 17022:Chashniki 16922:Salamanca 16846:Tarragona 16770:Barquilla 16724:Almonacid 16684:Stockerau 16654:Stralsund 16624:2nd Porto 16604:Ebelsberg 16574:Abensberg 16544:1st Porto 16504:Castellón 16488:Benavente 16453:Valmaseda 16367:Friedland 16362:Heilsberg 16332:Ostrołęka 16322:Mohrungen 16256:Magdeburg 16185:Amstetten 16170:Trafalgar 16155:Elchingen 16140:Wertingen 16038:Brunswick 15963:Coalition 15707:New title 15632:New title 15588:New title 15475:Louis XVI 15431:New title 15387:New title 15345:New title 15305:New title 14791:2nd exile 14774:1st exile 14685:Consulate 14605:Brothers: 14571:Children: 14461:Biography 14346:1468-229X 14033:143376566 13780:(1973) . 13750:(1995) . 13740:740560411 13588:(1889) . 13425:(2015) . 13112:Bonaparte 12988:Médiation 12894:2305-3925 12561:0017-811X 12476:0016-1071 12421:0269-1191 12336:0269-1191 12187:France 24 11831:144112149 11310:20 August 10060:Roberts, 9397:28 August 9298:2100-0123 7860:. p. 156. 5867:0016-1071 5682:"Corsica" 5379:Citations 5186:English: 4469:Criticism 4414:Education 4408:total war 4114:. Adler, 4031:Sanhedrin 3946:Concordat 3723:hepatitis 3652:56 Geo. 3 3539:56 Geo. 3 3461:The Times 3395:HMS 3253:Undaunted 3247:sovereign 3237:With the 3201:Old Guard 2870:Carinthia 2852:armistice 2824:Inn River 2723:Carlos IV 2662:Wallachia 2640:Heilsberg 2521:Selim III 2409:Karl Mack 2284:, at the 2142:in 1804. 2109:Silver 5 2056:The 1803 1970:Tribunate 1944:. Posing 1604:standards 1437:grapeshot 1402:Selim III 1277:Beaucaire 1107:Louis XVI 1084:Napulione 1072:Nabulione 1014:'s court. 1012:Louis XVI 948:feudalism 831:. In the 790:Directory 774:Austrians 543:Friedland 390:Rochefort 340:Signature 314:Bonaparte 129:In office 108:Successor 97:2nd reign 86:Successor 75:1st reign 23890:Napoleon 23824:Treasury 23760:Interior 23379:Joseph I 23354:Matthias 23275:Louis IV 23265:Albert I 23255:Rudolf I 23201:Henry VI 23152:Henry IV 23137:Henry II 23132:Otto III 23081:Conrad I 23037:Carloman 22836:Louis XV 22821:Henry IV 22762:Henry II 22742:Louis XI 22693:Philip V 22668:Louis IX 22648:Louis VI 22643:Philip I 22599:Louis IV 22589:Robert I 22559:Louis II 22524:Bosonids 22400:Clovis I 22299:disputed 22207:Louis XX 22165:Jean III 22132:Henri VI 22126:Jean III 21143:Panthéon 21131:Muscadin 21126:Marianne 21065:Voltaire 20944:Jacobins 20937:Factions 20477:Mirabeau 19933:(French) 18827:Jemappes 18811:Dauphiné 18294:Nobility 18106:Journals 18099:Glossary 18078:Republic 18050:Timeline 17973:Uniforms 17887:Chaumont 17805:Treaties 17506:Joseph I 17446:Napoleon 17390:Waterloo 17330:Casaglia 17294:Toulouse 17178:Sehested 17153:Bidassoa 17133:2nd Kulm 17118:1st Kulm 17108:Katzbach 17098:Sorauren 17093:Pyrenees 17058:Castalla 17042:Berezina 17032:Smoliani 17002:Tarutino 16987:Borodino 16977:Valutino 16967:Smolensk 16937:Ostrovno 16907:Maguilla 16871:Valencia 16861:Saguntum 16709:Talavera 16589:Ratisbon 16579:Landshut 16554:Bergisel 16549:Medellín 16463:Espinosa 16423:Valencia 16296:Czarnowo 16266:Pasewalk 16261:Prenzlau 16236:Saalfeld 16175:Caldiero 16145:Günzburg 16023:Sardinia 15998:Portugal 15410:(Became 15238:Category 15043:Slavery 14628:Sisters: 14532:timeline 14515:Napoleon 14424:Archived 14416:(1891). 