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objectionable content sometimes backfired when it was found that they helped draw attention to those films. Although the Legion was often envisioned as a bureaucratic arm of the
Catholic Church, it instead was little more than a loose confederation of local organizations, with each diocese appointing a local Legion director, usually a parish priest, who was responsible for Legion activities in that diocese. Film historian Bernard F. Dick wrote: "Although the Legion was never officially an organ of the Catholic Church, and its movie ratings were nonbinding, many Catholics were still guided by the Legion's classifications."
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and television using the same rating scale the original Legion of
Decency did in the 1930s and 1940s. They shared the same goal, which was to rid the screen of stories that lowered traditional moral standards and persuaded people, especially young people to accept false principles of conduct. By 1990 the National Catholic Office for Radio and Television collapsed leaving the Office of Film and Broadcasting to review strictly motion pictures. The Office of Film and Broadcasting worked to review every movie in the United States still adhering to the original rating system.
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intervention. Tasked with enforcing the code was the Studio
Relations Committee, which very soon was overwhelmed by the number of films to view. The committee had a small staff and not much influence. Without the power to compel the editing of content deemed problematic, it was left with attempting to persuade the studios to make changes. From 1930 to 1934, the Production Code was only slightly effective in fighting back calls for federal censorship. The SRC was considered generally ineffective. Lord considered the code a failure.
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film rating system as the Legion of
Decency. The rating "A" meant morally unobjectionable but falling into the subcategories of AI: Suitable for all audiences, AII: Suitable for adults and adolescents, and AIII: Suitable for adults only. The next ratings were "B", which meant morally objectionable in part, and "C", which meant it was condemned by the Legion of Decency. The Office of Motion Pictures began with the intention to rate every motion picture made in the United States and labored for 45 years.
530:, two films whose content was seen by many as being exaggerated by the mainstream press, perhaps leading to the wrong interpretations and false conclusions cited in the rating's full description. In 1995, the description was changed to films "which are not morally offensive in themselves but are not for casual viewing”. Ultimately, the Office of Film and Broadcasting shut down in 2010. The USCCB continues to voluntarily provide information and film ratings for Catholics through the
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300:("The Remarkable Inventions"), which suggested that Catholics should be more concerned about encouraging good movies than condemning bad ones, an approach taken earlier by the National Board of Review. The Legion revised its ratings process, increased the members of its ratings panel with individuals knowledgeable in film and communication arts, and added two new ratings categories:
269:
dioceses across the country administered yearly pledges in which millions of
Catholics throughout the U.S. vowed to refuse to watch films that were condemned by the Legion. "Although the Legion was never officially an organ of the Catholic Church, and its movie ratings were nonbinding, many Catholics were still guided by the Legion's classifications."
402:, said even though he gave the film a positive review, he felt uncomfortable watching it. "It is hardly a pretty picture, dealing as it does with a man whose tainted blood subjects him to fits of homicidal mania,... Sitting here, a safe distance from it, we are not at all sure we entirely approve of it or its telling."
