Natural rights and legal rights

3314:. Although he does not blatantly state it, his position implies that even in light of our unique characteristics we should not be treated differently by our neighbors or our rulers. "Locke is arguing that there is no natural characteristic sufficient to distinguish one person from another... of, course there are plenty of natural differences between us" (Haworth 103). What Haworth takes from Locke is that John Locke was obsessed with supporting equality in society, treating everyone as an equal. He does though highlight our differences with his philosophy showing that we are all unique and important to society. In his philosophy, it is highlighted that the ideal government should also protect everyone, and provide rights and freedom to everyone, because we are all important to society. His ideas then were developed into the movements for freedom from the British creating our government. However, his implied thought of freedom for all is applied most heavily in our culture today. Starting with the civil rights movement, and continuing through women's rights, Locke's call for a fair government can be seen as the influence in these movements. His ideas are typically just seen as the foundation for modern democracy; however, it is not unreasonable to credit Locke with the social activism throughout the history of America. 3318:

challenges to the government's view on equality. To them it was clear that when the designers of democracy said all, they meant all people shall receive those natural rights that John Locke cherished so deeply. "a state also of equality, wherein all the power and jurisdiction is reciprocal, no one having more than another" (Locke II,4). Locke in his papers on natural philosophy clearly states that he wants a government where all are treated equal in freedoms especially. "Locke's views on toleration were very progressive for the time" (Connolly). Authors such as Jacob Connolly confirm that to them Locke was highly ahead of his time with all this progressive thinking. That is that his thought fits our current state of democracy where we strive to make sure that everyone has a say in the government, and everyone has a chance at a good life. Regardless of race, gender, or social standing starting with Locke it was made clear not only that the government should provide rights, but rights to everyone through his social contract.

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slavery from capture in war, whereby a man forfeited his labor to the conqueror who might lawfully have killed him; and thus Dred Scott was judged permanently to have given up his freedom. But the second kind of right, what Price called "that power of self-determination which all agents, as such, possess," was inalienable as long man remained man. Like the mind's quest for religious truth from which it was derived, self-determination was not a claim to ownership which might be both acquired and surrendered, but an inextricable aspect of the activity of being human.

2732:(1725), Hutcheson foreshadowed the Declaration of Independence, stating: "For wherever any Invasion is made upon unalienable Rights, there must arise either a perfect, or external Right to Resistance. ... Unalienable Rights are essential Limitations in all Governments." Hutcheson, however, placed clear limits on his notion of unalienable rights, declaring that "there can be no Right, or Limitation of Right, inconsistent with, or opposite to the greatest public Good." Hutcheson elaborated on this idea of unalienable rights in his 3238: 3146: 3619:. The Church considers that: "The natural law expresses the original moral sense which enables man to discern by reason the good and the evil, the truth and the lie: 'The natural law is written and engraved in the soul of each and every man, because it is human reason ordaining him to do good and forbidding him to sin . . . But this command of human reason would not have the force of law if it were not the voice and interpreter of a higher reason to which our spirit and our freedom must be submitted. 3623:" The natural law consists, for the Catholic Church, of one supreme and universal principle from which are derived all our natural moral obligations or duties. Thomas Aquinas resumes the various ideas of Catholic moral thinkers about what this principle is: since good is what primarily falls under the apprehension of the practical reason, the supreme principle of moral action must have the good as its central idea, and therefore the supreme principle is that good is to be done and evil avoided. 66: 2252: 2240: 7381: 3192:", in which human beings kill, steal and enslave others to stay alive, and due to their natural lust for "Gain", "Safety" and "Reputation". Hobbes reasoned that this world of chaos created by unlimited rights was highly undesirable, since it would cause human life to be "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short". As such, if humans wish to live peacefully they must give up most of their natural rights and create moral obligations to establish political and 639: 129: 3337: 216: 3049: 25: 3207:", arguing that law ("lex") and right ("jus") though often confused, signify opposites, with law referring to obligations, while rights refer to the absence of obligations. Since by our (human) nature, we seek to maximize our well being, rights are prior to law, natural or institutional, and people will not follow the laws of nature without first being subjected to a sovereign power, without which all ideas of 3159:. Hobbes' conception of natural rights extended from his conception of man in a "state of nature". Thus he argued that the essential natural (human) right was "to use his own power, as he will himself, for the preservation of his own Nature; that is to say, of his own Life; and consequently, of doing any thing, which in his own judgement, and Reason, he shall conceive to be the aptest means thereunto." ( 3552:, which claims that a man has a right to ownership over his life and therefore also his property, because he has invested time (i.e. part of his life) in it and thereby made it an extension of his life. However, if he initiates force against and to the detriment of another man, he alienates himself from the right to that part of his life which is required to pay his debt: "Rights are 2848:

giving up their right of judging for themselves in religion, or by allowing any human beings to prescribe to them what faith they shall embrace, or what mode of worship they shall practise, so neither can any civil societies lawfully surrender their civil liberty by giving up to any extraneous jurisdiction their power of legislating for themselves and disposing their property.

3392:. Rejecting the idea of moral rights, Tucker said there were only two rights: "the right of might" and "the right of contract". He also said, after converting to Egoist individualism, "In times past... it was my habit to talk glibly of the right of man to land. It was a bad habit, and I long ago sloughed it off. ... Man's only right to land is his might over it." 3357:

consequently are instruments of injustice. The fact therefore must be that the individuals themselves, each in his own personal and sovereign right, entered into a compact with each other to produce a government: and this is the only mode in which governments have a right to arise, and the only principle on which they have a right to exist.

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to faith or unbelief. Since, then, belief or unbelief is a matter of everyone's conscience, and since this is no lessening of the secular power, the latter should be content and attend to its own affairs and permit men to believe one thing or another, as they are able and willing, and constrain no one by force.

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The social contract is an agreement between members of a country to live within a shared system of laws. Specific forms of government are the result of the decisions made by these persons acting in their collective capacity. Government is instituted to make laws that protect the three natural rights.

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are meaningless – "Therefore before the names of Just and Unjust can have place, there must be some coercive Power, to compel men equally to the performance of their Covenants..., to make good that Propriety, which by mutual contract men acquire, in recompense of the universal Right they abandon: and

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Hobbes sharply distinguished this natural "liberty", from natural "laws", described generally as "a precept, or general rule, found out by reason, by which a man is forbidden to do, that, which is destructive of his life, or taketh away the means of preserving his life; and to omit, that, by which he

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Then it turned out to make considerable difference whether one said slavery was wrong because every man has a natural right to the possession of his own body, or because every man has a natural right freely to determine his own destiny. The first kind of right was alienable: thus Locke neatly derived

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inalienability of "that principle of spontaneity or self-determination which constitutes us agents or which gives us a command over our actions, rendering them properly ours, and not effects of the operation of any foreign cause." Any social contract or compact allegedly alienating these rights would

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It is a mistake to imagine that slavery pervades a man's whole being; the better part of him is exempt from it: the body indeed is subjected and in the power of a master, but the mind is independent, and indeed is so free and wild, that it cannot be restrained even by this prison of the body, wherein

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In adopting Stirnerite egoism (1886), Tucker rejected natural rights which had long been considered the foundation of libertarianism. This rejection galvanized the movement into fierce debates, with the natural rights proponents accusing the egoists of destroying libertarianism itself. So bitter was

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Furthermore, every man is responsible for his own faith, and he must see it for himself that he believes rightly. As little as another can go to hell or heaven for me, so little can he believe or disbelieve for me; and as little as he can open or shut heaven or hell for me, so little can he drive me

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principle of the liberty of conscience. One could not in fact give up the capacity for private judgment (e.g., about religious questions) regardless of any external contracts or oaths to religious or secular authorities so that right is "unalienable". Hutcheson wrote: "Thus no man can really change

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The Zoroastrian religion taught Iranians that citizens have an inalienable right to enlightened leadership and that the duty of subjects is not simply to obey wise kings but also to rise up against those who are wicked. Leaders are seen as representative of God on earth, but they deserve allegiance

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Hugh Gibbons has proposed a descriptive argument based on human biology. His contention is that human beings were other-regarding as a matter of necessity, to avoid the costs of conflict. Over time they developed expectations that individuals would act in certain ways which were then prescribed by

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By founding this sense of freedom for all, Locke was laying the groundwork for the equality that occurs today. Despite the apparent misuse of his philosophy in early American democracy. The Civil Rights movement and the suffrage movement both called out the state of American democracy during their

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has defended Locke's influence on the Founding, claiming that historians who argue to the contrary either misrepresent the classical republican alternative to which they say the revolutionary leaders adhered, do not understand Locke, or point to someone else who was decisively influenced by Locke.

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The right to what is in essence inalienable is imprescriptible, since the act whereby I take possession of my personality, of my substantive essence, and make myself a responsible being, capable of possessing rights and with a moral and religious life, takes away from these characteristics of mine

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It is a perversion of terms to say that a charter gives rights. It operates by a contrary effect – that of taking rights away. Rights are inherently in all the inhabitants; but charters, by annulling those rights, in the majority, leave the right, by exclusion, in the hands of a few. ... They ...

