652:
664:
529:
880:
birthday. The NEC Society is a patient-led organization that collaborates with expert clinicians and researchers to better understand, prevent, and treat this devastating neonatal intestinal disease. Today, patient-families and experts from around the world work together to improve outcomes for the most vulnerable infants at risk of NEC. Their work and numerous initiatives combine the patient-family perspective with solutions based on the best available scientific evidence.
815:
710:
review in 2020 (updated in 2023) found low- to moderate-quality evidence that supplementation of probiotics enterally "prevents severe NEC, as well as all-cause mortality in preterm infants" but cautioned that the evidence was not sufficient to inform policy and practice and that further high-quality
698:
or donor can be used if mother's milk is unavailable. The gut mucosal cells do not get enough nourishment from arterial blood supply to stay healthy, especially in very premature infants, where the blood supply is limited due to immature development of the capillaries, so nutrients from the lumen of
702:
Towards understanding intervention with human milk, experts have noted cow's and human milk differ in their immunoglobular and glycan compositions. Due to their relative ease of production, human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) are a subject of particular interest in supplementation and intervention.
1758:
Meta-analyses of four randomized clinical trials performed over the period 1983 to 2005 support the conclusion that feeding preterm infants human milk is associated with a significant reduction (58%) in the incidence of NEC. A more recent study of preterm infants fed an exclusive human milk diet
792:
When NEC is diagnosed and treated immediately, the prognosis for babies is generally very good. Most babies recover fully without any additional health problems. Overall, about 70-80% of infants who develop NEC survive. Medical management of NEC shows an increased chance of survival compared to
644:
has proven to be useful, as it may detect signs and complications of NEC before they are evident on radiographs, specifically in cases that involve a paucity of bowel gas, a gasless abdomen, or a sentinel loop. Diagnosis is ultimately made in 5–10% of very-low-birth-weight infants (<1,500g).
879:
is a 501(c)(3), non-profit organization dedicated to building a world without necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) through research, advocacy, and education. The NEC Society was launched in
January 2014 by Jennifer Canvasser after her son, Micah, died from complications of NEC just before his first
793:
surgical management. Despite a significant mortality risk, long-term prognosis for infants undergoing NEC surgery is improving, with survival rates of 70–80%. However, "Surgical NEC" survivors are still at risk for possible long-term complications, such as narrowing of the intestines or
892:", where all stakeholders are fully integrated and empowered. Patient-families are central to the planning, preparation, and execution of the meeting. Each session is dedicated to a baby affected by NEC. Patient-families take part in each session as faculty and also present posters.
727:
If a baby is diagnosed with NEC, treatment should begin immediately. Treatment consists primarily of supportive care, including providing bowel rest by stopping enteral feeds, gastric decompression with intermittent suction, fluid repletion to correct electrolyte abnormalities and
780:
Typical recovery from NEC if medical, nonsurgical treatment succeeds, includes 10–14 days or more without oral intake, and then demonstrated ability to resume feedings and gain weight. Recovery from NEC alone may be compromised by co-morbid conditions that frequently accompany
1376:
Uauy RD, Fanaroff AA, Korones SB, Phillips EA, Phillips JB, Wright LL. Necrotizing enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants: biodemographic and clinical corre-lates. National
Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network. J Pediatr.
718:
volumes at lower rates does not appear to reduce the risk of NEC or death in very preterm infants and seems to increase the risk of invasive infection. Not beginning feeding an infant by mouth for more than 4 days does not appear to have protective benefits.
651:
380:
The condition is typically seen in premature infants, and the timing of its onset is generally inversely proportional to the gestational age of the baby at birth (i.e., the earlier a baby is born, the later signs of NEC are typically seen).
693:
Small amounts of oral feeds of human milk starting as soon as possible, while the infant is being primarily fed intravenously, primes the immature gut to mature and become ready to receive greater intake by mouth. Human milk from a
788:
In the United States, NEC caused 355 deaths per 100,000 live births in 2013, down from 484 per 100,000 live births in 2009. Rates of death were almost three times higher for the black population than for the white population.
1645:
Muchantef K, Epelman M, Darge K, Kirpalani H, Laje P, Anupindi SA. Sonographic and radiographic imaging features of the neonate with necrotizing enterocolitis: correlating findings with outcomes. Pediatr Radiol. 2013 Jun
2449:
663:
2335:
2320:
2305:
371:
they are placed in. Onset is typically in the first four weeks of life. Among those affected, about 25% die. The sexes are affected with equal frequency. The condition was first described between 1888 and 1891.
742:
As an infant recovers from NEC, feeds are gradually introduced. "Trophic feeds" or low-volume feeds (<20 ml/kg/day) are usually initiated first. How and what to feed are determined by the extent of
1358:
Gephart SM, Spitzer AR, Effken JA, Dodd E, Halpern M, McGrath JM. Discrimination of GutCheckNEC: a clinical risk index for necrotizing enterocolitis. J Perinatol. 2014;34(6):468-475.
2442:
753:, immediate emergency surgery to resect the dead bowel is generally required, although abdominal drains may be placed in very unstable infants as a temporizing measure. Surgery may require a
543:, which can show the intestines and may show areas with dead tissue or a bowel perforation. Specific radiographic signs of NEC are associated with specific Bell's stages of the disease:
2435:
1863:
Boix-AmorĂłs A, Collado MC, Van't Land B, Calvert A, Le Doare K, Garssen J, et al. (May 2019). "Reviewing the evidence on breast milk composition and immunological outcomes".
1683:
Palleri E, Aghamn I, Bexelius TS, Bartocci M, Wester T (September 2018). "The effect of gestational age on clinical and radiological presentation of necrotizing enterocolitis".
888:
The NEC Society hosts an in-person, biennial
Symposium where clinicians, scientists and patient-families come together to listen, learn and collaborate. It is held as an “
674:
Diagnosis of NEC is more challenging in premature infants, due to inexplicit symptoms and radiographic signs. The most preterm infant is at highest risk of developing NEC.
3969:
1316:
Downard CD, Grant SN, Maki AC, Krupski MC, Matheson PJ, Bendon RW, et al. (July 2012). "Maternal cigarette smoking and the development of necrotizing enterocolitis".
930:
1367:
Horbar JD, Edwards EM, Greenberg LT, et al. Variation in performance of neona-tal intensive care units in the United States. JAMA Pediatr. 2017;171(3):e164396.
1433:
Yee WH, Soraisham AS, Shah VS, Aziz K, Yoon W, Lee SK (February 2012). "Incidence and timing of presentation of necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants".
3147:
3651:
690:, finding "significant short- and long-term beneficial effects," including reducing the rate of NEC by a factor of one-half to three-quarters.
3246:
2823:
2838:
2828:
367:
About 7% of those who are born prematurely develop NEC; however the odds of an infant developing this illness is directly related to the
3285:
1628:
836:
4440:
17:
3140:
739:
Monitoring is clinical, although serial supine and left lateral decubitus abdominal X-rays should be performed every six hours.
