362:, or princely palace, located near the top of the hill, is also controversial. Thought by some archeologists originally to have been a Late Bronze Age building, inspired by palatial buildings of the Greek (Mycenaean) Bronze Age, it was more certainly occupied in the Byzantine period. The remains of a large ditch, cut into the limestone, are clearly visible at Filiporto on the western side of the promontory, nearest to Ferla. This probably dates to the 4th century BC, and represents a defensive work of Greek military design, possibly in line with a policy of Dionysius of Syracuse, designed to secure allied sites in the hinterland. There are also three small medieval rock-cut chapels known respectively as the
441:(a Mycenaean princely palace) on the top of the hill is a multi-roomed building of large blocks, with various rectangular rooms, excavated in the 19th century by Paolo Orsi. Its origins are obscure (see above) but it was certainly used in the Byzantine period, as attested by roof tiles and pottery. Since no other prehistoric houses have been found on the hilltop, which is rather eroded, the location of the original prehistoric residential quarters remains uncertain. There may have been various clusters of habitation associated with each major burial zone.
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289:. In addition to its archaeological interest it is an important nature reserve (Riserva Naturale Orientata Pantalica), with a variety of local flora and fauna and natural caves (notably the Grotta dei Pipistrelli (Bat Cave)). Various pathways facilitate visitor access, including a disused railway track (dismantled in 1956) along the Anapo valley bottom. The promontory can be accessed directly by car from Ferla, or by walking down the old mule track from the parking place on the road from Sortino and crossing over the Calcinara stream.
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342:(near Palazzolo Acreide) at this time. Nevertheless, it was still occupied during classical antiquity, since finds of the 4th and 3rd centuries BC (Hellenistic period) are attested, as well as during the late antique or Byzantine periods. After the 12th century it was probably largely deserted, and overshadowed by Sortino.
381:, although most of the tombs had already been looted long before his time. The finds excavated by Orsi are on display in the Archaeological Museum in Syracuse. They include characteristic red-burnished pottery vessels and metal objects, including weaponry (small knives and daggers) and items of dress, such as bronze
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Pantalica evidently flourished for about 600 years, from about 1250 to 650 BC. The current name of the site probably dates from the Early Middle Ages or Arab period. The ancient name of the site is uncertain, but is associated by some archeologists with Hybla, after a Sicel king named Hyblon, who is
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and rings, which were placed with the deceased in the tombs. Most of the tombs contained between one and seven individuals of all ages and both sexes. Many tombs were evidently re-opened periodically for more burials. The average human life span at this time was probably around 30 years of age. The
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cut into the limestone rock, sometimes provided with a porch or short entrance corridor in front of the burial chamber, originally sealed with stones or a slab. There are also some larger rock-cut houses of uncertain date, often said to be
Byzantine, but possibly of earlier origin. The so-called
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in the year 728 BC. For several centuries before Greek colonization, Pantalica was undoubtedly one of the main sites of eastern Sicily, dominating the surrounding territory, including subsidiary settlements. By about 650 BC, however, it seems to have been a victim of the expansion of the city of
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is a spectacular cemetery of about 1000 tombs covering very steep slopes overlooking the
Calcinara river, best seen from the track coming from Sortino and from viewing platforms near the path. Remains of large rock-cut dwellings are on the gentler slopes to the
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consists of almost 1000 tombs, located on the southwestern side of the promontory (accessed by road from Ferla). In the same area are the remains of a defensive rock-cut ditch of later date (probably 4th century BC) traversing the promontory at its narrowest
246:, Italy. Dating from the 13th to the 7th centuries BC, there was thought to be over 5,000 tombs, although the most recent estimate suggests a figure of just under 4,000. They extend around the flanks of a large promontory located at the junction of the
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extends along the Anapo river for over 1 kilometre and is easily seen from the trackway at the bottom of the valley (a path leads down to it from the anaktoron). The old railway station, restored, has information about local fauna and
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on the island and the onset of more unsettled conditions. New large sites, like
Pantalica, appeared in the hilly coastal hinterlands, probably chosen for defensive reasons.
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Pantalica: recenti ricerche sulla topografia e cronologia delle tombe e delle abitazioni rupestri, in
Pantalica e la Sicilia nelle eta di Pantalica: 45–71. (2019)
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R. Leighton “Pantalica (Sicily) from the Late Bronze Age to the Middle Ages. A new survey and interpretation of the rock-cut monuments.”
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has tombs and rock-cut houses of the prehistoric and later periods, and can be seen from the road and designated viewing platforms.
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size of the prehistoric population is hard to estimate from the available data, but might have been 1000 people or more.
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is one of the earliest (12th and 11th century BC), and is traversed by the tarmac road from Ferla.
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The site was mainly excavated between 1895 and 1910 by the
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is a collection of cemeteries with rock-cut chamber tombs in southeast
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The remains visible today consist mainly of numerous prehistoric
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Buildings and structures completed in the 13th century BC
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Pantalica has five cemeteries spread over a large area:
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City of
Vicenza and the Palladian Villas of the Veneto
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Buildings and structures in the Province of Syracuse
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Longobards in Italy, Places of Power (568–774 A.D.)
