Natural rights and legal rights

3325:. Although he does not blatantly state it, his position implies that even in light of our unique characteristics we should not be treated differently by our neighbors or our rulers. "Locke is arguing that there is no natural characteristic sufficient to distinguish one person from another... of, course there are plenty of natural differences between us" (Haworth 103). What Haworth takes from Locke is that John Locke was obsessed with supporting equality in society, treating everyone as an equal. He does though highlight our differences with his philosophy showing that we are all unique and important to society. In his philosophy, it is highlighted that the ideal government should also protect everyone, and provide rights and freedom to everyone, because we are all important to society. His ideas then were developed into the movements for freedom from the British creating our government. However, his implied thought of freedom for all is applied most heavily in our culture today. Starting with the civil rights movement, and continuing through women's rights, Locke's call for a fair government can be seen as the influence in these movements. His ideas are typically just seen as the foundation for modern democracy; however, it is not unreasonable to credit Locke with the social activism throughout the history of America. 3329:

challenges to the government's view on equality. To them it was clear that when the designers of democracy said all, they meant all people shall receive those natural rights that John Locke cherished so deeply. "a state also of equality, wherein all the power and jurisdiction is reciprocal, no one having more than another" (Locke II,4). Locke in his papers on natural philosophy clearly states that he wants a government where all are treated equal in freedoms especially. "Locke's views on toleration were very progressive for the time" (Connolly). Authors such as Jacob Connolly confirm that to them Locke was highly ahead of his time with all this progressive thinking. That is that his thought fits our current state of democracy where we strive to make sure that everyone has a say in the government, and everyone has a chance at a good life. Regardless of race, gender, or social standing starting with Locke it was made clear not only that the government should provide rights, but rights to everyone through his social contract.

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slavery from capture in war, whereby a man forfeited his labor to the conqueror who might lawfully have killed him; and thus Dred Scott was judged permanently to have given up his freedom. But the second kind of right, what Price called "that power of self-determination which all agents, as such, possess," was inalienable as long man remained man. Like the mind's quest for religious truth from which it was derived, self-determination was not a claim to ownership which might be both acquired and surrendered, but an inextricable aspect of the activity of being human.

2743:(1725), Hutcheson foreshadowed the Declaration of Independence, stating: "For wherever any Invasion is made upon unalienable Rights, there must arise either a perfect, or external Right to Resistance. ... Unalienable Rights are essential Limitations in all Governments." Hutcheson, however, placed clear limits on his notion of unalienable rights, declaring that "there can be no Right, or Limitation of Right, inconsistent with, or opposite to the greatest public Good." Hutcheson elaborated on this idea of unalienable rights in his 3249: 3157: 3630:. The Church considers that: "The natural law expresses the original moral sense which enables man to discern by reason the good and the evil, the truth and the lie: 'The natural law is written and engraved in the soul of each and every man, because it is human reason ordaining him to do good and forbidding him to sin . . . But this command of human reason would not have the force of law if it were not the voice and interpreter of a higher reason to which our spirit and our freedom must be submitted. 3634:" The natural law consists, for the Catholic Church, of one supreme and universal principle from which are derived all our natural moral obligations or duties. Thomas Aquinas resumes the various ideas of Catholic moral thinkers about what this principle is: since good is what primarily falls under the apprehension of the practical reason, the supreme principle of moral action must have the good as its central idea, and therefore the supreme principle is that good is to be done and evil avoided. 77: 2263: 2251: 7392: 3203:", in which human beings kill, steal and enslave others to stay alive, and due to their natural lust for "Gain", "Safety" and "Reputation". Hobbes reasoned that this world of chaos created by unlimited rights was highly undesirable, since it would cause human life to be "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short". As such, if humans wish to live peacefully they must give up most of their natural rights and create moral obligations to establish political and 650: 140: 3348: 227: 3060: 36: 3218:", arguing that law ("lex") and right ("jus") though often confused, signify opposites, with law referring to obligations, while rights refer to the absence of obligations. Since by our (human) nature, we seek to maximize our well being, rights are prior to law, natural or institutional, and people will not follow the laws of nature without first being subjected to a sovereign power, without which all ideas of 3170:. Hobbes' conception of natural rights extended from his conception of man in a "state of nature". Thus he argued that the essential natural (human) right was "to use his own power, as he will himself, for the preservation of his own Nature; that is to say, of his own Life; and consequently, of doing any thing, which in his own judgement, and Reason, he shall conceive to be the aptest means thereunto." ( 3563:, which claims that a man has a right to ownership over his life and therefore also his property, because he has invested time (i.e. part of his life) in it and thereby made it an extension of his life. However, if he initiates force against and to the detriment of another man, he alienates himself from the right to that part of his life which is required to pay his debt: "Rights are 2859:

giving up their right of judging for themselves in religion, or by allowing any human beings to prescribe to them what faith they shall embrace, or what mode of worship they shall practise, so neither can any civil societies lawfully surrender their civil liberty by giving up to any extraneous jurisdiction their power of legislating for themselves and disposing their property.

3403:. Rejecting the idea of moral rights, Tucker said there were only two rights: "the right of might" and "the right of contract". He also said, after converting to Egoist individualism, "In times past... it was my habit to talk glibly of the right of man to land. It was a bad habit, and I long ago sloughed it off. ... Man's only right to land is his might over it." 3368:

consequently are instruments of injustice. The fact therefore must be that the individuals themselves, each in his own personal and sovereign right, entered into a compact with each other to produce a government: and this is the only mode in which governments have a right to arise, and the only principle on which they have a right to exist.

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to faith or unbelief. Since, then, belief or unbelief is a matter of everyone's conscience, and since this is no lessening of the secular power, the latter should be content and attend to its own affairs and permit men to believe one thing or another, as they are able and willing, and constrain no one by force.

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The social contract is an agreement between members of a country to live within a shared system of laws. Specific forms of government are the result of the decisions made by these persons acting in their collective capacity. Government is instituted to make laws that protect the three natural rights.

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are meaningless – "Therefore before the names of Just and Unjust can have place, there must be some coercive Power, to compel men equally to the performance of their Covenants..., to make good that Propriety, which by mutual contract men acquire, in recompense of the universal Right they abandon: and

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Hobbes sharply distinguished this natural "liberty", from natural "laws", described generally as "a precept, or general rule, found out by reason, by which a man is forbidden to do, that, which is destructive of his life, or taketh away the means of preserving his life; and to omit, that, by which he

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Then it turned out to make considerable difference whether one said slavery was wrong because every man has a natural right to the possession of his own body, or because every man has a natural right freely to determine his own destiny. The first kind of right was alienable: thus Locke neatly derived

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inalienability of "that principle of spontaneity or self-determination which constitutes us agents or which gives us a command over our actions, rendering them properly ours, and not effects of the operation of any foreign cause." Any social contract or compact allegedly alienating these rights would

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It is a mistake to imagine that slavery pervades a man's whole being; the better part of him is exempt from it: the body indeed is subjected and in the power of a master, but the mind is independent, and indeed is so free and wild, that it cannot be restrained even by this prison of the body, wherein

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In adopting Stirnerite egoism (1886), Tucker rejected natural rights which had long been considered the foundation of libertarianism. This rejection galvanized the movement into fierce debates, with the natural rights proponents accusing the egoists of destroying libertarianism itself. So bitter was

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Furthermore, every man is responsible for his own faith, and he must see it for himself that he believes rightly. As little as another can go to hell or heaven for me, so little can he believe or disbelieve for me; and as little as he can open or shut heaven or hell for me, so little can he drive me

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principle of the liberty of conscience. One could not in fact give up the capacity for private judgment (e.g., about religious questions) regardless of any external contracts or oaths to religious or secular authorities so that right is "unalienable". Hutcheson wrote: "Thus no man can really change

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The Zoroastrian religion taught Iranians that citizens have an inalienable right to enlightened leadership and that the duty of subjects is not simply to obey wise kings but also to rise up against those who are wicked. Leaders are seen as representative of God on earth, but they deserve allegiance

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Hugh Gibbons has proposed a descriptive argument based on human biology. His contention is that human beings were other-regarding as a matter of necessity, to avoid the costs of conflict. Over time they developed expectations that individuals would act in certain ways which were then prescribed by

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By founding this sense of freedom for all, Locke was laying the groundwork for the equality that occurs today. Despite the apparent misuse of his philosophy in early American democracy. The Civil Rights movement and the suffrage movement both called out the state of American democracy during their

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has defended Locke's influence on the Founding, claiming that historians who argue to the contrary either misrepresent the classical republican alternative to which they say the revolutionary leaders adhered, do not understand Locke, or point to someone else who was decisively influenced by Locke.

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The right to what is in essence inalienable is imprescriptible, since the act whereby I take possession of my personality, of my substantive essence, and make myself a responsible being, capable of possessing rights and with a moral and religious life, takes away from these characteristics of mine

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It is a perversion of terms to say that a charter gives rights. It operates by a contrary effect – that of taking rights away. Rights are inherently in all the inhabitants; but charters, by annulling those rights, in the majority, leave the right, by exclusion, in the hands of a few. ... They ...

