31:
572:
518:
410:
536:
125:
1527:). In addition, local elites often strongly argued (and in some cases, overstated) their case and the Russians were often forced to adjudicate between them, further hindered by a lack of expert knowledge and the paucity of accurate or up-to-date ethnographic data on the region. Furthermore, the NTD also aimed to create viable entities, with economic, geographical, agricultural and infrastructural matters also to be taken into account and frequently trumping those of ethnicity. The attempt to balance these contradictory aims within an overall nationalist framework proved exceedingly difficult and often impossible, resulting in the drawing of convoluted borders, multiple enclaves and the unavoidable creation of large minorities who ended up living in the "wrong" republic. Additionally, the Soviets never intended for these borders to become international frontiers.
331:
374:
464:
446:
482:
356:
590:
554:
428:
500:
392:
1808:
1750:. Many groups were thought to be biologically similar, but culturally distinct. In Central Asia, many identified their "nation" as "Muslim." In other cases, geography made the difference, or even whether one lived in a town versus the countryside. Principally, however, dialects or languages formed the basis for distinguishing between various nations. The results were often contradictory and confusing. More than 150 nations were counted in Central Asia alone. Some were quickly subordinated to others, with communities which had hitherto been counted as "nations" now deemed to be simply tribes. As a result, the number of nations shrunk over the decades.
246:, which subsequently became the cornerstone of the Soviet policy towards nationalities, defined a nation as "a historically constituted, stable community of people, formed on the basis of a common language, territory, economic life, and psychological makeup manifested in a common culture". Many of the subject nationalities or communities in the Russian Empire did not fully meet these criteria. Not only did cultural, linguistic, religious and tribal diversities make the process difficult, but also the lack of a political consciousness of ethnicity among the people was a major obstacle. The process relied on the
30:
1673:
343:
1531:
1763:
86:), which is variously translated in English-language literature as "national-territorial delimitation" (NTD), "demarcation", or "partition". National delimitation formed part of a broader process of changes in administrative-territorial division, which also changed the boundaries of territorial units, but was not necessarily linked to national or ethnic considerations.
1594:
then exceedingly rapidly. There were initial plans to possibly keep the
Khorezm and Bukhara PSRs, but it was decided in April 1924 to partition them, over the often vocal opposition of their local Communist Parties. The Khorezm CP in particular were reluctant to destroy their PSR and had to be strong-armed into voting for their own dissolution in July of that year.
604:
45 nationally delimited territories, including 16 Union-level republics (SSR) for the major nationalities, 23 autonomous regions (18 ASSR and 5 autonomous oblasts) for other nationalities within the
Russian SFSR, and 6 autonomous regions within other Union-level republics (one in Uzbek SSR, one in Azerbaijan SSR, one in Tajik SSR, and three in Georgian SSR).
1734:) was necessarily recorded in their passport. Where parents' nationalities differed, a citizen was able to choose which nationality to register in their passport. This practice did not exist in the Russian Empire and has been abolished in the Russian Federation, although it remains law in some former-Soviet republics, including
271:(Soviet Socialist Republic or SSR). All 15 national republics, created between 1917 and 1940, had constitutionally equal rights and equal standing in the formal structure of state power. The largest of the 15 republics – Russia – was ethnically the most diverse and from the very beginning it was constituted as the RSFSR – the
603:
The first population census of the USSR in 1926 listed 176 distinct nationalities. Eliminating excessive detail (e.g., four ethnic groups for Jews and five ethnic groups for
Georgians) and omitting very small ethnic groups, the list was condensed into 69 nationalities. These 69 nationalities lived in
1310:
Despite the general policy of granting national territories to all ethnic groups, several nationalities remained without their own territories in the 1920s and the 1930s. In many cases these groups were either widely dispersed, or these minorities were concentrated in areas already designated as the
1593:
of the Soviet Union announced that it would proceed with NTD in
Central Asia. The process was to be overseen by a Special Committee of the Central Asian Bureau, with three sub-committees for each of what were deemed to be the main nationalities of the region (Kazakhs, Turkmen and Uzbeks), with work
1429:
Besides national republics, oblasts, and okrugs, several hundred national districts (with populations between 10,000 and 50,000) and several thousand national townships (population 500 to 5,000) were established. In some cases this policy required voluntary or forced resettlement in both directions
1558:(Kirghiz ASSR, Kirgizistan ASSR on the map), which was created on 26 August 1920 in the territory roughly coinciding with the northern part of today's Kazakhstan (at this time Kazakhs were referred to as "Kyrgyz" and what are now the Kyrgyz were deemed a sub-group of the Kazakhs and referred to as
1438:
authorities felt secure enough and in order to project Soviet influence outwards, exploiting cross-border ethnic ties, granted national minorities in the border regions more privileges and national rights than those in the central regions. This policy was implemented especially successfully in the
187:
that took over from the
Russian Empire in 1917 was not a nation-state, nor was the Soviet leadership committed to turning their country into such a state. In the early Soviet period, even voluntary assimilation was actively discouraged, and the promotion of the national self-consciousness of the
1685:
In the 1920s and the 1930s, the policy of national delimitation, which assigned national territories to ethnic groups and nationalities, was followed by nation-building, attempting to create a full range of national institutions within each national territory. Each officially recognized ethnic
260:, which recognized equality and sovereignty of all the peoples of Russia; their right for free self-determination, up to and including secession and creation of an independent state; freedom of religion; and free development of national minorities and ethnic groups on the territory of Russia.
