36:
196:
506:, promulgated on February 20, 1938, proclaimed stately interest to be above individual ones. According to its text, "all Romanians, regardless of their ethnicity and their religious faith" were required to "sacrifice themselves in defending integrity, independence and dignity", while it was stipulated that "no one can consider oneself free from civil and military, public or private duties on the grounds of one’s religious faith or any other kind of faith".
2774:
743:, as Călinescu reported, aimed to "show benevolence to the foreign elements, as long as they are sincerely integrated in the life of the State". Also according to Călinescu, the FRN rejected all notion of territorial reshaping ("There are not, and cannot be any territorial problems "). In one notable example, Carol chose to reestablish the seat held in Parliament by the
1182:
than the FRN had been, to the point where it has been described as a newly founded grouping. Indeed, the decree announcing the PN's creation depicted it as a "single and totalitarian party under the supreme leadership of His
Majesty, King Carol II." The party restated its goal as "lead the moral and
731:
cabinet, through which hundreds of thousands of Jews had been stripped of their citizenship, was continued through a requirement that all those excluded be registered as foreigners. Members of the community were encouraged to leave the country. Nevertheless, violence was reduced, especially since its
1336:
became the scene of massive public rallies, which called for the PN government to be replaced with one that would support the recovery of lost regions. The Iron Guard also maneuvered into action: on
September 3, its cells in various cities attempted to take over the administration, but failed due to
1187:
against the interests of the Party of the Nation", as well as "publicly removing, destroying, deteriorating, out of contempt or derision, the Party of the Nation's badges, emblems, uniforms, manifestos or publications". However, the FRN had been taking on a more fascist character for a time before
909:
among silent crowds with eyes sparkling and yet the next day journals announce that the sovereign was acclaimed… No book can be published without reaching the tyrant. The sovereign disposes of public opinion each morning, as soon as he wakes up. There is no public opinion, there is a committee of
950:
Similar criticism was voiced in respect to Armand Călinescu, who had repeatedly pressured him to accept wearing the uniform. Eventually, Carol reconciled with the academic, and Iorga even agreed to wear the FRN uniform (while specifying that he was doing it upon the monarch's request, and not for
509:
A law passed in April, defining the "defense of state order", restricted all other forms of political association, forbade political chants and paramilitary displays, banned the press organs of political parties, and condemned political contacts between
Romanian forces and outside patrons.
565:
for as long as 5 years. Writing at the time, Călinescu defined the FRN as "mainly a spiritual movement", proclaiming the FRN's goals of "re-establishing the rights of the State, its natural parts", "promoting the general interests of the collectivity" and " life a sense of moral value".
1604:... fascist Italy ... developed a state structure known as the corporate state with the ruling party acting as a mediator between 'corporations' making up the body of the nation. Similar designs were quite popular elsewhere in the 1930s. The most prominent examples were
1060:, which effected an agreement between Romania's most powerful adversaries, and the regime began preparing for war: it organized military training for the population beginning in late August, and invested large sums into arms production (it was announced that the
870:"Among , many have daubed the king in mud and, at the smallest proof of weakness on his part, are ready to daub him anew. This is probably why he has given them clothes that stain easily—to prevent them from smirching themselves. But who could ever stop them?"
1036:, continued to function in the same terms as other traditional parties, and organized several cultural and social events, all tolerated by the regime and part of them copied or arrogated. At the other end of the political spectrum,
997:, attempting to persuade each to merge their groupings with the FRN. Reacting to the collaboration between PNL and PNŢ, he offered the former a chance to form a new cabinet, but the offer was refused following its rejection by
1024:(PCdR) had been driven in the underground by repression during the 1920s and early 1930s, and had survived inside the country by infiltrating the left wings of other groupings. After 1939, the PCdR received an order from the
1428:
Carol's regime in general and the FRN period in particular were noted for their large-scale cultural ventures. This was an integral part of Carol's designs to impose himself on collective memory as a new founder and a
1075:
imposed a tax on many outgoing products (according to
Argetoianu, the decision was approved due to "the exceptional times we are living through, when we must sacrifice all interest to save the country's borders").
1095:, who had previously replaced Cristea as Premier, on September 21, 1939. At the same time, Romania began offering Germany a series of deals, hoping to dissuade its hostility: the latter received advantageous
1191:
Carol also decided to appeal to Iron Guard assistance, allowed its freed activists to join the PN if they chose to do so, and, on June 25, 1940, he signed an agreement with Sima. Consequently, Sima became
926:. Constitutional guarantees have disappeared. We know a man can be arrested, killed. Individual security is a trifle. We have no representatives in Parliament to decide our taxes and tell our grievances."
561:, all members of the Royal Council were its members, while all citizens over the age of 20 could apply to join; by law, people who engaged in any other political activity faced being stripped of their
1404:). At the same time, three former Police commissioners, held under arrest in Bucharest precincts, were also assassinated. On the evening of November 27, Iron Guard members stormed into the houses of
513:
In April, following an orchestrated conflict between Iorga and
Codreanu, a large number of Iron Guard activists, including Codreanu himself, was prosecuted and jailed on orders from Călinescu, the
842:, had been functioning since 1934–35; in addition, university students were enrolled in work teams and required to assist in harvests and other countryside projects. As part of the FRN's focus on
573:
and employed in one of three fields (agriculture and manual labor, commerce and industry, intellectual professions), and new, fewer precincts were drawn up (11 in all, standing for the 10 new
1282:, where FRN officials (the former Prefect Petre Sfeclă, the Mayor Gheorghe Lupașcu, party branch leader Alexandru Anop, and school inspector Petre Hrițcu) hosted a ceremonial welcome for the
3272:
2644:"Decret-lege pentru transformarea Frontului Renașterii Naționale în Partidul Națiunii" ("Law Decree for the Transformation of the National Renaissance Front into the Party of the Nation")
805:
The corporatist structure, which, in theory, covered the entire
Romanian society, was centered on newly founded guilds, overseen by Flueraș and forming the basis for representation in
361:(PNL) of incumbent Premier Tătărescu, expecting it to carry the vote; in effect, the result was inconclusive, with none of the parties receiving enough of a percentage to be awarded a
1360:
at the start of 1941; what contributed to this decision was Sima's support for
Antonescu, and threat to assassinate Carol. Eight days after Carol's departure, the Iron Guard joined
2649:"Decret-lege pentru apărarea ordinei politice unice și totalitare a statului român" ("Law Decree for the Defense of the Singular and Totalitarian Politics of the Romanian State")
985:
In contrast with official ideology, Carol allowed other opposition parties to exist in all but on paper, kept contacts with them, and, in early 1940, had meetings with the PNL's
712:, the National Grouping of Romanian Women). Although Cantacuzino's ideology remained relatively influential for the following years, the Grouping itself was dissolved in 1939.
1437:
indicated that, in contrast with his predecessors, Carol depicted himself as "a modern, dynamic king, present in the center of all that was happening in
Romanian society".