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Of fundamental importance to the development of the idea of natural rights was the emergence of the idea of natural human equality. As the historian A.J. Carlyle notes: "There is no change in political theory so startling in its completeness as the change from the theory of Aristotle to the later

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Neither can any state acquire such an authority over other states in virtue of any compacts or cessions. This is a case in which compacts are not binding. Civil liberty is, in this respect, on the same footing with religious liberty. As no people can lawfully surrender their religious liberty by

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and Seneca. ... We think that this cannot be better exemplified than with regard to the theory of the equality of human nature." Charles H. McIlwain likewise observes that "the idea of the equality of men is the profoundest contribution of the Stoics to political thought" and that "its greatest

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taught that "in order to obtain protection from other men, any means for attaining this end is a natural good" (PD 6). They believed in a contractarian ethics where mortals agree to not harm or be harmed, and the rules that govern their agreements are not absolute (PD 33), but must change with

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with his writings of natural rights, but this claim has been the subject of protracted dispute in recent decades. For example, the historian Ray Forrest Harvey declared that Jefferson and Locke were at "two opposite poles" in their political philosophy, as evidenced by Jefferson's use in the

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In his natural state, according to Hobbes, man's life consisted entirely of liberties and not at all of laws – "It followeth, that in such a condition, every man has the right to every thing; even to one another's body. And therefore, as long as this natural Right of every man to every thing

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Declaration of Independence of the phrase "pursuit of happiness" instead of "property". More recently, the eminent legal historian John Phillip Reid has deplored contemporary scholars' "misplaced emphasis on John Locke", arguing that American revolutionary leaders saw Locke as a

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just that externality which alone made them capable of passing into the possession of someone else. When I have thus annulled their externality, I cannot lose them through lapse of time or from any other reason drawn from my prior consent or willingness to alienate them.

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circumstances (PD 37–38). The Epicurean doctrines imply that humans in their natural state enjoy personal sovereignty and that they must consent to the laws that govern them, and that this consent (and the laws) can be revisited periodically when circumstances change.

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rights from supposed rights, stating that any principle that requires itself to be disproved is an axiom. Critics have pointed to the lack of agreement between the proponents as evidence for the claim that the idea of natural rights is merely a political tool.

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inalienability of those aspects of personhood that distinguish persons from things. A thing, like a piece of property, can in fact be transferred from one person to another. According to Hegel, the same would not apply to those aspects that make one a person:

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There is, at least, one right that cannot be ceded or abandoned: the right to personality...They charged the great logician with a contradiction in terms. If a man could give up his personality he would cease being a moral being. ... There is no

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only the strongest could benefit from their rights. Thus, people form an implicit social contract, ceding their natural rights to the authority to protect the people from abuse, and living henceforth under the legal rights of that authority.

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The concept of natural rights is not universally accepted, partly due to its religious associations and perceived incoherence. Some philosophers argue that natural rights do not exist and that legal rights are the only rights; for instance,

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to argue not simply against involuntary slavery but against any explicit or implied contractual forms of slavery. Any contract that tried to legally alienate such a right would be inherently invalid. Similarly, the argument was used by the

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asserts that rights are inalienable: "recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world." Article 1, § 1 of the

2826:, no act of submission by which man can give up the state of free agent and enslave himself. For by such an act of renunciation he would give up that very character which constitutes his nature and essence: he would lose his humanity. 2648:, arguing that the Order could only wage a defensive war if pagans violated the natural rights of the Christians. Vladimiri further stipulated that infidels had rights which had to be respected, and neither the Pope nor the 334: 2741:

his sentiments, judgments, and inward affections, at the pleasure of another; nor can it tend to any good to make him profess what is contrary to his heart. The right of private judgment is therefore unalienable."

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falls prey to the naturalistic fallacy. Some defenders of natural rights theory, however, counter that the term "natural" in "natural rights" is contrasted with "artificial" rather than referring to

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Various definitions of inalienability include non-relinquishability, non-salability, and non-transferability. This concept has been recognized by libertarians as being central to the question of

6278: 3352:(1791), emphasizing that rights cannot be granted by any charter because this would legally imply they can also be revoked and under such circumstances, they would be reduced to privileges: 2942:). Presaging the shift in thinking in the 19th century, Bentham famously dismissed the idea of natural rights as "nonsense on stilts". By way of contrast to the views of Burke and Bentham, 3758: 2967: – that rights and responsibilities are derived from a consensual contract between the government and the people – is the most widely recognized alternative. 6198: 1818: 3509:." However, there is still much dispute over which "rights" are truly natural rights and which are not, and the concept of natural or inalienable rights is still controversial to some. 2694:, "all men are born equally free", and hold "certain inherent natural rights, of which they cannot, by any compact, deprive or divest their posterity." Another 17th-century Englishman, 3452:, issued from London. The latter, the most prominent English-language egoist journal, was published from 1898 to 1900 with the subtitle 'A Journal of Egoistic Philosophy and Sociology 4742: 5090: 2838:

was "attempting to rob them of that liberty to which every member of society and all civil communities have a natural and unalienable title." Price again based the argument on the

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in protest even though they had hitherto been among its frequent contributors. Thereafter, Liberty championed egoism although its general content did not change significantly.

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John Locke (1632–1704) was another prominent Western philosopher who conceptualized rights as natural and inalienable. Like Hobbes, Locke believed in a natural right to life,

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derives from theories of natural rights. Those rejecting a distinction between human rights and natural rights view human rights as the successor that is not dependent on

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The law of the Creator, which invests every human being with an inalienable title to freedom, cannot be repealed by any interior law which asserts that man is property.

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Many historical apologies for slavery and illiberal government were based on explicit or implicit voluntary contracts to alienate any "natural rights" to freedom and

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For example, the imperative "not to harm others" is said to be justified by natural law, but the same is not true when it comes to providing protection against harm

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as groundless. Bentham and Burke claimed that rights arise from the actions of government, or evolve from tradition, and that neither of these can provide anything

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Likewise, different philosophers and statesmen have designed different lists of what they believe to be natural rights; almost all include the right to life and

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The signers of the Declaration of Independence deemed it a "self-evident truth" that all men "are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights". In

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theory, "inalienable rights" were said to be those rights that could not be surrendered by citizens to the sovereign. Such rights were thought to be

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Various philosophers have created different lists of rights they consider to be natural. Proponents of natural rights, in particular Hesselberg and

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argued that "if there are such things as rights at all, then, there must be a right to life and liberty, or, to put it more properly to free life."

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These themes converged in the debate about American independence. While Jefferson was writing the Declaration of Independence, Welsh nonconformist

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had the authority to violate them. Lithuanians also brought a group of Samogitian representatives to testify to atrocities committed by the Order.

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We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights...

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Reid, J.P.; Hartog, H.; Bakken, G.M.; Nelson, W.E.; Bernstein, R.B.; Benedict, M.L.; Kern, B.W.; Flaherty, M.S.; Fritz, C.G.; Kalman, L. (2000).

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argued that some powers over human beings could be wielded only by God, and that if there were no God, no human beings could wield these powers.

2684:. Preservation of the natural rights to life, liberty, and property was claimed as justification for the rebellion of the American colonies. As 2438:, whereas human rights also comprise positive rights. Even on a natural rights conception of human rights, the two terms may not be synonymous. 6273: 4551: 4514: 4450: 4131: 4096: 2963:

claims that the existence of inalienable rights is unnecessary for the existence of a constitution or a set of laws and rights. This idea of a

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Estate: everyone is entitled to own all they create or gain through gift or trade so long as it does not conflict with the first two rights.

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Introduction of the Bill of Rights in Congress, 1789 Jun 8, 21 Jul, 13, 18–19 August; Annals 1:424–450, 661–665, 707–717, 757–759, 766.

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gave a highly developed treatment of this inalienability argument. Like Hutcheson, Hegel based the theory of inalienable rights on the

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basis for the argument that the "liberty of men as agents is that power of self-determination which all agents, as such, possess." In

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inalienable, but only the possessor of a right can alienate himself from that right – no one else can take a man's rights from him."

3489: 2878: 2721:" which he defined as being rights that every human being is born with, as opposed to rights bestowed by government or by human law. 2527: 1612: 732: 3874:, 2010. The claim that "..all human rights are negative rights.." is rejected, therefore human rights also comprise positive rights. 2491:

claimed to derive natural rights through reason alone. The United States Declaration of Independence, meanwhile, is based upon the "

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One criticism of natural rights theory is that one cannot draw norms from facts. This objection is variously expressed as the

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discussed natural rights in his work, identifying them as being "life, liberty, and estate (property)", and argued that such

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argued that if there are any rights at all, there must be the right to liberty, for all the others would depend upon this.

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Natural rights are those that are not dependent on the laws or customs of any particular culture or government, and so are

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Annuaire de l'École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Section des sciences religieuses. Résumé des conférences et travaux

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held that no one was a slave by nature; slavery was an external condition juxtaposed to the internal freedom of the soul (

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This marked an important departure from medieval natural law theories which gave precedence to obligations over rights.

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Price raised a furor of opposition so in 1777 he wrote another tract that clarified his position and again restated the

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endureth, there can be no security to any man... of living out the time, which Nature ordinarily allow men to live." (

2399:. Conversely, the concept of natural rights is used by others to challenge the legitimacy of all such establishments. 7084: 6356: 5650: 5357: 4184: 3377: 3132: 2894: 2890: 1997: 1622: 1377: 273: 189: 171: 110: 52: 3703: 7395: 6954: 6518: 4046: 2835: 2275: 2032: 605: 7302: 5675: 5594: 5423: 3005:

There is also debate as to whether all rights are either natural or legal. Fourth president of the United States

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Goodway, David (2004). "A cult of sensations: John Cowper Powys,s life philosophy and individualist anarchism".