1694:
was implemented, native teachers were trained, and national schools were established. This was always accompanied by native-language press and books written in the native language, along with other facets of cultural life. National elites were encouraged to develop and take over the leading
1437:
Soviet fear of foreign influence gained momentum from sporadic ethnic guerilla uprisings along the entire Soviet frontier throughout the 1920s. The Soviet government was particularly concerned about the loyalty of the
Finnish, Polish, and German populations. However, in July 1925 the Soviet
1745:
The
Bolsheviks' plan was to identify the total sum of all national, cultural, linguistic, and territorial diversities under their rule and establish scientific criteria to identify which groups of people were entitled to the description of 'nation'. This task relied on the existing work of
196:, native-language press, and books written in the native language came with the national territory, along with cultural institutions such as theaters. The attitudes towards many ethnic minorities changed dramatically in the 1930s–1940s under the leadership of
1702:, troubled economic conditions, international destabilization and the reversal of the immigration flow in the early 1930s, the Soviet Union became increasingly worried about the possible disloyalty of diaspora ethnic groups with cross-border ties (especially
1504:; a way to maintain Soviet hegemony over the region by artificially dividing its inhabitants into separate nations and with borders deliberately drawn so as to leave minorities within each state. Though the Soviets were concerned about the possible threat of
235:
began the process of national delimitation and nation building, which lasted through the 1920s and most of the 1930s. The project attempted to build nations out of the numerous ethnic groups in the Soviet Union. Defining a nation or politically conscious
1339:
as an official language of
Byelorussian SSR and a corresponding national public education system in Yiddish, along with the promotion of Yiddish literature and theatre in these areas as well as in the larger Russian cities. Other minorities included
1661:, all of which had sizeable, if not dominant, Tajik populations. The final decision negotiated by the Uzbek and Tajik parties, not without strong involvement of the Communist Party, left these three largely Tajik-populated territories within the
1497:, and Joseph Stalin's definition of a nation as being "a historically constituted, stable community of people, formed on the basis of a common language, territory, economic life, and psychological make-up manifested in a common culture".
2793:
1645:
was also created at that time (5 December 1936), thus completing the process of national delimitation of Soviet
Central Asia into five Soviet Socialist Republics that in 1991 would become five independent states.
1746:
tsarist-era ethnographers and statisticians, as well as new research conducted under Soviet auspices. Because most people did not know what is meant by a nation, some of them simply gave names when asked about
192:, however small, was granted its own national territory where it enjoyed a certain degree of autonomy, national schools, and national elites. A written national language (if it had been lacking), national
1723:
95:
71:
2853:
1837:
291:. The exact number of ASSR and AO varied over the years as new entities were created while old entities switched from one form to another, transformed into Union-level republics (e.g.,
276:
1621:
was created within the Uzbek SSR for the Tajik ethnic population and, in May 1929, it was separated from Uzbek SSR and upgraded to the status of a full Soviet
Socialist Republic (the
140:. In the 1905 Duma elections the nationalist parties received only 9 percent of all votes. Many non-Russian indigenous ethnic groups in the Russian Empire were classified as
1590:
1546:
NTD of the area along ethnic lines had been proposed as early as 1920. At this time Central Asia consisted of two Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics (ASSRs) within the
2789:
1311:
national republic for a different group, for example Poles and Jews (who were considered a nationality) represented up to a third of the population in some areas of the
1609:
of Soviet Central Asia. The Bukhara and Khorezm People's Soviet Republics were largely absorbed into the Uzbek SSR, which also included other territories inhabited by
1798:
621:
2376:
2447:
1665:
Uzbek SSR. The Tajik SSR was created on 5 December 1929 as the home for most of the ethnic Tajiks in Soviet Central Asia within the boundaries of present-day
2404:
858:
1690:
where it enjoyed a certain degree of autonomy, in addition to national elites. A written national language was developed (if it had been lacking), national
1586:
1493:
it was decided to divide Central Asia into ethnically based republics in a process known as National Territorial Delimitation (NTD). This was in line with
2390:
1699:
970:
712:
2432:
34:"Long live the unity of the oppressed labourers of the East with the workers of all the world in the struggle for the socialism!", a 1924 poster in the
1376:
in 1941. The peoples of the North had neither autonomous republics nor autonomous oblasts, but since the 1930s they have been organized in 10 national
248:
124:
44:
was the process of specifying well-defined national territorial units (Soviet socialist republics , autonomous Soviet socialist republics , autonomous
164:. Specifically, separate constituent units inside of this federal state would be created for the various regions and ethnic groups of Russia (such as
1006:
308:
17:
2131:
1430:
to create a compact population. The immigration of cross-border ethnic groups and the return of non-Russian émigrés to the Soviet Union during the
1169:
1554:, created in April 1918 and covering large parts of what are now southern Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan, as well as Turkmenistan, and the
1555:
1257:
2227:
2845:
2356:
1551:
1213:
1042:
952:
2418:
1649:
Particularly bitter debates accompanied the partition of the Uzbek and Tajik SSRs in 1929, focusing especially on the status of the cities of
898:
804:
1638:
1547:
1447:
1231:
776:
744:
655:
645:
336:
304:
272:
184:
216:(mostly towards those with cross-border ethnic ties to foreign nation-states in the 1930s or compromised in the view of Stalin during the
1861:
1107:
988:
880:
683:
1618:
1434:, albeit perceived as an easy cover for espionage, were not discouraged and proceeded quite actively, contributing to nation-building.
1372:
in the south of Moldova, where they enjoy a measure of autonomy). The Volga Germans lost their national territory with the outbreak of
1141:
1079:
1024:
2985:
1061:
934:
916:
3025:
232:
205:
1774:
275:, a federation within a federation. The Russian SFSR was divided in the early 1920s into some 30 autonomous ethnic territories (
3015:
1687:
1316:
632:
379:
280:
2958:
2311:
Nationalism and Policy Toward the Nationalities in the Soviet Union: From Totalitarian Dictatorship to Post-Stalinist Society
1115:
2279:
2100:
1797:
in 1991, fifteen newly sovereign states adopted their own policies and laws with regard to national minorities. A number of
2067:
1571:
1159:
469:
451:
2373:
2168:
1718:
1575:
1439:
1312:
1203:
757:
487:
361:
300:
59:
287:. There was also a very large number of lower-level ethnic territories, such as national districts and national village
106:), which typically referred to the policies and actions implemented by the government of a national territorial unit (a
2256:
1515:
The Soviets aimed to create ethnically homogenous republics; however, many areas were ethnically mixed (especially the
1463:
1294:
1097:
595:
559:
433:
2444:
2995:
2948:
2930:
2912:
2894:
2332:
2094:
1807:
1714:), residing along its western borders. This eventually led to the start of Stalin's repressive policy towards them.
1626:
1598:
1335:
in 1934). For the largely Yiddish-speaking Jews in these areas, policies were implemented such as the designation of
577:
523:
505:
253:
242:
2823:
2295:
David Shneer, Yiddish and the Creation of Soviet Jewish Culture: 1918-1930, Cambridge University Press, 2004. p.52.