460:
I condemn all indecent and immoral motion pictures, and those which glorify crime or criminals. I promise to do all that I can to strengthen public opinion against the production of indecent and immoral films, and to unite with all who protest against them. I acknowledge my obligation to form a right
379:
The Legion of
Decency condemned several films for morally offensive content. This was reflected in a "C" rating. Practicing Catholics were directed to refrain from viewing such films. More explicitly, they were directed to "remain away from all motion pictures except those which do not offend decency
214:
Initially, the Legion of
Decency provided no official guide to good and bad films but left it up to individual priests and bishops to determine what was or was not morally acceptable. Some Catholics proposed announcing only lists of films approved for viewing so as not to publicize the names of films
142:
scandal and amid growing calls by primarily
Protestant groups for federal censorship of the movies. "Hiring Hays to “clean up the pictures” was, at least in part, a public relations ploy, and much was made of his conservative credentials, including his roles as a Presbyterian deacon and past chairman
99:
it soon became known as the
National Board of Motion Picture Censorship. To avoid government censorship of films, the National Board became the unofficial clearinghouse for new movies. The Board's stated purpose was to endorse films of merit and champion the new "art of the people". In March 1916 the
150:
In 1927, Hays oversaw the creation of a code of "Don'ts and Be
Carefuls" for the industry. This list outlined the issues that movies could encounter in different localities. Again, despite Hays' efforts, studios largely ignored the "Don'ts and Be Carefuls," and by the end of 1929, the MPPDA received
200:
Catholic bishops and laypeople tended to be leery of federal censorship and favored the Hays approach of self-censorship, and the influence of public opinion. The Catholic Legion of Decency was organized in 1934 under the auspices of Cincinnati Archbishop John T. McNicholas. Members were asked
509:
The organization had been run by the United States Catholic Conference in their Communications Department but was later joined with the National Conference of Catholic Bishops and renamed the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops in 2001. The Office of Film and Broadcasting carried the same
505:
After the National Catholic Office of Motion Pictures was re-established in 1960, it later became the Office of Film and Broadcasting (OFB). The Office of Film and Broadcasting merged with the National Catholic Office for Radio and Television in 1980. Together they reviewed motion pictures, radio,
258:
that claimed to warn the public about various kinds of shocking sin and depravity corrupting society. In reality, these films were cynical, profit-motivated vehicles that wallowed in lurid, taboo subjects, such as: drug abuse, promiscuous sex, venereal disease, polygamy, child marriages, etc. Some
146:
In 1924, Hays instituted "The Formula", a loose set of guidelines for filmmakers, to get the movie industry to self-regulate the issues that the censorship boards had been created to address. "The Formula" requested that studios send synopses of films being considered to the MPPDA for review. This
268:
For the first few decades, the Legion had a significant influence on the entertainment industry. Their influence stemmed from the popularity of their rating system, their skillful lobbying, and the circulation of a pledge at church services. From the 1930s through the 1960s, Catholic parishes in
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With the Legion of Decency rating films independently, and pressure on the industry from several Protestant and women's groups, Hays, who had been in charge of enforcing the voluntary code since 1927, worried that the NLD's efforts could weaken his power and that of his office and hurt industry
120:
was an industry self-regulatory body created by the Hollywood studios in 1916 to answer demands for film censorship by states and municipalities. The Association devised "Thirteen Points", a list of subjects and storylines they promised to avoid. However, there was no method of enforcement if a
191:
The studio heads were less than enthusiastic but after some revisions, agreed to make The Code the rule of the industry, albeit with many loopholes that allowed studio producers to override the Hays Office's application of it. One main reason in adopting the Code was to avoid direct government
311:
Professor James Skinner wrote that by the late 1950s and early to mid-1960s, the Legion was beginning to lose its influence both within Hollywood and within the Catholic Church. Skinner noted that in some cases, young Catholics throughout the country saw a “C” rating as a reason to see a
47:
Condemnation by the Legion would often diminish a film's chances for success because it meant the population of Catholics, some twenty million strong at the time (plus their Protestant allies), would avoid attending any screening of the film. The efforts to help parishioners avoid films with
129:
After several risqué films and a series of notorious off-screen scandals involving Hollywood stars, political pressure was increasing, with legislators in 37 states introducing almost one hundred movie censorship bills in 1921. Faced with the prospect of having to comply with hundreds, and
84:, upon re-issuance, the licensees were prohibited from operating on Sunday. He further indicated his intention to revoke the license of any motion picture show "...on evidence that pictures have been exhibited by the licensees which tend to degrade or injure the morals of the community."
222:
During the early years, the Legion established a rating system that assessed films based on their moral content. The films were graded on a scale from "A" to "C," with “A” being morally permissible and “C” being morally unacceptable. One of the first foreign films condemned was the 1933
383:
Most motion pictures receiving a "C" rating were foreign films. Since it reviewed films when released for distribution, the Legion usually rated non-U.S. films a few years after their first release in their country of origin, occasionally years after. One such film was
428:
By the late fifties, films considered "problematic" were viewed by the Legion two or three times; first by the staff and then by consultants who provided written evaluations. Invariably, the Legion was considered too liberal by some, and too cautious by others.