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Of fundamental importance to the development of the idea of natural rights was the emergence of the idea of natural human equality. As the historian A.J. Carlyle notes: "There is no change in political theory so startling in its completeness as the change from the theory of Aristotle to the later

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Neither can any state acquire such an authority over other states in virtue of any compacts or cessions. This is a case in which compacts are not binding. Civil liberty is, in this respect, on the same footing with religious liberty. As no people can lawfully surrender their religious liberty by

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and Seneca. ... We think that this cannot be better exemplified than with regard to the theory of the equality of human nature." Charles H. McIlwain likewise observes that "the idea of the equality of men is the profoundest contribution of the Stoics to political thought" and that "its greatest

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taught that "in order to obtain protection from other men, any means for attaining this end is a natural good" (PD 6). They believed in a contractarian ethics where mortals agree to not harm or be harmed, and the rules that govern their agreements are not absolute (PD 33), but must change with

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with his writings of natural rights, but this claim has been the subject of protracted dispute in recent decades. For example, the historian Ray Forrest Harvey declared that Jefferson and Locke were at "two opposite poles" in their political philosophy, as evidenced by Jefferson's use in the

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In his natural state, according to Hobbes, man's life consisted entirely of liberties and not at all of laws – "It followeth, that in such a condition, every man has the right to every thing; even to one another's body. And therefore, as long as this natural Right of every man to every thing

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Declaration of Independence of the phrase "pursuit of happiness" instead of "property". More recently, the eminent legal historian John Phillip Reid has deplored contemporary scholars' "misplaced emphasis on John Locke", arguing that American revolutionary leaders saw Locke as a

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just that externality which alone made them capable of passing into the possession of someone else. When I have thus annulled their externality, I cannot lose them through lapse of time or from any other reason drawn from my prior consent or willingness to alienate them.

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circumstances (PD 37–38). The Epicurean doctrines imply that humans in their natural state enjoy personal sovereignty and that they must consent to the laws that govern them, and that this consent (and the laws) can be revisited periodically when circumstances change.

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rights from supposed rights, stating that any principle that requires itself to be disproved is an axiom. Critics have pointed to the lack of agreement between the proponents as evidence for the claim that the idea of natural rights is merely a political tool.

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inalienability of those aspects of personhood that distinguish persons from things. A thing, like a piece of property, can in fact be transferred from one person to another. According to Hegel, the same would not apply to those aspects that make one a person:

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There is, at least, one right that cannot be ceded or abandoned: the right to personality...They charged the great logician with a contradiction in terms. If a man could give up his personality he would cease being a moral being. ... There is no

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only the strongest could benefit from their rights. Thus, people form an implicit social contract, ceding their natural rights to the authority to protect the people from abuse, and living henceforth under the legal rights of that authority.

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The concept of natural rights is not universally accepted, partly due to its religious associations and perceived incoherence. Some philosophers argue that natural rights do not exist and that legal rights are the only rights; for instance,

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to argue not simply against involuntary slavery but against any explicit or implied contractual forms of slavery. Any contract that tried to legally alienate such a right would be inherently invalid. Similarly, the argument was used by the

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asserts that rights are inalienable: "recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world." Article 1, § 1 of the

2837:, no act of submission by which man can give up the state of free agent and enslave himself. For by such an act of renunciation he would give up that very character which constitutes his nature and essence: he would lose his humanity. 2659:, arguing that the Order could only wage a defensive war if pagans violated the natural rights of the Christians. Vladimiri further stipulated that infidels had rights which had to be respected, and neither the Pope nor the 345: 2752:

his sentiments, judgments, and inward affections, at the pleasure of another; nor can it tend to any good to make him profess what is contrary to his heart. The right of private judgment is therefore unalienable."

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falls prey to the naturalistic fallacy. Some defenders of natural rights theory, however, counter that the term "natural" in "natural rights" is contrasted with "artificial" rather than referring to

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Various definitions of inalienability include non-relinquishability, non-salability, and non-transferability. This concept has been recognized by libertarians as being central to the question of

6289: 3363:(1791), emphasizing that rights cannot be granted by any charter because this would legally imply they can also be revoked and under such circumstances, they would be reduced to privileges: 2953:). Presaging the shift in thinking in the 19th century, Bentham famously dismissed the idea of natural rights as "nonsense on stilts". By way of contrast to the views of Burke and Bentham, 3769: 2978: – that rights and responsibilities are derived from a consensual contract between the government and the people – is the most widely recognized alternative. 6209: 1829: 3520:." However, there is still much dispute over which "rights" are truly natural rights and which are not, and the concept of natural or inalienable rights is still controversial to some. 2705:, "all men are born equally free", and hold "certain inherent natural rights, of which they cannot, by any compact, deprive or divest their posterity." Another 17th-century Englishman, 3463:, issued from London. The latter, the most prominent English-language egoist journal, was published from 1898 to 1900 with the subtitle 'A Journal of Egoistic Philosophy and Sociology 4753: 5101: 2849:

was "attempting to rob them of that liberty to which every member of society and all civil communities have a natural and unalienable title." Price again based the argument on the

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in protest even though they had hitherto been among its frequent contributors. Thereafter, Liberty championed egoism although its general content did not change significantly.

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John Locke (1632–1704) was another prominent Western philosopher who conceptualized rights as natural and inalienable. Like Hobbes, Locke believed in a natural right to life,

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derives from theories of natural rights. Those rejecting a distinction between human rights and natural rights view human rights as the successor that is not dependent on

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The law of the Creator, which invests every human being with an inalienable title to freedom, cannot be repealed by any interior law which asserts that man is property.

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Many historical apologies for slavery and illiberal government were based on explicit or implicit voluntary contracts to alienate any "natural rights" to freedom and

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For example, the imperative "not to harm others" is said to be justified by natural law, but the same is not true when it comes to providing protection against harm

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as groundless. Bentham and Burke claimed that rights arise from the actions of government, or evolve from tradition, and that neither of these can provide anything

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Likewise, different philosophers and statesmen have designed different lists of what they believe to be natural rights; almost all include the right to life and

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The signers of the Declaration of Independence deemed it a "self-evident truth" that all men "are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights". In

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theory, "inalienable rights" were said to be those rights that could not be surrendered by citizens to the sovereign. Such rights were thought to be

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Various philosophers have created different lists of rights they consider to be natural. Proponents of natural rights, in particular Hesselberg and

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argued that "if there are such things as rights at all, then, there must be a right to life and liberty, or, to put it more properly to free life."

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These themes converged in the debate about American independence. While Jefferson was writing the Declaration of Independence, Welsh nonconformist

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had the authority to violate them. Lithuanians also brought a group of Samogitian representatives to testify to atrocities committed by the Order.

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We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights...

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Reid, J.P.; Hartog, H.; Bakken, G.M.; Nelson, W.E.; Bernstein, R.B.; Benedict, M.L.; Kern, B.W.; Flaherty, M.S.; Fritz, C.G.; Kalman, L. (2000).

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argued that some powers over human beings could be wielded only by God, and that if there were no God, no human beings could wield these powers.

2695:. Preservation of the natural rights to life, liberty, and property was claimed as justification for the rebellion of the American colonies. As 2449:, whereas human rights also comprise positive rights. Even on a natural rights conception of human rights, the two terms may not be synonymous. 6284: 4562: 4525: 4461: 4142: 4107: 2974:

claims that the existence of inalienable rights is unnecessary for the existence of a constitution or a set of laws and rights. This idea of a

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Estate: everyone is entitled to own all they create or gain through gift or trade so long as it does not conflict with the first two rights.

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Introduction of the Bill of Rights in Congress, 1789 Jun 8, 21 Jul, 13, 18–19 August; Annals 1:424–450, 661–665, 707–717, 757–759, 766.

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gave a highly developed treatment of this inalienability argument. Like Hutcheson, Hegel based the theory of inalienable rights on the

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basis for the argument that the "liberty of men as agents is that power of self-determination which all agents, as such, possess." In

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inalienable, but only the possessor of a right can alienate himself from that right – no one else can take a man's rights from him."

3500: 2889: 2732:" which he defined as being rights that every human being is born with, as opposed to rights bestowed by government or by human law. 2538: 1623: 743: 3885:, 2010. The claim that "..all human rights are negative rights.." is rejected, therefore human rights also comprise positive rights. 2502:

claimed to derive natural rights through reason alone. The United States Declaration of Independence, meanwhile, is based upon the "

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One criticism of natural rights theory is that one cannot draw norms from facts. This objection is variously expressed as the

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discussed natural rights in his work, identifying them as being "life, liberty, and estate (property)", and argued that such

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argued that if there are any rights at all, there must be the right to liberty, for all the others would depend upon this.

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Natural rights are those that are not dependent on the laws or customs of any particular culture or government, and so are

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Annuaire de l'École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Section des sciences religieuses. Résumé des conférences et travaux

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held that no one was a slave by nature; slavery was an external condition juxtaposed to the internal freedom of the soul (

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This marked an important departure from medieval natural law theories which gave precedence to obligations over rights.

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Price raised a furor of opposition so in 1777 he wrote another tract that clarified his position and again restated the

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endureth, there can be no security to any man... of living out the time, which Nature ordinarily allow men to live." (

2410:. Conversely, the concept of natural rights is used by others to challenge the legitimacy of all such establishments. 7095: 6367: 5661: 5368: 4195: 3388: 3143: 2905: 2901: 2008: 1633: 1388: 284: 200: 182: 121: 63: 3714: 7406: 6965: 6529: 4057: 2846: 2286: 2043: 616: 7313: 5686: 5605: 5434: 3016:

There is also debate as to whether all rights are either natural or legal. Fourth president of the United States

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Goodway, David (2004). "A cult of sensations: John Cowper Powys,s life philosophy and individualist anarchism".

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Liberty: everyone is entitled to do anything they want to so long as it does not conflict with the first right.