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Liberty: everyone is entitled to do anything they want to so long as it does not conflict with the first right.

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The Spirit of Modern Republicanism: The Moral Vision of the American Founders and the Philosophy of John Locke

3434:, both of which were edited by Edward H. Fulton. Among the egoist papers that Tucker followed were the German 2621:

is considered one of the first attempts to develop what would come to be called modern natural rights theory.

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argues that "viewing rights as alienable is perfectly consistent with – indeed, implied by – the libertarian

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and natural rights are derived from self-evident principles, not from speculative principles or from facts.

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The Stoic doctrine that the "inner part cannot be delivered into bondage" re-emerged centuries later in the

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One of the first Western thinkers to develop the contemporary idea of natural rights was French theologian

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The existence of natural rights has been asserted by different individuals on different premises, such as

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emphasized "life, liberty and property" as primary. However, despite Locke's influential defense of the

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The idea that certain rights are natural or inalienable also has a history dating back at least to the

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influence is in the changed conception of law that in part resulted from it." Cicero argues in

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In developing his concept of natural rights, Locke was influenced by reports of society among

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that "we are born for Justice, and that right is based, not upon opinions, but upon Nature."

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The Natural Rights Republic: Studies in the Foundation of the American Political Tradition

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The Growth of Political Thought in the West: From the Greeks to the End of the Middle Ages

2418:. Natural rights, in particular, are considered beyond the authority of any government or 1164: 638: 153: 8: 7349: 7037: 7032: 6719: 6633: 6575: 6508: 5625: 4405: 4382: 3272: 2955: 2796: 2515: 2495:" truth that "all men are ... endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights". 2202: 1850: 1823: 1766: 1714: 1497: 1269: 1209: 1159: 932: 851: 792: 725: 695: 690: 663: 622: 549: 529: 469: 403: 304: 2936:. (See Bentham's "Critique of the Doctrine of Inalienable, Natural Rights", and Burke's 7316: 6640: 6437: 5733: 4834: 4545: 4508: 4444: 4125: 4090: 3603:

society (duties of care etc.) and that eventually crystallized into actionable rights.

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Thomas Paine (1731–1809) further elaborated on natural rights in his influential work

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inalienability arguments of Hutcheson and his predecessors provided the basis for the

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the conflict that a number of natural rights proponents withdrew from the pages of

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Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679) included a discussion of natural rights in his moral and

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published by C.L. Swartz, edited by W.E. Gordak and J.W. Lloyd (all associates of

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An Inquiry into the Original of Our Ideas of Beauty and Virtue in Two Treatises

3678: 3523: 3237: 2925: 2909: 2861: 2814: 2538: 2459: 2443: 2368: 2336:(they can be modified, repealed, and restrained by human laws). The concept of 2224: 2197: 2192: 2165: 2121: 1467: 1402: 1254: 1229: 1194: 1144: 1084: 1011: 912: 873: 863: 737: 705: 509: 489: 433: 5151: 3754: 3322:

If a government does not properly protect these rights, it can be overthrown.

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seized this passage as a statement of constitutional principle, although the

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The distinction between alienable and unalienable rights was introduced by

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Neo-Abolitionism: Abolishing Human Rentals in Favor of Workplace Democracy

4532:

Constitutional History of the American Revolution: The Authority of Rights

4437:

Jean Jacques Burlamaqui: A Liberal Tradition in American Constitutionalism

7264: 7064: 6949: 6838: 6813: 6801: 6782: 6665: 6645: 6555: 6452: 6300: 5573: 5563: 5446: 4895: 4389:. Vol. 2. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. pp. 586–589. 4281:

Philmore, J. 1982. "The Libertarian Case for Slavery: A Note on Nozick".

3673: 3580: 3531: 3512: 3441: 3385: 3204: 3018: 2999: 2995: 2799:

to argue against any explicit or implied social contracts of subjection (

2614: 2507: 2467: 2407: 2372: 2356: 2355:. It was subsequently alluded to in the Bible, and then developed in the 2326: 1532: 1334: 1319: 1294: 1089: 1074: 981: 834: 782: 4838: 4038: 4015:

All the Shah's Men: An American Coup and the Roots of Middle East Terror

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Constitutional History of the American Revolution: The Authority To Tax

4467:

Law as Culture and Culture as Law: Essays in Honor of John Phillip Reid

3436: 3241: 3232: 2983: 2673: 2602: 2565: 2511: 2170: 2136: 2131: 1801: 1314: 1104: 1079: 986: 839: 819: 630: 3988:"American Enlightenment Thought | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy" 7258: 7059: 7010: 6993: 6931: 6913: 6687: 6601: 6325: 4674:

Understanding the Political Philosophers From Ancient to Modern Times

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pulled together these themes and related them to the slavery debate:

2578: 2387:, and became an alternative justification for the establishment of a 2239: 2037: 1239: 759: 4339:

Richard Price and the Ethical Foundations of the American Revolution

4318:

Richard Price and the Ethical Foundations of the American Revolution

3575:. Under this principle, only the initiation of force is prohibited; 3336: 3271:. It was once conventional wisdom that Locke greatly influenced the 3212:

such power there is none before the erection of the Commonwealth." (

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Additional Observations on the Nature and Value of Civil Liberty.

3643: 3506: 3456:". Among those American anarchists who adhered to egoism include 3366: 3264: 3247: 2499: 2463: 1284: 890: 824: 5375: 3987: 7074: 7026: 6795: 6295: 5482: 5406: 5091:"De Sciuridae et Homo Sapiens: The Origin of Rights and Duties" 5027: 4731:"John Locke on Equality, Toleration, and the Atheist Exception" 3534:, and include amongst their canon the works of authors such as 3208: 2991: 2597: 2573: 2455: 2430:

enshrining one conception of natural rights into international

2352: 2296: 954: 207: 3594:, have responded that reason can be applied to separate truly 3380:

adhered to natural rights positions, later in this era led by

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philosophical reasoning or religious principles. For example,

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American History from revolution to reconstruction and beyond

3595: 3885:"human rights – Natural law transformed into natural rights" 6377: 6305: 5325:

Inventing the Individual: The Origins of Western Liberalism

4227:

American Scripture: Making the Declaration of Independence.

3931:

Inventing the Individual: The Origins of Western Liberalism

3648: 3384:, some abandoned natural rights positions and converted to 2730:

Inquiry into the Original of Our Ideas of Beauty and Virtue

2434:. Natural rights were traditionally viewed as exclusively 2395:, and government – and thus legal rights – in the form of 7136: 2332:

Legal rights are those bestowed onto a person by a given

7213:

The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State

5051:"Inalienability and Punishment: A Reply to George Smith" 3188:

This would lead inevitably to a situation known as the "

2383:, the concept of natural laws was used to challenge the 5370:

The U.S. Declaration of Independence and Natural Rights

3945:"America's Founding Documents | National Archives" 3736:

The Natural Law: A Study in Legal and Social Philosophy

3567:

dismissed as illegitimate and even self-contradictory.

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Hobbes objected to the attempt to derive rights from "

5339:

Natural Rights Theories: Their Origin and Development

4900:

The Revolution of Hope: Toward a Humanized Technology

4615:

Launching Liberalism: On Lockean Political Philosophy

3704:"Natural Rights | History of Western Civilization II" 4316:. 1776, Part I. Reprinted in: Peach, Bernard, (Ed.) 3414:

Several periodicals were "undoubtedly influenced by

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According to Locke, there are three natural rights:

2924:

The concept of inalienable rights was criticized by

2702:), who came into conflict with both the monarchy of 3518:Contemporary political philosophies continuing the 1583:

Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party

6279:of the military dictatorship in Brazil (1964-1985) 4529: 4492: 4404: 4172: 4083:A History of Medieval Political Theory in the West 3975:Lectures on the Principles of Political Obligation 6367:United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights 4772:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 4660:Two Treatises of Government – Of Civil Government 4587:. South Bend, IN: University of Notre Dame Press. 2714:, argued for level human basic rights he called " 7410: 3802:"Systèmes de pensées et de croyances médiévaux" 3733:Rommen, Heinrich A.; Hanley, Thomas R. (1998). 3488:Many documents now echo the phrase used in the 3029:from which a government derives its authority. 2908:argued before the Supreme Court in the case of 5127:"Catechism of the Catholic Church – IntraText" 3501:recognizes inalienable rights and articulated 6393: 5498: 5391: 5048: 4976: 2276: 1608:International Alliance of Libertarian Parties 1578:Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe 599: 73:The examples and perspective in this article 4411:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 4402: 4179:(2nd ed.). Penguin Books. p. 231. 4170: 3732: 2659:doctrine of liberty of conscience. In 1523, 4352:Intellectual Origins of American Radicalism 4314:Observations on the Nature of Civil Liberty 2858:Intellectual Origins of American Radicalism 2295:Some philosophers distinguish two types of 53:Learn how and when to remove these messages 6400: 6386: 5505: 5491: 5398: 5384: 4550:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4513:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4449:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4201:The Problem of Slavery in Western Culture. 4130:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4095:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3492:. The preamble to the 1948 United Nations 3280:on established constitutional principles. 2912:, who had been charged with violating the 2340:is related to the concept of legal rights. 2283: 2269: 606: 592: 152:. Please do not remove this message until 5283: 5201:Grotius, Pufendorf and Modern Natural Law 5049:Kinsella, N. Stephan (Winter 1998–1999). 4861: 4859: 4857: 4398: 4396: 3928: 3490:United States Declaration of Independence 3285:This position has also been sustained by 3133:Learn how and when to remove this message 2879:United States Declaration of Independence 2528:United States Declaration of Independence 2446:called natural rights "simple nonsense". 1613:International Federation of Liberal Youth 190:Learn how and when to remove this message 172:Learn how and when to remove this message 111:Learn how and when to remove this message 5017: 4979:"A Libertarian Theory of Inalienability" 4763: 4602:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 4600:Natural Rights and the New Republicanism 4308: 4306: 4304: 4148:(Keyes translation), book 1, section 28. 4109: 4085:. Vol. 1. Edinburgh. pp. 8, 9. 3799: 3365: 3335: 3236: 3144: 148:Relevant discussion may be found on the 6199:in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 5018:Rothbard, Murray N. (9 February 2007). 4824: 4770:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 4706:. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 4671: 4617:. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. 4612: 4597: 4582: 4572:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 4080: 3913: 3845:. Palgrave Macmillan, 1994, pp. 72, 74. 3837: 3835: 2939:Reflections on the Revolution in France 1593:Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats 7411: 6291:List of human rights abuses by country 5779:during the Battle of Mosul (2016-2017) 5744:Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment 5236: 5219:. 1690 (primarily the second treatise) 4912:"Individual Rights" – Ayn Rand Lexicon 4854: 4845: 4728: 4564: 4434: 4393: 4012: 3937: 3069:Please improve this section by adding 2950:criticized Burke's view as "tyranny". 2843:be non-binding and void, wrote Price: 6381: 6362:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 5486: 5379: 5372:from Constitutional Rights Foundation 4806:from the original on 27 November 2020 4776:from the original on 5 September 2018 4710:from the original on 27 February 2022 4686: 4640:from the original on 14 February 2019 4301: 3494:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 3169:thinketh it may best be preserved." ( 2834:sided with the colonists' claim that 2424:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 5152:"Catholic Encyclopedia: Natural Law" 4943:from the original on 9 November 2014 4701: 4527: 4490: 4337:Reprinted in: Peach, Bernard, (Ed.) 3955:from the original on 12 October 2016 3832: 3800:Grellard, Christophe (31 May 2022). 3714:from the original on 17 October 2020 3522:tradition of natural rights include 3418:s presentation of egoism, including 3042: 2422:to dismiss. The 1948 United Nations 122: 59: 18: 5071:from the original on 29 August 2012 4159:Philosophy and Government 1572–1651 3296:Life: everyone is entitled to live. 1633:Liberal South East European Network 13: 5789:during the Libyan civil war (2011) 5651:National human rights institutions 5646:List of human rights organisations 5298:The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism 5251:The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism 5172: 4380: 3895:from the original on 3 August 2022 3606: 2628:made a natural rights case at the 2596:philosophical view represented by 2564:The 40 Principal Doctrines of the 16:Philosophical and political rights 14: 7470: 5405: 5363: 4851:Tucker, Instead of a Book, p. 350 4636:. GMW – University of Groningen. 4627: 4354:. Vintage Books, 1969, pp. 56–57. 4203:Cornell University Press, p. 77. 4049:from the original on 27 June 2019 3761:from the original on 7 March 2022 3378:American individualist anarchists 3362:American individualist anarchists 3082:"Natural rights and legal rights" 2672:17th-century English philosopher 1623:Liberal Network for Latin America 1056:(contributions to liberal theory) 34:This article has multiple issues. 7380: 7379: 5774:at Guantánamo Bay detention camp 5512: 4999:from the original on 2 July 2014 4877:from the original on 24 May 2011 4407:Natural Law & Natural Rights 4341:. Duke University Press, p. 136. 4298:. Yale University Press, p. 175 3047: 3032: 2680:could not be surrendered in the 2640:. He challenged legality of the 2526:" in place of "property" in the 2250: 2238: 637: 214: 127: 64: 23: 5899:in Chile under Augusto Pinochet 5605:Natural rights and legal rights 5595:Claim rights and liberty rights 5424:Claim rights and liberty rights 5419:Natural rights and legal rights 5144: 5119: 5083: 5042: 5011: 4970: 4955: 4925: 4905: 4889: 4818: 4788: 4757: 4745:from the original on 3 May 2021 4722: 4695: 4680: 4665: 4652: 4621: 4606: 4591: 4576: 4558: 4521: 4484: 4457: 4439:. Chapel Hill, NC. p. 120. 4428: 4419: 4374: 4357: 4344: 4327: 4288: 4275: 4262: 4249: 4236: 4219: 4206: 4193: 4164: 4151: 4138: 4103: 4074: 4061: 4031: 4006: 3994:from the original on 3 May 2021 3980: 3967: 3922: 3773:Natural rights and legal rights 3483: 3325: 2502:as the two highest priorities. 241:Natural rights and legal rights 231:Claim rights and liberty rights 42:or discuss these issues on the 7419:Legal doctrines and principles 6945:Right of way (property access) 5769:against Palestinians by Israel 5058:Journal of Libertarian Studies 4986:Journal of Libertarian Studies 4796:"Thomas Paine's Rights of Man" 4766:"Locke's Political Philosophy" 3907: 3877: 3857: 3848: 3793: 3782: 3726: 3696: 2881:, famously condensed this to: 2691:Virginia Declaration of Rights 2416:Christian theological doctrine 2344:Natural law first appeared in 997:Separation of church and state 1: 4992:(2). Mises Institute: 39–85. 4977:Block, Walter (Spring 2003). 4691:. Cambridge University Press. 4246:(Indianapolis), pp. 192, 193. 4110:McIlwain, Charles H. (1932). 3690: 3659:Natural-rights libertarianism 3226: 3071:secondary or tertiary sources 2998:, for example, contends that 2897:recognized and protected the 2549:, writes in the latter that: 2470:, and descending through the 2329:is the law of natural rights. 269:Economic, social and cultural 6407: 5610:Negative and positive rights 5429:Negative and positive rights 5276:Pufendorf, Baron Samuel von, 5208:A System of Moral Philosophy 5079:– via Mises Institute. 