1642:
1459:
1412:
1126:
415:
296:
292:
2401:
2199:
220:
in the 1940s), although nation-building often continued simultaneously for others. After the establishment of the
1794:
1622:
1602:
1512:, closer analysis informed by the primary sources paints a much more nuanced picture than is commonly presented.
1281:
1247:
541:
397:
1695:
administrative and Party positions, sometimes in proportions exceeding the proportion of the native population.
1519:), and it often proved difficult to assign a "correct" ethnic label to some peoples (e.g. the mixed Tajik-Uzbek
263:
The Soviet Union (or more formally USSR – the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) was established in 1922 as a
2387:
1634:
1400:
189:
3000:
2959:
Nationhood and the National Question in the Soviet Union and Post-Soviet Eurasia: An Institutionalist Account
2429:
2177:
1420:
1404:
696:
268:
151:
1605:. The Turkmen SSR roughly matched the borders of today's Turkmenistan and it was created as a home for the
1408:
1265:
217:
1495:
Communist theory that nationalism was a necessary step on the path towards an eventually communist society
3020:
3005:
2127:
1377:
209:
267:
of nationalities, which eventually came to encompass 15 major national territories, each organized as a
3010:
2325:
Where the Jews aren't : the sad and absurd story of Birobidzhan, Russia's Jewish autonomous region
204:
ethnic roots) with the advent of a repressive policy featuring abolition of the national institutions,
2222:
2990:
1968:
1384:
2922:
2415:
1846:
1328:
789:
729:
668:
1396:
1392:
1416:
1597:
The Turkestan ASSR was officially partitioned into two Soviet Socialist Republics (SSR), the
240:
was in itself a politically charged issue in the Soviet Union. In 1913, Stalin, in his work
1923:
1473:
Russia had conquered Central Asia in the 19th century by annexing the formerly independent
1341:
2197:"The USSR as a Communal Apartment, or How a Socialist State Promoted Ethnic Particularism"
8:
2770:
1983:
1895:
1890:
1825:
1534:
1431:
1188:
284:
147:
1319:
SSRs or nearly half of the population in some cities and towns, yet apart from national
160:, No. 5 called for Russia to be transformed into a federal state along the lines of the
2904:
2878:
2350:
1876:
1812:
1672:
1658:
1563:
1486:
1349:
257:
2374:
https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2010/jun/20/kyrgyzstan-stalins-deadly-legacy
1500:
Central Asia's borders are often viewed by critics of the USSR as being an attempt to
110:) after delimitation. In most cases national delimitation in the USSR was followed by
2944:
2926:
2919:
The Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923-1939
2908:
2890:
2338:
2328:
2090:
1691:
1509:
1478:
1361:
193:
177:
169:
2846:"Как в Казахстане в паспорте и удостоверении можно изменить графу "национальность""
2445:
https://www.thenational.ae/world/asia/stalin-at-core-of-kyrgyzstan-carnage-1.548241
1727:
1567:
1482:
1332:
844:
816:
288:
99:
75:
1562:
i.e. "black Kyrgyz"). There were also the two separate successor republics of the
2965:
2953:
2451:
2436:
2422:
2408:
2394:
2380:
2283:
2276:
2260:
2231:
2203:
2172:
2084:
2071:
2046:
Hasan Ali Karasar, "The Partition of Khorezm and the Positions of Turkestanis on
2016:
1516:
1501:
828:
90:
2239:
2064:
1804:
In the Russian Federation, some autonomous regions became new ethnic republics.
27:
Process of creating national territorial units from the ethnic diversity of USSR
2402:
https://www.economist.com/briefing/2010/06/17/stalins-harvest?story_id=16377083
1915:
1851:
1662:
1446:. However, some Ukrainian communists claimed neighboring regions even from the
1423:
1050:
848:
832:
784:
752:
225:
35:
2165:
2979:
2342:
2208:
2024:
2012:
2008:
1978:
1973:
1900:
1856:
1711:
1365:
1353:
1345:
1324:
1014:
996:
888:
820:
797:
724:
676:
213:
197:
165:
161:
112:
2970:
Empire of Nations: Ethnographic Knowledge and the Making of the Soviet Union
2388:
https://worldview.stratfor.com/article/kyrgyzstan-crisis-and-russian-dilemma
2251:
2776:
1816:
1747:
1490:
1388:
1373:
1178:
1164:
924:
840:
812:
705:
237:
221:
156:
137:
107:
2685:
The Birth of Tajikistan: National Identity and the Origins of the Republic
2646:
The Birth of Tajikistan: National Identity and the Origins of the Republic
2613:
The Birth of Tajikistan: National Identity and the Origins of the Republic
2587:
The Birth of Tajikistan: National Identity and the Origins of the Republic
2558:
The Birth of Tajikistan: National Identity and the Origins of the Republic
2519:
The Birth of Tajikistan: National Identity and the Origins of the Republic
2464:
The Birth of Tajikistan: National Identity and the Origins of the Republic
2430:
https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2010/11/29/tajikistan-next-jihadi-stronghold
1828:(2008) that succeeded the national territories of Russian SFSR (pre-1990)
1505:
1442:, which at first indeed succeeded in attracting the population of Polish
1271:
942:
146:(literally meaning "of different, i.e., non-Russian descent"). After the
129:
2815:
1762:
1530:
342:
119:
2196:
1871:
1739:
1735:
1666:
1630:
1208:
1121:
264:
229:
150:, attitudes in regards to this topic began to change. In early 1917, a
1836:
2940:
2886:
2065:Изменение административно-территориального деления России в XII-XX в.
2020:
1953:
1943:
1928:
1654:
1524:
1221:
1196:
1182:
1149:
1134:
1102:
978:
906:
765:
201:
142:
1633:) was created only in 1936; between 1929 and 1936 it existed as the
2737:
Making Uzbekistan: Nation, Empire, and Revolution in the Early USSR
2711:
Making Uzbekistan: Nation, Empire, and Revolution in the Early USSR
2568:
2566:
2490:
Making Uzbekistan: Nation, Empire, and Revolution in the Early USSR
1948:
1938:
1910:
1885:
1866:
1606:
1579:
1369:
960:
866:
769:
720:
663:
650:
1801:
erupted, some of them fed in part by national or ethnic tensions.