14397:Archived 14368:(1969). 14350:Archived 14215:Archived 14176:(1997). 14158:Archived 14058:Archived 13784:Napoleon 13718:(1966). 13596:Archived 13517:Archived 13471:(1994). 13459:Archived 13448:Archived 13407:Archived 13310:Napoleon 13307:(1994). 13289:Archived 13274:Napoleon 13271:(1932). 13251:Napoleon 13215:Archived 13193:(2015). 13154:Archived 13132:(2015). 13063:Archived 12991:Archived 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5260:-nə-part 5256:-lee-ən 5075:in 1861 4828:Empress 4820:Children 4767:and the 4726:, ended 4633:romantic 4198:bogeyman 4160:gesture. 3934:Muhammad 3928:and the 3872:dioceses 3856:Religion 3777:in Paris 3684:Repealed 3647:Citation 3571:Repealed 3534:Citation 3470:catarrhs 3318:Grenoble 3310:Grenoble 3161:February 3067:Berezina 3051:Cossacks 3032:Tarutino 3011:Borodino 3004:Smolensk 2874:Carniola 2716:Portugal 2666:Moldavia 2394:Austrian 2336:Boulogne 1768:pyramids 1513:Piedmont 1453:uprising 1222:Jacobins 1064:Catholic 1056:Caroline 1030:home in 1004:Corsican 989:Lombardy 853:Russians 725:and led 492:Borodino 475:Berezina 407:Waterloo 385:620miles 46:Napoleon 23736:Finance 23684:Justice 23630:Consuls 23291:Günther 23249:Alfonso 23243:Richard 23238:William 23211:Otto IV 23176:Henry V 23165:Hermann 23127:Otto II 23086:Henry I 22969:italics 22911:Henry V 22722:John II 22683:Louis X 22638:Henry I 22609:Louis V 22604:Lothair 22594:Rudolph 22549:Louis I 22420:Guntram 22273:/ 1891 22209:present 22146:present 22144:Jean IV 22107:Henri V 21269:of the 21025:Diderot 20771:Figures 20656:Enragés 20362:Father 20073:Prussia 20005:Britain 19954:(Saxon) 19912:(Swiss) 19879:Austria 17720:Related 17299:Bayonne 17264:Craonne 17234:Mormant 17194:Brienne 17168:Nivelle 17158:Leipzig 17113:Dresden 17083:Vitoria 17068:Bautzen 17037:Krasnoi 16982:Mesoten 16942:Vitebsk 16902:Almaraz 16892:Badajoz 16851:Albuera 16836:Almeida 16831:Sabugal 16816:Redinha 16806:Barrosa 16785:Bussaco 16780:Almeida 16760:Astorga 16729:Tamames 16689:Gefrees 16644:Alcañiz 16584:Eckmühl 16514:Corunna 16483:Sahagún 16448:Zornoza 16443:Vimeiro 16413:Cabezón 16337:Kolberg 16306:Pułtusk 16301:Golymin 16291:Hamelin 16271:Stettin 16231:Schleiz 16076:Prelude 16068:battles 16043:Hanover 15988:Prussia 15978:Austria 15916:Bavaria 15896:Etruria 15891:Holland 15863:France, 15856:gerents 15623:Austria 15379:Emperor 15377:Became 15335:Became 15247:Commons 15217:Studies 14759:Tactics 14742:Holland 14597:Mother: 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