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The Spirit of Modern Republicanism: The Moral Vision of the American Founders and the Philosophy of John Locke

3445:, both of which were edited by Edward H. Fulton. Among the egoist papers that Tucker followed were the German 2632:

is considered one of the first attempts to develop what would come to be called modern natural rights theory.

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argues that "viewing rights as alienable is perfectly consistent with – indeed, implied by – the libertarian

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and natural rights are derived from self-evident principles, not from speculative principles or from facts.

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The Stoic doctrine that the "inner part cannot be delivered into bondage" re-emerged centuries later in the

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One of the first Western thinkers to develop the contemporary idea of natural rights was French theologian

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The existence of natural rights has been asserted by different individuals on different premises, such as

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emphasized "life, liberty and property" as primary. However, despite Locke's influential defense of the

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The idea that certain rights are natural or inalienable also has a history dating back at least to the

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influence is in the changed conception of law that in part resulted from it." Cicero argues in

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In developing his concept of natural rights, Locke was influenced by reports of society among

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that "we are born for Justice, and that right is based, not upon opinions, but upon Nature."

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The Natural Rights Republic: Studies in the Foundation of the American Political Tradition

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The Growth of Political Thought in the West: From the Greeks to the End of the Middle Ages

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society (duties of care etc.) and that eventually crystallized into actionable rights.

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Thomas Paine (1731–1809) further elaborated on natural rights in his influential work

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inalienability arguments of Hutcheson and his predecessors provided the basis for the

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the conflict that a number of natural rights proponents withdrew from the pages of

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Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679) included a discussion of natural rights in his moral and

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published by C.L. Swartz, edited by W.E. Gordak and J.W. Lloyd (all associates of

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An Inquiry into the Original of Our Ideas of Beauty and Virtue in Two Treatises

3689: 3534: 3248: 2936: 2920: 2872: 2825: 2549: 2470: 2454: 2379: 2347:(they can be modified, repealed, and restrained by human laws). The concept of 2235: 2208: 2203: 2176: 2132: 1478: 1413: 1265: 1240: 1205: 1155: 1095: 1022: 923: 884: 874: 748: 716: 520: 500: 444: 5162: 3765: 3333:

If a government does not properly protect these rights, it can be overthrown.

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seized this passage as a statement of constitutional principle, although the

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The distinction between alienable and unalienable rights was introduced by

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Neo-Abolitionism: Abolishing Human Rentals in Favor of Workplace Democracy

4543:

Constitutional History of the American Revolution: The Authority of Rights

4448:

Jean Jacques Burlamaqui: A Liberal Tradition in American Constitutionalism

7275: 7075: 6960: 6849: 6824: 6812: 6793: 6676: 6656: 6566: 6463: 6311: 5584: 5574: 5457: 4906: 4400:. Vol. 2. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. pp. 586–589. 4292:

Philmore, J. 1982. "The Libertarian Case for Slavery: A Note on Nozick".

3684: 3591: 3542: 3523: 3452: 3396: 3215: 3029: 3010: 3006: 2810:

to argue against any explicit or implied social contracts of subjection (

2625: 2518: 2478: 2418: 2383: 2367: 2366:. It was subsequently alluded to in the Bible, and then developed in the 2337: 1543: 1345: 1330: 1305: 1100: 1085: 992: 845: 793: 4849: 4049: 4026:

All the Shah's Men: An American Coup and the Roots of Middle East Terror

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Constitutional History of the American Revolution: The Authority To Tax

4478:

Law as Culture and Culture as Law: Essays in Honor of John Phillip Reid

3447: 3252: 3243: 2994: 2684: 2613: 2576: 2522: 2181: 2147: 2142: 1812: 1325: 1115: 1090: 997: 850: 830: 641: 3999:"American Enlightenment Thought | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy" 7269: 7070: 7021: 7004: 6942: 6924: 6698: 6612: 6336: 4685:

Understanding the Political Philosophers From Ancient to Modern Times

3828: 2875:

pulled together these themes and related them to the slavery debate:

2589: 2398:, and became an alternative justification for the establishment of a 2250: 2048: 1250: 770: 4350:

Richard Price and the Ethical Foundations of the American Revolution

4329:

Richard Price and the Ethical Foundations of the American Revolution

3586:. Under this principle, only the initiation of force is prohibited; 3347: 3282:. It was once conventional wisdom that Locke greatly influenced the 3223:

such power there is none before the erection of the Commonwealth." (

3059: 7157: 7090: 7026: 6839: 6817: 6713: 6661: 6419: 5769: 3602: 3550: 3279: 3267: 2727: 2442: 2186: 2159: 2063: 1854: 1105: 948: 4714: 2569:, a kind of divine blessing that they must earn by moral behavior. 226: 7110: 6904: 6897: 6762: 6558: 6326: 6321: 4346:

Additional Observations on the Nature and Value of Civil Liberty.

3654: 3517: 3467:". Among those American anarchists who adhered to egoism include 3377: 3275: 3258: 2510: 2474: 1295: 901: 835: 5386: 3998: 7085: 7037: 6806: 6306: 5493: 5417: 5102:"De Sciuridae et Homo Sapiens: The Origin of Rights and Duties" 5038: 4742:"John Locke on Equality, Toleration, and the Atheist Exception" 3545:, and include amongst their canon the works of authors such as 3219: 3002: 2608: 2584: 2466: 2441:

enshrining one conception of natural rights into international

2363: 2307: 965: 218: 3605:, have responded that reason can be applied to separate truly 3391:

adhered to natural rights positions, later in this era led by

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philosophical reasoning or religious principles. For example,

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American History from revolution to reconstruction and beyond

3606: 3896:"human rights – Natural law transformed into natural rights" 6388: 6316: 5336:

Inventing the Individual: The Origins of Western Liberalism

4238:

American Scripture: Making the Declaration of Independence.

3942:

Inventing the Individual: The Origins of Western Liberalism

3659: 3395:, some abandoned natural rights positions and converted to 2741:

Inquiry into the Original of Our Ideas of Beauty and Virtue

2445:. Natural rights were traditionally viewed as exclusively 2406:, and government – and thus legal rights – in the form of 7147: 2343:

Legal rights are those bestowed onto a person by a given

7224:

The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State

5062:"Inalienability and Punishment: A Reply to George Smith" 3199:

This would lead inevitably to a situation known as the "

2394:, the concept of natural laws was used to challenge the 5381:

The U.S. Declaration of Independence and Natural Rights

3956:"America's Founding Documents | National Archives" 3747:

The Natural Law: A Study in Legal and Social Philosophy

3578:

dismissed as illegitimate and even self-contradictory.

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Hobbes objected to the attempt to derive rights from "

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Natural Rights Theories: Their Origin and Development

4911:

The Revolution of Hope: Toward a Humanized Technology

4626:

Launching Liberalism: On Lockean Political Philosophy

3715:"Natural Rights | History of Western Civilization II" 4327:. 1776, Part I. Reprinted in: Peach, Bernard, (Ed.) 3425:

Several periodicals were "undoubtedly influenced by

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According to Locke, there are three natural rights:

2935:

The concept of inalienable rights was criticized by

2713:), who came into conflict with both the monarchy of 3529:Contemporary political philosophies continuing the 1594:

Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party

6290:of the military dictatorship in Brazil (1964-1985) 4540: 4503: 4415: 4183: 4094:A History of Medieval Political Theory in the West 3986:Lectures on the Principles of Political Obligation 6378:United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights 4783:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 4671:Two Treatises of Government – Of Civil Government 4598:. South Bend, IN: University of Notre Dame Press. 2725:, argued for level human basic rights he called " 7421: 3813:"Systèmes de pensées et de croyances médiévaux" 3744:Rommen, Heinrich A.; Hanley, Thomas R. (1998). 3499:Many documents now echo the phrase used in the 3040:from which a government derives its authority. 2919:argued before the Supreme Court in the case of 5138:"Catechism of the Catholic Church – IntraText" 3512:recognizes inalienable rights and articulated 6404: 5509: 5402: 5059: 4987: 2287: 1619:International Alliance of Libertarian Parties 1589:Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe 610: 84:The examples and perspective in this article 4422:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 4413: 4190:(2nd ed.). Penguin Books. p. 231. 4181: 3743: 2670:doctrine of liberty of conscience. In 1523, 4363:Intellectual Origins of American Radicalism 4325:Observations on the Nature of Civil Liberty 2869:Intellectual Origins of American Radicalism 2306:Some philosophers distinguish two types of 64:Learn how and when to remove these messages 6411: 6397: 5516: 5502: 5409: 5395: 4561:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4524:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4460:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4212:The Problem of Slavery in Western Culture. 4141:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4106:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3503:. The preamble to the 1948 United Nations 3291:on established constitutional principles. 2923:, who had been charged with violating the 2351:is related to the concept of legal rights. 2294: 2280: 617: 603: 163:. Please do not remove this message until 5294: 5212:Grotius, Pufendorf and Modern Natural Law 5060:Kinsella, N. Stephan (Winter 1998–1999). 4872: 4870: 4868: 4409: 4407: 3939: 3501:United States Declaration of Independence 3296:This position has also been sustained by 3144:Learn how and when to remove this message 2890:United States Declaration of Independence 2539:United States Declaration of Independence 2457:called natural rights "simple nonsense". 1624:International Federation of Liberal Youth 201:Learn how and when to remove this message 183:Learn how and when to remove this message 122:Learn how and when to remove this message 5028: 4990:"A Libertarian Theory of Inalienability" 4774: 4613:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 4611:Natural Rights and the New Republicanism 4319: 4317: 4315: 4159:(Keyes translation), book 1, section 28. 4120: 4096:. Vol. 1. Edinburgh. pp. 8, 9. 3810: 3376: 3346: 3247: 3155: 159:Relevant discussion may be found on the 6210:in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 5029:Rothbard, Murray N. (9 February 2007). 4835: 4781:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 4717:. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 4682: 4628:. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. 4623: 4608: 4593: 4583:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 4091: 3924: 3856:. Palgrave Macmillan, 1994, pp. 72, 74. 3848: 3846: 2950:Reflections on the Revolution in France 1604:Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats 14: 7422: 6302:List of human rights abuses by country 5790:during the Battle of Mosul (2016-2017) 5755:Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment 5247: 5230:. 1690 (primarily the second treatise) 4923:"Individual Rights" – Ayn Rand Lexicon 4865: 4856: 4739: 4575: 4445: 4404: 4023: 3948: 3080:Please improve this section by adding 2961:criticized Burke's view as "tyranny". 2854:be non-binding and void, wrote Price: 6392: 6373:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 5497: 5390: 5383:from Constitutional Rights Foundation 4817:from the original on 27 November 2020 4787:from the original on 5 September 2018 4721:from the original on 27 February 2022 4697: 4651:from the original on 14 February 2019 4312: 3505:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 3180:thinketh it may best be preserved." ( 2845:sided with the colonists' claim that 2435:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 5163:"Catholic Encyclopedia: Natural Law" 4954:from the original on 9 November 2014 4712: 4538: 4501: 4348:Reprinted in: Peach, Bernard, (Ed.) 3966:from the original on 12 October 2016 3843: 3811:Grellard, Christophe (31 May 2022). 3725:from the original on 17 October 2020 3533:tradition of natural rights include 3429:s presentation of egoism, including 3053: 2433:to dismiss. The 1948 United Nations 133: 70: 29: 5082:from the original on 29 August 2012 4170:Philosophy and Government 1572–1651 3307:Life: everyone is entitled to live. 1644:Liberal South East European Network 24: 5800:during the Libyan civil war (2011) 5662:National human rights institutions 5657:List of human rights organisations 5309:The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism 5262:The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism 5183: 4391: 3906:from the original on 3 August 2022 3617: 2639:made a natural rights case at the 2607:philosophical view represented by 2575:The 40 Principal Doctrines of the 27:Philosophical and political rights 25: 7481: 5416: 5374: 4862:Tucker, Instead of a Book, p. 350 4647:. GMW – University of Groningen. 4638: 4365:. Vintage Books, 1969, pp. 56–57. 4214:Cornell University Press, p. 77. 4060:from the original on 27 June 2019 3772:from the original on 7 March 2022 3389:American individualist anarchists 3373:American individualist anarchists 3093:"Natural rights and legal rights" 2683:17th-century English philosopher 1634:Liberal Network for Latin America 1067:(contributions to liberal theory) 45:This article has multiple issues. 7391: 7390: 5785:at Guantánamo Bay detention camp 5523: 5010:from the original on 2 July 2014 4888:from the original on 24 May 2011 4418:Natural Law & Natural Rights 4352:. Duke University Press, p. 136. 4309:. Yale University Press, p. 175 3058: 3043: 2691:could not be surrendered in the 2651:. He challenged legality of the 2537:" in place of "property" in the 2261: 2249: 648: 225: 138: 75: 34: 5910:in Chile under Augusto Pinochet 5616:Natural rights and legal rights 5606:Claim rights and liberty rights 5435:Claim rights and liberty rights 5430:Natural rights and legal rights 5155: 5130: 5094: 5053: 5022: 4981: 4966: 4936: 4916: 4900: 4829: 4799: 4768: 4756:from the original on 3 May 2021 4733: 4706: 4691: 4676: 4663: 4632: 4617: 4602: 4587: 4569: 4532: 4495: 4468: 4450:. Chapel Hill, NC. p. 120. 4439: 4430: 4385: 4368: 4355: 4338: 4299: 4286: 4273: 4260: 4247: 4230: 4217: 4204: 4175: 4162: 4149: 4114: 4085: 4072: 4042: 4017: 4005:from the original on 3 May 2021 3991: 3978: 3933: 3784:Natural rights and legal rights 3494: 3336: 2513:as the two highest priorities. 252:Natural rights and legal rights 242:Claim rights and liberty rights 53:or discuss these issues on the 7430:Legal doctrines and principles 6956:Right of way (property access) 5780:against Palestinians by Israel 5069:Journal of Libertarian Studies 4997:Journal of Libertarian Studies 4807:"Thomas Paine's Rights of Man" 4777:"Locke's Political Philosophy" 3918: 3888: 3868: 3859: 3804: 3793: 3737: 3707: 2892:, famously condensed this to: 2702:Virginia Declaration of Rights 2427:Christian theological doctrine 2355:Natural law first appeared in 1008:Separation of church and state 13: 1: 5003:(2). Mises Institute: 39–85. 4988:Block, Walter (Spring 2003). 4702:. Cambridge University Press. 4257:(Indianapolis), pp. 192, 193. 4121:McIlwain, Charles H. (1932). 3701: 3670:Natural-rights libertarianism 3237: 3082:secondary or tertiary sources 3009:, for example, contends that 2908:recognized and protected the 2560:, writes in the latter that: 2481:, and descending through the 2340:is the law of natural rights. 280:Economic, social and cultural 6418: 5621:Negative and positive rights 5440:Negative and positive rights 5287:Pufendorf, Baron Samuel von, 5219:A System of Moral Philosophy 5090:– via Mises Institute. 5031:"A Crusoe Social Philosophy" 4624:Zuckert, Michael P. (2002). 4609:Zuckert, Michael P. (1998). 4594:Zuckert, Michael P. (1996). 4481:. Madison House Publishers. 4446:Harvey, Ray Forrest (1937). 4270:. London, 1755, pp. 261–262. 