5020:"A Crusoe Social Philosophy" 4613:Zuckert, Michael P. (2002). 4598:Zuckert, Michael P. (1998). 4583:Zuckert, Michael P. (1996). 4470:. Madison House Publishers. 4435:Harvey, Ray Forrest (1937). 4259:. London, 1755, pp. 261–262. 4257:A System of Moral Philosophy 4214:Concerning Secular Authority 3669:Rule according to higher law 3664:Natural person in French law 2734:A System of Moral Philosophy 2688:stated in his draft for the 565:Self-determination of people 246:Negative and positive rights 7: 7251:Two Treatises of Government 6352:List of human rights awards 6224:in the United Arab Emirates 5600:Individual and group rights 5434:Individual and group rights 5216:Two Treatises of Government 5194:The Rights Of War And Peace 4630:"A Biography of John Locke" 4528:Reid, John Phillip (1986). 4491:Reid, John Phillip (1987). 4270:Hegel's Philosophy of Right 4242:Hutcheson, Francis (2004), 4199:Davis, David Brion (1966). 4171:Christiansen, Eric (1997). 3626: 2891:movement to abolish slavery 2545:and the author of the book 2541:, a veteran journalist for 2377:De Vita Spirituali Animae." 236:Individual and group rights 154:conditions to do so are met 87:, discuss the issue on the 10: 7475: 6274:of the Marcos dictatorship 5332:The Idea of Natural Rights 4689:Two Treaties of Government 3916:The Idea of Natural Rights 3329: 3230: 3036: 2554:only as long as they have 2533: 2449: 7375: 7172: 6974: 6854: 6747: 6740: 6589: 6546: 6491: 6415: 6334: 6219:in the State of Palestine 6204:in the Dominican Republic 5784:during the Gaddafi regime 5721: 5666: 5659: 5638: 5618: 5587: 5559: 5548: 5520: 5442: 5414: 5278:Law of Nature and Nations 4922:. Retrieved 29 July 2013. 4536:. Madison, Wis. pp. 4499:. Madison, Wis. pp. 4387:The Works of James Wilson 4285:. XIV (Fall 1982): 43–58. 3929:Siedentop, Larry (2014). 3708:courses.lumenlearning.com 2986:, for example, said that 2889:In the 19th century, the 2646:crusade against Lithuania 2619:De Vita Spirituali Animae 2608: 2348:, and was referred to by 2220:Sexually liberal feminism 2127:Bias in American academia 1598:European Democratic Party 1054:List of liberal theorists 7303:The Great Transformation 6661:Labor theory of property 5196:: Three Volume Set, 1625 4350:Lynd, Staughton (1969). 4294:Cassirer, Ernst (1963). 4013:Kinzer, Stephen (2004). 3634:Constitutional economics 3615:considers natural law a 3573:non-aggression principle 2346:ancient Greek philosophy 879:Labor theory of property 223:Theoretical distinctions 6872:Forest-dwelling (India) 6834:restraint on alienation 6614:Common good (economics) 6342:History of human rights 5749:Enforced disappearances 5739:Crimes against humanity 5467:Equality before the law 5350:Oxford University Press 5327:, Belknap Press, 2014. 5182:, SpringerNature, 2021 4933:"The Ethics of Liberty" 4764:Tuckness, Alex (2020). 4729:Broers, Adalei (2009). 4333:Price, Richard (1979). 4312:Price, Richard (1979). 4225:Maier, Pauline (1983). 3914:Tierney, Brian (1997). 3684:Substantive due process 3499:California Constitution 3017:, arising neither from 2873:Meanwhile, in America, 2638:Jagiellonian University 2626:Polish-Lithuanian union 2397:classical republicanism 1588:Arab Liberal Federation 778:Consent of the governed 7311:Pierre-Joseph Proudhon 7085:Primitive accumulation 6940:Right of way (transit) 6725:Tragedy of the commons 6607:fictitious commodities 6286:Incitement to genocide 5579:Universal jurisdiction 5462:Universal jurisdiction 4964:The Market for Liberty 4672:Haworth, Alan (2014). 4383:Robert Green McCloskey 4081:Carlyle, A.J. (1903). 3739:. Liberty Publishing. 3549:The Market for Liberty 3462:John Beverley Robinson 3412: 3373: 3359: 3343: 3260: 3190:war of all against all 3152: 3058:relies excessively on 2922: 2901:. As a lawyer, future 2899:institution of slavery 2887: 2871: 2850: 2828: 2764: 2670: 2617:, whose 1402 treatise 2593: 2560: 2472:Protestant Reformation 1603:European Liberal Youth 1573:Africa Liberal Network 798:Economic globalization 462:Other groups of rights 7449:Human rights concepts 7424:Political terminology 7364:The Wealth of Nations 7344:Jean-Jacques Rousseau 7336:The Ethics of Liberty 6347:List of global issues 5301:. Thousand Oaks, CA: 5285:Rasmussen, Douglas B. 5254:. Thousand Oaks, CA: 4676:. Taylor and Francis. 4403:Finnis, John (2011). 4296:The Myth of the State 4175:The Northern Crusades 4116:. New York. pp. 4039:"Principle Doctrines" 3870:5 August 2019 at the 3401: 3369: 3354: 3339: 3240: 3148: 2961:Jean-Jacques Rousseau 2918: 2883: 2866: 2845: 2819: 2792:anti-slavery movement 2759: 2736:(1755), based on the 2708:military dictatorship 2665: 2588: 2551: 2385:divine right of kings 2361:Catholic philosophers 2245:Liberalism portal 2117:Anti-authoritarianism 1618:Liberal International 282:Rights by beneficiary 7227:Progress and Poverty 6561:Common-pool resource 6229:in the United States 6004:in Jammu and Kashmir 5550:Fundamental concepts 5309:. pp. 436–438. 5262:. pp. 434–436. 5206:Hutcheson, Francis. 4687:Locke, John (1999). 4363:Wills, Gary (1979). 4255:Hutcheson, Francis. 3973:Green, T.H. (1883). 3157:political philosophy 2976:naturalistic fallacy 2946:scholar and justice 2746:German Enlightenment 2632:(1414–1418), led by 2630:Council of Constance 2524:pursuit of happiness 2476:Age of Enlightenment 2381:Age of Enlightenment 1049:Age of Enlightenment 1002:Separation of powers 580:Water and sanitation 93:create a new article 85:improve this article 75:may not represent a 7350:The Social Contract 7038:population transfer 6955:prior-appropriation 6634:homestead principle 6214:in the Soviet Union 6114:in Papua New Guinea 5764:Human rights abuses 5722:Human rights abuses 5626:Corporal punishment 5289:"Rights, Theory of" 5226:. 1995, Routledge. 5224:Locke on Government 5222:Lloyd Thomas, D.A. 5107:on 27 November 2013 5030:on 17 November 2014 4962:"Man and Society". 4918:1 July 2011 at the 4902:, New York: Bantam. 4871:Oll.libertyfund.org 4283:Philosophical Forum 4268:Georg W. F. Hegel, 4161:(1993), pp. 25–27. 3951:. 12 October 2016. 3273:American Revolution 2956:The Social Contract 2824:pactum subjectionis 2801:pactum subjectionis 2797:democratic movement 2516:right of revolution 2257:Politics portal 960:Civil and political 933:Popular sovereignty 793:Economic liberalism 264:Civil and political 141:of this article is 7434:Libertarian theory 7330:Murray N. Rothbard 6641:Free-rider problem 6209:in the Philippines 5734:Crime of apartheid 5346:Theories of Rights 5334:, Eerdmans, 1997. 5323:Siedentop, Larry, 5199:Haakonssen, Knud, 3863:See James Nickel, 3528:anarcho-capitalism 3466:Steven T. Byington 3374: 3344: 3261: 3153: 2988:ethical naturalism 2914:Fugitive Slave Act 2784:self-determination 2678:fundamental rights 2650:Holy Roman Emperor 2584:Seneca the Younger 2547:All The Shah's Men 2543:The New York Times 2420:international body 2375:in his 1402 work " 928:Permissive society 908:Limited government 7429:Libertarian terms 7406: 7405: 7317:What Is Property? 7110:human trafficking 7095:Regulatory taking 6970: 6969: 6715:Right to property 6375: 6374: 6357:Three generations 5717: 5716: 5634: 5633: 5480: 5479: 5344:Waldron, Jeremy 5242:"Rights, Natural" 5188:978-3-030-62676-1 5178:Ellerman, David, 4735:Inquiries Journal 4702:Connolly, Jacob. 4566:Pangle, Thomas L. 4365:Inventing America 3639:Constitutionalism 3585:retaliatory force 3561:voluntary slavery 3520:classical liberal 3480:and E.H. Fulton. 3143: 3142: 3135: 3117: 2895:U.S. constitution 2766:In discussion of 2726:Francis Hutcheson 2350:Roman philosopher 2293: 2292: 2132:Bias in the media 1648:Regional variants 965:Natural and legal 616: 615: 274:Three generations 200: 199: 192: 182: 181: 174: 121: 120: 113: 95:, as appropriate. 57: 7466: 7383: 7382: 7287:John Stuart Mill 7207:Friedrich Engels 7188:Frédéric Bastiat 7181: 7033:Forced migration 7001:Collectivization 6745: 6744: 6624:First possession 6597:Bundle of rights 6402: 6395: 6388: 6379: 6378: 6129:in Punjab, India 5754:Forced migration 5664: 5663: 5557: 5556: 5552:and philosophies 5507: 5500: 5493: 5484: 5483: 5457:Sovereign states 5400: 5393: 5386: 5377: 5376: 5330:Tierney, Brian, 5320: 5273: 5167: 5166: 5164: 5162: 5148: 5142: 5141: 5139: 5137: 5123: 5117: 5116: 5114: 5112: 5106: 5100:. Archived from 5095: 5087: 5081: 5080: 5078: 5076: 5070: 5055: 5046: 5040: 5039: 5037: 5035: 5026:. Archived from 5015: 5009: 5008: 5006: 5004: 4998: 4983: 4974: 4968: 4967: 4959: 4953: 4952: 4950: 4948: 4939:. 20 July 2005. 