2818:
1910:"Overcoming the limited availability of human milk oligosaccharides: challenges and opportunities for research and application"
632:
3513:
1667:
270:
3425:
3165:
772:
output to the distal bowel. This refeeding process is believed to improve bowel adaptation and aid in advancement of feeds.
241:
The exact cause is unclear. However, several risk factors have been identified. Consistently described risk factors include
2721:
1759:
compared with those fed human milk supplemented with cow's milk-based infant formula products noted a 77% reduction in NEC.
2057:"Delayed introduction of progressive enteral feeds to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants"
231:
1146:"Exposure to any antenatal corticosteroids and outcomes in preterm infants by gestational age: prospective cohort study"
657:
Alimentary tract of infant showing intestinal necrosis, pneumatosis intestinalis, and perforation site (arrow) (autopsy)
3726:
3133:
2726:
4398:
4245:
2504:
1037:
862:
289:
have not been consistently implicated with the development of NEC. Other risk factors potentially implicated include
1560:
844:
4143:
3047:
3022:
2813:
4284:
3896:
3879:
3384:
3379:
3256:
3114:
3064:
2632:
2427:
266:
2008:"Slow advancement of enteral feed volumes to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants"
4138:
4094:
3988:
3810:
3409:
840:
683:
127:
4349:
4195:
2806:
302:
4104:
3623:
3231:
3042:
2965:
2783:
2731:
2415:
539:
Diagnosis is usually suspected clinically, but often requires the aid of diagnostic imaging, most commonly
2542:
3318:
3032:
2937:
2874:
798:
210:) is an intestinal disease that affects premature or very low birth weight infants. Symptoms may include
1195:"Chorioamnionitis as a risk factor for necrotizing enterocolitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
3684:
3613:
3214:
2879:
2869:
2760:
2755:
3957:
3913:
3866:
3290:
2618:
2614:
2574:
1390:
Panigrahi P (2006). "Necrotizing enterocolitis: a practical guide to its prevention and management".
2191:
Christian VJ, Polzin E, Welak S (August 2018). "Nutrition
Management of Necrotizing Enterocolitis".
4303:
3983:
3618:
3576:
3389:
3264:
3251:
3221:
3192:
2975:
2896:
2350:
825:
729:
585:
361:
290:
147:
115:
91:
1959:"Probiotics to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very preterm or very low birth weight infants"
4228:
4005:
3746:
3538:
3197:
3071:
3037:
2642:
2562:
2552:
2499:
829:
764:
In the case of an infant whose bowel is left in discontinuity, the surgical creation of a mucous
78:
4308:
4032:
4015:
3399:
3275:
3226:
3187:
3157:
2952:
2770:
2679:
2662:
1476:
397:
134:
2390:
4240:
4159:
4148:
4109:
4037:
3340:
2886:
2594:
1027:
1236:"Risk Factors for Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Neonates: A Retrospective Case-Control Study"
4435:
4279:
4223:
4044:
3940:
3523:
3518:
3352:
3270:
3236:
2924:
2914:
2716:
2672:
2104:
Heird WC, Gomez MR (June 1994). "Total parenteral nutrition in necrotizing enterocolitis".
794:
758:
733:
589:
389:
357:
298:
151:
123:
87:
2235:
1908:
Bode L, Contractor N, Barile D, Pohl N, Prudden AR, Boons GJ, et al. (October 2016).
8:
4373:
4183:
4076:
4059:
4020:
3993:
3945:
3788:
3765:
3758:
3707:
3679:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3508:
3125:
3109:
3092:
2942:
2798:
2708:
2339:
2329:
1771:
Ziegler EE, Carlson SJ (March 2009). "Early nutrition of very low birth weight infants".
458:
368:
278:
1983:
1958:
1725:
1057:
564:
Mild intestinal signs (abdominal distention, increased gastric residuals, bloody stools)
4385:
4250:
4233:
4218:
4205:
4188:
4054:
3689:
3581:
3553:
3487:
3313:
3209:
3174:
3027:
2983:
2960:
2850:
2627:
2216:
2165:
2140:
2081:
2056:
2032:
2007:
1934:
1909:
1840:
1815:
1796:
1708:
1609:
1529:
1502:
1458:
1415:
1341:
1170:
1145:
1121:
1096:
1008:
669:
Close-up of intestine of infant showing necrosis and pneumatosis intestinalis (autopsy)
596:
353:
337:
262:
83:
61:
2344:
2117:
1597:
4363:
4344:
3717:
2860:
2778:
2748:
2689:
2667:
2484:
2361:
2271:
Schanler RJ, Abrams SA, Kim MS. Management of necrotizing enterocolitis in newborns.
2250:
2208:
2170:
2121:
2086:
2037:
1988:
1939:
1890:
1845:
1788:
1749:
1700:
1663:
1601:
1534:
1450:
1407:
1403:
1333:
1298:
1293:
1276:
1257:
1216:
1175:
1126:
1077:
1033:
1000:
750:
385:
41:
2220:
1800:
1712:
1613:
1462:
1419:
1345:
1058:"A Call to Action to Fight for Equity and End Necrotizing Enterocolitis Disparities"
1012:
746:
involved, the need for surgical intervention, and the infant's clinical appearance.
4410:
4330:
4325:
4315:
4177:
4049:
3977:
3795:
3702:
3697:
3627:
3586:
3394:
3359:
3102:
2929:
2589:
2530:
2494:
2401:
2200:
2160:
2152:
2113:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2027:
2023:
2019:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1929:
1921:
1880:
1872:
1835:
1827:
1780:
1739:
1696:
1692:
1593:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1442:
1399:
1325:
1288:
1247:
1206:
1165:
1157:
1116:
1108:
1069:
992:
707:
625:
600:
432:
345:
258:
250:
180:
50:
2457:
768:
or connection to the distal bowel may be helpful, as this allows for refeeding of
4368:
4298:
4164:
4099:
4064:
3935:
3800:
3736:
3638:
3557:
3548:
3498:
3438:
3323:
3300:
3059:
2845:
2737:
2657:
2355:
1657:
1252:
1235:
1073:
715:
641:
349:
333:
314:
274:
254:
2404:
1211:
1194:
682:
Prevention includes the use of breast milk and probiotics. A 2012 policy by the
528:
4405:
4320:
3874:
3847:
3712:
3647:
3643:
3533:
3503:
2684:
2366:
1112:
785:. Long-term complications of medical NEC include bowel obstruction and anemia.
294:
242:
219:
119:
1784:
757:, which may be able to be reversed at a later time. Some children may develop
4429:
4338:
4291:
4084:
4027:
4010:
3922:
3667:
3494:
3369:
3335:
3280:
2623:
2463:
1081:
931:"Necrotizing Enterocolitis – Pediatrics – Merck Manuals Professional Edition"
782:
749:
Where the disease is not halted through medical treatment alone, or when the
687:
393:
282:
111:
2314:
1925:
1876:
1831:
1277:"Maternal cocaine abuse and necrotizing enterocolitis: outcome and survival"
4213:
4125:
3998:
3901:
3852:
3837:
3832:
3828:
3741:
3566:
3482:
3374:
3364:
3330:
2743:
2584:
2254:
2212:
2174:
2090:
2041:
1992:
1943:
1894:
1849:
1792:
1753:
1744:
1727:
1704:
1605:
1538:
1454:
1446:
1411:
1337:
1329:
1261:
1220:
1179:
1144:
Travers CP, Clark RH, Spitzer AR, Das A, Garite TJ, Carlo WA (March 2017).