4268:A System of Moral Philosophy 4225:Concerning Secular Authority 3680:Rule according to higher law 3675:Natural person in French law 2745:A System of Moral Philosophy 2699:stated in his draft for the 576:Self-determination of people 257:Negative and positive rights 7: 7262:Two Treatises of Government 6363:List of human rights awards 6235:in the United Arab Emirates 5611:Individual and group rights 5445:Individual and group rights 5227:Two Treatises of Government 5205:The Rights Of War And Peace 4641:"A Biography of John Locke" 4539:Reid, John Phillip (1986). 4502:Reid, John Phillip (1987). 4281:Hegel's Philosophy of Right 4253:Hutcheson, Francis (2004), 4210:Davis, David Brion (1966). 4182:Christiansen, Eric (1997). 3637: 2902:movement to abolish slavery 2556:and the author of the book 2552:, a veteran journalist for 2388:De Vita Spirituali Animae." 247:Individual and group rights 165:conditions to do so are met 98:, discuss the issue on the 10: 7486: 6285:of the Marcos dictatorship 5343:The Idea of Natural Rights 4700:Two Treaties of Government 3927:The Idea of Natural Rights 3340: 3241: 3047: 2565:only as long as they have 2544: 2460: 7386: 7183: 6985: 6865: 6758: 6751: 6600: 6557: 6502: 6426: 6345: 6230:in the State of Palestine 6215:in the Dominican Republic 5795:during the Gaddafi regime 5732: 5677: 5670: 5649: 5629: 5598: 5570: 5559: 5531: 5453: 5425: 5289:Law of Nature and Nations 4933:. Retrieved 29 July 2013. 4547:. Madison, Wis. pp. 4510:. Madison, Wis. pp. 4398:The Works of James Wilson 4296:. XIV (Fall 1982): 43–58. 3940:Siedentop, Larry (2014). 3719:courses.lumenlearning.com 2997:, for example, said that 2900:In the 19th century, the 2657:crusade against Lithuania 2630:De Vita Spirituali Animae 2619: 2359:, and was referred to by 2231:Sexually liberal feminism 2138:Bias in American academia 1609:European Democratic Party 1065:List of liberal theorists 7314:The Great Transformation 6672:Labor theory of property 5207:: Three Volume Set, 1625 4361:Lynd, Staughton (1969). 4305:Cassirer, Ernst (1963). 4024:Kinzer, Stephen (2004). 3645:Constitutional economics 3626:considers natural law a 3584:non-aggression principle 2357:ancient Greek philosophy 890:Labor theory of property 234:Theoretical distinctions 6883:Forest-dwelling (India) 6845:restraint on alienation 6625:Common good (economics) 6353:History of human rights 5760:Enforced disappearances 5750:Crimes against humanity 5478:Equality before the law 5361:Oxford University Press 5338:, Belknap Press, 2014. 5193:, SpringerNature, 2021 4944:"The Ethics of Liberty" 4775:Tuckness, Alex (2020). 4740:Broers, Adalei (2009). 4344:Price, Richard (1979). 4323:Price, Richard (1979). 4236:Maier, Pauline (1983). 3925:Tierney, Brian (1997). 3695:Substantive due process 3510:California Constitution 3028:, arising neither from 2884:Meanwhile, in America, 2649:Jagiellonian University 2637:Polish-Lithuanian union 2408:classical republicanism 1599:Arab Liberal Federation 789:Consent of the governed 7322:Pierre-Joseph Proudhon 7096:Primitive accumulation 6951:Right of way (transit) 6736:Tragedy of the commons 6618:fictitious commodities 6297:Incitement to genocide 5590:Universal jurisdiction 5473:Universal jurisdiction 4975:The Market for Liberty 4683:Haworth, Alan (2014). 4394:Robert Green McCloskey 4092:Carlyle, A.J. (1903). 3750:. Liberty Publishing. 3560:The Market for Liberty 3473:John Beverley Robinson 3423: 3384: 3370: 3354: 3271: 3201:war of all against all 3163: 3069:relies excessively on 2933: 2912:. As a lawyer, future 2910:institution of slavery 2898: 2882: 2861: 2839: 2775: 2681: 2628:, whose 1402 treatise 2604: 2571: 2483:Protestant Reformation 1614:European Liberal Youth 1584:Africa Liberal Network 809:Economic globalization 473:Other groups of rights 7460:Human rights concepts 7435:Political terminology 7375:The Wealth of Nations 7355:Jean-Jacques Rousseau 7347:The Ethics of Liberty 6358:List of global issues 5312:. Thousand Oaks, CA: 5296:Rasmussen, Douglas B. 5265:. Thousand Oaks, CA: 4687:. Taylor and Francis. 4414:Finnis, John (2011). 4307:The Myth of the State 4186:The Northern Crusades 4127:. New York. pp. 4050:"Principle Doctrines" 3881:5 August 2019 at the 3412: 3380: 3365: 3350: 3251: 3159: 2972:Jean-Jacques Rousseau 2929: 2894: 2877: 2856: 2830: 2803:anti-slavery movement 2770: 2747:(1755), based on the 2719:military dictatorship 2676: 2599: 2562: 2396:divine right of kings 2372:Catholic philosophers 2256:Liberalism portal 2128:Anti-authoritarianism 1629:Liberal International 293:Rights by beneficiary 7238:Progress and Poverty 6572:Common-pool resource 6240:in the United States 6015:in Jammu and Kashmir 5561:Fundamental concepts 5320:. pp. 436–438. 5273:. pp. 434–436. 5217:Hutcheson, Francis. 4698:Locke, John (1999). 4374:Wills, Gary (1979). 4266:Hutcheson, Francis. 3984:Green, T.H. (1883). 3168:political philosophy 2987:naturalistic fallacy 2957:scholar and justice 2757:German Enlightenment 2643:(1414–1418), led by 2641:Council of Constance 2535:pursuit of happiness 2487:Age of Enlightenment 2392:Age of Enlightenment 1060:Age of Enlightenment 1013:Separation of powers 591:Water and sanitation 104:create a new article 96:improve this article 86:may not represent a 7361:The Social Contract 7049:population transfer 6966:prior-appropriation 6645:homestead principle 6225:in the Soviet Union 6125:in Papua New Guinea 5775:Human rights abuses 5733:Human rights abuses 5637:Corporal punishment 5300:"Rights, Theory of" 5237:. 1995, Routledge. 5235:Locke on Government 5233:Lloyd Thomas, D.A. 5118:on 27 November 2013 5041:on 17 November 2014 4973:"Man and Society". 4929:1 July 2011 at the 4913:, New York: Bantam. 4882:Oll.libertyfund.org 4294:Philosophical Forum 4279:Georg W. F. Hegel, 4172:(1993), pp. 25–27. 3962:. 12 October 2016. 3284:American Revolution 2967:The Social Contract 2835:pactum subjectionis 2812:pactum subjectionis 2808:democratic movement 2527:right of revolution 2268:Politics portal 971:Civil and political 944:Popular sovereignty 804:Economic liberalism 275:Civil and political 152:of this article is 7445:Libertarian theory 7341:Murray N. Rothbard 6652:Free-rider problem 6220:in the Philippines 5745:Crime of apartheid 5357:Theories of Rights 5345:, Eerdmans, 1997. 5334:Siedentop, Larry, 5210:Haakonssen, Knud, 3874:See James Nickel, 3539:anarcho-capitalism 3477:Steven T. Byington 3385: 3355: 3272: 3164: 2999:ethical naturalism 2925:Fugitive Slave Act 2795:self-determination 2689:fundamental rights 2661:Holy Roman Emperor 2595:Seneca the Younger 2558:All The Shah's Men 2554:The New York Times 2431:international body 2386:in his 1402 work " 939:Permissive society 919:Limited government 7440:Libertarian terms 7417: 7416: 7328:What Is Property? 7121:human trafficking 7106:Regulatory taking 6981: 6980: 6726:Right to property 6386: 6385: 6368:Three generations 5728: 5727: 5645: 5644: 5491: 5490: 5355:Waldron, Jeremy 5253:"Rights, Natural" 5199:978-3-030-62676-1 5189:Ellerman, David, 4746:Inquiries Journal 4713:Connolly, Jacob. 4577:Pangle, Thomas L. 4376:Inventing America 3650:Constitutionalism 3596:retaliatory force 3572:voluntary slavery 3531:classical liberal 3491:and E.H. Fulton. 3154: 3153: 3146: 3128: 2906:U.S. constitution 2777:In discussion of 2737:Francis Hutcheson 2361:Roman philosopher 2304: 2303: 2143:Bias in the media 1659:Regional variants 976:Natural and legal 627: 626: 285:Three generations 211: 210: 203: 193: 192: 185: 132: 131: 124: 106:, as appropriate. 68: 16:(Redirected from 7477: 7394: 7393: 7298:John Stuart Mill 7218:Friedrich Engels 7199:Frédéric Bastiat 7192: 7044:Forced migration 7012:Collectivization 6756: 6755: 6635:First possession 6608:Bundle of rights 6413: 6406: 6399: 6390: 6389: 6140:in Punjab, India 5765:Forced migration 5675: 5674: 5568: 5567: 5563:and philosophies 5518: 5511: 5504: 5495: 5494: 5468:Sovereign states 5411: 5404: 5397: 5388: 5387: 5341:Tierney, Brian, 5331: 5284: 5178: 5177: 5175: 5173: 5159: 5153: 5152: 5150: 5148: 5134: 5128: 5127: 5125: 5123: 5117: 5111:. Archived from 5106: 5098: 5092: 5091: 5089: 5087: 5081: 5066: 5057: 5051: 5050: 5048: 5046: 5037:. Archived from 5026: 5020: 5019: 5017: 5015: 5009: 4994: 4985: 4979: 4978: 4970: 4964: 4963: 4961: 4959: 4950:. 20 July 2005. 4940: 4934: 4920: 4914: 4904: 4898: 4897: 4895: 4893: 4874: 4863: 4860: 4854: 4853: 4833: 4827: 4826: 4824: 4822: 4803: 4797: 4796: 4794: 4792: 4772: 4766: 4765: 4763: 4761: 4737: 4731: 4730: 4728: 4726: 4710: 4704: 4703: 4695: 4689: 4688: 4680: 4674: 4667: 4661: 4660: 4658: 4656: 4636: 4630: 4629: 4621: 4615: 4614: 4606: 4600: 4599: 4591: 4585: 4584: 4573: 4567: 4566: 4560: 4552: 4546: 4536: 4530: 4529: 4523: 4515: 4509: 4499: 4493: 4492: 4472: 4466: 4465: 4459: 4451: 4443: 4437: 4434: 4428: 4427: 4421: 4411: 4402: 4401: 4389: 4383: 4372: 4366: 4359: 4353: 4342: 4336: 4321: 4310: 4303: 4297: 4290: 4284: 4277: 4271: 4264: 4258: 4251: 4245: 4234: 4228: 4221: 4215: 4208: 4202: 4201: 4189: 4179: 4173: 4166: 4160: 4153: 4147: 4146: 4140: 4132: 4118: 4112: 4111: 4105: 4097: 4089: 4083: 4076: 4070: 4069: 4067: 4065: 4046: 4040: 4039: 4021: 4015: 4014: 4012: 4010: 3995: 3989: 3982: 3976: 3975: 3973: 3971: 3952: 3946: 3945: 3944:. Belknap Press. 