63:
From the early days of cinema, the motion picture industry made several attempts to self-regulate the content of films to avoid the creation of numerous state and municipal censorship boards. Most of these efforts were relatively ineffectual.
237:
swimming nude and chasing naked after her runaway horse, as well as an illicit affair and a suicide. This was not a particularly difficult decision as, after a Vatican journalist attended a screening at the Venice Film Festival,
959:"Catholics Oppose Film Censorship; Archbishop McNicholas Holds an Aroused Public Opinion is Best Curb on Evil Movies. Not Against Amusement Church Not Asking 'Solemn Type of Picture,' Says Chairman of Bishops' Committee.",
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only about 20 percent of Hollywood scripts before production, and the number of regional and local censorship boards continued to increase. However, a number of the items listed would become part of the later Code.
461:
conscience about pictures that are dangerous to my moral life. I pledge myself to remain away from them. I promise, further, to stay away altogether from places of amusement which show them as a matter of policy.
43:
on behalf of Catholic audiences. Members were asked to pledge to patronize only those motion pictures which did not "offend decency and Christian morality". The concept soon gained support from other churches.
245:
The Legion also published and distributed pamphlets and fliers encouraging Catholics not to view certain films it viewed as immoral. The Legion was often more conservative in its views on films than the
201:
to sign a pledge promising to "remain away from all motion pictures except those which do not offend decency and Christian morality." The idea soon caught on with other churches. The Episcopal magazine
1378:
Donnelly, Gerald B. "The Motion Picture and the Legion of Decency." The Public Opinion Quarterly 2.1, Special Supplement: Public Opinion in a Democracy (1938): 42–44. JSTOR. Web.
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printed the pledge for its readers to sign. It was also promoted by the Protestant Detroit Council of Churches. As its influence spread, the organization adopted the name
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potentially thousands, of inconsistent and easily changed decency laws to show their movies, the studios chose self-regulation as the preferable option. In 1922, the
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and about a dozen prominent individuals from the fields of social work, religion, and education, formed a committee, under the auspices of the People's Institute at
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In the 1970s controversies grew surrounding the intense rating system and inconsistent reviews. Examples of films which received the A-IV rating include
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revoked all moving-picture exhibition licenses in the city pending inspection of the premises due to fire safety concerns regarding the highly flammable
316:, and a decline in the initial enthusiasm for the Legion, the Legion ceased to exist by the mid 1960s. In 1965, the Legion was restructured as the
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1143:
958:
543:
1189:
Pryors, Thomas S. (October 15, 1954). "Breen is Retired as Movie Censor; At Own Request, Director of Code Leaves Office -- Chief Aide Successor",
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was named the association's first president. The goal of the organization was to rehabilitate the image of the movie industry in the wake of the
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effort largely failed, however, as studios were under no obligation to send their scripts to Hays's office, nor to follow his recommendations.
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1594:
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Nugent Frank S., "The Screen in Review; Zola's 'The Human Beast' Comes to 55th Street as a Somber and Powerful French Film by Jean Renoir",
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1400:"United States Conference of Catholic Bishops' Office for Film and Broadcasting." Knowledge. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 16 Mar. 2016.
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Sometimes the Hollywood studios would work with the Legion to avoid a "C" rating that might harm a film's distribution and profitability.
55:(NCOMP). In 1980, NCOMP ceased operations, along with the biweekly Review, which by then had published ratings for 16,251 feature films.
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320:(NCOMP), but scholars such as Skinner argue that the NCOMP failed to exert as much influence over Hollywood as the Legion.
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denounced it in the Vatican newspaper. Criticized by women's groups, it was also banned by the Pennsylvania state censor.
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rating for "morally offensive" films, and NCOMP began to reassign ratings to some older films based on its new system.
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The Cross and the Cinema: The Legion of Decency and the National Catholic Office for Motion Pictures: 1933–1970
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Banned in the Media: A Reference Guide to Censorship in the Press, Motion Pictures, Broadcasting, and the Internet
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188:", "The Code", and "The Hays Code". It was presented to Will Hays in 1930 and privately circulated by the MPPDA.