303:
created in 1940), or were absorbed into larger territories (e.g.,
1905:
1707:
1650:
1474:
1357:
1336:
1302:
870:
691:
173:
2563:
2416:
https://thediplomat.com/2016/09/the-tajik-tragedy-of-uzbekistan/
608:
Higher-level autonomous national territories in the Soviet Union
42:
National delimitation in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
1614:
1610:
1286:
1252:
1087:
1069:
1032:
836:
824:
45:
1541:
2513:
2511:
1703:
1443:
1320:
54:
49:
2007:
The 1926 census delineated six Jewish ethnic groups: Jews,
2640:
2638:
2636:
2634:
1933:
1520:
737:
65:
The Russian-language term for this Soviet state policy was
2508:
1489:. After the Communists took power in 1917 and created the
1327:, no particular territorial entity was created (though a
2631:
1680:
1453:
2901:
The Establishment of National Republics in Central Asia
2477:
The Establishment of National Republics in Central Asia
128:
1977 Soviet stamp marking the 50th anniversary of the
2076:
120:
Policies of national delimitation in the Soviet Union
89:
National delimitation in the USSR was distinct from
2425:; Rashid, A in the New York Review of Books, 2010,
1753:
1368:(today the Gagauz live in a compact area known as
249:Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia
2962:. Theory and Society, 23 (February 1994): 47–78.
320:Map of the Union Republics between 1956 and 1991
2977:
2724:Tribal Nation: The Making Of Soviet Turkmenistan
2672:Tribal Nation: The Making Of Soviet Turkmenistan
2659:Tribal Nation: The Making Of Soviet Turkmenistan
2626:Tribal Nation: The Making Of Soviet Turkmenistan
2545:Tribal Nation: The Making Of Soviet Turkmenistan
2532:Tribal Nation: The Making Of Soviet Turkmenistan
2503:Tribal Nation: The Making Of Soviet Turkmenistan
2411:; Pillalamarri, Akhilesh in the Diplomat, 2016,
2369:For example: Stourton, E. in The Guardian, 2010
2086:The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia
1523:, or the various Turkmen/Uzbek tribes along the
136:Pre-1917 Russia was a multiethnic empire, not a
2234:, March–May 1913; Russian original: J. Stalin,
1676:National delimitation in Central Asia 1924-1925
2752:, Westview Press, Boulder, CO, 1991, pp. 16-18
2750:Soviet Central Asia: The Failed Transformation
2267:, on-line edition. Retrieved 15 November 2008.
2253:Declaration of Rights of the Peoples of Russia
2121:
2119:
2117:
285:ethnic republics within the Russian Federation
2937:The New Central Asia: The Creation of Nations
2385:The Kyrgyzstan Crisis and the Russian Dilemma
2322:
2277:List of nationalities in the 1926 USSR census
2082:
1686:minority, however small, was granted its own
2160:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2148:
1556:Kirghiz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
1290:
1275:
1241:
1225:
1153:
1091:
1073:
1055:
1036:
1018:
1000:
982:
964:
946:
928:
910:
892:
874:
852:
273:Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
188:non-Russian populations was attempted. Each
2883:Central Asia: History, Ethnicity, Modernity
2698:Ferghana Valley – the Heart of Central Asia
2600:Ferghana Valley – the Heart of Central Asia
2574:Ferghana Valley – the Heart of Central Asia
2114:
1542:Creation of new SSRs and autonomous regions
256:on 15 November 1917, immediately after the
2355:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2191:
2189:
2187:
1826:ethnic republics of the Russian Federation
283:– AO), many of which exist to this day as
84:natsionalno-territorialnoye razmezhevaniye
2145:
1721:in 1932, each adult citizen's ethnicity (
2427:Tajikistan - the Next Jihadi Stronghold?
2305:
2303:
2301:
2166:"The Origins of Soviet Ethnic Cleansing"
2089:. W.W Norton Company, Inc. p. 545.
1806:
1671:
1529:
123:
80:национально-территориальное размежевание
29:
2816:"Россиянину хорошо и без "пятой графы""
2726:, Princeton University Press, pgs. 56-8
2674:, Princeton University Press, pgs. 52-3
2184:
14:
2978:
2763:The History of the Clumsy Delimitation
2739:, Cornell University Press, 302-3, 307
2479:, Palgrave Macmillan, pgs. 24-5, 182-3
1323:, 24 of which were established in the
2856:from the original on 24 December 2021
2826:from the original on 24 December 2021
2796:from the original on 24 December 2021
2772:The History of a National Catastrophe
2713:, Cornell University Press, pg. 271-2
2439:; Schreck, C. in The National, 2010,
2298:
2221:Definition of a nation in J. Stalin,
1681:Nation-building for ethnic minorities
1613:as well as those inhabited by ethnic
1454:National delimitation in Central Asia
277:Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics
190:officially recognized ethnic minority
2765:, Irfon Publ. House, Dushanbe, 1991
2661:, Princeton University Press, pg. 54
2628:, Princeton University Press, pg. 55
2547:, Princeton University Press, pg. 53
2534:, Princeton University Press, pg. 47
2505:, Princeton University Press, pg. 46
2441:Stalin at core of Kyrgyzstan carnage
2313:, Westview Press, Boulder, CO, 1991.
1757:
1537:in 1922 before national delimitation
307:absorbed into the RSFSR in 1945 and
224:within the boundaries of the former
2466:, IB Taurus & Co Ltd, pg. 39-40
2054:, 60(7):1247-1260 (September 2008).
1698:With the grain requisition crises,
60:Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
58:) from the ethnic diversity of the
24:
2872:
2589:, IB Taurus & Co Ltd, pg. 40-1
2560:, IB Taurus & Co Ltd, pg. 43-4
2521:, IB Taurus & Co Ltd, pg. 44-5
2492:, Cornell University Press, pg. 13
2371:Kyrgyzstan: Stalin's deadly legacy
2125:
1811:National territorial units of the
1717:Following the introduction of the
1570:, which were transformed into the
25:
3037:
2852:(in Russian). 26 September 2020.