3937: 3931: 3930: 3922: 3916: 3915: 3913: 3911: 3892: 3886: 3872: 3866: 3863: 3857: 3850: 3841: 3840: 3829:10.4000/asr.4158 3823:(129): 383–400. 3808: 3802: 3797: 3791: 3781: 3779: 3777: 3741: 3735: 3734: 3732: 3730: 3711: 3665:Legal positivism 3633: 3580:Stephan Kinsella 3481:Hutchins Hapgood 3466: 3401:Egoist anarchism 3319:Native Americans 3149: 3142: 3138: 3135: 3129: 3127: 3086: 3062: 3054: 2991:appeal to nature 2983:is-ought problem 2886:Thomas Jefferson 2647:, rector of the 2645:Paulus Vladimiri 2531:Thomas Jefferson 2439:legal instrument 2437:is an important 2423:natural theology 2376:Albert the Great 2296: 2289: 2282: 2266: 2265: 2254: 2253: 2172:Economic freedom 2165:Radical centrism 1003:Secular humanism 929:Natural monopoly 880:Internationalism 697:Internationalist 652: 629: 628: 619: 612: 605: 566:Rest and leisure 229: 215: 214: 206: 199: 188: 181: 177: 174: 168: 142: 141: 134: 127: 120: 116: 113: 107: 79: 78: 71: 60: 38: 37: 30: 21: 7485: 7484: 7480: 7479: 7478: 7476: 7475: 7474: 7420: 7419: 7418: 7413: 7382: 7186: 7185: 7179: 7129:husband-selling 7066:Illegal logging 7061:Illegal fishing 6990: 6977: 6888:Freedom to roam 6861: 6774:(agrarian land) 6747: 6704:Property rights 6596: 6553: 6515:Estate (landed) 6498: 6422: 6417: 6387: 6382: 6341: 6170:in South Africa 6160:in Sierra Leone 6155:in Saudi Arabia 5885:in Burkina Faso 5840:in Azad Kashmir 5724: 5666: 5641: 5625: 5594: 5564: 5562: 5555: 5546:Intersex people 5527: 5522: 5492: 5487: 5483:Social contract 5449: 5421: 5415: 5377: 5348:Tuck, Richard, 5328: 5281: 5221:. 1755, London. 5203:Grotius, Hugo, 5186: 5184:Further reading 5181: 5171: 5169: 5161: 5160: 5156: 5146: 5144: 5136: 5135: 5131: 5121: 5119: 5115: 5104: 5100: 5099: 5095: 5085: 5083: 5079: 5064: 5058: 5054: 5044: 5042: 5035:Mises Institute 5027: 5023: 5013: 5011: 5007: 4992: 4986: 4982: 4972: 4971: 4967: 4957: 4955: 4948:Mises Institute 4942: 4941: 4937: 4931:Wayback Machine 4921: 4917: 4905: 4901: 4891: 4889: 4876: 4875: 4866: 4861: 4857: 4834: 4830: 4820: 4818: 4805: 4804: 4800: 4790: 4788: 4773: 4769: 4759: 4757: 4738: 4734: 4724: 4722: 4711: 4707: 4696: 4692: 4681: 4677: 4668: 4664: 4654: 4652: 4637: 4633: 4622: 4618: 4607: 4603: 4592: 4588: 4574: 4570: 4554: 4553: 4537: 4533: 4517: 4516: 4500: 4496: 4489: 4473: 4469: 4453: 4452: 4444: 4440: 4435: 4431: 4412: 4405: 4392:Wilson, James. 4390: 4386: 4373: 4369: 4360: 4356: 4343: 4339: 4333:Duke University 4322: 4313: 4304: 4300: 4291: 4287: 4278: 4274: 4265: 4261: 4252: 4248: 4244:, 1993, p. 134. 4242:Alfred A. Knopf 4235: 4231: 4223:Martin Luther, 4222: 4218: 4209: 4205: 4198: 4180: 4176: 4168:Tuck, Richard. 4167: 4163: 4154: 4150: 4134: 4133: 4119: 4115: 4099: 4098: 4090: 4086: 4077: 4073: 4063: 4061: 4048: 4047: 4043: 4036: 4022: 4018: 4008: 4006: 3997: 3996: 3992: 3983: 3979: 3969: 3967: 3954: 3953: 3949: 3938: 3934: 3923: 3919: 3909: 3907: 3894: 3893: 3889: 3883:Wayback Machine 3873: 3869: 3864: 3860: 3851: 3844: 3809: 3805: 3798: 3794: 3775: 3773: 3758: 3742: 3738: 3728: 3726: 3713: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3699: 3640: 3631: 3624:Catholic Church 3620: 3618:Catholic Church 3576:Murray Rothbard 3555:Murray Rothbard 3497: 3485:James L. Walker 3469:Benjamin Tucker 3464: 3393:Benjamin Tucker 3387:While at first 3382:Benjamin Tucker 3375: 3345: 3339: 3323:social contract 3298:Michael Zuckert 3246: 3240: 3220:right and wrong 3209:social contract 3150: 3139: 3133: 3130: 3087: 3085: 3079: 3075:primary sources 3063: 3052: 3046: 3038:social contract 2976:social contract 2917:Salmon P. Chase 2847:King George III 2824:. According to 2779:social contract 2723:Oliver Cromwell 2693:social contract 2622: 2602:it is confined. 2547: 2463: 2447:negative rights 2400:social contract 2300: 2260: 2248: 2241: 2240: 2123: 2115: 2114: 1917:North Macedonia 1661: 1651: 1650: 1649: 1648: 1639:Liberal parties 1577: 1569: 1568: 1359: 1351: 1350: 1081: 1071: 1070: 1055: 1045: 1044: 1040:State of nature 1028:Social services 1018:Social contract 981:To own property 784: 776: 775: 660: 623: 496:Civil liberties 207: 196: 195: 194: 189: 178: 172: 169: 158: 143: 139: 128: 117: 111: 108: 93: 80: 76: 39: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7483: 7473: 7472: 7467: 7462: 7457: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7437: 7432: 7415: 7414: 7412: 7411: 7410: 7409: 7399: 7387: 7384: 7383: 7381: 7380: 7379: 7378: 7366: 7365: 7364: 7352: 7351: 7350: 7338: 7333: 7332: 7331: 7319: 7318: 7317: 7305: 7300: 7295: 7294: 7293: 7281: 7280: 7279: 7267: 7266: 7265: 7253: 7248: 7246:Garrett Hardin 7243: 7242: 7241: 7229: 7228: 7227: 7215: 7210: 7209: 7208: 7195: 7193: 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5855:in Balochistan 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5805:in Afghanistan 5802: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5740:Atrocity crime 5736: 5734: 5730: 5729: 5726: 5725: 5723: 5722: 5720: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5678: 5672: 5668: 5667: 5665: 5664: 5659: 5653: 5651: 5647: 5646: 5643: 5642: 5640: 5639: 5633: 5631: 5627: 5626: 5624: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5602: 5600: 5596: 5595: 5593: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5571: 5565: 5560: 5557: 5556: 5554: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5532: 5529: 5528: 5521: 5520: 5513: 5506: 5498: 5489: 5488: 5486: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5454: 5451: 5450: 5448: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5426: 5423: 5422: 5414: 5413: 5406: 5399: 5391: 5385: 5384: 5376: 5375:External links 5373: 5372: 5371: 5353: 5346: 5339: 5332: 5327:978-1412965804 5326: 5318:Cato Institute 5304:Hamowy, Ronald 5292: 5285: 5280:978-1412965804 5279: 5271:Cato Institute 5257:Hamowy, Ronald 5245: 5231: 5222: 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2653:Teutonic Order 2621: 2618: 2550:Stephen Kinzer 2546: 2543: 2471:late Antiquity 2462: 2459: 2455:Jeremy Bentham 2380:Thomas Aquinas 2353: 2352: 2341: 2312:natural rights 2302: 2301: 2299: 2298: 2291: 2284: 2276: 2273: 2272: 2271: 2270: 2258: 2243: 2242: 2239: 2238: 2236:Utilitarianism 2233: 2228: 2223: 2222: 2221: 2216: 2209:Libertarianism 2206: 2204:Land value tax 2201: 2200: 2199: 2189: 2184: 2179: 2177:Egalitarianism 2174: 2169: 2168: 2167: 2157: 2156: 2155: 2145: 2140: 2135: 2133:Anti-communism 2130: 2124: 2122:Related topics 2121: 2120: 2117: 2116: 2113: 2112: 2107: 2102: 2097: 2096: 2095: 2090: 2089: 2088: 2078: 2076:Arizona School 2068: 2067: 2066: 2061: 2056: 2051: 2044:United Kingdom 2041: 2036: 2031: 2026: 2021: 2016: 2011: 2006: 2001: 1996: 1991: 1986: 1981: 1976: 1971: 1966: 1961: 1956: 1955: 1954: 1944: 1939: 1934: 1929: 1924: 1919: 1914: 1909: 1904: 1899: 1894: 1889: 1884: 1879: 1874: 1869: 1864: 1859: 1858: 1857: 1847: 1842: 1837: 1832: 1827: 1822: 1817: 1816: 1815: 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1062: 1056: 1051: 1050: 1047: 1046: 1043: 1042: 1037: 1036: 1035: 1030: 1023:Social justice 1020: 1015: 1010: 1005: 1000: 995: 990: 989: 988: 983: 978: 973: 963: 962: 961: 956: 946: 941: 936: 931: 926: 924:Market economy 921: 916: 915: 914: 909: 899: 892: 887: 885:Invisible hand 882: 877: 875:Harm principle 872: 871: 870: 865: 860: 855: 854: 853: 848: 833: 828: 827: 826: 821: 811: 806: 801: 796: 791: 785: 782: 781: 778: 777: 774: 773: 768: 763: 758: 753: 752: 751: 746: 741: 740: 739: 724: 719: 714: 709: 704: 699: 694: 689: 688: 687: 677: 672: 667: 661: 658: 657: 654: 653: 645: 644: 638: 637: 625: 624: 622: 621: 614: 607: 599: 596: 595: 594: 593: 588: 583: 578: 573: 568: 563: 558: 553: 548: 543: 538: 533: 528: 523: 521:Free migration 518: 513: 508: 503: 498: 493: 488: 483: 475: 474: 470: 469: 468: 467: 462: 457: 452: 447: 442: 437: 432: 427: 422: 417: 412: 411: 410: 405: 395: 390: 385: 384: 383: 373: 368: 363: 358: 353: 348: 343: 338: 333: 328: 323: 318: 313: 308: 303: 295: 294: 290: 289: 288: 287: 282: 277: 269: 268: 262: 261: 260: 259: 254: 249: 244: 236: 235: 231: 230: 222: 221: 209: 208: 191: 190: 146: 144: 137: 130: 129: 90:of the subject 88:worldwide view 83: 81: 74: 69: 43: 42: 40: 33: 26: 18:Natural rights 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7482: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7455:Animal rights 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7427: 7425: 7408: 7405: 7404: 7403: 7400: 7398: 7395:Categories: 7389: 7388: 7385: 7377: 7376: 7372: 7371: 7370: 7367: 7363: 7362: 7358: 7357: 7356: 7353: 7349: 7348: 7344: 7343: 7342: 7339: 