1130:
1004:
889:
516:
143:
2297:
2156:
2125:
1629:"Clinical features and diagnosis of necrotizing enterocolitis in newborns"
1302:
996:
4393:
4155:
4133:
3964:
3884:
3528:
3429:
3182:
3087:
2989:
2855:
2557:
2385:
1193:
Been JV, Lievense S, Zimmermann LJ, Kramer BW, Wolfs TG (February 2013).
615:
558:
540:
405:
401:
341:
321:
184:
161:
106:
54:
1885:
621:
Additional intestinal signs (striking abdominal distention, peritonitis)
4169:
3842:
3820:
3465:
3404:
3097:
3054:
2995:
2833:
1862:
1726:
American
Academy of Pediatrics, Section on Breastfeeding (March 2012).
581:
Additional intestinal signs (absent bowel sounds, abdominal tenderness)
532:
420:
The exact cause is unclear. Several risk factors have been implicated:
329:
325:
176:
165:
46:
2204:
1161:
4119:
4089:
3952:
3930:
3783:
3634:
3608:
3470:
3460:
3347:
3308:
3241:
3000:
2459:
2396:
2324:
1957:
Sharif S, Meader N, Oddie SJ, Rojas-Reyes MX, McGuire W (July 2023).
754:
695:
485:
313:
of the intestines. Diagnosis is based on symptoms and confirmed with
310:
246:
211:
192:
1275:
Czyrko C, Del Pin CA, O'Neill JA, Peckham GJ, Ross AJ (April 1991).
814:
3753:
3731:
3443:
2793:
2410:
1097:"A critical analysis of risk factors for necrotizing enterocolitis"
631:
Additional laboratory changes (metabolic and respiratory acidosis,
306:
305:. The underlying mechanism is believed to involve a combination of
223:
215:
67:
3805:
3571:
3475:
3447:
2516:
983:
765:
286:
396:. Symptoms may progress rapidly to abdominal discoloration with
4271:
3889:
3775:
2520:
2309:
1274:
769:
139:
1584:
Lin PW, Stoll BJ (October 2006). "Necrotising enterocolitis".
3721:
3451:
2904:
2651:
1682:
743:
554:
235:
1956:
1816:"Human milk oligosaccharides: every baby needs a sugar mama"
1503:"Recent advances in understanding necrotizing enterocolitis"
1192:
409:
227:
71:
3155:
2234:
Xu J, Murphy SL, Kochanek KD, Bastian BA (February 2016).
876:
352:
measures may also be required. Complications may include
1907:
1561:"Necrotizing Enterocolitis: A Guide for Preemie Parents"
2233:
1315:
2266:
2264:
1143:
1773:
The
Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine
2287:
2190:
1432:
761:
if extensive portions of the bowel must be removed.
2261:
1501:Alganabi M, Lee C, Bindi E, Li B, Pierro A (2019).
1500:
1025:
2186:
2184:
2054:
2005:
1626:
1056:Gephart, Sheila M.; Quinn, Megan (October 2021).
1032:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 59.
384:Initial symptoms include feeding intolerance and
4427:
277:, lack of prenatal steroids, mode of delivery,
2181:
1770:
3141:
2443:
2270:
2055:Young L, Oddie SJ, McGuire W (January 2022).
1554:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1233:
3247:Esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction
2006:Oddie SJ, Young L, McGuire W (August 2021).
1577:
1055:
66:Poor feeding, bloating, decreased activity,
2061:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2012:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1963:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
843:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
3286:Esophageal intramural pseudodiverticulosis
3148:
3134:
2450:
2436:
2103:
1655:
1545:
1385:
1383:
1234:Lu Q, Cheng S, Zhou M, Yu J (April 2017).
982:
978:
976:
974:
972:
925:
2164:
2138:
2080:
2031:
1982:
1933:
1884:
1839:
1743:
1728:"Breastfeeding and the use of human milk"
1639:
1528:
1518:
1389:
1292:
1251:
1210:
1169:
1120:
1101:Seminars in Fetal & Neonatal Medicine
1094:
970:
968:
966:
964:
962:
960:
958:
956:
954:
952:
923:
921:
919:
917:
915:
913:
911:
909:
907:
905:
863:Learn how and when to remove this message
449:Intrahepatic cholestasis during pregnancy
271:intrahepatic cholestasis during pregnancy
1583:
567:Nonspecific or normal radiological signs
535:of a baby with necrotizing enterocolitis
527:
344:. Surgery is required in those who have
1627:Schanler RJ, Abrams SA, Kim MS (2016).
1380:
1026:Crocetti M, Barone MA, Oski FA (2004).
804:
14:
4428:
1656:Marino BS, Fine KS (1 December 2008).
949:
902:
633:disseminated intravascular coagulation
4270:
3514:Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth
3129:
2431:
2097:
1662:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
1558:
519:for patent ductus arteriosus closure
491:
375:
2722:Infant respiratory distress syndrome
1813:
1481:The Lecturio Medical Concept Library
1051:
1049:
841:adding citations to reliable sources
808:
732:losses, support for blood pressure,
686:recommended feeding preterm infants
470:
27:Intestinal disease affecting infants
2145:The New England Journal of Medicine
1095:Rose AT, Patel RM (December 2018).
423:
24:
2727:Transient tachypnea of the newborn
935:Merck Manuals Professional Edition
548:Bell's stage 1 (suspected disease)
25:
4452:
4399:Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
4246:Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
2505:Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome
2283:
2243:National Vital Statistics Reports
2139:Neu J, Walker WA (January 2011).
1046:
736:, and prompt antibiotic therapy.
609:Bell's stage 3 (advanced disease)
573:Bell's stage 2 (definite disease)
4441:Gastrointestinal tract disorders
4144:Secondary sclerosing cholangitis
3023:Vertically transmitted infection
1404:10.2165/00148581-200608030-00002
883:
813:
662:
650:
3385:Gastric antral vascular ectasia
3380:Portal hypertensive gastropathy
3257:Gastroesophageal reflux disease
3115:Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder
3065:Group B streptococcal infection
2633:Intrauterine growth restriction
2227:
2132:
2048:
1999:
1950:
1901:
1856:
1807:
1764:
1719:
1676:
1649:
1620:
1494:
1469:
1426:
1370:
1361:
1352:
1309:
1287:(4): 414–8, discussion 419–21.