901:
to end the proceedings. Censored, Iorga appealed to other means of making his opinions known, and, during a seminar he held in his home, voiced harsh criticism of the FRN:
3580:
1017:
819:
3490:
1444:, to whom he was frequently associated in iconography and cultural reference (notably manifested in the 1939 inauguration of a massive equestrian statue of the first
3120:
1183:
material life of the
Romanian nation and state." A law passed during the same interval criminalized "activities against the interests of the Party of the Nation", "
449:
954:
The political structure continued to be marked by rivalries between various politicians—according to
Argetoianu, these opposed Tătărescu to the Royal Commissioner
541:
for the Germans, to be decapitated: during the following days, Codreanu and the majority of top-ranking Guardists were assassinated, while secondary ones, led by
1196:
in the Gigurtu cabinet, and two other Guardists were appointed to similar positions (Sima himself was to resign after just four days). The notorious Antisemite
675:
looks like a white elephant. The old politicians have been whitewashed, like fruit trees or train station water-closets—like anything requiring disinfection."
3575:
3454:
684:
Ideologically, the FRN took inspiration from three main sources. It fused messages borrowed from and used against the Iron Guard with those of the traditional
557:
The FRN itself was created as the first monopoly party in Romania's history, through the Royal Decree of December 15, 1938. The legislation proclaimed that,
1259:
1229:
2755:
1378:
1064:
were fitted with one vessel each month). These measures signified that salaries of state employees fell by as much as 40%, to which was added the toll of
2839:
1114:
3277:
748:
312:. Largely reflecting Carol's own political choices, the FRN was the last of several attempts to counter the popularity of the fascist and antisemitic
3835:
3469:
2834:
994:
2682:
3257:
3252:
2804:
2733:
1033:
978:. Argetoianu stressed that this process was similar to "the era of elections". Despite such contradictions, the regime did exert an attraction on
874:
Businessmen associated with Carol continued to make the bulk of their income from state contracts, progressively orienting themselves towards the
3870:
2844:
1371:
910:
public opinion coordinating the wishes of the crowd. Raise not your voice, or else a will spy betray you, a plain clothes man will arrest you, a
3830:
3424:
3282:
2505:
647:
Ever since the years of its existence, the FRN and its government have been the target of ridicule, and their ideology has been described as "
456:(February 8, 1938), a move which threatened to topple Carol's original designs. Two days later, the PNC was deposed and the monarch created a
3820:
1266:"News from Bessarabia is even sadder. Unfortunately I was right about the so-called , as some of its leaders there seem to have converted to
1101:
2577:
1381:), Sima issued calls for a violent reprisal against the former top FRN and PN politicians. On the night of November 26–27, 1940, sixty-four
537:(November 24, 1938), and became convinced that Romania faced a similar fate. He subsequently ordered the Iron Guard, whom he perceived as a
3702:
3378:
3085:
2819:
2809:
2693:
2648:
2643:
2619:
2549:
2657:
2638:
2633:
2628:
934:"Our Constitution should be the product of the nation, relying on strict principles of the soul and the manifestations of our people. Our
597:(in addition to those already holding the office by the time the law was adopted, these were religious leaders and various members of the
3794:
3570:
3495:
3141:
2859:
377:, appointing Goga as the new Prime Minister on December 26, 1937—effectively, this led the two main traditional parties, the PNL and the
1200:, who was sympathetic to the Guard, was also assigned a cabinet post, as Minister of Propaganda. The new authorities produced the first
3845:
514:
3115:
398:, was established as the new arm of the regime, and soon began acting against both groups of Iron Guard agitators and members of the
3855:
3641:
3631:
3348:
3267:
3176:
3171:
2748:
1068:. The United Kingdom significantly increased its imports from Romania, attempting to prevent products from reaching Germany, while
381:(PNȚ), to become marginalized. Instead, the new regime's establishment caused a migration of politicians from the PNȚ, comprising
3875:
3840:
3505:
3358:
2814:
2634:"Decret-lege pentru înființarea Frontului Renașterii Naționale" ("Law Decree for the Creation of the National Renaissance Front")
2561:
3905:
3880:
3865:
3737:
3707:
3595:
3500:
3353:
3242:
3100:
3044:
2879:
2824:
358:
3110:
3105:
3900:
3825:
3520:
2794:
727:". Before 1940, no Antisemitic law was passed, but, as a rule, Jews were denied FRN membership. The arbitrary measure of the
365:, and with political rivalries preventing any single coalition. Faced with this outcome, Carol chose to back the antisemitic
3910:
3885:
3343:
3166:
2799:
2764:
1069:
211:
106:
2719:
3727:
3292:
3262:
3212:
3156:
2950:
2829:
2741:
2487:
1612:(1933-1938), and authoritarian experiments in Estonia, Romania, and some other countries of East and East-Central Europe,
3895:
3890:
3515:
3464:
3307:
3227:
2929:
2789:
2578:
Ianuarie-august 1940. Gheorghe Brătianu - supravegheat" ("January-August 1940. Gheorghe Brătianu - Under Surveillance")
282:
1159:
in May—as a direct consequence, Romania renounced its alliance with the United Kingdom and began attempts to join the
3762:
3757:
3555:
3444:
2899:
2727:
2481:
1590:
1453:
1412:—the two were kidnapped and shot; earlier in the day, Army officials intervened to save the lives of former Premiers
1145:
889:, following the latter's refusal to wear the FRN uniform during public ceremony, and worsened by his protest against
598:
465:
2763:
846:(which it imposed from top to bottom), special mobile teams visited villages and provided hot showers for peasants.
3915:
3651:
3646:
3626:
3621:
3408:
3312:
3049:
2869:
333:
181:
3207:
918:
cellars, your head will be crushed or put up against the wall. It is as if we were living under the terror of the
3860:
3302:
3005:
854:
While, arguably, most Romanian citizens accepted the new political context, the FRN had relatively few convinced
3752:
3697:
3616:
3338:
2864:
2474:
1558:
Cyprian Blamires. World Fascism: A Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2006. p. 21.
1503:
1209:
939:
862:
and Carol's, and much of its membership comprised civil servants whose affiliation was mandatory. According to
399:
354:
1144:). Romania did however offer assistance to Polish troops fleeing their country immediately after the start of
3656:
3525:
3146:
3064:
2914:
2909:
2904:
1635:
1193:
946:, an idiotic jurist who only sees that which is written in his manuals and that which the king has told him."
3095:
890:
3545:
3403:
3383:
3090:
2623:("The History of the Romanians in 1918-1940: IV. Political Life in the February 1938-September 1940 Period"
1151:
1005:, the Front continued to find sympathy inside his own party, and some of its figures (including Mihalache,
951:"those who believe themselves to be the founding-figures of a country"—in likely reference to Călinescu).
935:
855:
569:
In May 1939, the electoral law suffered drastic changes: the voting age was raised to 30, voters had to be
503:
439:
278:
274:
124:
3672:
3550:
3535:
3530:
3388:
3373:
1393:
1239:
1225:
1057:
1037:
919:
897:
members join the Front. When Iorga used the Academy hall to publicize his opinion, the king sent Colonel
882:, an industrialist and personal friend of Carol, collected profits of 300–1,000% during the FRN period).