7337: 7336:David Ricardo 7334: 7330: 7329: 7325: 7324: 7323: 7320: 7316: 7315: 7311: 7310: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7303:Elinor Ostrom 7301: 7299: 7296: 7292: 7291: 7287: 7286: 7285: 7282: 7278: 7277: 7273: 7272: 7271: 7268: 7264: 7263: 7259: 7258: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7240: 7239: 7235: 7234: 7233: 7230: 7226: 7225: 7221: 7220: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7211: 7207: 7206: 7202: 7201: 7200: 7197: 7196: 7194: 7190: 7182: 7176: 7173: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7150: 7149: 7146: 7142: 7139: 7135: 7132: 7130: 7127: 7126: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7113: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7104: 7102: 7101:Privatization 7099: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7081:Legal plunder 7079: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7047: 7046: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7039: 7035: 7033: 7032:Expropriation 7030: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7006: 7003: 7002: 7001: 6998: 6997: 6995: 6993: 6988: 6984: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6963: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6945: 6944: 6940: 6939: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6926: 6923: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6912: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6899: 6896: 6895: 6894: 6891: 6889: 6886: 6884: 6881: 6879: 6876: 6874: 6871: 6870: 6868: 6864: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6833: 6832: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6819: 6816: 6815: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6808: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6781: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6773: 6769: 6767: 6766:(watercourse) 6765: 6761: 6760: 6757: 6754: 6750: 6742: 6739: 6738: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6709:primogeniture 6707: 6706: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6689:Legal plunder 6687: 6683: 6680: 6679: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6640:appropriation 6638: 6637: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6630:Excludability 6628: 6626: 6623: 6619: 6616: 6615: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6605: 6603: 6599: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6564: 6562: 6560: 6556: 6548: 6545: 6544: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6531: 6528: 6527: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6507: 6505: 6501: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6431: 6429: 6425: 6421: 6414: 6409: 6407: 6402: 6400: 6395: 6394: 6391: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6350: 6348: 6344: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6295: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6260:in Uzbekistan 6258: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6150:in the Russia 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6030:in Kazakhstan 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5860:in Bangladesh 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5845:in Azerbaijan 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5777: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5737: 5735: 5731: 5721: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5711:South America 5709: 5707: 5705: 5704:North America 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5679: 5676: 5673: 5669: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5654: 5652: 5650:Organizations 5648: 5638: 5635: 5634: 5632: 5628: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5603: 5601: 5597: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5572: 5569: 5566: 5558: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5533: 5530: 5526: 5519: 5514: 5512: 5507: 5505: 5500: 5499: 5496: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5455: 5452: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5427: 5424: 5419: 5412: 5407: 5405: 5400: 5398: 5393: 5392: 5389: 5382: 5379: 5378: 5370: 5369:0-19-875063-3 5366: 5362: 5358: 5354: 5351: 5347: 5344: 5340: 5337: 5333: 5329: 5323: 5319: 5315: 5311: 5310: 5305: 5301: 5297: 5293: 5290: 5286: 5282: 5276: 5272: 5268: 5264: 5263: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5244: 5240: 5236: 5232: 5229: 5228: 5224:Locke, John. 5223: 5220: 5216: 5213: 5209: 5206: 5202: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5187: 5168: 5167:newadvent.org 5164: 5158: 5143: 5139: 5133: 5114: 5110: 5103: 5097: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5063: 5056: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5025: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4991: 4984: 4977:. p. 11. 4976: 4969: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4939: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4919: 4912: 4908: 4903: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4873: 4871: 4869: 4859: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4838:Powys Journal 4832: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4802: 4786: 4782: 4778: 4771: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4736: 4720: 4716: 4709: 4701: 4694: 4686: 4679: 4672: 4666: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4639:Kunze, Fred. 4635: 4627: 4620: 4612: 4605: 4597: 4590: 4582: 4578: 4572: 4564: 4558: 4550: 4545: 4544: 4535: 4527: 4521: 4513: 4508: 4507: 4498: 4490: 4484: 4480: 4479: 4471: 4463: 4457: 4449: 4442: 4433: 4425: 4420: 4419: 4410: 4408: 4399: 4395: 4388: 4381: 4380:Vintage Books 4377: 4371: 4364: 4358: 4351: 4347: 4341: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4320: 4318: 4316: 4308: 4302: 4295: 4289: 4282: 4276: 4269: 4263: 4256: 4250: 4243: 4239: 4233: 4226: 4220: 4213: 4207: 4199: 4197:0-14-026653-4 4193: 4188: 4187: 4178: 4171: 4165: 4158: 4152: 4144: 4138: 4130: 4126: 4125: 4117: 4109: 4103: 4095: 4088: 4081: 4080:De beneficiis 4075: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4045: 4037: 4031: 4027: 4020: 4004: 4000: 3994: 3987: 3981: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3951: 3943: 3936: 3928: 3921: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3891: 3884: 3880: 3877: 3871: 3862: 3855: 3849: 3847: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3819:(in French). 3818: 3814: 3807: 3801: 3796: 3790: 3786: 3785: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3753: 3749: 3748: 3740: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3710: 3706: 3696: 3693: 3691: 3688: 3686: 3683: 3681: 3678: 3676: 3673: 3671: 3668: 3666: 3663: 3661: 3658: 3656: 3653: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3642: 3635: 3629: 3625: 3615: 3611: 3608: 3604: 3599: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3568: 3566: 3562: 3561: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3547:Robert Nozick 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3527: 3525: 3521: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3506: 3502: 3492: 3490: 3489:Victor Yarros 3486: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3449: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3422: 3420: 3419: 3411: 3409: 3408:Wendy McElroy 3406:According to 3404: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3383: 3379: 3369: 3364: 3362: 3361: 3360:Rights of Man 3353: 3349: 3344: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3324: 3320: 3312: 3309: 3306: 3305: 3304: 3301: 3299: 3294: 3293:Thomas Pangle 3290: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3269: 3265: 3264: 3260: 3254: 3250: 3245: 3235: 3232: 3231: 3228: 3227: 3221: 3217: 3212: 3210: 3206: 3205:civil society 3202: 3197: 3195: 3194: 3187: 3185: 3184: 3177: 3175: 3174: 3169: 3162: 3161:Thomas Hobbes 3158: 3148: 3145: 3137: 3126: 3123: 3119: 3116: 3112: 3109: 3105: 3102: 3098: 3095: – 3094: 3090: 3089:Find sources: 3083: 3077: 3076: 3072: 3067:This section 3065: 3061: 3056: 3055: 3051: 3050:Thomas Hobbes 3044:Thomas Hobbes 3041: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3026:social rights 3023: 3022:trial by jury 3019: 3018:James Madison 3014: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2979: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2968: 2962: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2951: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2932: 2928: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2915: 2914:Chief Justice 2911: 2907: 2903: 2897: 2893: 2891: 2887: 2881: 2876: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2860: 2855: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2843:Richard Price 2838: 2836: 2829: 2827: 2823: 2822:Thomas Hobbes 2819: 2818: 2813: 2809: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2791: 