578:Mild to moderate systemic signs
388:, increased gastric residuals,
320:Prevention includes the use of
267:intrauterine growth restriction
4139:Primary sclerosing cholangitis
3989:Hepatic veno-occlusive disease
3811:Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome
2458:Conditions originating in the
2193:Nutrition in Clinical Practice
2073:10.1002/14651858.CD001970.pub6
2024:10.1002/14651858.CD001241.pub8
1975:10.1002/14651858.CD005496.pub6
1697:10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2017.09.018
1520:10.12688/f1000research.17228.1
1268:
1227:
1186:
1137:
1088:
1019:
684:American Academy of Pediatrics
482:Formula feeding (bovine based)
128:prolonged rupture of membranes
13:
1:
4196:Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction
2807:Vitamin K deficiency bleeding
2236:"Deaths: Final Data for 2013"
2118:10.1016/s0095-5108(18)30352-x
1598:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69525-1
895:
799:neurodevelopmental disability
677:
303:prelabor rupture of membranes
4105:Postcholecystectomy syndrome
3624:Intestinal pseudoobstruction
3232:Esophageal motility disorder
2966:Periventricular leukomalacia
2784:Persistent fetal circulation
2732:Meconium aspiration syndrome
1685:Journal of Pediatric Surgery
1294:10.1016/0022-3468(91)90988-6
1281:Journal of Pediatric Surgery
1253:10.1016/j.pedneo.2016.04.002
1074:10.1097/ANC.0000000000000940
775:
722:
523:
429:Acid-suppressing medications
7:
2875:Intraventricular hemorrhage
2141:"Necrotizing enterocolitis"
1477:"Necrotizing Enterocolitis"
1212:10.1016/j.jpeds.2012.07.012
1029:Oski's Essential Pediatrics
584:Specific radiologic signs (
257:. Maternal factors such as
10:
4457:
4090:Gallstone / Cholelithiasis
3614:Functional colonic disease
3410:Zollinger–Ellison syndrome
2880:Germinal matrix hemorrhage
2870:Velamentous cord insertion
2761:Bronchopulmonary dysplasia
1240:Pediatrics and Neonatology
1113:10.1016/j.siny.2018.07.005
561:, temperature instability)
4384:
4263:
4204:
4118:
4075:
3921:
3912:
3865:
3819:
3774:
3660:
3547:
3437:
3424:
3299:
3291:Acute esophageal necrosis
3173:
3164:
3080:
3015:
2974:
2951:
2923:
2910:Necrotizing enterocolitis
2895:
2792:
2769:
2707:
2700:
2641:
2619:Large for gestational age
2615:Small for gestational age
2607:
2571:
2539:
2513:
2481:
2470:
2376:
2291:
1814:Bode L (September 2012).
1785:10.1080/14767050802630169
1199:The Journal of Pediatrics
1062:Advances in Neonatal Care
624:Severe radiologic signs (
614:Severe systemic illness (
512:Poor intestinal perfusion
452:Lack of prenatal steroids
446:Increased body mass index
410:intensive medical support
204:Necrotizing enterocolitis
191:
172:
157:
133:
105:
97:
77:
60:
40:
36:Necrotizing enterocolitis
35:
18:Necrotising enterocolitis
3390:Gastric dumping syndrome
3265:Laryngopharyngeal reflux
3252:Diffuse esophageal spasm
586:pneumatosis intestinalis
415:
291:congenital heart disease
148:infectious enterocolitis
116:congenital heart disease
4006:Alcoholic liver disease
3539:Bile acid malabsorption
3483:Peptic (duodenal) ulcer
3072:Neonatal conjunctivitis
2563:Single umbilical artery
2553:Umbilical cord prolapse
2500:Placental insufficiency
2473:complicating pregnancy,
2106:Clinics in Perinatology
553:Mild systemic disease (
346:free air in the abdomen
4016:Hepatic encephalopathy
3400:Buried bumper syndrome
3331:Peptic (gastric) ulcer
3215:Mallory–Weiss syndrome
3158:human digestive system
3048:ureaplasma urealyticum
2756:Wilson–Mikity syndrome
2680:Brachial plexus injury
1745:10.1542/peds.2011-3552
1559:Cline M (2021-07-14).
1447:10.1542/peds.2011-2022
1330:10.1542/peds.2011-3808
536:
398:intestinal perforation
218:, decreased activity,
135:Differential diagnosis
4241:Pancreatic pseudocyst
4110:Porcelain gallbladder
3222:Zenker's diverticulum
2996:Congenital hypertonia
2887:Anemia of prematurity
2595:Shoulder presentation
2157:10.1056/NEJMra1005408
1926:10.1093/nutrit/nuw025
1877:10.1093/nutrit/nuz019
1832:10.1093/glycob/cws074
1659:Blueprints Pediatrics
997:10.1542/pir.2017-0002
531:
358:intestinal strictures
328:. Treatment includes
88:intestinal strictures
4045:Hepatorenal syndrome
3984:Budd–Chiari syndrome
3941:Autoimmune hepatitis
3766:Intestinal adhesions
3524:Short bowel syndrome
3353:Functional dyspepsia
3271:Esophageal stricture
3237:Nutcracker esophagus
3001:Congenital hypotonia
2915:Meconium peritonitis
2717:Intrauterine hypoxia
2673:Subgaleal hemorrhage
1377:1991;119(4):630-638.
985:Pediatrics in Review
837:improve this section
805:Society and advocacy
795:Short bowel syndrome
759:short bowel syndrome
734:parenteral nutrition
699:the gut are needed.
595:Laboratory changes (
486:Intestinal dysbiosis
390:abdominal distension
348:. A number of other
299:exchange transfusion
152:Hirschsprung disease
124:exchange transfusion
4184:Choledocholithiasis
4055:Metabolic disorders
4021:Acute liver failure
3994:Portal hypertension
3946:Alcoholic hepatitis
3789:Radiation proctitis
3708:Mesenteric ischemia
3680:Gastroenterocolitis
3509:Blind loop syndrome
3319:Ménétrier's disease
3227:Barrett's esophagus
3110:Neonatal withdrawal
3093:Perinatal mortality
2943:Sclerema neonatorum
2799:hematologic disease
711:trials are needed.
603:in the bloodstream)
500:Antibiotic exposure
459:Placental abruption
369:intensive care unit
362:developmental delay
279:placental abruption
232:multi-organ failure
92:developmental delay
4359:Undefined location
4350:Grynfeltt–Lesshaft
4251:Pancreatic fistula
4234:Pancreatic abscess
4189:Biliary dyskinesia
4160:Mirizzi's syndrome
3661:Large and/or small
3341:Dieulafoy's lesion
3210:Boerhaave syndrome
3043:mycoplasma hominis
3028:Neonatal infection
2984:Gray baby syndrome
2961:Perinatal asphyxia
2851:Hyperbilirubinemia
2628:Postterm pregnancy
2475:labour or delivery
2377:External resources
1565:Birth Injury Guide
616:low blood pressure
597:metabolic acidosis
537:
503:Blood transfusions
492:Other risk factors
443:growth restriction
376:Signs and symptoms
354:short-gut syndrome
340:, and intravenous
338:intravenous fluids
234:, and potentially
220:blood in the stool
84:Short-gut syndrome
4423:
4422:
4419:
4418:
4259:
4258:
3861:
3860:
3718:Bowel obstruction
3420:
3419:
3123:
3122:
3011:
3010:
2861:Neonatal jaundice
2779:Pneumopericardium
2749:Pneumomediastinum
2690:Klumpke paralysis
2668:Caput succedaneum
2603:
2602:
2471:Maternal factors
2425:
2424:
2205:10.1002/ncp.10115
1914:Nutrition Reviews
1865:Nutrition Reviews
1669:978-0-7817-8251-7
1592:(9543): 1271–83.