4929: 4923: 4909: 4903: 4893: 4887: 4886: 4884: 4882: 4863: 4852: 4849: 4843: 4842: 4822: 4816: 4815: 4813: 4811: 4792: 4786: 4785: 4783: 4781: 4761: 4755: 4754: 4752: 4750: 4726: 4720: 4719: 4717: 4715: 4699: 4693: 4692: 4684: 4678: 4677: 4669: 4663: 4656: 4650: 4649: 4647: 4645: 4625: 4619: 4618: 4610: 4604: 4603: 4595: 4589: 4588: 4580: 4574: 4573: 4562: 4556: 4555: 4549: 4541: 4535: 4525: 4519: 4518: 4512: 4504: 4498: 4488: 4482: 4481: 4461: 4455: 4454: 4448: 4440: 4432: 4426: 4423: 4417: 4416: 4410: 4400: 4391: 4390: 4378: 4372: 4361: 4355: 4348: 4342: 4331: 4325: 4310: 4299: 4292: 4286: 4279: 4273: 4266: 4260: 4253: 4247: 4240: 4234: 4223: 4217: 4210: 4204: 4197: 4191: 4190: 4178: 4168: 4162: 4155: 4149: 4142: 4136: 4135: 4129: 4121: 4107: 4101: 4100: 4094: 4086: 4078: 4072: 4065: 4059: 4058: 4056: 4054: 4035: 4029: 4028: 4010: 4004: 4003: 4001: 3999: 3984: 3978: 3971: 3965: 3964: 3962: 3960: 3941: 3935: 3934: 3933:. Belknap Press. 3926: 3920: 3919: 3911: 3905: 3904: 3902: 3900: 3881: 3875: 3861: 3855: 3852: 3846: 3839: 3830: 3829: 3818:10.4000/asr.4158 3812:(129): 383–400. 3797: 3791: 3786: 3780: 3770: 3768: 3766: 3730: 3724: 3723: 3721: 3719: 3700: 3654:Legal positivism 3622: 3569:Stephan Kinsella 3470:Hutchins Hapgood 3455: 3390:Egoist anarchism 3308:Native Americans 3138: 3131: 3127: 3124: 3118: 3116: 3075: 3051: 3043: 2980:appeal to nature 2972:is-ought problem 2875:Thomas Jefferson 2636:, rector of the 2634:Paulus Vladimiri 2520:Thomas Jefferson 2428:legal instrument 2426:is an important 2412:natural theology 2365:Albert the Great 2285: 2278: 2271: 2255: 2254: 2243: 2242: 2161:Economic freedom 2154:Radical centrism 992:Secular humanism 918:Natural monopoly 869:Internationalism 686:Internationalist 641: 618: 617: 608: 601: 594: 555:Rest and leisure 218: 204: 203: 195: 188: 177: 170: 166: 163: 157: 131: 130: 123: 116: 109: 105: 102: 96: 68: 67: 60: 49: 27: 26: 19: 7474: 7473: 7469: 7468: 7467: 7465: 7464: 7463: 7409: 7408: 7407: 7402: 7371: 7175: 7174: 7168: 7118:husband-selling 7055:Illegal logging 7050:Illegal fishing 6979: 6966: 6877:Freedom to roam 6850: 6763:(agrarian land) 6736: 6693:Property rights 6585: 6542: 6504:Estate (landed) 6487: 6411: 6406: 6376: 6371: 6330: 6159:in South Africa 6149:in Sierra Leone 6144:in Saudi Arabia 5874:in Burkina Faso 5829:in Azad Kashmir 5713: 5655: 5630: 5614: 5583: 5553: 5551: 5544: 5535:Intersex people 5516: 5511: 5481: 5476: 5472:Social contract 5438: 5410: 5404: 5366: 5337:Tuck, Richard, 5317: 5270: 5210:. 1755, London. 5192:Grotius, Hugo, 5175: 5173:Further reading 5170: 5160: 5158: 5150: 5149: 5145: 5135: 5133: 5125: 5124: 5120: 5110: 5108: 5104: 5093: 5089: 5088: 5084: 5074: 5072: 5068: 5053: 5047: 5043: 5033: 5031: 5024:Mises Institute 5016: 5012: 5002: 5000: 4996: 4981: 4975: 4971: 4961: 4960: 4956: 4946: 4944: 4937:Mises Institute 4931: 4930: 4926: 4920:Wayback Machine 4910: 4906: 4894: 4890: 4880: 4878: 4865: 4864: 4855: 4850: 4846: 4823: 4819: 4809: 4807: 4794: 4793: 4789: 4779: 4777: 4762: 4758: 4748: 4746: 4727: 4723: 4713: 4711: 4700: 4696: 4685: 4681: 4670: 4666: 4657: 4653: 4643: 4641: 4626: 4622: 4611: 4607: 4596: 4592: 4581: 4577: 4563: 4559: 4543: 4542: 4526: 4522: 4506: 4505: 4489: 4485: 4478: 4462: 4458: 4442: 4441: 4433: 4429: 4424: 4420: 4401: 4394: 4381:Wilson, James. 4379: 4375: 4362: 4358: 4349: 4345: 4332: 4328: 4322:Duke University 4311: 4302: 4293: 4289: 4280: 4276: 4267: 4263: 4254: 4250: 4241: 4237: 4233:, 1993, p. 134. 4231:Alfred A. Knopf 4224: 4220: 4212:Martin Luther, 4211: 4207: 4198: 4194: 4187: 4169: 4165: 4157:Tuck, Richard. 4156: 4152: 4143: 4139: 4123: 4122: 4108: 4104: 4088: 4087: 4079: 4075: 4066: 4062: 4052: 4050: 4037: 4036: 4032: 4025: 4011: 4007: 3997: 3995: 3986: 3985: 3981: 3972: 3968: 3958: 3956: 3943: 3942: 3938: 3927: 3923: 3912: 3908: 3898: 3896: 3883: 3882: 3878: 3872:Wayback Machine 3862: 3858: 3853: 3849: 3840: 3833: 3798: 3794: 3787: 3783: 3764: 3762: 3747: 3731: 3727: 3717: 3715: 3702: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3688: 3629: 3620: 3613:Catholic Church 3609: 3607:Catholic Church 3565:Murray Rothbard 3544:Murray Rothbard 3486: 3474:James L. Walker 3458:Benjamin Tucker 3453: 3382:Benjamin Tucker 3376:While at first 3371:Benjamin Tucker 3364: 3334: 3328: 3312:social contract 3287:Michael Zuckert 3235: 3229: 3209:right and wrong 3198:social contract 3139: 3128: 3122: 3119: 3076: 3074: 3068: 3064:primary sources 3052: 3041: 3035: 3027:social contract 2965:social contract 2906:Salmon P. Chase 2836:King George III 2813:. According to 2768:social contract 2712:Oliver Cromwell 2682:social contract 2611: 2591:it is confined. 2536: 2452: 2436:negative rights 2389:social contract 2289: 2249: 2237: 2230: 2229: 2112: 2104: 2103: 1906:North Macedonia 1650: 1640: 1639: 1638: 1637: 1628:Liberal parties 1566: 1558: 1557: 1348: 1340: 1339: 1070: 1060: 1059: 1044: 1034: 1033: 1029:State of nature 1017:Social services 1007:Social contract 970:To own property 773: 765: 764: 649: 612: 485:Civil liberties 196: 185: 184: 183: 178: 167: 161: 158: 147: 132: 128: 117: 106: 100: 97: 82: 69: 65: 28: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7472: 7462: 7461: 7456: 7451: 7446: 7441: 7436: 7431: 7426: 7421: 7404: 7403: 7401: 7400: 7399: 7398: 7388: 7376: 7373: 7372: 7370: 7369: 7368: 7367: 7355: 7354: 7353: 7341: 7340: 7339: 7327: 7322: 7321: 7320: 7308: 7307: 7306: 7294: 7289: 7284: 7283: 7282: 7270: 7269: 7268: 7256: 7255: 7254: 7242: 7237: 7235:Garrett Hardin 7232: 7231: 7230: 7218: 7217: 7216: 7204: 7199: 7198: 7197: 7184: 7182: 7170: 7169: 7167: 7166: 7161: 7160: 7159: 7154: 7149: 7144: 7134: 7133: 7132: 7127: 7126: 7125: 7120: 7112: 7107: 7097: 7092: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7047: 7046: 7045: 7040: 7030: 7023: 7018: 7013: 7008: 7006:Eminent domain 7003: 6998: 6997: 6996: 6989:Bioprospecting 6985: 6983: 6981:redistribution 6972: 6971: 6968: 6967: 6965: 6964: 6963: 6962: 6957: 6947: 6942: 6937: 6936: 6935: 6923: 6918: 6917: 6916: 6911: 6906: 6896: 6891: 6890: 6889: 6879: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6858: 6856: 6852: 6851: 6849: 6848: 6847: 6846: 6841: 6836: 6831: 6826: 6816: 6811: 6810: 6809: 6799: 6792: 6787: 6786: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6765: 6757: 6748: 6742: 6738: 6737: 6735: 6734: 6733: 6732: 6722: 6717: 6712: 6711: 6710: 6705: 6700: 6690: 6685: 6683:Natural rights 6680: 6675: 6674: 6673: 6663: 6658: 6653: 6648: 6643: 6638: 6637: 6636: 6631: 6621: 6616: 6611: 6610: 6609: 6599: 6593: 6591: 6587: 6586: 6584: 6583: 6578: 6573: 6568: 6563: 6558: 6552: 6550: 6544: 6543: 6541: 6540: 6539: 6538: 6528: 6523: 6522: 6521: 6511: 6506: 6501: 6495: 6493: 6489: 6488: 6486: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6419: 6417: 6413: 6412: 6405: 6404: 6397: 6390: 6382: 6373: 6372: 6370: 6369: 6364: 6359: 6354: 6349: 6344: 6338: 6336: 6332: 6331: 6329: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6282: 6281: 6276: 6271: 6266: 6261: 6256: 6251: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6179:in Switzerland 6176: 6171: 6166: 6164:in South Korea 6161: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6099:in North Korea 6096: 6091: 6089:in New Zealand 6086: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6034:in Kyrgyzstan‎ 6031: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6011: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5919:in El Salvador 5916: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5881: 5876: 5871: 5866: 5861: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5844:in Balochistan 5841: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5794:in Afghanistan 5791: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5731: 5729:Atrocity crime 5725: 5723: 5719: 5718: 5715: 5714: 5712: 5711: 5709: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5667: 5661: 5657: 5656: 5654: 5653: 5648: 5642: 5640: 5636: 5635: 5632: 5631: 5629: 5628: 5622: 5620: 5616: 5615: 5613: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5591: 5589: 5585: 5584: 5582: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5560: 5554: 5549: 5546: 5545: 5543: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5521: 5518: 5517: 5510: 5509: 5502: 5495: 5487: 5478: 5477: 5475: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5443: 5440: 5439: 5437: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5415: 5412: 5411: 5403: 5402: 5395: 5388: 5380: 5374: 5373: 5365: 5364:External links 5362: 5361: 5360: 5342: 5335: 5328: 5321: 5316:978-1412965804 5315: 5307:Cato Institute 5293:Hamowy, Ronald 5281: 5274: 5269:978-1412965804 5268: 5260:Cato Institute 5246:Hamowy, Ronald 5234: 5220: 5211: 5204: 5197: 5190: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5168: 5143: 5118: 5082: 5041: 5010: 4969: 4954: 4924: 4904: 4888: 4853: 4844: 4817: 4787: 4756: 4721: 4694: 4679: 4664: 4651: 4620: 4605: 4590: 4575: 4557: 4520: 4483: 4477:978-0945612742 4476: 4456: 4427: 4418: 4392: 4373: 4356: 4343: 4326: 4300: 4287: 4274: 4261: 4248: 4235: 4218: 4205: 4192: 4185: 4163: 4150: 4137: 4102: 4073: 4060: 4030: 4024:978-0470581032 4023: 4005: 3979: 3966: 3936: 3921: 3906: 3876: 3856: 3847: 3841:Jones, Peter. 