378:
1440:
Boia concluded that, despite his innovative stance, Carol encouraged similar praise of his predecessor,
1340:
Faced with such incidents, Carol chose to reform his own government, and appealed to his rival, General
406:
boycotted the system by withdrawing their investments and refusing to pay taxes (to the point where the
3722:
3692:
3398:
3297:
3232:
3217:
2980:
2970:
2711:
2621:
Istoria românilor între anii 1918-1940: VIII. Viața politică în perioada februarie 1938-septembrie 1940
1072:
832:
744:
461:
130:
2567:
3540:
3449:
3328:
3287:
3059:
3000:
2990:
2945:
2924:
2919:
2884:
2854:
2668:
2590:
1125:
1113:, who had been arrested in September. The property of other Jewish businessmen, in the oil industry (
752:
457:
585:, whose eligible members could only be voted into office by high-ranking members of corporations or
3850:
3590:
3459:
3439:
3247:
3237:
3054:
1445:
1367:
1021:
975:
733:
616:
Carol's regime has generally been viewed as (if at all) superficially fascist, and endorsed by the
469:
407:
366:
2268:"Decret-lege pentru transformarea Frontului Renașterii Naționale în Partidul Națiunii", in Scurtu
3732:
3368:
3181:
1417:
1401:
1377:
Right after dealing with opposition inside his own camp (by marginalizing the radical faction of
1137:
911:
705:
453:
297:
998:
3747:
3600:
3565:
3560:
3510:
3429:
3186:
2965:
2629:"Decret-lege pentru apărarea ordinei în stat" ("Law Decree for the Protection of State Order")
2280:"Decret-lege pentru apărarea ordinei politice unice și totalitare a statului român", in Scurtu
963:
756:
481:
445:
1348:
and a cabinet. After agreeing, Antonescu, with support from various political forces and the
3717:
3712:
3687:
3222:
3202:
3010:
2985:
2960:
2955:
2563:
Romanians and Hungarians. Legislation, everyday life and stereotypes in interwar Transilvania
2501:
1413:
1345:
1298:
1061:
858:—its upper ranks were occupied by traditional politicians who were popularly associated with
806:
740:
672:
337:
293:
56:
1084:
35:
3767:
3682:
3636:
3393:
3363:
3333:
3069:
1353:
1052:
The decline of the FRN came largely as a result of German successes in the early stages of
859:
824:
766:
Notably, the FRN also incorporated much of the leftist tendency inside the PNȚ (Călinescu,
602:
216:
2514:
289:
52:
8:
3799:
2673:
1572:
1449:
1294:
1271:
1233:
685:
545:, fled the country and took refuge in Germany, where they remained after the outbreak of
266:
206:
195:
147:
66:
2710:("History of the Iron Guard, 1919-1941: The Mystique of Ultra-Nationalism"), Bucharest,
1508:
1356:. On September 6, 1940, the monarch agreed to leave his throne and country, settling in
1092:
898:
549:. There, they began plotting a revenge against the regime's officials, including Carol.
382:
285:
273:
of government following his decision to ban all other political parties and suspend the
48:
2889:
2849:
1441:
1382:
1201:
1096:
979:
799:
767:
477:
151:
142:
2716:
La mística del ultranacionalismo (Historia de la Guardia de Hierro) Rumania, 1919–1941
2687:
3742:
2874:
2723:
2669:"Un memoriu al polonezilor bucovineni din 1920" ("A 1920 Memoir of Bukovinian Poles")
2493:
1586:
1318:
1258:. As a result, Romania withdrew its administration from the region, leaving room for
1255:
1216:("Romanians by blood"), as a distinct category inside the body of Romanian citizens.
838:
582:
232:
135:
632:(the Western press held, overall, a sympathetic view of the FRN). The Front adopted
3677:
2545:
1627:
1576:
1433:
monarch, with a claim that Romania was undergoing full development under his rule.
1310:
1290:
1197:
1002:
894:
594:
534:
526:
500:
485:
986:
751:— this followed intense campaigning from politicians and journalists in the
444:
After an initial violent confrontation with the Iron Guard, Goga, assisted by the
3789:
2703:
2595:
2554:
1580:
1409:
1397:
1385:
1322:
1179:
1006:
943:
915:
828:
724:
668:
664:
517:. As Carol witnessed the failure of European countries to defend themselves from
270:
263:
259:
2995:
1301:
to Hungary (which also brought the German military presence within hours of the
1028:
to attempt infiltrating the FRN at a local level and attract its members to the
795:
3474:
2894:
2653:
2294:
1568:
1306:
1205:
1156:
1106:
1010:
967:
955:
923:
879:
863:
791:
779:
652:
617:
419:
362:
1056:. In late summer 1939, the Romanian public opinion was shocked by news of the
3814:
3585:
1430:
1405:
1349:
1341:
1188:
then; as early as 1939, ministers greeted Carol with a fascist-style salute.
1110:
990:
886:
875:
843:
728:
489:
370:
1362:
3015:
2639:"Decret-lege pentru reforma electorală" ("Law Decree for Electoral Reform")
1846:"Decret-lege pentru înființarea Frontului Renașterii Naționale", in Scurtu
1243:
1166:
The change in policy also resulted in the reorganisation of the FRN as the
1133:
1065:
1053:
959:
810:
771:
716:
641:
562:
546:
538:
530:
518:
423:
403:
389:
309:
43:
3136:
2975:
2521:
1434:
1326:
1171:
1160:
1088:
1041:
775:
720:
496:
353:
The conflict between Carol II and the Iron Guard became noted during the
332:, PN), designed as a "totalitarian unity party". The party's anthem was "
305:
301:
2658:"Parlamentul ales în iunie 1939" ("The Parliament elected in June 1939")
636:
symbols and discourse. After January 1939, party members wore uniforms (
394:
3434:
1251:
1184:
1080:
971:
783:
760:
610:
542:
473:
411:
374:
313:
2608:" (1939-1940. The Comintern and the Communist Party of Romania"), in
2591:"Femeile și politica autoritară" ("Women and Authoritarian Politics")
1333:
1302:
1267:
1247:
1140:
executive agreed to direct almost all cereal and oil exports towards
1136:, Romania conceded to German economic demands (on March 7, 1940, the
1025:
787:
693:
689:
660:
637:
578:
522:
427:
402:. The incidents had negative effects on Romanian society: the Jewish
385:, who chose to support the new policies and joined the Goga cabinet.
164:
116:
2618:
Ioan Scurtu, Theodora Stănescu-Stanciu, Georgiana Margareta Scurtu,
2484:, Ovidiu Șincai Social Democratic Institute, Bucharest, July 9, 2003
930:
Iorga also made an angry remark in respect to the new Constitution:
3772:
2529:
1314:
1283:
1262:. On July 3, after the retreat had been completed, Carol remarked:
1029:
697:
648:
570:
3151:
2773:
2768:
2506:"Frontul Renașterii Naționale" ("The National Renaissance Front")
1175:
1129:
1118:
914:
or a butcher will beat you up savagely, and occasionally, in the
814:
633:
629:
606:
336:". It effectively ceased to function the following year when the
256:
1325:
had come to an end, ending up in the shape it had at the end of
1155:). The country's position became even more precarious after the
2708:
Istoria Gărzii de Fier, 1919-1941: Mistica ultranaționalismului
1389:
1357:
1279:
1141:
906:
885:
In January–February 1939, a conflict erupted between Carol and
701:
625:
621:
415:
316:. In mid-1940, Carol reorganized the FRN into the more radical
2714:, 1993 (Romanian-language version of the 1989 Spanish edition
1608:
in Portugal (1932-1968) and Brazil (1937-1945), the Austrian
1020:
were insignificant. Having always been a minor grouping, the
586:
170:
1352:, pressured Carol to step down and be replaced with his son
1278:
The process described by Carol is known to have occurred in
1044:, had only marginal appeal and was also driven underground.
813:
was imposed on private enterprises, while a body regulating
696:
tendencies it absorbed was the small-scale fascist-inspired
1567:
982:
people who had been underrepresented in previous decades.