1162:10.1136/bmj.j1039
873:
872:
865:
601:too few platelets
590:portal venous gas
559:slowed heart rate
515:Prolonged use of
506:Cardiac anomalies
471:Main risk factors
386:failure to thrive
201:
200:
197:Risk of death 25%
30:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
4448:
4411:Pneumoperitoneum
4268:
4267:
4178:Common bile duct
4060:Wilson's disease
4050:Peliosis hepatis
3919:
3918:
3796:Proctalgia fugax
3703:Abdominal angina
3628:Ogilvie syndrome
3577:Pseudomembranous
3435:
3434:
3395:Gastric volvulus
3360:Pyloric stenosis
3171:
3170:
3156:Diseases of the
3150:
3143:
3136:
3127:
3126:
3103:Infant mortality
2938:Erythema toxicum
2930:thermoregulation
2897:Gastrointestinal
2705:
2704:
2701:Affected systems
2578:
2546:
2531:Chorioamnionitis
2524:
2495:Placenta praevia
2488:
2479:
2478:
2452:
2445:
2438:
2429:
2428:
2289:
2288:
2277:
2276:
2268:
2259:
2258:
2240:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2188:
2179:
2178:
2168:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2084:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2035:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1986:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1937:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1888:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1843:
1826:(9): 1147–1162.
1811:
1805:
1804:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1747:
1738:(3): e827–e841.
1723:
1717:
1716:
1691:(9): 1660–1664.
1680:
1674:
1673:
1653:
1647:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1571:
1556:
1543:
1542:
1532:
1522:
1498:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1441:(2): e298–e304.
1430:
1424:
1423:
1392:Paediatric Drugs
1387:
1378:
1374:
1368:
1365:
1359:
1356:
1350:
1349:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1296:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1255:
1231:
1225:
1224:
1214:
1205:(2): 236–42.e2.
1190:
1184:
1183:
1173:
1141:
1135:
1134:
1124:
1092:
1086:
1085:
1053:
1044:
1043:
1023:
1017:
1016:
980:
947:
946:
944:
942:
927:
868:
861:
857:
854:
848:
817:
809:
751:bowel perforates
666:
654:
626:pneumoperitoneum
476:Low birth weight
455:Mode of delivery
433:Chorioamnionitis
424:Maternal factors
259:chorioamnionitis
251:low birth weight
181:nasogastric tube
51:gastroenterology
33:
32:
21:
4456:
4455:
4451:
4450:
4449:
4447:
4446:
4445:
4426:
4425:
4424:
4415:
4380:
4369:Internal hernia
4255:
4200:
4165:Biliary fistula
4123:
4114:
4100:Adenomyomatosis
4095:Cholesterolosis
4071:
4065:Hemochromatosis
3936:Viral hepatitis
3908:
3857:
3815:
3801:Rectal prolapse
3770:
3737:Fecal impaction
3727:Intussusception
3690:Crohn's disease
3656:
3639:Toxic megacolon
3551:
3549:Large intestine
3543:
3488:Curling's ulcer
3441:
3439:Small intestine
3428:
3416:
3324:Gastroenteritis
3295:
3160:
3154:
3124:
3119:
3076:
3060:Neonatal sepsis
3007:
2976:Musculoskeletal
2970:
2947:
2928:
2919:
2891:
2846:Hydrops fetalis
2797:
2788:
2765:
2738:Pleural disease
2696:
2658:Cephalohematoma
2637:
2599:
2572:
2567:
2540:
2535:
2514:
2509:
2482:
2474:
2472:
2466:
2456:
2426:
2421:
2420:
2372:
2371:
2300:
2286:
2281:
2280:
2269:
2262:
2238:
2232:
2228:
2189:
2182:
2137:
2133:
2102:
2098:
2067:(1): CD001970.
2053:
2049:
2018:(8): CD001241.
2004:
2000:
1969:(7): CD005496.
1955:
1951:
1920:(10): 635–644.
1906:
1902:
1861:
1857:
1812:
1808:
1769:
1765:
1724:
1720:
1681:
1677:
1670:
1654:
1650:
1644:
1640:
1625:
1621:
1582:
1578:
1569:
1567:
1557:
1546:
1499:
1495:
1485:
1483:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1431:
1427:
1388:
1381:
1375:
1371:
1366:
1362:
1357:
1353:
1314:
1310:
1273:
1269:
1232:
1228:
1191:
1187:
1142:
1138:
1093:
1089:
1054:
1047:
1040:
1024:
1020:
991:(12): 552–559.