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and the Legion revised the rating to "B". (The film was banned in Ireland, Australia, and British Columbia).
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95:, to make recommendations to the Mayor's office concerning controversial films. Initially called the
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The Cross and the Cinema: The Legion of Decency and the National Catholic Office for Motion Pictures
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United States Conference of Catholic Bishops' Office for Film and Broadcasting was an office of the
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1454:
The Legion of Decency: A Sociological Analysis of the Emergence and Development of a Pressure Group
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Miracles & sacrilege : Roberto Rossellini, the church and film censorship in Hollywood
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534:. The Catholic News Service also gives access to archived reviews dating from 2011 and prior.
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studio film violated the Thirteen Points content restrictions, and NAMPI proved ineffective.
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565:
526:
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Classical Film Violence: Designing and Regulating Brutality in Hollywood Cinema, 1930–1968
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particular film. He argued that as a result of the Church’s liberalization after the
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Hollywood V. Hard Core: How the Struggle Over Censorship Created the Modern Film Industry
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557:- early studies on the effects of movies on the behavior of children and adolescents.
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The Censorship Papers: Movie Censorship Letters from the Hays Office, 1934 to 1968
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Pre-Code Hollywood: Sex, Immorality, and Insurrection in American Cinema 1930-1934
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Pre-Code Hollywood: Sex, Immorality, and Insurrection in American Cinema 1930-1934
491:, a continuation of the National Legion of Decency rating system begun in 1933 by
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1409:"USCCB – Film and Broadcasting –Archived Movie Reviews." n.d. Web. 17 Mar. 2016.
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395:
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maintained its own list of film ratings. The MPPDA created a new department, the
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180:. Quigley drafted Lord to write a code for motion pictures. With the blessing of
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United States Conference of Catholic Bishops' Office for Film and Broadcasting
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551:– a secular American censorship code in effect during much of the same period
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of Chicago, Father Lord authored the code, which later became known as "The
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rating was issued from 1933 until the end of 1981. On January 1, 1982, the
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included brief nude scenes. One such film condemned by the Legion was 1935
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was a Jesuit priest who had served as one of the technical consultants on
1156:
1097:"C Is For 'Condemned': A Nun Looks Back On 47 Years Of Unholy Filmmaking"
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234:
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Sin and Censorship: The Catholic Church and the Motion Picture Industry:
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Sin and Censorship: The Catholic Church and the Motion Picture Industry
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39:, as an organization dedicated to identifying objectionable content in
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The Dame in the Kimono: Hollywood, Censorship, and the Production Code
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film. He stated that due to complaints from the city's clergy and the
980:. Gibson Library Connections. Toronto : University of Toronto Press.
850:"Will H. Hays", Hollywood Walk of Fame, Hollywood Chamber of Commerce
77:
1210:"Roman Catholics: The Changing Legion of Decency", December 03, 1965
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and the Legion changed its rating to "unobjectionable for adults".
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Hollywood censored : morality codes, Catholics, and the movies
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265:, which dealt with cocaine addiction, amorality and prostitution.
683:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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profits. Several states continued to have state censors, and the
1387:
Foerstel, Herbert N. "One A Brief History of Media Censorship."
1121:
Hollywood's High Noon: Moviemaking and Society Before Television
51:
In 1965, The National Legion of Decency was reorganized as the
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703:(2nd ed.). New York City: Vintage Books. pp. 31–32.
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used a list drawn up by the Federation of Catholic Alumnae.
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Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America (MPPDA)
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Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America (MPPDA)
112:
National Association of the Motion Picture Industry (NAMPI)
1144:"USCCB Communications Department, Library Collections, CUA
700:
Movie-Made America: A Cultural History of American Movies
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The Miracle Case: Film Censorship and the Supreme Court:
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Hollywood Censored: Morality Codes, Catholics and Movies
632:, Univ. Press of Mississippi, September 18, 2009, p. 79
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Catholic organizations established in the 20th century
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Banned in Kansas: Motion Picture Censorship, 1915-1966
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Banned in Kansas: Motion Picture Censorship, 1915-1966
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Catholic Crusade Against the Movies: 1940–1975
588:
Lasalle, Mick (March 20, 2016). "Ask Mick Lasalle".