2694:"Vodă da, Iorga ba" ("Yes Says the Ruler, No Says Iorga")
1777:"Decret-lege pentru apărarea ordinei în stat", in Scurtu
1121:, was taken over by the state over the following months.
1079:
In parallel, several assassination attempts, ordered by
651:
fascism". After attending a Parliament session in 1939,
2605:
1939-1940. Cominternul și Partidul Comunist din România
1270:
and were among the first to welcome Soviet troops with
3576:
National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement
3455:
National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement
1047:
640:
or white in color), with various ceremonial hats. The
1230:
Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
2494:
International Commission on the Holocaust in Romania
1875:"Decret-lege pentru reforma electorală", in Scurtu
1332:As Hungarian troops entered Northern Transylvania,
2292:"Rumanian Cabinet Gives Fascist Salute to Carol",
1366:Antonescu in government, thereby establishing the
2153:
2151:
1242:, on June 26, 1940, Romania was presented by the
3812:
2264:
2262:
786:legacy, while enlisting support from well-known
624:as a means to present a line of defense against
2845:Federation of the Jewish Communities in Romania
2177:
2175:
1582:International Encyclopedia of Political Science
1212:—these notably introduced the legal concept of
2603:
2148:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2007:
1842:
1840:
1834:Butnaru, pp. 63–64; Veiga, pp. 261–62, 275–76.
849:
327:
321:
2805:Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party
2749:
2445:
2443:
2259:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2050:
1685:
1683:
970:), and the latter grouping to the one around
3703:Federation of Socialist Parties from Romania
3258:Romanian Social Democratic Party (1990–2001)
3253:Romanian Social Democratic Party (1927–1948)
2820:Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania
2810:Community of the Lipovan Russians in Romania
2478:("110 Years of Social Democracy in Romania")
2318:
2316:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2172:
2165:
2163:
2028:
2026:
1994:
1992:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1857:
1855:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1174:. The PN's character was significantly more
1013:) allegedly considered affiliating with it.
433:
3571:National Democratic Hungarian-Szekler Party
3496:Bratstvo Community of Bulgarians in Romania
2860:Justice and Respect in Europe for All Party
2184:
2116:
2004:
1837:
1753:
1673:
1671:
1400:(in theory, as reprisal for the killing of
1117:), as well as in the sugar industry and in
1016:In this context, social opposition and the
823:, was created on the model set by the Nazi
422:threatened Romania with sanctions, and the
2756:
2742:
2537:The Silent Holocaust: Romania and Its Jews
2526:History and Myth in Romanian Consciousness
2440:
2047:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1680:
1659:
1622:
1620:
2431:
2386:
2313:
2243:
2193:
2160:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2023:
1989:
1960:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1901:
1881:
1852:
1783:
1746:
1744:
1732:
1704:
739:The Front's policies in respect to other
3836:Political parties disestablished in 1940
3627:Union of Patriots/National Popular Party
2840:Democratic Union of Turkic-Muslim Tatars
2274:
2109:
2107:
2105:
1771:
1668:
613:", from the date of his coming of age).
2476:110 ani de social-democrație în România
2079:110 ani de social-democrație în România
1915:
1864:
1699:110 ani de social-democrație în România
1692:
1617:
723:by promising to find an answer to the "
679:
3871:Far-right political parties in Romania
3813:
3708:Front of Socialist Unity and Democracy
2835:Democratic Union of Slovaks and Czechs
2825:Democratic Forum of Germans in Romania
2132:
2130:
2128:
2067:
1933:
1825:Butnaru, pp. 62–63; Veiga, pp. 260–62.
1741:
1585:. SAGE Publications (published 2011).
1001:. According to the leading PNȚ member
3831:Political parties established in 1938
3521:General Jewish Labour Bund in Romania
3379:National Peasants' Party–Alexandrescu
3028:
2737:
2528:, Central European University Press,
2231:Butnaru, pp. 63–4; Veiga, pp. 261–62.
2102:
1626:
1170:(June 21–2), under the leadership of
1124:Eventually, as Germany completed its
304:, whose regimes were associated with
3821:Defunct political parties in Romania
1816:Veiga, pp. 251, 254–55, 257, 271–72.
1459:
836:. The organization grouping youth,
732:main agents, the Iron Guard and the
710:Gruparea Națională a Femeilor Române
3728:National Liberal Ecologist Alliance
3273:Social Democratic Party of Bukovina
3263:Romanian Socialist Democratic Party
3213:Democratic National Salvation Front
3157:National Democratic Christian Party
2951:Alliance for the Union of Romanians
2880:Renewing Romania's European Project
2539:, Praeger/Greenwood, Westport, 1992
2125:
1293:pressured Romania into signing the
1128:and continued to voice support for
1048:FRN decline and Party of the Nation
1032:. The main left-wing group, of the
13:
3086:Alliance of Liberals and Democrats
2550:"Pagini de jurnal" ("Diary Pages")
1423:
14:
3927:
3846:1940 disestablishments in Romania
3758:Social Democratic Pole of Romania
3445:National-Christian Defense League
2720:Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
2718:, Bellaterra, Publicacions de la
1648:Gheorghe Stoica, "Agârbiceanu la
1396:and Iron Guard affiliates in the
1109:in taking over the businesses of
715:The FRN continued to make use of
599:House of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen
3622:Ecologist Union of Romania Party
3359:Democratic Peasants' Party–Stere
3293:Social Protection People's Party
3283:Social Democratic Workers' Party
3116:National Liberal Party–Tătărescu
2800:Bulgarian Union of Banat–Romania
2772:
1289:On August 30, 1940, Germany and
993:, and the dissident left-winger
452:, signed a pact with its leader
334:Pe-al nostru steag e scris Unire
194:
34:
3856:Conservative parties in Romania
3354:Democratic Peasants' Party–Lupu
3303:Socialist Party of Transylvania
3243:People's Party – Dan Diaconescu
3111:National Liberal Party–Câmpeanu
3106:National Liberal Party–Brătianu
2452:
2422:
2413:
2404:
2395:
2377:
2365:
2352:
2340:
2328:
2301:
2286:
2234:
2225:
2216:
2207:
2139:
2093:
2084:
2038:
1980:
1951:
1828:
1819:
1810:
1801:
1792:
1762:
1632:A History of Fascism, 1914–1945
942:, and that of last February by
747:of Bukovina, and awarded it to
688:, while also stressing several
3876:Nationalist parties in Romania
3841:1938 establishments in Romania
3753:Romanian Democratic Convention
3698:Democratic Group of the Centre
3556:Jewish National People's Party
3177:Progressive Conservative Party
1642:
1561:
1552:
1464:
1132:in relation to Romanian-ruled
655:mocked the sight of uniforms:
605:, the heir to the throne and "
357:, when the monarch backed the
249:Front of National Resurrection
241:Front of National Regeneration
16:Political party in Romania
1:
3906:National conservative parties
3881:Right-wing parties in Romania
3866:Monarchist parties in Romania
3642:Party of Young Free Democrats
3632:National Reconstruction Party
3526:Group of Transylvanian Saxons
3409:Transylvanian Peasants' Party
3208:Communist Party (Nepeceriști)
3147:Conservative-Democratic Party
3065:Romanian National Unity Party
2905:Social Liberal Humanist Party
2465:
1768:1938 Constitution, in Majuru.