981:
950:
940:
938:
937:. February 2017
929:
928:
903:
898:
886:
869:
858:
852:
849:
834:
818:
807:
778:
725:
680:
670:
667:
658:
655:
642:Ultrasonography
526:
509:Neonatal anemia
494:
473:
426:
418:
378:
334:orogastric tube
315:medical imaging
307:poor blood flow
275:body mass index
243:formula feeding
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4454:
4444:
4443:
4438:
4421:
4420:
4417:
4416:
4414:
4413:
4408:
4406:Hemoperitoneum
4403:
4402:
4401:
4390:
4388:
4382:
4381:
4379:
4378:
4377:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4355:
4354:
4353:
4352:
4347:
4334:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4312:
4311:
4306:
4295:
4294:
4289:
4288:
4287:
4276:
4274:
4265:
4261:
4260:
4257:
4256:
4254:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4237:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4210:
4208:
4202:
4201:
4199:
4198:
4193:
4192:
4191:
4186:
4173:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4153:
4152:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4130:
4128:
4116:
4115:
4113:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4081:
4079:
4073:
4072:
4070:
4069:
4068:
4067:
4062:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4041:
4040:
4035:
4025:
4024:
4023:
4018:
4008:
4003:
4002:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3974:
3973:
3972:
3962:
3961:
3960:
3950:
3949:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3927:
3925:
3916:
3910:
3909:
3907:
3906:
3905:
3904:
3894:
3893:
3892:
3887:
3877:
3875:Blood in stool
3871:
3869:
3863:
3862:
3859:
3858:
3856:
3855:
3850:
3848:Anal dysplasia
3845:
3840:
3835:
3825:
3823:
3817:
3816:
3814:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3792:
3791:
3780:
3778:
3772:
3771:
3769:
3768:
3763:
3762:
3761:
3751:
3750:
3749:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3715:
3713:Angiodysplasia
3710:
3705:
3694:
3693:
3692:
3682:
3677:
3676:
3675:
3664:
3662:
3658:
3657:
3655:
3654:
3648:Diverticulosis
3644:Diverticulitis
3641:
3632:
3631:
3630:
3621:
3611:
3606:
3605:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3569:
3563:
3561:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3541:
3536:
3534:Milroy disease
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3504:Tropical sprue
3501:
3492:
3491:
3490:
3480:
3479:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3457:
3455:
3432:
3426:Lower GI tract
3422:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3414:
3413:
3412:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3356:
3355:
3345:
3344:
3343:
3338:
3328:
3327:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3305:
3303:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3262:
3261:
3260:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3218:
3217:
3212:
3202:
3201:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3179:
3177:
3168:
3166:Upper GI tract
3162:
3161:
3153:
3152:
3145:
3138:
3130:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3106:
3105:
3100:
3090:
3084:
3082:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3074:
3069:
3068:
3067:
3057:
3052:
3051:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3038:herpes simplex
3035:
3025:
3019:
3017:
3013:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3005:
3004:
3003:
2998:
2986:
2980:
2978:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2968:
2963:
2957:
2955:
2953:Nervous system
2949:
2948:
2946:
2945:
2940:
2934:
2932:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2901:
2899:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2889:
2884:
2883:
2882:
2872:
2866:
2865:
2864:
2863:
2858:
2848:
2843:
2842:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2810:
2809:
2803:
2801:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2786:
2781:
2775:
2773:
2771:Cardiovascular
2767:
2766:
2764:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2752:
2751:
2746:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2713:
2711:
2702:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2692:
2687:
2677:
2676:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2647:
2645:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2630:
2621:
2611:
2609:
2605:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2581:
2579:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2549:
2547:
2543:umbilical cord
2537:
2536:
2534:
2533:
2527:
2525:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2491:
2489:
2476:
2468:
2467:
2455:
2454:
2447:
2440:
2432:
2423:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2407:
2393:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2374:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2358:
2347:
2332:
2317:
2301:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2292:Classification
2285:
2284:External links
2282:
2279:
2278:
2260:
2226:
2199:(4): 476–482.
2180:
2151:(3): 255–264.
2131:
2112:(2): 389–409.
2096:
2047:
1998:
1949:
1900:
1871:(8): 541–556.
1855:
1806:
1779:(3): 191–197.
1763:
1718:
1675:
1668:
1648:
1638:
1619:
1576:
1544:
1493:
1468:
1425:
1398:(3): 151–165.
1379:
1369:
1360:
1351:
1308:
1267:
1246:(2): 165–170.
1226:
1185:
1136:
1107:(6): 374–379.
1087:
1068:(5): 333–335.
1045:
1038:
1018:
948:
900:
899:
897:
894:
890:All-In Meeting
885:
882:
871:
870:
853:September 2024
821:
819:
812:
806:
803:
777:
774:
724:
721:
679:
676:
672:
671:
668:
661:
659:
656:
649:
639:
638:
637:
636:
629:
622:
619:
606:
605:
604:
593:
582:
579:
570:
569:
568:
565:
562:
525:
522:
521:
520:
513:
510:
507:
504:
501:
498:
493:
490:
489:
488:
483:
480:
477:
472:
469:
468:
467:
464:
461:
456:
453:
450:
447:
444:
438:
435:
430:
425:
422:
417:
414:
377:
374:
295:birth asphyxia
199:
198:
195:
189:
188:
174:
170:
169:
159:
155:
154:
137:
131:
130:
120:birth asphyxia
109:
103:
102:
99:
95:
94:
81:
75:
74:
64:
58:
57:
44:
38:
37:
29:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4453:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4433:
4431:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4400:
4397:
4396:
4395:
4392:
4391:
4389:
4387:
4383:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4361:
4360:
4357:
4356:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4342:
4341:
4340:
4336:
4335:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4301:
4300:
4297:
4296:
4293:
4290:
4286:
4283:
4282:
4281:
4280:Diaphragmatic
4278:
4277:
4275:
4273:
4269:
4266:
4262:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4216:
4215:
4212:
4211:
4209:
4207:
4203:
4197:
4194:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4181:
4180:
4179:
4175:
4174:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4157:
4154:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4136:
4135:
4132:
4131:
4129:
4127:
4121:
4117:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4085:Cholecystitis
4083:
4082:
4080:
4078:
4074:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4057:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4030:
4029:
4028:Liver abscess
4026:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4013:
4012:
4011:Liver failure
4009:
4007:
4004:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3981:
3980:
3979:
3975:
3971:
3968:
3967:
3966:
3963:
3959:
3956:
3955:
3954:
3951:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3933:
3932:
3929:
3928:
3926:
3924:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3911:
3903:
3900:
3899:
3898:
3895:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3882:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3872:
3870:
3868:
3864:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3830:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3822:
3818:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3790:
3787:
3786:
3785:
3782:
3781:
3779:
3777:
3773:
3767:
3764:
3760:
3757:
3756:
3755:
3752:
3748:
3745:
3744:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3700:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3688:
3687:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3669:
3668:Enterocolitis
3666:
3665:
3663:
3659:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3636:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3616:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3574:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3555:
3550:
3546:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3496:
3495:Malabsorption
3493:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3484:
3481:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3462:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3440:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3370:Gastroparesis