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75:and the Rocky Necropolis of Pantalica
349:The view looking out of a necropolis
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501:at easily navigable Italian website
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296:The site marker for the necropoli
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454:(London: Thames and Hudson 1957).
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370:(on the southern side), and the
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366:(near the North cemetery), the
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523:. World History Encyclopedia.
113:3,699.7 ha (9,142 acres)
1205:Rock Drawings in Valcamonica
468:115 (2011) pp. 447–464.
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519:Piccolo, Salvatore (2018).
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461:(London: Duckworth 1999).
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1564:Necropolis of Pantalica
1499:Royal Palace of Caserta
1296:Orto botanico di Padova
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972:Necropolis of Cassibile
741:Villa Romana del Casale
602:Temple of Olympian Zeus
400:necropolis of Filiporto
372:Grotta di San Micidario
240:Necropolis of Pantalica
22:Necropolis of Pantalica
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157:37.14167°N 15.02833°E
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1752:Cemeteries in Italy
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1615:Temple of Clitumnus
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1024:Grotta del Genovese
997:Province of Trapani
900:Cava del Rivettazzo
807:Grotta dell'Addaura
794:Province of Palermo
751:Province of Messina
690:Province of Catania
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199:Show map of Sicily
162:37.14167; 15.02833
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521:Bronze Age Sicily
509:Wikimedia Commons
285:in south-eastern
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499:Syracuse tour
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1605:Castelseprio
1563:
1441:Amalfi Coast
1418:Villa d'Este
1210:
1181:Cinque Terre
1165:Porto Venere
1064:Cave di Cusa
976:
855:Hybla Heraea
698:Aetna (city)
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457:R. Leighton
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445:Bibliography
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1787:Necropoleis
1713:Switzerland
1685:Switzerland
1635:located at
1626:located at
1624:Santa Sofia
1617:located at
1583:Countrywide
1569:Val di Noto
1473:Herculaneum
1436:Alberobello
1413:Val d'Orcia
1211:Sacri Monti
680:Vassallaggi
660:Gibil Gabib
160: /
135:Coordinates
93:2006 (30th
90:Inscription
1741:Categories
1726:Montenegro
1555:Mount Etna
1446:Appian Way
1274:Conegliano
1235:Monferrato
1201:Landscapes
1155:Sabbioneta
925:Syrakousai
736:Morgantina
379:Paolo Orsi
331:Thucydides
125:.pantalica
1689:with the
1664:Palmanova
1628:Benevento
1358:Tarquinia
1354:Cerveteri
1259:Dolomites
1245:Northeast
1121:Northwest
1044:Selinunte
759:Abacaenum
731:Centuripe
439:Anaktoron
360:anaktoron
275:Calcinara
267:Pantalica
262:Geography
252:Calcinara
148:15°1′42″E
145:37°8′30″N
80:Reference
1709:Slovenia
1691:Holy See
1560:Syracuse
1478:Oplontis
1368:Florence
1270:Prosecco
1253:Aquileia
1169:Palmaria
1059:Temple F
1054:Temple E
1049:Temple C
1019:Halyciae
1014:Drepanum
895:Casmenae
860:Kamarina
850:Akrillai
832:Soluntum
675:Sabucina
256:Syracuse
84:1200-001
73:Syracuse
46:Location
1722:Croatia
1705:Germany
1697:Austria
1659:Bergamo
1610:Spoleto
1595:Brescia
1527:Islands
1512:Pompeii
1460:Paestum
1336:Central
1311:Ravenna
1264:Ferrara
1199:Bernina
1193:in the
1177:Tinetto
1039:Segesta
982:Thapsos
910:Helorus
888:Santoni
865:Kaukana
812:Hippana
802:Entella
779:Tindari
764:Halaesa
581:Akragas
505:Gallery
495:website
491:on the
317:History
283:Sortino
118:Website
95:Session
69:Part of
51:Sortino
1711:, and
1701:France
1487:Naples
1408:Urbino
1388:Pienza
1344:Assisi
1321:Verona
1316:Venice
1227:Langhe
1195:Albula
1151:Mantua
827:Pirama
822:Himera
708:Palike
703:Katáne
560:Sicily
433:flora.
403:point.
323:Sicels
287:Sicily
244:Sicily
59:Sicily
1720:with
1695:with
1683:with
1464:Velia
1428:South
1403:Siena
1231:Roero
1146:Ivrea
1134:Genoa
1034:Motya
1009:Erice
915:Netum
883:Akrai
817:Ietas
769:Naxos
425:east.
340:Akrai
279:Ferla
271:Anapo
248:Anapo
63:Italy
1724:and
1562:and
1505:and
1480:and
1462:and
1393:Rome
1356:and
1346:and
1289:and
1257:The
1233:and
1175:and
1173:Tino
1153:and
1005:Eryx
643:Gela
428:The
420:The
413:The
406:The
398:The
281:and
273:and
238:The
127:.org
102:Area
1272:di
507:at
123:www
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