2696:Starr, S. Frederick (ed.) (2011)
2598:Starr, S. Frederick (ed.) (2011)
2572:Starr, S. Frederick (ed.) (2011)
2224:Marxism and the National Question
1576:Khorezm People's Soviet Republics
1508:, as seen in its reaction to the
243:Marxism and the National Question
18:National Territorial Delimitation
2986:Subdivisions of the Soviet Union
2687:, IB Taurus & Co Ltd, pg. 92
2648:, IB Taurus & Co Ltd, pg. 42
2615:, IB Taurus & Co Ltd, pg. 39
2383:; Zeihan, P. for Stratfor, 2010
1835:
1761:
588:
570:
552:
534:
516:
498:
480:
462:
444:
426:
408:
390:
372:
354:
341:
329:
2838:
2808:
2782:
2755:
2742:
2729:
2716:
2703:
2690:
2677:
2664:
2651:
2618:
2605:
2592:
2579:
2550:
2537:
2524:
2495:
2482:
2469:
2456:
2413:The Tajik Tragedy of Uzbekistan
2363:
2316:
2289:
2134:from the original on 2020-12-04
2103:from the original on 2023-02-02
2001:
1795:dissolution of the Soviet Union
1754:Dissolution of the Soviet Union
3026:Federalism in the Soviet Union
2790:"Положение о паспортах (1932)"
2270:
2245:
2215:
2057:
2040:
1635:Kara-Kirghiz Autonomous Oblast
1578:following the takeover by the
1464:Kazakhstan–Turkmenistan border
311:absorbed into RSFSR in 1941).
13:
1:
3016:Geography of the Soviet Union
2399:Kyrgyzstan - Stalin's Harvest
2236:Collected Works in 16 Volumes
2178:The Journal of Modern History
1989:
2722:Edgar, Adrienne Lynn (2004)
2670:Edgar, Adrienne Lynn (2004)
2657:Edgar, Adrienne Lynn (2004)
2624:Edgar, Adrienne Lynn (2004)
2543:Edgar, Adrienne Lynn (2004)
2530:Edgar, Adrienne Lynn (2004)
2501:Edgar, Adrienne Lynn (2004)
2327:(First ed.). New York.
1468:
1460:Tajikistan–Uzbekistan border
7:
1962:
62:(USSR) and its subregions.
10:
3042:
2972:, Cornell University Press
2822:(in Russian). 5 May 2010.
1457:
649:
644:
340:
104:национальное строительство
1969:Islam in the Soviet Union
1834:
1731:
1207:
1202:
1101:
1096:
639:
631:
628:
614:
316:
103:
79:
2996:Soviet internal politics
2923:Cornell University Press
1617:. At the same time, the
1585:On 25 February 1924 the
1329:Jewish Autonomous Oblast
636:
625:
2769:. English translation:
2265:Big Soviet Encyclopedia
2195:Slezkine, Yuri (1994).
1331:was established in the
152:Socialist Revolutionary
2748:William Fierman, ed.,
2397:; The Economist, 2010
2323:Gessen, Masha (2016).
2164:Martin, Terry (1998).
2083:Richard Overy (2004).
1820:
1719:Soviet passport system
1677:
1637:(province) within the
1538:
1506:pan-Turkic nationalism
133:
38:
2735:Khalid, Adeeb (2015)
2709:Khalid, Adeeb (2015)
2488:Khalid, Adeeb (2015)
1810:
1675:
1533:
1458:Further information:
859:Kabardino-Balkar ASSR
699:(Oyrot AO until 1948)
127:
33:
3001:Soviet ethnic policy
2917:Terry Martin(2001).
2820:Komsomolskaya Pravda
2683:Bergne, Paul (2007)
2644:Bergne, Paul (2007)
2611:Bergne, Paul (2007)
2585:Bergne, Paul (2007)
2556:Bergne, Paul (2007)
2517:Bergne, Paul (2007)
2475:Haugen, Arne (2003)
2462:Bergne, Paul (2007)
2263:, 15 November 1917,
2128:"Against Federalism"
1924:North Ossetia-Alania
758:Karachay–Cherkess AO
622:Autonomous republics
269:Union-level republic
254:Bolshevik government
2899:Arne Haugen (2004)
2052:Europe-Asia Studies
1984:Soviet Central Asia
1891:Karachay-Cherkessia
1815:that succeeded the
1535:Soviet Central Asia
1432:New Economic Policy
1295:Gorno-Badakhshan AO
1189:Nagorno-Karabakh AO
971:North Ossetian ASSR
713:Chechen-Ingush ASSR
218:Great Patriotic War
206:ethnic deportations
154:publication called
148:February Revolution
3021:Post-Soviet states
3006:Soviet phraseology
2935:Oliver Roy (2000)
2905:Palgrave Macmillan
2879:John Everett-Heath
2700:Routledge, pg. 106
2602:Routledge, pg. 105
2576:Routledge, pg. 112
2450:2020-08-30 at the
2435:2019-04-26 at the
2421:2020-06-19 at the
2407:2020-06-22 at the
2393:2020-08-04 at the
2379:2020-08-04 at the
2282:2011-05-22 at the
2259:2008-12-02 at the
2230:2011-07-28 at the
2202:2020-12-15 at the
2171:2020-12-15 at the
2070:2020-09-23 at the
1877:Kabardino-Balkaria
1821:
1813:Russian Federation
1773:. You can help by
1688:national territory
1678:
1659:Surxondaryo Region
1564:Emirate of Bukhara
1539:
1487:Emirate of Bukhara
640:Titular nation(s)
633:Autonomous oblasts
281:autonomous oblasts
258:October Revolution
134:
116:(indigenization).
39:
3011:Ethnic minorities
1960:
1959:
1791:
1790:
1692:language planning
1591:Central Committee
1510:Basmachi movement
1308:
1307:
1127:South Ossetian AO
1007:Volga German ASSR
629:Titular nation(s)
601:
600:
309:Volga German ASSR
299:created in 1936,
252:, adopted by the
200:(despite his own
194:language planning
16:(Redirected from
3033:
2991:Decentralization
2866:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2842:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2812:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2786:
2780:
2768:
2759:
2753:
2746:
2740:
2733:
2727:
2720:
2714:
2707:
2701:
2694:
2688:
2681:
2675:
2668:
2662:
2655:
2649:
2642:
2629:
2622:
2616:
2609:
2603:
2596:
2590:
2583:
2577:
2570:
2561:
2554:
2548:
2541:
2535:
2528:
2522:
2515:
2506:
2499:
2493:
2486:
2480:
2473:
2467:
2460:
2454:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2354:
2346:
2320:
2314:
2307:
2296:
2293:
2287:
2286:on demoscrope.ru
2274:
2268:
2249:
2243:
2219:
2213:
2193:
2182:
2181:70 (4), 813-861.