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3349:
3346:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3336:Cushing ulcer
3334:
3333:
3332:
3329:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3302:
3298:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3281:Megaesophagus
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3266:
3263:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3234:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3206:
3203:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3176:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3151:
3146:
3144:
3139:
3137:
3132:
3131:
3128:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3079:
3073:
3070:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3014:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2992:
2991:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2977:
2973:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2954:
2950:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2926:
2922:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2894:
2888:
2885:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2795:
2791:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2768:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2740:
2739:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2706:
2703:
2699:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2681:
2678:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2654:
2653:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2640:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2625:
2624:Preterm birth
2622:
2620:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2606:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2570:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2538:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2518:
2512:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2480:
2477:
2469:
2465:
2464:fetal disease
2461:
2453:
2448:
2446:
2441:
2439:
2434:
2433:
2430:
2417:
2413:
2412:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2392:
2388:
2387:
2383:
2382:
2379:
2375:
2368:
2364:
2363:
2359:
2357:
2353:
2352:
2348:
2346:
2342:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2316:
2312:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2302:
2299:
2294:
2290:
2274:
2267:
2265:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2237:
2230:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2187:
2185:
2176:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2135:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2100:
2092:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2051:
2043:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2002:
1994:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1953:
1945:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1904:
1896:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1859:
1851:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1810:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1767:
1760:
1755:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1722:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1679:
1671:
1665:
1661:
1660:
1652:
1642:
1634:
1630:
1623:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1580:
1566:
1562:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1540:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1507:F1000Research
1504:
1497:
1482:
1478:
1472:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1429:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1386:
1384:
1373:
1364:
1355:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1312:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1271:
1263:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1230:
1222:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1189:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1140:
1132:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1091:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1052:
1050:
1041:
1039:9780781737708
1035:
1031:
1030:
1022:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
979:
977:
975:
973:
971:
969:
967:
965:
963:
961:
959:
957:
955:
953:
936:
932:
926:
924:
922:
920:
918:
916:
914:
912:
910:
908:
906:
901:
893:
891:
884:NEC Symposium
881:
878:
867:
864:
856:
846:
842:
838:
832:
831:
827:
822:This section
820:
816:
811:
810:
802:
800:
796:
790:
786:
784:
773:
771:
767:
762:
760:
756:
752:
747:
745:
740:
737:
735:
731:
720:
717:
712:
709:
704:
700:
697:
691:
689:
685:
675:
665:
660:
653:
648:
647:
646:
643:
634:
630:
627:
623:
620:
617:
613:
612:
610:
607:
602:
598:
594:
591:
587:
583:
580:
577:
576:
574:
571:
566:
563:
560:
556:
552:
551:
549:
546:
545:
544:
542:
534:
530:
518:
514:
511:
508:
505:
502:
499:
497:Acute hypoxia
496:
495:
487:
484:
481:
478:
475:
474:
465:
463:Pre-eclampsia
462:
460:
457:
454:
451:
448:
445:
442:
439:
437:Cocaine abuse
436:
434:
431:
428:
427:
421:
413:
411:
407:
404:and systemic
403:
399:
395:
394:bloody stools
391:
387:
382:
373:
370:
365:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
318:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
283:pre-eclampsia
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
263:cocaine abuse
260:
256:
252:
248:
245:, intestinal
244:
239:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
196:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
175:
171:
167:
163:
160:
156:
153:
149:
145:
141:
138:
136:
132:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
112:Preterm birth
110:
108:
104:
100:
96:
93:
89:
85:
82:
80:
79:Complications
76:
73:
69:
65:
63:
59:
56:
52:
48:
45:
43:
39:
34:
19:
4358:
4337:
4214:Pancreatitis
4176:
4126:biliary tree
3999:Nutmeg liver
3976:
3902:Hematochezia
3853:Pruritus ani
3838:Anal abscess
3833:Anal fistula
3829:Anal fissure
3742:Constipation
3696:
3672:
3567:Appendicitis
3375:Gastroptosis
3365:Achlorhydria
3204:
3193:Eosinophilic
2988:
2909:
2744:Pneumothorax
2736:
2650:
2643:Birth trauma
2585:Breech birth
2575:presentation
2573:
2541:
2515:
2483:
2409:
2395:
2384:
2360:
2349:
2334:
2319:
2304:
2272:
2249:(2): 1–119.
2246:
2242:
2229:
2196:
2192:
2148:
2144:
2134:
2109:
2105:
2099:
2064:
2060:
2050:
2015:
2011:
2001:
1966:
1962:
1952:
1917:
1913:
1903:
1886:10261/203022
1868:
1864:
1858:
1823:
1820:Glycobiology
1819:
1809:
1776:
1772:
1766:
1757:
1735:
1731:
1721:
1688:
1684:
1678:
1658:
1651:
1641:
1632:
1622:
1589:
1585:
1579:
1568:. Retrieved
1564:
1510:
1506:
1496:
1484:. Retrieved
1480:
1471:
1438:
1434:
1428:
1395:
1391:
1372:
1363:
1354:
1324:(1): 78–82.
1321:
1317:
1311:
1284:
1280:
1270:
1243:
1239:
1229:
1202:
1198:
1188:
1153:
1149:
1139:
1104:
1100:
1090:
1065:
1061:
1028:
1021:
988:
984:
939:. Retrieved
934:
887:
874:
859:
850:
835:Please help
823:
791:
787:
779:
763:
748:
741:
738:
726:
716:enteral feed
713:
705:
701:
692:
681:
673:
640:
608:
572:
557:, lethargy,
547:
538:
517:indomethacin
440:
419:
383:
379:
366:
319:
273:, increased
240:
212:poor feeding
207:
203:
202:
144:anal fissure
107:Risk factors
4436:Neonatology
4394:Peritonitis
4156:Cholestasis
4134:Cholangitis
4077:Gallbladder
3965:Fatty liver
3885:Hematemesis
3867:GI bleeding
3673:Necrotizing
3602:Lymphocytic
3597:Collagenous
3592:Microscopic
3529:Steatorrhea
3430:Enteropathy
3276:Inlet patch
3198:Herpetiform
3183:Esophagitis
3088:Miscarriage
2990:muscle tone
2856:Kernicterus
2709:Respiratory
2685:Erb's palsy
2590:Asynclitism
2558:Nuchal cord
2386:MedlinePlus
941:12 December
877:NEC Society
783:prematurity
730:third-space
541:radiography
479:Prematurity
406:hypotension
402:peritonitis
342:antibiotics
322:breast milk
255:prematurity
185:antibiotics
162:Breast milk
55:neonatology
4430:Categories
4386:Peritoneal
4364:Incisional
4285:Congenital
4229:Hereditary
4206:Pancreatic
4170:Haemobilia
3843:Hemorrhoid
3821:Anal canal
3759:Infectious
3747:Functional
3582:Ulcerative
3466:Duodenitis
3405:Gastrinoma
3098:Stillbirth
3055:Omphalitis
3016:Infections
2925:Integument
2362:DiseasesDB
1732:Pediatrics
1570:2021-08-19
1435:Pediatrics
1318:Pediatrics
896:References
714:Advancing
688:human milk
678:Prevention
533:Radiograph
408:requiring
350:supportive
330:bowel rest
326:probiotics
177:Bowel rest
166:probiotics
158:Prevention
47:Pediatrics
4374:Richter's
4331:Spigelian
4326:Obturator
4316:Umbilical
4149:Ascending
4120:Bile duct
3953:Cirrhosis
3931:Hepatitis
3914:Accessory
3784:Proctitis
3635:Megacolon
3609:Dysentery
3519:Whipple's
3471:Jejunitis
3461:Enteritis
3348:Dyspepsia
3309:Gastritis
3242:Achalasia
3175:Esophagus
2824:Anti-Kell
2462:period /
2460:perinatal
2405:radio/469
2397:eMedicine
2275:(Report).
1486:11 August
1156:: j1039.