351:were subsequently expanded by separating "A" into:
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National Association of the Motion Picture Industry
1605:Political organizations based in the United States
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583:
581:
1600:First Amendment to the United States Constitution
802:. New York: Columbia University Press 1999. p. 6
376:, for adults with reservations were later added.
82:Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children
1585:Defunct organizations based in the United States
1541:
1362:"Legion of Decency | American organization"
903:Endres, David J., "Dan Lord, Hollywood Priest",
544:List of films condemned by the Legion of Decency
1442:: Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 1998:
1428:: Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 1994:
1289:"CATHOLIC CHURCH ALTERS ITS FILM-RATING SYSTEM"
578:
166:(a trade magazine for independent exhibitors).
1580:Christianity and society in the United States
1494:Wittern-Keller, Laure and Haberski, Raymond.
822:Leff, Leonard J.; Simmons, Jerold L. (2001).
1610:United States Conference of Catholic Bishops
941:. New York: Columbia University Press 1999.
656:. University of Missouri Press 2007, p. 149
485:United States Conference of Catholic Bishops
318:National Catholic Office for Motion Pictures
53:National Catholic Office for Motion Pictures
1615:1990 disestablishments in the United States
1575:Christian organizations established in 1933
1520:Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences
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1201:
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102:National Board of Review of Motion Pictures
97:New York Board of Motion Picture Censorship
67:
1498:Kansas: University Press of Kansas: 2008:
1161:. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
630:Forever Mame: The Life of Rosalind Russell
72:On December 24, 1908, New York City Mayor
1516:The National Legion of Decency Collection
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648:
646:
1550:1933 establishments in the United States
1484:New Haven: Yale University Press: 1996:
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918:"Martin Quigley", MPPDA Digital Archives
677:. The New York Times, December 25, 1908.
1351:. New York: Facts on File, 1990. Print.
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467:In 1938, the league requested that the
419:removed fifteen lines of dialogue from
285:. Hays appointed conservative Catholic
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1009:"Catholics Differ Over Film Listing",
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254:. The early thirties saw a number of
248:Motion Picture Association of America
16:Defunct American moral pressure group
1620:Organizations disestablished in 1990
1595:Film censorship in the United States
1555:Catholic Church in the United States
1048:"A Candid Portrait of Hedy Lamarr",
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781:. University of Missouri Press 2007
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341:: Morally objectionable in part, and
233:which featured an eighteen-year-old
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1052:magazine, December 1938, pp. 18–19.
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1625:Catholic Church in popular culture
1590:Entertainment rating organizations
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1335:The Catholic University of America
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1125:The Johns Hopkins University Press
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864:. Rutgers University Press, p. 20
473:Feast of the Immaculate Conception
14:
1641:
1509:
1391:. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1998.
674:Picture Shows All Out of Business
471:be administered each year on the
444:ratings were combined into a new
104:to avoid the controversial word "
1470:: Westport, Conn: Praegar 1993:
826:. University Press of Kentucky.
678:
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487:and is best known for the USCCB
456:The pledge was revised in 1934:
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308:, for adults with reservations.
1570:Censorship in the United States
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1068:. New York: Dodd Mead. p.
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974:Johnson, William Bruce (2010).
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608:"Religion: Legion of Decency",
469:Pledge of the Legion of Decency
1456:: New York: Arno Press: 1974:
1349:The Encyclopedia of Censorship
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283:Motion Picture Production Code
279:Production Code Administration
100:Board changed its name to the
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1630:Motion picture rating systems
1247:"Religion: Legion of Decency"
885:. NYU Press, 2002 pp. 301–302
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394:about a homicidal alcoholic.