3831: 3792: 3789:Romans 2:14–15 3781: 3746:978-0865971615 3745: 3725: 3694: 3692: 3689: 3687: 3686: 3681: 3679:Special rights 3676: 3671: 3666: 3661: 3656: 3651: 3646: 3641: 3636: 3630: 3628: 3625: 3608: 3605: 3524:libertarianism 3485: 3482: 3363: 3360: 3330:Main article: 3327: 3324: 3304: 3303: 3300: 3297: 3231:Main article: 3228: 3225: 3141: 3140: 3055: 3053: 3046: 3037:Main article: 3034: 3031: 2926:Jeremy Bentham 2910:John Van Zandt 2862:Staughton Lynd 2815:Ernst Cassirer 2772:natural rights 2704:King Charles I 2642:Teutonic Order 2610: 2607: 2539:Stephen Kinzer 2535: 2532: 2460:late Antiquity 2451: 2448: 2444:Jeremy Bentham 2369:Thomas Aquinas 2342: 2341: 2330: 2301:natural rights 2291: 2290: 2288: 2287: 2280: 2273: 2265: 2262: 2261: 2260: 2259: 2247: 2232: 2231: 2228: 2227: 2225:Utilitarianism 2222: 2217: 2212: 2211: 2210: 2205: 2198:Libertarianism 2195: 2193:Land value tax 2190: 2189: 2188: 2178: 2173: 2168: 2166:Egalitarianism 2163: 2158: 2157: 2156: 2146: 2145: 2144: 2134: 2129: 2124: 2122:Anti-communism 2119: 2113: 2111:Related topics 2110: 2109: 2106: 2105: 2102: 2101: 2096: 2091: 2086: 2085: 2084: 2079: 2078: 2077: 2067: 2065:Arizona School 2057: 2056: 2055: 2050: 2045: 2040: 2033:United Kingdom 2030: 2025: 2020: 2015: 2010: 2005: 2000: 1995: 1990: 1985: 1980: 1975: 1970: 1965: 1960: 1955: 1950: 1945: 1944: 1943: 1933: 1928: 1923: 1918: 1913: 1908: 1903: 1898: 1893: 1888: 1883: 1878: 1873: 1868: 1863: 1858: 1853: 1848: 1847: 1846: 1836: 1831: 1826: 1821: 1816: 1811: 1806: 1805: 1804: 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1051: 1045: 1040: 1039: 1036: 1035: 1032: 1031: 1026: 1025: 1024: 1019: 1012:Social justice 1009: 1004: 999: 994: 989: 984: 979: 978: 977: 972: 967: 962: 952: 951: 950: 945: 935: 930: 925: 920: 915: 913:Market economy 910: 905: 904: 903: 898: 888: 881: 876: 874:Invisible hand 871: 866: 864:Harm principle 861: 860: 859: 854: 849: 844: 843: 842: 837: 822: 817: 816: 815: 810: 800: 795: 790: 785: 780: 774: 771: 770: 767: 766: 763: 762: 757: 752: 747: 742: 741: 740: 735: 730: 729: 728: 713: 708: 703: 698: 693: 688: 683: 678: 677: 676: 666: 661: 656: 650: 647: 646: 643: 642: 634: 633: 627: 626: 614: 613: 611: 610: 603: 596: 588: 585: 584: 583: 582: 577: 572: 567: 562: 557: 552: 547: 542: 537: 532: 527: 522: 517: 512: 510:Free migration 507: 502: 497: 492: 487: 482: 477: 472: 464: 463: 459: 458: 457: 456: 451: 446: 441: 436: 431: 426: 421: 416: 411: 406: 401: 400: 399: 394: 384: 379: 374: 373: 372: 362: 357: 352: 347: 342: 337: 332: 327: 322: 317: 312: 307: 302: 297: 292: 284: 283: 279: 278: 277: 276: 271: 266: 258: 257: 251: 250: 249: 248: 243: 238: 233: 225: 224: 220: 219: 211: 210: 198: 197: 180: 179: 135: 133: 126: 119: 118: 79:of the subject 77:worldwide view 72: 70: 63: 58: 32: 31: 29: 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7471: 7460: 7457: 7455: 7452: 7450: 7447: 7445: 7444:Animal rights 7442: 7440: 7437: 7435: 7432: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7422: 7420: 7417: 7416: 7414: 7397: 7394: 7393: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7384:Categories: 7378: 7377: 7374: 7366: 7365: 7361: 7360: 7359: 7356: 7352: 7351: 7347: 7346: 7345: 7342: 7338: 7337: 7333: 7332: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7325:David Ricardo 7323: 7319: 7318: 7314: 7313: 7312: 7309: 7305: 7304: 7300: 7299: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7292:Elinor Ostrom 7290: 7288: 7285: 7281: 7280: 7276: 7275: 7274: 7271: 7267: 7266: 7262: 7261: 7260: 7257: 7253: 7252: 7248: 7247: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7229: 7228: 7224: 7223: 7222: 7219: 7215: 7214: 7210: 7209: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7196: 7195: 7191: 7190: 7189: 7186: 7185: 7183: 7179: 7171: 7165: 7162: 7158: 7155: 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6756: 6755:(watercourse) 6754: 6750: 6749: 6746: 6743: 6739: 6731: 6728: 6727: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6698:primogeniture 6696: 6695: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6678:Legal plunder 6676: 6672: 6669: 6668: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6629:appropriation 6627: 6626: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6619:Excludability 6617: 6615: 6612: 6608: 6605: 6604: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6594: 6592: 6588: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6553: 6551: 6549: 6545: 6537: 6534: 6533: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6520: 6517: 6516: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6496: 6494: 6490: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6420: 6418: 6414: 6410: 6403: 6398: 6396: 6391: 6389: 6384: 6383: 6380: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6339: 6337: 6333: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6249:in Uzbekistan 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6139:in the Russia 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6019:in Kazakhstan 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5849:in Bangladesh 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5834:in Azerbaijan 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5766: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5726: 5724: 5720: 5710: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5700:South America 5698: 5696: 5694: 5693:North America 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5668: 5665: 5662: 5658: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5643: 5641: 5639:Organizations 5637: 5627: 5624: 5623: 5621: 5617: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5592: 5590: 5586: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5561: 5558: 5555: 5547: 5541: 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Journal 4821: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4791: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4760: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4725: 4709: 4705: 4698: 4690: 4683: 4675: 4668: 4661: 4655: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4628:Kunze, Fred. 4624: 4616: 4609: 4601: 4594: 4586: 4579: 4571: 4567: 4561: 4553: 4547: 4539: 4534: 4533: 4524: 4516: 4510: 4502: 4497: 4496: 4487: 4479: 4473: 4469: 4468: 4460: 4452: 4446: 4438: 4431: 4422: 4414: 4409: 4408: 4399: 4397: 4388: 4384: 4377: 4370: 4369:Vintage Books 4366: 4360: 4353: 4347: 4340: 4336: 4330: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4309: 4307: 4305: 4297: 4291: 4284: 4278: 4271: 4265: 4258: 4252: 4245: 4239: 4232: 4228: 4222: 4215: 4209: 4202: 4196: 4188: 4186:0-14-026653-4 4182: 4177: 4176: 4167: 4160: 4154: 4147: 4141: 4133: 4127: 4119: 4115: 4114: 4106: 4098: 4092: 4084: 4077: 4070: 4069:De beneficiis 4064: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4034: 4026: 4020: 4016: 4009: 3993: 3989: 3983: 3976: 3970: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3940: 3932: 3925: 3917: 3910: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3880: 3873: 3869: 3866: 3860: 3851: 3844: 3838: 3836: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3808:(in French). 