1636:University of Wisconsin Press
1083:from Germany, were foiled by
1040:, the Iron Guard's answer to
521:advances, consecrated by the
253:Front of National Renaissance
3901:Romanian nationalist parties
3826:Parties of one-party systems
3652:Republican Party (1990–1993)
3647:Republican Party (1993–2004)
3506:Democratic Union of the Roma
3091:Free and Independent Faction
3045:Democratic Nationalist Party
2815:Cultural Union of Ruthenians
515:Minister of Internal Affairs
440:1938 Constitution of Romania
279:1938 Constitution of Romania
237:Frontul Renașterii Naționale
182:Unity is written on our flag
27:Frontul Renașterii Naționale
7:
3911:Social conservative parties
3886:Defunct nationalist parties
3673:Alliance for Romanian Unity
3551:Jewish Democratic Committee
3501:Cultural Union of Albanians
3339:Bessarabian Peasants' Party
3029:
2667:Flavius Cătălin Siiulescu,
1579:, eds. (7 September 2011).
1394:Corpul Muncitoresc Legionar
1337:the authorities' response.
1226:Romania during World War II
1219:
1038:Corpul Muncitoresc Legionar
850:Factionalism and opposition
552:
476:figures such as Tătărescu,
392:grouping, the blue-shirted
10:
3932:
3723:Justice and Truth Alliance
3693:Christian Liberal Alliance
3349:Democratic Peasants' Party
3233:Party of Social Solidarity
3218:Democratic Party of Labour
3172:People's Party (2005–2006)
3162:National Renaissance Front
2795:Association of Macedonians
1798:Veiga, pp. 250–51, 255–56.
1309:). Through the cession of
1223:
1022:Communist Party of Romania
891:Constantin Rădulescu-Motru
833:Opera nazionale dopolavoro
755:for Romania to review the
644:was a mandatory greeting.
437:
426:withdrew its embassy from
348:
343:
239:, FRN; also translated as
229:National Renaissance Front
131:Authoritarian conservatism
91:6 September 1940
76:16 December 1938
24:National Renaissance Front
3896:Anti-communism in Romania
3891:Defunct far-right parties
3795:List of political parties
3785:
3738:People's Democratic Front
3665:
3657:Transylvania–Banat League
3609:
3483:
3450:National Fascist Movement
3417:
3404:Socialist Peasants' Party
3344:Democratic Agrarian Party
3321:
3288:Socialist Party of Labour
3195:
3167:People's Party (1918–1938
3129:
3078:
3060:National Union from Banat
3037:
3024:
3001:Romanian Nationhood Party
2991:National Rebirth Alliance
2946:Alliance for the Homeland
2938:
2885:Romanian Nationhood Party
2782:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1250:demanding the cession of
938:was created by a certain
601:—a seat was reserved for
593:), comprised a number of
434:Clash with the Iron Guard
355:election of December 1937
277:, and the passing of the
245:Front of National Rebirth
202:
193:
188:
176:
157:
141:
123:
112:
102:
87:
72:
62:
42:
33:
21:
3596:Ukrainian Workers' Party
3591:Ukrainian National Party
3536:Hungarian People's Union
3531:Hungarian People's Party
3491:Autonomous Swabian Party
3465:National Socialist Party
3460:National Romanian Fascio
3440:National Christian Party
3374:National Peasants' Party
3268:Romanian Socialist Party
3248:Romanian Communist Party
3228:National Salvation Front
3006:Romanian Socialist Party
2830:Democratic Turkish Union
2298:, January 2, 1939, pg. 1
1545:
1446:Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen
1370:(in existence until the
1368:National Legionary State
1152:Polish–Romanian alliance
976:National Christian Party
905:"See the outings of the
893:'s proposal to have all
734:National Christian Party
470:Romanian Orthodox Church
408:National Bank of Romania
379:National Peasants' Party
367:National Christian Party
3916:Antisemitism in Romania
3763:Social Democratic Union
3399:Radical Peasants' Party
3369:National Agrarian Party
3308:Socialist Workers Party
3278:Social Democratic Party
3182:Romanian National Party
2971:People's Movement Party
2930:Union of the Ukrainians
2900:Social Democratic Party
2790:Association of Italians
2568:Babeş-Bolyai University
2482:Social Democratic Party
1656:, Issue 1, 2004, p. VII
1652:– Cluj. 1938–1940", in
1402:Corneliu Zelea Codreanu
1372:Legionnaires' Rebellion
1240:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
1058:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
706:Alexandrina Cantacuzino
504:Constitution of Romania
454:Corneliu Zelea Codreanu
143:Political position
3861:Anti-communist parties
3748:Right Romania Alliance
3733:National Union PSD+PUR
3601:Union of Romanian Jews
3581:People's Council Party
3430:Crusade of Romanianism
3313:United Socialist Party
3101:National Liberal Party
3096:Liberal Union–Brătianu
3050:Democratic Union Party
2966:Nation People Together
2870:National Liberal Party
2604:
2190:Veiga, pp. 265–69, 277
1321:) in early September,
1276:
1099:agreements, while the
964:Alexandru Vaida-Voevod
962:faction formed around
948:
928:
872:
677:
482:Alexandru Vaida-Voevod
410:declared the regime's
359:National Liberal Party
328:
322:
281:. It was the party of
236:
3718:Hungarian German Bloc
3713:Green Ecologist Party
3688:Centre Right Alliance
3516:German People's Party
3238:Peasant Workers' Bloc
3203:Banat Socialist Party
3011:The Right Alternative
2986:Greater Romania Party
2956:Greater Romania Party
2502:Constantin Argetoianu
1452:and erected near the
1414:Constantin Argetoianu
1346:military dictatorship
1299:Northern Transylvania
1264:
1206:Nuremberg Legislation
1073:Mitiță Constantinescu
1062:Romanian Naval Forces
932:
903:
868:
736:, had been outlawed.
657:
338:Parliament of Romania
294:Constantin Argetoianu
271:single monopoly party
57:Constantin Argetoianu
3768:Social Liberal Union
3683:Centre Left Alliance
3637:Party of Free Change
3389:Peasants' Party–Lupu
3364:League Against Usury
3334:Agrarian Union Party
3152:Constitutional Party
3070:United Romania Party
2602:T. A. Pokivailova, "
2589:Alexandra Petrescu,
1861:Călinescu, in Majuru
1573:Berg-Schlosser, Dirk
999:Gheorghe I. Brătianu
940:Alecu Constantinescu
825:Strength Through Joy
680:Political tendencies
450:Mirosław Arciszewski
3800:Politics of Romania
3617:Ecological Movement
2865:League of Albanians
2674:Observator Cultural
2157:Pokivailova, p. 47.
1926:Bibesco, in Scurtu
1383:political prisoners
1295:Second Vienna Award
1238:In the wake of the
1234:Second Vienna Award
1204:laws, based on the
1194:Minister of Culture
1168:Party of the Nation
1091:was able to murder
1070:Minister of Finance
974:, emerged from the
704:movement formed by
659:"It is a garden of
458:national government
318:Party of the Nation
207:Politics of Romania
3142:Conservative Party
2939:Extraparliamentary
2915:Union of Croatians
2910:Union of Armenians
2890:Save Romania Union
2850:Force of the Right
2419:Veiga, pp. 290–91.
2181:Butnaru, pp. 64–5.
2122:Veiga, pp. 263–64.