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31:group founded in 1934 by the
358:, for general patronage, and
182:Cardinal George W. Mundelein
7:
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409:made revisions to the 1940
21:National Legion of Decency,
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1565:Censorship in Christianity
1155:Black, Gregory D. (1994).
561:Protestant Film Commission
335:: Morally unobjectionable,
328:The original ratings of:
256:exploitation film features
209:National Legion of Decency
195:
143:of the Republican Party."
25:Catholic Legion of Decency
1535:Official ratings criteria
1028:. Yale University press.
937:Doherty, Thomas Patrick.
798:Doherty, Thomas Patrick.
451:
380:and Christian morality."
368:Additional categories of
281:(PCA), to administer the
1062:Gardner, Gerald (1988).
860:Prince, Stephen (2003).
750:10.1215/02705346-1533457
493:Archbishop of Cincinnati
68:National Board of Review
33:Archbishop of Cincinnati
1366:Encyclopedia Britannica
1221:Skinner, James (1993).
1195:; accessed May 4, 2017.
1123:. Baltimore, Maryland:
724:Chris, Cynthia (2012).
590:San Francisco Chronicle
372:, for adults only, and
304:, for adults only, and
215:judged unsuitable. The
164:Exhibitors Herald-World
74:George B. McClellan Jr.
1329:University, Catholic.
697:Sklar, Robert (1994).
463:
422:This Thing Called Love
314:Second Vatican Council
296:issued the encyclical
275:Archdiocese of Chicago
227:erotic romantic drama
1024:Walsh, Frank (1996).
928:Prince (2003), p. 21.
742:Duke University Press
532:Catholic News Service
458:
89:Charles Sprague Smith
566:Religious censorship
527:Saturday Night Fever
1276:, February 20, 1940
1013:. December 12, 1934
907:, December 12, 2005
777:Butters, Gerard R.
652:Butters, Gerard R.
407:Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
262:The Pace That Kills
217:Diocese of Brooklyn
155:The Production Code
1293:The New York Times
1287:Upi (1981-12-12).
1274:The New York Times
1011:The New York Times
961:The New York Times
727:"Censoring Purity"
628:Dick, Bernard F.,
555:Payne Fund Studies
496:John T. McNicholas
400:The New York Times
398:, film critic for
37:John T. McNicholas
23:also known as the
1504:978-0-7006-1619-0
1347:Green, Jonathon.
1133:978-0-8018-5315-9
987:978-1-4426-8863-6
787:978-0-8262-1749-3
662:978-0-8262-1749-3
417:Columbia Pictures
204:The Living Church
177:The King of Kings
162:was publisher of
160:Martin J. Quigley
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1528:Official website
1466:Skinner, James.
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1257:January 10,
1225:. Praeger.
489:film rating
386:Jean Renoir
347:: Condemned
235:Hedy Lamarr
1544:Categories
1522:(archived)
1306:2023-02-17
1232:0387519181
1106:2021-05-03
1035:0300063733
833:0813190118
789:, page 151
740:(1 (79)).
572:References
106:censorship
59:Background
1301:0362-4331
996:632170163
758:0270-5346
549:Hays Code
292:In 1957,
87:In 1909,
78:celluloid
1177:29565096
1127:, 1996.
949:, page 8
538:See also
388:'s 1938
174:'s 1927
140:Arbuckle
29:Catholic
27:, was a
1518:at the
1101:NPR.org
1050:Liberty
905:America
763:13 June
230:Ecstasy
211:(NLD).
196:History
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452:Pledge
370:A-III
302:A-III
1500:ISBN
1486:ISBN
1472:ISBN
1458:ISBN
1444:ISBN
1430:ISBN
1297:ISSN
1259:2017
1251:Time
1227:ISBN
1173:OCLC
1163:ISBN
1129:ISBN
1074:ISBN
1030:ISBN
992:OCLC
982:ISBN
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888:ISBN
866:ISBN
828:ISBN
804:ISBN
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765:2020
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610:Time
524:and
440:and
432:The
374:A-IV
362:A-II
306:A-IV
116:The
19:The
746:doi
356:A-I
250:'s
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500:OP
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446:O
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339:B
333:A
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