3807: 3803: 3796: 3790: 3785: 3779: 3775: 3774: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3742: 3738: 3737: 3729: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3699: 3695: 3685: 3682: 3680: 3677: 3675: 3672: 3670: 3667: 3665: 3662: 3660: 3657: 3655: 3652: 3650: 3647: 3645: 3642: 3640: 3637: 3635: 3632: 3631: 3624: 3618: 3614: 3604: 3600: 3597: 3593: 3588: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3557: 3555: 3551: 3550: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3536:Robert Nozick 3533: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3516: 3514: 3510: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3495: 3491: 3481: 3479: 3478:Victor Yarros 3475: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3438: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3411: 3409: 3408: 3400: 3398: 3397:Wendy McElroy 3395:According to 3393: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3372: 3368: 3358: 3353: 3351: 3350: 3349:Rights of Man 3342: 3338: 3333: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3313: 3309: 3301: 3298: 3295: 3294: 3293: 3290: 3288: 3283: 3282:Thomas Pangle 3279: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3258: 3254: 3253: 3249: 3243: 3239: 3234: 3224: 3221: 3220: 3217: 3216: 3210: 3206: 3201: 3199: 3195: 3194:civil society 3191: 3186: 3184: 3183: 3176: 3174: 3173: 3166: 3164: 3163: 3158: 3151: 3150:Thomas Hobbes 3147: 3137: 3134: 3126: 3115: 3112: 3108: 3105: 3101: 3098: 3094: 3091: 3087: 3084: – 3083: 3079: 3078:Find sources: 3072: 3066: 3065: 3061: 3056:This section 3054: 3050: 3045: 3044: 3040: 3039:Thomas Hobbes 3033:Thomas Hobbes 3030: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3015:social rights 3012: 3011:trial by jury 3008: 3007:James Madison 3003: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2968: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2957: 2951: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2940: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2921: 2917: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2904: 2903:Chief Justice 2900: 2896: 2892: 2886: 2882: 2880: 2876: 2870: 2865: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2849: 2844: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2832:Richard Price 2827: 2825: 2818: 2816: 2812: 2811:Thomas Hobbes 2808: 2807: 2802: 2798: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2780: 2777: 2776:natural state 2773: 2769: 2763: 2758: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2742: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2700:Freeborn John 2697: 2696:John Lilburne 2693: 2692: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2669: 2664: 2662: 2661:Martin Luther 2658: 2653: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2622: 2620: 2616: 2606: 2604: 2599: 2592: 2587: 2585: 2581: 2580: 2575: 2570: 2567: 2562: 2559: 2557: 2550: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2531: 2529: 2525: 2522:substituted " 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2504:H. L. A. Hart 2501: 2496: 2494: 2490: 2489:Immanuel Kant 2486: 2485: 2479: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2466:of the early 2465: 2461: 2457: 2447: 2445: 2439: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2400: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2351: 2347: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2319: 2314: 2310: 2309: 2308: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2286: 2281: 2279: 2274: 2272: 2267: 2266: 2264: 2263: 2258: 2253: 2248: 2246: 2241: 2236: 2235: 2234: 2233: 2226: 2223: 2221: 2218: 2216: 2213: 2209: 2206: 2204: 2201: 2200: 2199: 2196: 2194: 2191: 2187: 2184: 2183: 2182: 2181:Individualism 2179: 2177: 2174: 2172: 2169: 2167: 2164: 2162: 2159: 2155: 2152: 2151: 2150: 2147: 2143: 2140: 2139: 2138: 2135: 2133: 2130: 2128: 2125: 2123: 2120: 2118: 2115: 2114: 2108: 2107: 2100: 2097: 2095: 2092: 2090: 2087: 2083: 2080: 2076: 2073: 2072: 2071: 2068: 2066: 2063: 2062: 2061: 2060:United States 2058: 2054: 2051: 2049: 2046: 2044: 2041: 2039: 2036: 2035: 2034: 2031: 2029: 2026: 2024: 2021: 2019: 2016: 2014: 2011: 2009: 2006: 2004: 2001: 1999: 1996: 1994: 1991: 1989: 1986: 1984: 1981: 1979: 1976: 1974: 1971: 1969: 1966: 1964: 1961: 1959: 1956: 1954: 1951: 1949: 1946: 1942: 1939: 1938: 1937: 1934: 1932: 1929: 1927: 1924: 1922: 1919: 1917: 1914: 1912: 1909: 1907: 1904: 1902: 1899: 1897: 1894: 1892: 1889: 1887: 1884: 1882: 1879: 1877: 1874: 1872: 1869: 1867: 1864: 1862: 1859: 1857: 1854: 1852: 1849: 1845: 1842: 1841: 1840: 1837: 1835: 1832: 1830: 1827: 1825: 1822: 1820: 1817: 1815: 1812: 1810: 1807: 1803: 1800: 1799: 1798: 1795: 1793: 1790: 1788: 1785: 1783: 1780: 1778: 1775: 1773: 1770: 1768: 1765: 1763: 1760: 1758: 1755: 1753: 1750: 1748: 1745: 1743: 1740: 1738: 1735: 1733: 1730: 1728: 1725: 1721: 1718: 1717: 1716: 1713: 1711: 1708: 1706: 1703: 1701: 1698: 1696: 1693: 1691: 1688: 1686: 1683: 1681: 1678: 1676: 1673: 1671: 1668: 1666: 1663: 1661: 1660:Latin America 1658: 1656: 1653: 1652: 1649: 1644: 1643: 1634: 1631: 1629: 1626: 1624: 1621: 1619: 1616: 1614: 1611: 1609: 1606: 1604: 1601: 1599: 1596: 1594: 1591: 1589: 1586: 1584: 1581: 1579: 1576: 1574: 1571: 1570: 1565:Organizations 1562: 1561: 1554: 1551: 1549: 1546: 1544: 1541: 1539: 1536: 1534: 1531: 1529: 1526: 1524: 1521: 1519: 1516: 1514: 1511: 1509: 1506: 1504: 1501: 1499: 1496: 1494: 1491: 1489: 1486: 1484: 1481: 1479: 1476: 1474: 1471: 1469: 1466: 1464: 1461: 1459: 1456: 1454: 1451: 1449: 1446: 1444: 1441: 1439: 1436: 1434: 1431: 1429: 1426: 1424: 1421: 1419: 1416: 1414: 1411: 1409: 1406: 1404: 1401: 1399: 1396: 1394: 1391: 1389: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1379: 1376: 1374: 1371: 1369: 1366: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1354: 1351: 1350: 1344: 1343: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1313: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1301: 1298: 1296: 1293: 1291: 1288: 1286: 1283: 1281: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1246: 1243: 1241: 1238: 1236: 1233: 1231: 1228: 1226: 1223: 1221: 1218: 1216: 1213: 1211: 1208: 1206: 1203: 1201: 1198: 1196: 1193: 1191: 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Retrieved 5155: 5146: 5134:. Retrieved 5130: 5121: 5109:. Retrieved 5102:the original 5097: 5085: 5073:. Retrieved 5061: 5057: 5044: 5032:. Retrieved 5028:the original 5023: 5013: 5003:13 September 5001:. Retrieved 4989: 4985: 4972: 4963: 4957: 4945:. Retrieved 4936: 4927: 4907: 4899: 4891: 4879:. Retrieved 4870: 4847: 4830: 4826: 4820: 4808:. Retrieved 4799: 4790: 4778:. Retrieved 4769: 4759: 4747:. Retrieved 4738: 4734: 4724: 4712:. Retrieved 4704:"John Locke" 4697: 4688: 4682: 4673: 4667: 4659: 4658:John Locke, 4654: 4642:. Retrieved 4633: 4623: 4614: 4608: 4599: 4593: 4584: 4578: 4569: 4560: 4531: 4523: 4494: 4486: 4466: 4459: 4436: 4430: 4421: 4406: 4386: 4376: 4367:. New York: 4364: 4359: 4351: 4346: 4338: 4334: 4329: 4317: 4313: 4295: 4290: 4282: 4277: 4269: 4264: 4256: 4251: 4243: 4238: 4226: 4221: 4213: 4208: 4200: 4195: 4174: 4166: 4158: 4153: 4145: 4140: 4112: 4105: 4082: 4076: 4068: 4063: 4051:. Retrieved 4043:epicurus.net 4042: 4033: 4014: 4008: 3996:. 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Retrieved 3707: 3698: 3610: 3601: 3589: 3558: 3553: 3547: 3517: 3511: 3502: 3487: 3484:Contemporary 3449: 3445: 3440:, edited by 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3413: 3405: 3402: 3394: 3375: 3355: 3347: 3345: 3341:Thomas Paine 3332:Thomas Paine 3326:Thomas Paine 3320: 3316: 3305: 3291: 3277: 3262: 3245: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3202: 3187: 3181: 3177: 3171: 3167: 3161: 3154: 3129: 3120: 3110: 3103: 3096: 3089: 3077: 3057: 3023:positive law 3004: 2969: 2954: 2952: 2948:James Wilson 2937: 2933: 2930:Edmund Burke 2923: 2919: 2888: 2884: 2872: 2867: 2857: 2853: 2851: 2846: 2839: 2829: 2823: 2820: 2804: 2800: 2787: 2781: 2771: 2765: 2760: 2753: 2743: 2733: 2729: 2723: 2715: 2699: 2689: 2686:George Mason 2671: 2666: 2654: 2623: 2618: 2612: 2594: 2589: 2577: 2571: 2563: 2561: 2555: 2552: 2546: 2542: 2537: 2497: 2493:self-evident 2482: 2480: 2464:Catholic law 2453: 2440: 2404:human rights 2402:The idea of 2401: 2393:positive law 2376: 2367:, his pupil 2343: 2338:positive law 2334:legal system 2322: 2316: 2312: 2305:legal rights 2304: 2300: 2294: 2215:Pirate Party 2075:Jeffersonian 1983:South Africa 1473:Lloyd George 1068:Philosophers 975:To bear arms 964: 923:Open society 883: 659:Conservative 560:Self defense 550:Reproductive 255:Human rights 240: 201: 186: 168: 159: 137: 107: 98: 74: 50: 43: 37: 36:Please help 33: 7454:Sovereignty 7265:Das Kapital 7152:progressive 7142:inheritance 7065:Land reform 6839:real estate 6814:Land tenure 6802:Inheritance 6730:anticommons 6666:Law of rent 6646:Game theory 6576:Information 6556:Common land 6453:Cooperative 6301:Persecution 6269:in Zimbabwe 6194:in Thailand 6104:in Pakistan 6059:in Malaysia 5924:in Ethiopia 5884:in Cambodia 5864:in Botswana 5676:Middle East 5574:Sovereignty 5564:Natural law 5447:Natural law 5161:17 November 5136:17 November 4896:Fromm, Eric 4714:27 February 3918:. 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