2162:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2139:
2130:. Marxists.org.
2123:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2108:
2080:
2074:
2063:Тархов, Сергей.
2061:
2055:
2044:
2027:
2005:
1839:
1832:
1831:
1824:Map showing the
1786:
1783:
1765:
1758:
1733:
1726:
1663:Turkic-populated
1568:Khanate of Khiva
1496:
1333:Russian Far East
1170:Nakhichevan ASSR
612:
611:
594:
592:
591:
576:
574:
573:
558:
556:
555:
540:
538:
537:
522:
520:
519:
504:
502:
501:
486:
484:
483:
468:
466:
465:
450:
448:
447:
432:
430:
429:
414:
412:
411:
396:
394:
393:
380:Byelorussian SSR
378:
376:
375:
360:
358:
357:
345:
335:
333:
332:
314:
313:
105:
98:
81:
74:
21:
3041:
3040:
3036:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3031:
3030:
2976:
2975:
2966:Francine Hirsch
2954:Rogers Brubaker
2875:
2873:Further reading
2870:
2869:
2859:
2857:
2844:
2843:
2839:
2829:
2827:
2814:
2813:
2809:
2799:
2797:
2788:
2787:
2783:
2766:
2760:
2756:
2747:
2743:
2734:
2730:
2721:
2717:
2708:
2704:
2695:
2691:
2682:
2678:
2669:
2665:
2656:
2652:
2643:
2632:
2623:
2619:
2610:
2606:
2597:
2593:
2584:
2580:
2571:
2564:
2555:
2551:
2542:
2538:
2529:
2525:
2516:
2509:
2500:
2496:
2487:
2483:
2474:
2470:
2461:
2457:
2452:Wayback Machine
2437:Wayback Machine
2423:Wayback Machine
2409:Wayback Machine
2395:Wayback Machine
2381:Wayback Machine
2368:
2364:
2348:
2347:
2335:
2321:
2317:
2309:Gerhard Simon,
2308:
2299:
2294:
2290:
2284:Wayback Machine
2275:
2271:
2261:Wayback Machine
2250:
2246:
2232:Wayback Machine
2220:
2216:
2212:53 (2), 414–52.
2204:Wayback Machine
2194:
2185:
2173:Wayback Machine
2163:
2146:
2137:
2135:
2124:
2115:
2106:
2104:
2097:
2081:
2077:
2072:Wayback Machine
2062:
2058:
2045:
2041:
2031:
2030:
2006:
2002:
1992:
1965:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1916:Sakha (Yakutia)
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1787:
1781:
1778:
1771:needs expansion
1756:
1722:
1683:
1544:
1517:Ferghana Valley
1502:divide and rule
1494:
1471:
1466:
1456:
1424:titular nations
1413:Ust-Orda Buryat
1263:
1258:Karakalpak ASSR
1113:
1053:of Central Asia
589:
587:
571:
569:
553:
551:
535:
533:
517:
515:
499:
497:
481:
479:
463:
461:
445:
443:
427:
425:
409:
407:
391:
389:
373:
371:
355:
353:
330:
328:
210:national terror
122:
94:
91:nation-building
70:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3039:
3029:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2974:
2973:
2963:
2951:
2933:
2915:
2897:
2874:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2837:
2807:
2792:(in Russian).
2781:
2754:
2741:
2728:
2715:
2702:
2689:
2676:
2663:
2650:
2630:
2617:
2604:
2591:
2578:
2562:
2549:
2536:
2523:
2507:
2494:
2481:
2468:
2455:
2362:
2333:
2315:
2297:
2288:
2269:
2244:
2214:
2183:
2144:
2113:
2095:
2075:
2056:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2029:
2028:
1999:
1998:
1997:
1996:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1919:
1881:
1880:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1841:
1840:
1789:
1788:
1782:September 2023
1768:
1766:
1755:
1752:
1732:национальность
1682:
1679:
1552:Turkestan ASSR
1543:
1540:
1470:
1467:
1455:
1452:
1397:Dolgano-Nenets
1306:
1305:
1300:
1297:
1292:
1289:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1274:
1269:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1224:
1219:
1216:
1214:Moldavian ASSR
1211:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1194:
1191:
1186:
1175:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1156:
1155:
1152:
1147:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1132:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1094:
1093:
1090:
1085:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1072:
1067:
1064:
1058:
1057:
1054:
1051:Turkic peoples
1048:
1045:
1043:Turkestan ASSR
1039:
1038:
1035:
1030:
1027:
1021:
1020:
1017:
1012:
1009:
1003:
1002:
999:
994:
991:
985:
984:
981:
976:
973:
967:
966:
963:
958:
955:
953:Mordovian ASSR
949:
948:
945:
940:
937:
931:
930:
927:
922:
919:
913:
912:
909:
904:
901:
895:
894:
891:
886:
883:
877:
876:
873:
864:
861:
855:
854:
851:
810:
807:
801:
800:
795:
792:
787:
785:Crimean Tatars
782:
779:
773:
772:
763:
760:
755:
753:Chuvash people
750:
747:
741:
740:
735:
732:
727:
718:
715:
709:
708:
703:
700:
697:Gorno-Altai AO
694:
689:
686:
680:
679:
674:
671:
666:
661:
658:
653:
648:
642:
641:
638:
635:
630:
627:
624:
619:
618:Titular nation
616:
599:
598:
585:
581:
580:
567:
563:
562:
549:
545:
544:
531:
527:
526:
513:
509:
508:
495:
491:
490:
477:
473:
472:
470:Lithuanian SSR
459:
455:
454:
452:Azerbaijan SSR
441:
437:
436:
423:
419:
418:
405:
401:
400:
387:
383:
382:
369:
365:
364:
351:
347:
346:
339:
326:
322:
321:
318:
226:Russian Empire
121:
118:
36:Uzbek language
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3038:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2971:
2967:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2949:0-8147-7555-1
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2932:
2931:0-8014-8677-7
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2914:
2913:1-4039-1571-7
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2896:
2895:0-7007-0956-8
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2841:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2811:
2795:
2791:
2785:
2778:
2774:
2773:
2764:
2761:Rahim Masov,
2758:
2751:
2745:
2738:
2732:
2725:
2719:
2712:
2706:
2699:
2693:
2686:
2680:
2673:
2667:
2660:
2654:
2647:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2627:
2621:
2614:
2608:
2601:
2595:
2588:
2582:
2575:
2569:
2567:
2559:
2553:
2546:
2540:
2533:
2527:
2520:
2514:
2512:
2504:
2498:
2491:
2485:
2478:
2472:
2465:
2459:
2453:
2449:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2431:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2417:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2403:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2389:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2375:
2372:
2366:
2358:
2352:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2334:9780805242461
2330:
2326:
2319:
2312:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2292:
2285:
2281:
2278:
2273:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2248:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2218:
2211:
2210:
2209:Slavic Review
2205:
2201:
2198:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2180:
2179:
2174:
2170:
2167:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2133:
2129:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2102:
2098:
2096:9780141912240
2092:
2088:
2087:
2079:
2073:
2069:
2066:
2060:
2053:
2049:
2048:Razmezhevanie
2043:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2026:
2025:Mountain Jews
2022:
2018:
2014:
2013:Georgian Jews
2010:
2009:Bukharan Jews
2004:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1979:Korenizatsiya
1977:
1975:
1974:Soviet people
1972:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1956:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1918:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1857:Bashkortostan
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1818:
1814:
1809:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1796:
1785:
1776:
1772:
1769:This section
1767:
1764:
1760:
1759:
1751:
1749:
1743:
1741:
1737:
1729:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1696:
1693:
1689:
1674:
1670:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1647:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1595:
1592:
1588:
1583:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1513:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1498:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1465:
1461:
1451:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1440:Ukrainian SSR
1435:
1433:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1401:Yamalo-Nenets
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1381:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1325:Ukrainian SSR
1322:
1318:
1314:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1266:Karakalpak AO
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1205:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1116:Abkhazian SSR
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1099:
1095:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1016:
1015:Volga Germans
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1004:
998:
995:
992:
990:
987:
986:
980:
977:
974:
972:
969:
968:
962:
959:
956:
954:
951:
950:
944:
941:
938:
936:
933:
932:
926:
923:
920:
918:
915:
914:
908:
905:
902:
900:
899:Karelian ASSR
897:
896:
890:
887:
884:
882:
879:
878:
872:
868:
865:
862:
860:
857:
856:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
811:
808:
806:
805:Dagestan ASSR
803:
802:
799:
798:Khakas people
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
780:
778:
775:
774:
771:
767:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
748:
746:
743:
742:
739:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
725:Ingush people
722:
719:
716:
714:
711:
710:
707:
704:
701:
698:
695:
693:
690:
687:
685:
682:
681:
678:
677:Adyghe people
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
647:
643:
637:Creation date
634:
626:Creation date
623:
620:
617:
615:Host republic
613:
610:
609:
605:
597:
586:
583:
582:
579:
568:
565:
564:
561:
550:
547:
546:
543:
532:
529:
528:
525:
514:
511:
510:
507:
496:
493:
492:
489:
488:Moldavian SSR
478:
475:
474:
471:
460:
457:
456:
453:
442:
439:
438:
435:
424:
421:
420:
417:
406:
403:
402:
399:
388:
385:
384:
381:
370:
367:
366:
363:
362:Ukrainian SSR
352:
349:
348:
344:
338:
327:
324:
323:
319:
315:
312:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
261:
259:
255:
251:
250:
245:
244:
239:
234:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
214:Russification
211:
207:
203:
199:
198:Joseph Stalin
195:
191:
186:
185:Soviet Russia
181:
179:
175:
171:
167:
166:Little Russia
163:
162:United States
159:
158:
153:
149:
145:
144:
139:
131:
126:
117:
115:
114:
113:korenizatsiya
109:
101:
97:
92:
87:
85:
77:
73:
68:
67:razmezhevanie
63:
61:
57:
56:
51:
47:
43:
37:
32:
19:
2969:
2957:
2936:
2918:
2900:
2882:
2858:. Retrieved
2849:
2840:
2828:. Retrieved
2819:
2810:
2798:. Retrieved
2784:
2777:Iraj Bashiri
2771:
2767:(in Russian)
2762:
2757:
2749:
2744:
2736:
2731:
2723:
2718:
2710:
2705:
2697:
2692:
2684:
2679:
2671:
2666:
2658:
2653:
2645:
2625:
2620:
2612:
2607:
2599:
2594:
2586:
2581:
2573:
2557:
2552:
2544:
2539:
2531:
2526:
2518:
2502:
2497:
2489:
2484:
2476:
2471:
2463:
2458:
2440:
2426:
2412:
2398:
2384:
2370:
2365:
2324:
2318:
2310:
2291:
2272:
2264:
2252:
2247:
2235:
2223:
2217:
2207:
2176:
2136:. Retrieved
2105:. Retrieved
2085:
2078:
2059:
2051:
2047:
2042:
2003:
1921:
1883:
1823:
1822:
1817:Russian SFSR
1803:
1792:
1779:
1775:adding to it
1770:
1748:ethnic group
1744:
1716:
1697:
1684:
1648:
1639:Russian SFSR
1596:
1584:
1559:
1548:Russian SFSR
1545:
1514:
1499:
1491:Soviet Union
1472:
1448:Russian SFSR
1436:
1428:
1421:Komi-Permyak
1405:Khanty-Mansi
1379:
1374:World War II
1317:Byelorussian
1309:
1232:Crimean ASSR
1165:Azerbaijanis
925:Komi peoples
777:Crimean ASSR
745:Chuvash ASSR
706:Altai people
656:Bashkir ASSR
646:Russian SFSR
607:
606:
602:
596:Estonian SSR
560:Armenian SSR
434:Georgian SSR
337:Russian SFSR
305:Crimean ASSR
301:Moldovan SSR
262:
247:
241:
238:ethnic group
222:Soviet Union
182:
157:Dyelo Naroda
155:
141:
138:nation state
135:
111:
108:nation state
88:
83:
66:
64:
53:
41:
40:
2860:24 December
2830:24 December
2800:24 December
1627:Kirghiz SSR
1599:Turkmen SSR
1560:Kara-Kyrgyz
1409:Agin-Buryat
1378:autonomous
1272:Karakalpaks
1268:until 1932)
1179:Azerbaijani
1108:Abkhaz ASSR
989:Udmurt ASSR
943:Mari people
881:Kalmyk ASSR
684:Buryat ASSR
578:Turkmen SSR
524:Kirghiz SSR
506:Latvian SSR
279:– ASSR and
130:Turkmen SSR
2980:Categories
2889:-Curzon,
2775:, transl.