2788: 2787:natural state 2784: 2780: 2774: 2769: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2753: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2733: 2731: 2729: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2711:Freeborn John 2708: 2707:John Lilburne 2704: 2703: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2680: 2675: 2673: 2672:Martin Luther 2669: 2664: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2633: 2631: 2627: 2617: 2615: 2610: 2603: 2598: 2596: 2592: 2591: 2586: 2581: 2578: 2573: 2570: 2568: 2561: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2542: 2540: 2536: 2533:substituted " 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2515:H. L. A. Hart 2512: 2507: 2505: 2501: 2500:Immanuel Kant 2497: 2496: 2490: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2477:of the early 2476: 2472: 2468: 2458: 2456: 2450: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2411: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2362: 2358: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2330: 2325: 2321: 2320: 2319: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2297: 2292: 2290: 2285: 2283: 2278: 2277: 2275: 2274: 2269: 2264: 2259: 2257: 2252: 2247: 2246: 2245: 2244: 2237: 2234: 2232: 2229: 2227: 2224: 2220: 2217: 2215: 2212: 2211: 2210: 2207: 2205: 2202: 2198: 2195: 2194: 2193: 2192:Individualism 2190: 2188: 2185: 2183: 2180: 2178: 2175: 2173: 2170: 2166: 2163: 2162: 2161: 2158: 2154: 2151: 2150: 2149: 2146: 2144: 2141: 2139: 2136: 2134: 2131: 2129: 2126: 2125: 2119: 2118: 2111: 2108: 2106: 2103: 2101: 2098: 2094: 2091: 2087: 2084: 2083: 2082: 2079: 2077: 2074: 2073: 2072: 2071:United States 2069: 2065: 2062: 2060: 2057: 2055: 2052: 2050: 2047: 2046: 2045: 2042: 2040: 2037: 2035: 2032: 2030: 2027: 2025: 2022: 2020: 2017: 2015: 2012: 2010: 2007: 2005: 2002: 2000: 1997: 1995: 1992: 1990: 1987: 1985: 1982: 1980: 1977: 1975: 1972: 1970: 1967: 1965: 1962: 1960: 1957: 1953: 1950: 1949: 1948: 1945: 1943: 1940: 1938: 1935: 1933: 1930: 1928: 1925: 1923: 1920: 1918: 1915: 1913: 1910: 1908: 1905: 1903: 1900: 1898: 1895: 1893: 1890: 1888: 1885: 1883: 1880: 1878: 1875: 1873: 1870: 1868: 1865: 1863: 1860: 1856: 1853: 1852: 1851: 1848: 1846: 1843: 1841: 1838: 1836: 1833: 1831: 1828: 1826: 1823: 1821: 1818: 1814: 1811: 1810: 1809: 1806: 1804: 1801: 1799: 1796: 1794: 1791: 1789: 1786: 1784: 1781: 1779: 1776: 1774: 1771: 1769: 1766: 1764: 1761: 1759: 1756: 1754: 1751: 1749: 1746: 1744: 1741: 1739: 1736: 1732: 1729: 1728: 1727: 1724: 1722: 1719: 1717: 1714: 1712: 1709: 1707: 1704: 1702: 1699: 1697: 1694: 1692: 1689: 1687: 1684: 1682: 1679: 1677: 1674: 1672: 1671:Latin America 1669: 1667: 1664: 1663: 1660: 1655: 1654: 1645: 1642: 1640: 1637: 1635: 1632: 1630: 1627: 1625: 1622: 1620: 1617: 1615: 1612: 1610: 1607: 1605: 1602: 1600: 1597: 1595: 1592: 1590: 1587: 1585: 1582: 1581: 1576:Organizations 1573: 1572: 1565: 1562: 1560: 1557: 1555: 1552: 1550: 1547: 1545: 1542: 1540: 1537: 1535: 1532: 1530: 1527: 1525: 1522: 1520: 1517: 1515: 1512: 1510: 1507: 1505: 1502: 1500: 1497: 1495: 1492: 1490: 1487: 1485: 1482: 1480: 1477: 1475: 1472: 1470: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1460: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1445: 1442: 1440: 1437: 1435: 1432: 1430: 1427: 1425: 1422: 1420: 1417: 1415: 1412: 1410: 1407: 1405: 1402: 1400: 1397: 1395: 1392: 1390: 1387: 1385: 1382: 1380: 1377: 1375: 1372: 1370: 1367: 1365: 1362: 1361: 1355: 1354: 1347: 1344: 1342: 1339: 1337: 1334: 1332: 1329: 1327: 1324: 1322: 1319: 1317: 1314: 1312: 1309: 1307: 1304: 1302: 1299: 1297: 1294: 1292: 1289: 1287: 1284: 1282: 1279: 1277: 1274: 1272: 1269: 1267: 1264: 1262: 1259: 1257: 1254: 1252: 1249: 1247: 1244: 1242: 1239: 1237: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1227: 1224: 1222: 1219: 1217: 1214: 1212: 1209: 1207: 1204: 1202: 1199: 1197: 1194: 1192: 1189: 1187: 1184: 1182: 1179: 1177: 1174: 1172: 1169: 1167: 1164: 1162: 1159: 1157: 1154: 1152: 1149: 1147: 1144: 1142: 1139: 1137: 1134: 1132: 1129: 1127: 1124: 1122: 1119: 1117: 1114: 1112: 1109: 1107: 1104: 1102: 1099: 1097: 1094: 1092: 1089: 1087: 1084: 1083: 1080: 1075: 1074: 1066: 1063: 1061: 1058: 1057: 1054: 1049: 1048: 1041: 1038: 1034: 1033:Welfare state 1031: 1029: 1026: 1025: 1024: 1021: 1019: 1016: 1014: 1011: 1009: 1006: 1004: 1001: 999: 996: 994: 991: 987: 984: 982: 979: 977: 974: 972: 969: 968: 967: 964: 960: 957: 955: 952: 951: 950: 947: 945: 942: 940: 937: 935: 932: 930: 927: 925: 922: 920: 917: 913: 910: 908: 905: 904: 903: 900: 898: 897: 896:Laissez-faire 893: 891: 888: 886: 883: 881: 878: 876: 873: 869: 866: 864: 861: 859: 856: 852: 849: 847: 844: 843: 842: 839: 838: 837: 834: 832: 829: 825: 822: 820: 817: 816: 815: 812: 810: 807: 805: 802: 800: 797: 795: 792: 790: 787: 786: 780: 779: 772: 769: 767: 764: 762: 759: 757: 754: 750: 747: 745: 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Retrieved 5166: 5157: 5145:. Retrieved 5141: 5132: 5120:. Retrieved 5113:the original 5108: 5096: 5084:. Retrieved 5072: 5068: 5055: 5043:. Retrieved 5039:the original 5034: 5024: 5014:13 September 5012:. Retrieved 5000: 4996: 4983: 4974: 4968: 4956:. Retrieved 4947: 4938: 4918: 4910: 4902: 4890:. Retrieved 4881: 4858: 4841: 4837: 4831: 4819:. Retrieved 4810: 4801: 4789:. Retrieved 4780: 4770: 4758:. Retrieved 4749: 4745: 4735: 4723:. Retrieved 4715:"John Locke" 4708: 4699: 4693: 4684: 4678: 4670: 4669:John Locke, 4665: 4653:. Retrieved 4644: 4634: 4625: 4619: 4610: 4604: 4595: 4589: 4580: 4571: 4542: 4534: 4505: 4497: 4477: 4470: 4447: 4441: 4432: 4417: 4397: 4387: 4378:. New York: 4375: 4370: 4362: 4357: 4349: 4345: 4340: 4328: 4324: 4306: 4301: 4293: 4288: 4280: 4275: 4267: 4262: 4254: 4249: 4237: 4232: 4224: 4219: 4211: 4206: 4185: 4177: 4169: 4164: 4156: 4151: 4123: 4116: 4093: 4087: 4079: 4074: 4062:. Retrieved 4054:epicurus.net 4053: 4044: 4025: 4019: 4007:. 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Retrieved 3718: 3709: 3621: 3612: 3600: 3569: 3564: 3558: 3528: 3522: 3513: 3498: 3495:Contemporary 3460: 3456: 3451:, edited by 3446: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3424: 3416: 3413: 3405: 3386: 3366: 3358: 3356: 3352:Thomas Paine 3343:Thomas Paine 3337:Thomas Paine 3331: 3327: 3316: 3302: 3288: 3273: 3256: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3213: 3198: 3192: 3188: 3182: 3178: 3172: 3165: 3140: 3131: 3121: 3114: 3107: 3100: 3088: 3068: 3034:positive law 3015: 2980: 2965: 2963: 2959:James Wilson 2948: 2944: 2941:Edmund Burke 2934: 2930: 2899: 2895: 2883: 2878: 2868: 2864: 2862: 2857: 2850: 2840: 2834: 2831: 2815: 2811: 2798: 2792: 2782: 2776: 2771: 2764: 2754: 2744: 2740: 2734: 2726: 2710: 2700: 2697:George Mason 2682: 2677: 2665: 2634: 2629: 2623: 2605: 2600: 2588: 2582: 2574: 2572: 2566: 2563: 2557: 2553: 2548: 2508: 2504:self-evident 2493: 2491: 2475:Catholic law 2464: 2451: 2415:human rights 2413:The idea of 2412: 2404:positive law 2387: 2378:, his pupil 2354: 2349:positive law 2345:legal system 2333: 2327: 2323: 2316:legal rights 2315: 2311: 2305: 2226:Pirate Party 2086:Jeffersonian 1994:South Africa 1484:Lloyd George 1079:Philosophers 986:To bear arms 975: 934:Open society 894: 670:Conservative 571:Self defense 561:Reproductive 266:Human rights 251: 212: 197: 179: 170: 148: 118: 109: 85: 61: 54: 48: 47:Please help 44: 7465:Sovereignty 7276:Das Kapital 7163:progressive 7153:inheritance 7076:Land reform 6850:real estate 6825:Land tenure 6813:Inheritance 6741:anticommons 6677:Law of rent 6657:Game theory 6587:Information 6567:Common land 6464:Cooperative 6312:Persecution 6280:in Zimbabwe 6205:in Thailand 6115:in Pakistan 6070:in Malaysia 5935:in Ethiopia 5895:in Cambodia 5875:in Botswana 5687:Middle East 5585:Sovereignty 5575:Natural law 5458:Natural law 5172:17 November 5147:17 November 4907:Fromm, Eric 4725:27 February 3929:. 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Moore 2709:(known as 2685:John Locke 2614:De Legibus 2577:Epicureans 2523:John Locke 2489:to today. 2473:, through 2182:Empiricism 2153:Democratic 2148:Capitalism 2059:Manchester 1892:Montenegro 1877:Luxembourg 1813:Venizelism 1743:Costa Rica 998:Secularism 831:Federalism 783:Principles 642:Liberalism 536:Linguistic 511:Fair trial 393:Minorities 361:Indigenous 150:neutrality 50:improve it 7270:Karl Marx 7071:Land Back 7022:Enclosure 7005:biopiracy 6943:Bergregal 6925:squatting 6699:Ownership 6613:Commodity 6592:Knowledge 6503:By nature 6459:Customary 6449:Community 6250:in Uganda 6245:in Turkey 6200:in Taiwan 6135:in Poland 6120:in Panama 6080:in Mexico 6065:in Malawi 6040:in Kuwait 6005:in Israel 5940:in France 5900:in Canada 5880:in Brazil 5815:in Angola 4844:: 45–80. 4557:cite book 4520:cite book 4456:cite book 4137:cite book 4102:cite book 4028:. 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