2099:Veiga, pp. 264–65.
2090:Veiga, pp. 263–65.
1807:Veiga, pp. 256–57.
1689:Veiga, pp. 246–47.
1665:Veiga, pp. 245–46.
1442:Carol I of Romania
1418:Gheorghe Tătărescu
1379:Ion Zelea Codreanu
1374:of January 1941).
1202:racial segregation
1138:Gheorghe Tătărescu
1126:invasion of Poland
1085:Siguranța Statului
980:lower middle class
966:(successor to the
958:, as well as to a
936:first Constitution
800:George Grigorovici
768:Mihail Ghelmegeanu
753:Republic of Poland
719:, and appealed to
692:tenets. Among the
478:Alexandru Averescu
298:Gheorghe Tătărescu
3808:
3807:
3781:
3780:
3743:Red Quadrilateral
3546:Italian Community
3394:Ploughmen's Front
3187:Vlad Țepeș League
2875:Party of the Roma
2765:Political parties
2515:Jurnalul Național
2510:Însemnări zilnice
2428:Veiga, pp. 291–92
2383:Veiga, pp. 268–69
2113:Iorga, in Țurlea.
1759:Veiga, p. 247–48.
1654:Tribuna Documenta
1628:Payne, Stanley G.
1577:Morlino, Leonardo
1543:
1542:
1460:Electoral history
1448:king, crafted by
1319:Treaty of Craiova
1297:, which assigned
1260:Soviet annexation
1256:Northern Bukovina
1208:and aimed at the
820:Muncă și Voe Bună
741:ethnic minorities
329:Partidul Națiunei
323:Partidul Națiunii
290:Gheorghe Argeșanu
275:1923 Constitution
225:
224:
212:Political parties
136:Corporate statism
53:Gheorghe Argeșanu
3923:
3032:
3026:
3025:
2777:
2776:
2758:
2751:
2744:
2735:
2734:
2691:
2681:
2666:
2617:
2607:
2599:, nr.120-212-122
2588:
2575:
2544:
2535:Ion C. Butnaru,
2500:
2473:
2459:
2456:
2450:
2449:Boia, pp. 204–5.
2447:
2438:
2435:
2429:
2426:
2420:
2417:
2411:
2408:
2402:
2399:
2393:
2390:
2384:
2381:
2375:
2369:
2363:
2356:
2350:
2344:
2338:
2332:
2326:
2320:
2311:
2305:
2299:
2290:
2284:
2278:
2272:
2266:
2257:
2254:
2241:
2238:
2232:
2229:
2223:
2220:
2214:
2211:
2205:
2202:
2191:
2188:
2182:
2179:
2170:
2167:
2158:
2155:
2146:
2143:
2137:
2134:
2123:
2120:
2114:
2111:
2100:
2097:
2091:
2088:
2082:
2076:
2065:
2062:
2045:
2042:
2036:
2030:
2021:
2015:
2002:
1996:
1987:
1984:
1978:
1975:
1958:
1955:
1949:
1946:
1931:
1924:
1913:
1910:
1899:
1896:
1879:
1873:
1862:
1859:
1850:
1844:
1835:
1832:
1826:
1823:
1817:
1814:
1808:
1805:
1799:
1796:
1790:
1787:
1781:
1775:
1769:
1766:
1760:
1757:
1751:
1748:
1739:
1736:
1730:
1727:
1702:
1696:
1690:
1687:
1678:
1675:
1666:
1663:
1657:
1646:
1640:
1639:
1624:
1615:
1614:
1601:
1599:
1565:
1559:
1556:
1539:
1529:
1522:
1509:Armand Călinescu
1469:
1468:
1311:Southern Dobruja
1210:Jewish community
1198:Nichifor Crainic
1093:Armand Călinescu
1034:Social Democrats
899:Ernest Urdăreanu
895:Romanian Academy
782:), drawing on a
759:policies set by
749:Tytus Czerkawski
595:members for life
527:Munich Agreement
486:Nichifor Crainic
400:Jewish community
383:Armand Călinescu
331:
325:
286:Armand Călinescu
198:
169:
163:
133:
103:Preceded by
98:
96:
83:
81:
49:Armand Călinescu
38:
19:
18:
3931:
3930:
3926:
3925:
3924:
3922:
3921:
3920:
3851:Greater Romania
3811:
3810:
3809:
3804:
3790:Portal:Politics
3777:
3678:Alliance PSD+PC
3661:
3605:
3541:Hungarian Union
3484:Ethnic minority
3479:
3470:Romanian Action
3413:
3384:Peasants' Party
3329:Agrarian League
3317:
3298:Socialist Party
3191:
3125:
3074:
3033:
3030:
3020:
2981:Ecologist Party
2934:
2778:
2771:
2762:
2704:Francisco Veiga
2700:, February 2001
2698:Magazin Istoric
2685:
2679:
2664:
2615:
2610:Magazin Istoric
2596:Sfera Politicii
2586:
2582:Magazin Istoric
2573:
2560:Adrian Majuru,
2555:Magazin Istoric
2542:
2518:, June 25, 2005
2498:
2471:
2468:
2463:
2462:
2457:
2453:
2448:
2441:
2436:
2432:
2427:
2423:
2418:
2414:
2409:
2405:
2400:
2396:
2391:
2387:
2382:
2378:
2370:
2366:
2357:
2353:
2345:
2341:
2333:
2329:
2321:
2314:
2306:
2302:
2291:
2287:
2279:
2275:
2267:
2260:
2255:
2244:
2239:
2235:
2230:
2226:
2221:
2217:
2212:
2208:
2203:
2194:
2189:
2185:
2180:
2173:
2168:
2161:
2156:
2149:
2144:
2140:
2135:
2126:
2121:
2117:
2112:
2103:
2098:
2094:
2089:
2085:
2077:
2068:
2063:
2048:
2043:
2039:
2031:
2024:
2016:
2005:
1997:
1990:
1985:
1981:
1976:
1961:
1956:
1952:
1947:
1934:
1925:
1916:
1911:
1902:
1897:
1882:
1874:
1865:
1860:
1853:
1845:
1838:
1833:
1829:
1824:
1820:
1815:
1811:
1806:
1802:
1797:
1793:
1788:
1784:
1776:
1772:
1767:
1763:
1758:
1754:
1749:
1742:
1737:
1733:
1729:Butnaru, p. 64.
1728:
1705:
1697:
1693:
1688:
1681:
1676:
1669:
1664:
1660:
1647:
1643:
1625:
1618:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1569:Badie, Bertrand
1566:
1562:
1557:
1553:
1548:
1537:
1530:
1527:
1523:
1520:
1467:
1462:
1426:
1424:Cultural legacy
1410:Virgil Madgearu
1398:Romanian Police
1323:Greater Romania
1236:
1224:Main articles:
1222:
1214:români de sânge
1146:Nazi occupation
1050:
1007:Virgil Madgearu
995:Nicolae N. Lupu
944:Istrate Micescu
852:
829:Italian fascist
745:Polish minority
725:Jewish Question
682:
555:
442:
436:
351:
346:
340:was dissolved.