1082:1536-0903
824:does not
776:Prognosis
755:colostomy
723:Treatment
696:milk bank
524:Diagnosis
311:infection
247:dysbiosis
193:Prognosis
187:, surgery
173:Treatment
42:Specialty
4304:Indirect
4299:Inguinal
4033:Pyogenic
3978:Vascular
3754:Diarrhea
3732:Volvulus
3698:Vascular
3637: /
3626: /
3587:Ischemic
3554:Appendix
3444:Duodenum
3314:Atrophic
3188:Candidal
2794:Bleeding
2485:placenta
2411:Orphanet
2402:ped/2981
2273:UpToDate
2255:26905861
2221:49419886
2213:29940075
2175:21247316
2091:35049036
2042:34427330
1993:37493095
1984:10370900
1944:27634978
1895:31111150
1850:22513036
1801:36737314
1793:19330702
1754:22371471
1713:38176277
1705:29079313
1633:UpToDate
1614:37235496
1606:17027734
1539:30740215
1463:26079047
1455:22271701
1420:29437889
1412:16774295
1346:17281723
1338:22689867
1262:27543379
1221:22920508
1180:28351838
1131:30115546
1013:39251333
1005:29196510
708:Cochrane
441:In utero
224:vomiting
216:bloating
68:vomiting
62:Symptoms
4345:Petit's
4321:Femoral
4224:Chronic
4038:Amoebic
3806:Anismus
3572:Colitis
3499:Coeliac
3476:Ileitis
3448:Jejunum
3301:Stomach
3205:Rupture
3033:rubella
2663:Chignon
2517:chorion
2356:D020345
2166:3628622
2126:8070233
2082:8771918
2033:8407506
1935:6281035
1841:3406618
1530:6348433
1513:: 107.
1303:2056401
1171:5373674
1122:6269219
845:removed
830:sources
766:fistula
466:Smoking
287:smoking
101:Unclear
4339:Lumbar
4309:Direct
4292:Hiatus
4272:Hernia
4124:Other
3890:Melena
3776:Rectum
3259:(GERD)
2608:Growth
2521:amnion
2416:391673
2391:001148
2253:
2219:
2211:
2173:
2163:
2124:
2089:
2079:
2040:
2030:
1991:
1981:
1942:
1932:
1893:
1848:
1838:
1799:
1791:
1752:
1711:
1703:
1666:
1612:
1604:
1586:Lancet
1537:
1527:
1461:
1453:
1418:
1410:
1344:
1336:
1301:
1260:
1219:
1178:
1168:
1129:
1119:
1080:
1036:
1011:
1003:
770:ostomy
392:, and
301:, and
285:, and
253:, and
140:Sepsis
98:Causes
4264:Other
4219:Acute
3970:MASLD
3923:Liver
3897:Lower
3880:Upper
3722:Ileus
3558:Colon
3452:Ileum
3267:(LPR)
3081:Other
2905:Ileus
2652:scalp
2367:31774
2345:777.5
2330:K55.3
2325:10-CM
2239:(PDF)
2217:S2CID
1797:S2CID
1709:S2CID
1610:S2CID
1459:S2CID
1416:S2CID
1342:S2CID
1009:S2CID
744:bowel
555:apnea
416:Cause
360:, or
236:death
3652:SCAD
2839:Rh E
2834:Rh D
2829:Rh c
2351:MeSH
2340:9-CM
2251:PMID
2209:PMID
2171:PMID
2122:PMID
2087:PMID
2038:PMID
2016:2021
1989:PMID
1967:2023
1940:PMID
1891:PMID
1846:PMID
1789:PMID
1750:PMID
1701:PMID
1664:ISBN
1602:PMID
1535:PMID
1488:2021
1451:PMID
1408:PMID
1334:PMID
1299:PMID
1258:PMID
1217:PMID
1176:PMID
1127:PMID
1078:ISSN
1034:ISBN
1001:PMID
943:2017
875:The
828:any
826:cite
797:and
400:and
324:and
309:and
228:bile
72:bile
3958:PBC
3685:IBD
3619:IBS
2927:and
2819:ABO
2814:HDN
2796:and
2336:ICD
2321:ICD
2315:P77
2306:ICD
2201:doi
2161:PMC
2153:doi
2149:364
2114:doi
2077:PMC
2069:doi
2028:PMC
2020:doi
1979:PMC
1971:doi
1930:PMC
1922:doi
1881:hdl
1873:doi
1836:PMC
1828:doi
1781:doi
1740:doi
1736:129
1693:doi
1646:15.
1594:doi
1590:368
1525:PMC
1515:doi
1443:doi
1439:129
1400:doi
1326:doi
1322:130
1289:doi
1248:doi
1207:doi
1203:162
1166:PMC
1158:doi
1154:356
1150:BMJ
1117:PMC
1109:doi
1070:doi
993:doi
839:by
588:or
226:of
208:NEC
70:of
4432::
4122:/
3720::
3701::
3497::
2626:/
2617:/
2414::
2400::
2389::
2365::
2354::
2343::
2328::
2313::
2310:10
2263:^
2247:64
2245:.
2241:.
2215:.
2207:.
2197:33
2195:.
2183:^
2169:.
2159:.
2147:.
2143:.
2120:.
2110:21
2108:.
2085:.
2075:.
2063:.
2059:.
2036:.
2026:.
2014:.
2010:.
1987:.
1977:.
1965:.
1961:.
1938:.
1928:.
1918:74
1916:.
1912:.
1889:.
1879:.
1869:77
1867:.
1844:.
1834:.
1824:22
1822:.
1818:.
1795:.
1787:.
1777:22
1775:.
1756:.
1748:.
1734:.
1730:.
1707:.
1699:.
1689:53
1687:.
1631:.
1608:.
1600:.
1588:.
1563:.
1547:^
1533:.
1523:.
1509:.
1505:.
1479:.
1457:.
1449:.
1437:.
1414:.
1406:.
1394:.
1382:^
1340:.
1332:.
1320:.
1297:.
1285:26
1283:.
1279:.
1256:.
1244:58
1242:.
1238:.
1215:.
1201:.
1197:.
1174:.
1164:.
1152:.
1148:.
1125:.
1115:.
1105:23
1103:.
1099:.
1076:.
1066:21
1064:.
1060:.
1048:^
1007:.
999:.
989:38
987:.
951:^
933:.
904:^
801:.
706:A
611::
599:,
575::
550::
412:.
364:.
356:,
336:,
332:,
317:.
297:,
293:,
281:,
269:,
265:,
261:,
249:,
238:.
230:,
222:,
214:,
183:,
179:,
164:,
150:,
146:,
142:,
126:,
122:,
118:,
114:,
90:,
86:,
53:,
49:,
4158:/
3831:/
3650:/
3646:/
3560:)
3556:/
3552:(
3454:)
3450:/
3446:/
3442:(
3149:e
3142:t
3135:v
2519:/
2451:e
2444:t
2437:v
2338:-
2323:-
2308:-
2298:D
2257:.
2223:.
2203::
2177:.
2155::
2128:.
2116::
2093:.
2071::
2065:1
2044:.
2022::
1995:.
1973::
1946:.
1924::
1897:.
1883::
1875::
1852:.
1830::
1803:.
1783::
1742::
1715:.
1695::
1672:.
1635:.
1616:.
1596::
1573:.
1541:.
1517::
1511:8
1490:.
1465:.
1445::
1422:.
1402::
1396:8
1348:.
1328::
1305:.
1291::
1264:.
1250::
1223:.
1209::
1182:.
1160::
1133:.
1111::
1084:.
1072::
1042:.
1015:.
995::
945:.
866:)
860:(
855:)
851:(
847:.
833:.
635:)
628:)
618:)
592:)
206:(
168:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.