2138:2017-05-11
2107:2021-11-20
1990:References
1872:Ingushetia
1793:After the
1740:Uzbekistan
1736:Kazakhstan
1667:Tajikistan
1657:, and the
1643:Kazakh SSR
1631:Kyrgyzstan
1619:Tajik ASSR
1350:Hungarians
1342:Bulgarians
1282:Tajikistan
1248:Uzbekistan
1209:Ukrainians
1160:Azerbaijan
1142:Adjar ASSR
1122:Abkhazians
1118:1921–1931)
1080:Yakut ASSR
1025:Tatar ASSR
845:Tabasarans
416:Kazakh SSR
297:Kyrgyz SSR
265:federation
233:government
2941:NYU Press
2887:Routledge
2351:cite book
2343:932001420
2034:Citations
2021:Krymchaks
1954:Chuvashia
1944:Khakassia
1929:Tatarstan
1799:conflicts
1724:‹See Tfd›
1655:Samarkand
1629:(today's
1623:Tajik SSR
1603:Uzbek SSR
1587:Politburo
1582:in 1920.
1525:Amu Darya
1469:Rationale
1313:Ukrainian
1239:undefined
1222:Moldovans
1218:1924–1940
1197:Armenians
1150:Adjarians
1135:Ossetians
1103:Georgians
1062:Tuva ASSR
1047:1918–1924
1011:1918–1941
979:Ossetians
935:Mari ASSR
917:Komi ASSR
907:Karelians
790:Khakas AO
781:1921–1945
766:Karachays
730:Jewish AO
669:Adyghe AO
542:Tajik SSR
398:Uzbek SSR
317:Republic
230:Bolshevik
178:Turkestan
143:inorodtsy
96:‹See Tfd›
72:‹See Tfd›
2854:Archived
2824:Archived
2794:Archived
2448:Archived
2433:Archived
2419:Archived
2405:Archived
2391:Archived
2377:Archived
2280:Archived
2257:Archived
2240:volume 2
2228:Archived
2200:Archived
2169:Archived
2132:Archived
2126:Stalin.
2101:Archived
2068:Archived
2017:Karaites
1963:See also
1949:Chechnya
1939:Udmurtia
1911:Mordovia
1886:Kalmykia
1867:Dagestan
1862:Buryatia
1607:Turkmens
1601:and the
1580:Red Army
1566:and the
1485:and the
1475:khanates
1385:Chukotka
1383:for the
1370:Gagauzia
1183:Armenian
961:Mordvins
867:Kabarday
849:Tsakhurs
770:Cherkess
721:Chechens
664:Bashkirs
651:Russians
202:Georgian
2968:(2005)
2881:(2003)
1906:Mari El
1896:Karelia
1819:in 1991
1728:Russian
1708:Germans
1700:famines
1651:Bukhara
1625:). The
1572:Bukhara
1362:Koreans
1337:Yiddish
1303:Pamiris
1204:Ukraine
1098:Georgia
997:Udmurts
889:Kalmyks
871:Balkars
833:Lezgins
821:Dargins
692:Buryats
289:soviets
174:Siberia
170:Georgia
100:Russian
76:Russian
46:oblasts
2947:
2929:
2911:
2893:
2779:, 1996
2341:
2331:
2093:
2023:, and
1847:Adygea
1641:. The
1615:Tajiks
1611:Uzbeks
1550:: the
1479:Kokand
1393:Nenets
1389:Koryak
1380:okrugs
1366:Gagauz
1364:, and
1358:Uigurs
1354:Romani
1346:Greeks
1321:raions
1287:Tajiks
1253:Uzbeks
1185:region
1177:mixed
1088:Yakuts
1070:Tuvans
1033:Tatars
847:, and
841:Rutuls
837:Nogais
825:Kumyks
593:
575:
557:
539:
521:
503:
485:
467:
449:
431:
413:
395:
377:
359:
334:
293:Kazakh
228:, the
212:, and
176:, and
55:okrugs
50:raions
1995:Notes
1852:Altai
1712:Poles
1704:Finns
1483:Khiva
1444:Kresy
1417:Evenk
1262:1925
1112:1931
817:Avars
813:Aghul
2945:ISBN
2927:ISBN
2909:ISBN
2891:ISBN
2862:2021
2850:Zona
2832:2021
2802:2021
2357:link
2339:OCLC
2329:ISBN
2091:ISBN
1952:21.
1947:20.
1942:19.
1937:18.
1934:Tuva
1932:17.
1927:16.
1922:15.
1914:14.
1909:13.
1904:12.
1901:Komi
1899:11.
1894:10.
1738:and
1710:and
1589:and
1574:and
1521:Sart
1481:and
1462:and
1299:1929
1236:1991
1193:1923
1174:1920
1146:1921
1131:1922
1084:1922
1066:1961
1029:1920
993:1920
975:1924
957:1930
939:1920
921:1921
903:1923
885:1935
869:and
863:1921
829:Laks
809:1921
794:1930
768:and
762:1922
749:1925
738:Jews
734:1934
723:and
717:1936
702:1922
688:1923
673:1922
660:1919
295:and
183:The
52:and
2050:",
1889:9.
1884:8.
1777:.
1477:of
1315:or
584:15
566:14
548:13
530:12
512:11
494:10
180:).
2982::
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2019:,
2015:,
2011:,
1742:.
1730::
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1450:.
1426:.
1419:,
1415:,
1411:,
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