283:Prime Ministers
269:in 1938 as the
260:political party
221:
167:
161:
134:
129:
94:
92:
79:
77:
55:
51:
29:
28:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3929:
3919:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3786:
3783:
3782:
3779:
3778:
3776:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3669:
3667:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3613:
3611:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3487:
3485:
3481:
3480:
3478:
3477:
3475:Romanian Front
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3421:
3419:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3325:
3323:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3199:
3197:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3133:
3131:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3082:
3080:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3055:National Party
3052:
3047:
3041:
3039:
3035:
3034:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2942:
2940:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2932:
2927:
2925:Union of Serbs
2922:
2920:Union of Poles
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2895:S.O.S. Romania
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2855:Hellenic Union
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2786:
2784:
2780:
2779:
2761:
2760:
2753:
2746:
2738:
2732:
2731:
2701:
2677:
2662:
2661:
2660:
2654:Marthe Bibesco
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2613:
2600:
2584:
2571:
2558:
2540:
2533:
2519:
2508:, fragment of
2496:
2485:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2451:
2439:
2437:Veiga, p. 292.
2430:
2421:
2412:
2403:
2394:
2392:Veiga, p. 269.
2385:
2376:
2364:
2351:
2339:
2327:
2312:
2300:
2295:New York Times
2285:
2273:
2258:
2256:Veiga, p. 268.
2242:
2233:
2224:
2215:
2206:
2192:
2183:
2171:
2159:
2147:
2138:
2124:
2115:
2101:
2092:
2083:
2066:
2046:
2037:
2022:
2003:
1988:
1979:
1977:Veiga, p. 264.
1959:
1950:
1932:
1914:
1912:Veiga, p. 265.
1900:
1898:Veiga, p. 263.
1880:
1863:
1851:
1836:
1827:
1818:
1809:
1800:
1791:
1789:Veiga, p. 271.
1782:
1770:
1761:
1752:
1740:
1738:Veiga, p. 247.
1731:
1703:
1691:
1679:
1677:Veiga, p. 246.
1667:
1658:
1641:
1638:. p. 392.
1616:
1591:
1560:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1534:
1531:
1526:
1524:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1496:
1492:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1450:Ivan Meštrović
1425:
1422:
1408:and the PNȚ's
1386:were massacred
1307:Prahova County
1221:
1218:
1157:fall of France
1107:Nicolae Malaxa
1066:expropriations
1049:
1046:
1018:labor movement
1011:Mihai Popovici
968:Romanian Front
956:Victor Iamandi
880:Nicolae Malaxa
864:Marthe Bibesco
851:
848:
792:Gala Galaction
780:Cezar Petrescu
681:
678:
653:Marthe Bibesco
618:United Kingdom
554:
551:
529:, he met with
435:
432:
420:United Kingdom
363:majority bonus
350:
347:
345:
342:
223:
222:
220:
219:
214:
209:
203:
200:
199:
191:
190:
186:
185:
178:
174:
173:
159:
155:
154:
145:
139:
138:
127:
121:
120:
114:
110:
109:
107:People's Party
104:
100:
99:
89:
85:
84:
74:
70:
69:
64:
60:
59:
46:
40:
39:
31:
30:
26:
23:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3928:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3818:
3816:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3787:
3784:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3668:
3664:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3614:
3612:
3608:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3586:Swabian Group
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3482:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3416:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3324:
3320:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3194:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3128:
3122:
3121:Radical Party
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3077:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3036:
3027:
3023:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2937:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2783:Parliamentary
2781:
2775:
2770:
2766:
2759:
2754:
2752:
2747:
2745:
2740:
2739:
2736:
2729:
2728:84-7488-497-7
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2702:
2699:
2695:
2689:
2684:
2680:(in Romanian)
2678:
2676:
2675:
2670:
2665:(in Romanian)
2663:
2659:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2616:(in Romanian)
2614:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2592:
2587:(in Romanian)
2585:
2583:
2579:
2574:(in Romanian)
2572:
2569:
2565:
2564:
2559:
2557:
2556:
2551:
2547:
2543:(in Romanian)
2541:
2538:
2534:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:(in Romanian)
2497:
2495:
2491:
2490:
2486:
2483:
2479:
2477:
2472:(in Romanian)
2470:
2469:
2458:Boia, p. 204.
2455:
2446:
2444:
2434:
2425:
2416:
2410:Veiga, p. 279
2407:
2401:Veiga, p. 280
2398:
2389:
2380:
2373:
2368:
2361:
2355:
2348:
2343:
2336:
2331:
2324:
2319:
2317:
2309:
2304:
2297:
2296:
2289:
2283:
2277:
2271:
2265:
2263:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2240:Veiga, p. 278
2237:
2228:
2222:Veiga, p. 266
2219:
2213:Veiga, p. 277
2210:
2204:Veiga, p. 267
2201:
2199:
2197:
2187:
2178:
2176:
2169:Veiga, p. 223
2166:
2164:
2154:
2152:
2142:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2119:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2096:
2087:
2080:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2041:
2034:
2029:
2027:
2019:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2000:
1995:
1993:
1983:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1957:Boia, p. 205.
1954:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1929:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1878:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1858:
1856:
1849:
1843:
1841:
1831:
1822:
1813:
1804:
1795:
1786:
1780:
1774:
1765:
1756:
1747:
1745:
1735:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1700:
1695:
1686:
1684:
1674:
1672:
1662:
1655:
1651:
1645:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1623:
1621:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1594:
1592:9781483305394
1588:
1584:
1583:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1564:
1555:
1551:
1535:
1532:
1525:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1470:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1406:Nicolae Iorga
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1384:
1380:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1364:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1350:Romanian Army
1347:
1343:
1342:Ion Antonescu
1338:
1335:
1330:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1291:Fascist Italy
1287:
1285:
1281:
1275:
1274:and flowers."
1273:
1269:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1189:
1186:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1153:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1111:Max Auschnitt
1108:
1104:
1103:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
991:Ion Mihalache
988:
987:Dinu Brătianu
983:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
960:Transylvanian
957:
952:
947:
945:
941:
937:
931:
927:
925:
921:
917:
913:
908:
902:
900:
896:
892:
888:
887:Nicolae Iorga
883:
881:
877:
876:arms industry
871:
867:
865:
861:
857:
847:
845:
844:modernization
841:
840:
835:
834:
830:
826:
822:
821:
816:
812:
808:
803:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
764:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
737:
735:
730:
729:Octavian Goga
726:
722:
718:
713:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
676:
674:
671:parliament.
670:
666:
662:
656:
654:
650:
645:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
614:
612:
608:
607:Grand-Voivode
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
567:
564:
560:
550:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
511:
507:
505:
502:
501:authoritarian
498:
493:
491:
490:Nicolae Iorga
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
462:Miron Cristea
459:
455:
451:
447:
441:
431:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
396:
391:
386:
384:
380:
376:
372:
371:Octavian Goga
368:
364:
360:
356:
341:
339:
335:
330:
324:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
265:
261:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
204:
201:
197:
192:
187:
183:
179:
175:
172:
166:
160:
156:
153:
149:
146:
144:
140:
137:
132:
128:
126:
122:
118:
115:
111:
108:
105:
101:
90:
86:
75:
71:
68:
65:
61:
58:
54:
50:
47:
45:
41:
37:
32:
20:
3566:Magyar Party
3561:Jewish Party
3511:German Party
3425:Citizen Bloc
3161:
3130:Conservative
3016:Volt Romania
2996:Noua Dreaptă
2715:
2707:
2697:
2683:Petre Țurlea
2672:
2620:
2612:, March 1997
2609:
2594:
2581:
2562:
2553:
2536:
2525:
2513:
2509:
2489:Final Report
2488:
2475:
2454:
2433:
2424:
2415:
2406:
2397:
2388:
2379:
2372:Final Report
2371:
2367:
2360:Final Report
2359:
2354:
2347:Final Report
2346:
2342:
2335:Final Report
2334:
2330:
2323:Final Report
2322:
2308:Final Report
2307:
2303:
2293:
2288:
2281:
2276:
2269:
2236:
2227:
2218:
2209:
2186:
2141:
2118:
2095:
2086:
2078:
2040:
2033:Final Report
2032:
2020:, pp. 51–52.
2018:Final Report
2017:
1999:Final Report
1998:
1982:
1953:
1927:
1876:
1847:
1830:
1821:
1812:
1803:
1794:
1785:
1778:
1773:
1764:
1755:
1734:
1701:, pp. 22–23.
1698:
1694:
1661:
1653:
1649:
1644:
1631:
1609:
1605:
1603:
1596:. Retrieved
1581:
1563:
1554:
1454:Royal Palace
1439:
1427:
1376:
1361:
1344:, to form a
1339:
1331:
1288:
1277:
1265:
1244:Soviet Union
1237:
1213:
1190:
1180:totalitarian
1167:
1165:
1149:
1134:Transylvania
1123:
1115:Astra Română
1100:
1078:
1054:World War II
1051:
1042:trade unions
1015:
989:, the PNȚ's
984:
953:
949:
933:
929:
904:
884:
873:
869:
853:
839:Straja Țării
837:
831:
818:
811:minimum wage
804:
796:Ioan Flueraș
772:Petre Andrei
765:
738:
721:nationalists
717:antisemitism
714:
709:
683:
658:
646:
642:Roman salute
615:
590:
574:
568:
563:civil rights
558:
556:
547:World War II
539:fifth column
531:Adolf Hitler
512:
508:
494:
472:, backed by
443:
424:Soviet Union
404:middle class
393:
390:paramilitary
387:
352:
317:
310:antisemitism
252:
248:
244:
240:
228:
226:
113:Headquarters
3223:Labor Party
3137:Civic Force
3038:Nationalist
2976:PRO Romania
2961:Green Party
2686: [
2576:Petre Otu,
2546:Ioan Hudiță
2522:Lucian Boia
2349:, pp. 82–4.
2337:, pp. 53–4.
2310:, pp. 52–3.
2064:Argetoianu.
1610:Standestaat
1606:Estado Novo
1598:9 September
1538:(1939–1940)
1536:Government
1465:Legislature
1435:Lucian Boia
1431:modernizing
1327:World War I
1172:Ion Gigurtu
1102:Reichswerke
1089:death squad
1003:Ioan Hudiță
776:Mihai Ralea
519:Nazi German
497:corporatist
306:corporatism
302:Ion Gigurtu
262:created by
3815:Categories
3435:Iron Guard
2466:References
2358:Carol, in
2044:Siiulescu.
1513:1,587,514
1363:Conducător
1303:oil fields
1268:Bolshevism
1252:Bessarabia
1185:propaganda
1081:Horia Sima
972:A. C. Cuza
860:corruption
807:Parliament
788:socialists
784:Poporanist
761:Ion Nistor
757:centralist
673:Argetoianu
611:Alba Iulia
559:ex officio
543:Horia Sima
474:right-wing
438:See also:
412:insolvency
375:A. C. Cuza
314:Iron Guard
189:Party flag
148:Right-wing
95:1940-09-06
80:1938-12-16
3666:Alliances
3418:Far-right
3196:Left-wing
2712:Humanitas
2566:, at the
1986:Petrescu.
1521:258 / 258
1495:Deputies
1487:Position
1472:Election
1334:Bucharest
1272:red flags
1248:ultimatum
1087:before a
1026:Comintern
763:in 1919.
694:far right
690:left-wing
638:navy blue
579:Bucharest
523:Anschluss
466:Patriarch
428:Bucharest
414:), while
369:(PNC) of
217:Elections
165:Navy blue
152:far-right
119:, Romania
117:Bucharest
88:Dissolved
3773:USR PLUS
3322:Agrarian
2530:Budapest
2325:, p. 53.
2081:, p. 23.
2035:, p. 52.
2001:, p. 51.
1630:(1995).
1315:Bulgaria
1284:Red Army
1246:with an
1220:Downfall
1097:clearing
1030:far left
924:Lubyanka
912:gendarme
827:and the
790:such as
698:feminist
669:colonial
649:operetta
575:ținuturi
571:literate
553:Creation
525:and the
495:The new
418:and the
395:Lăncieri
267:Carol II
257:Romanian
255:) was a
233:Romanian
125:Ideology
67:Carol II
3079:Liberal
3031:Defunct
2769:Romania
2492:of the
2374:, p. 83
2362:, p. 83
1948:Țurlea.
1750:Majuru.
1650:Tribuna
1528:88 / 88
1498:Senate
1490:Status
1475:Leader
1176:fascist
1130:Hungary
1119:logging
1105:joined
815:leisure
665:daisies
634:fascist
630:Balkans
628:in the
581:). The
535:Berghof
468:of the
460:around
349:Context
344:History
158:Colours
93: (
78: (
73:Founded
63:Founder
44:Leaders
2726:
2532:, 2001
2282:et al.
2270:et al.
2145:Hudiță
1928:et al.
1877:et al.
1848:et al.
1779:et al.
1589:
1484:Seats
1478:Votes
1390:Jilava
1358:Brazil
1280:Soroca
1232:, and
1142:Berlin
1009:, and
916:Police
907:tyrant
856:cadres
798:, and
702:racist
661:lilies
626:Nazism
622:France
591:bresle
587:guilds
583:Senate
488:, and
448:envoy
446:Polish
416:France
300:, and
177:Anthem
168:
162:
3610:Other
2696:, in
2690:]
2671:, in
2593:, in
2580:, in
2552:, in
2512:, in
1546:Notes
1354:Mihai
1317:(the
686:Right
603:Mihai
251:, or
171:White
2724:ISBN
2570:site
1600:2020
1587:ISBN
1533:1st
1516:100
1504:1939
1416:and
1254:and
1178:and
1161:Axis
1150:see
809:. A
700:and
667:, a
663:and
620:and
577:and
499:and
373:and
308:and
264:King
227:The
2767:in
2136:Otu
1456:).
1392:by
1388:in
1313:to
1305:in
922:in
920:GPU
609:of
533:at
326:or
150:to
3817::
2722:,
2706:,
2692:,
2688:ro
2656:,
2625::
2548:,
2524:,
2504:,
2480:,
2442:^
2315:^
2261:^
2245:^
2195:^
2174:^
2162:^
2150:^
2127:^
2104:^
2069:^
2049:^
2025:^
2006:^
1991:^
1962:^
1935:^
1917:^
1903:^
1883:^
1866:^
1854:^
1839:^
1743:^
1706:^
1682:^
1670:^
1634:.
1619:^
1602:.
1575:;
1571:;
1481:%
1420:.
1329:.
1286:.
1228:,
1163:.
866::
817:,
802:.
794:,
778:,
774:,
770:,
492:.
484:,
480:,
464:,
430:.
388:A
296:,
292:,
288:,
247:,
243:,
235::
2757:e
2750:t
2743:v
2730:)
1930:.
1148:(
878:(
708:(
589:(
320:(
231:(
184:"
180:"
97:)
82:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
