Nelson Mandela - Knowledge

2475: 3645: 2682: 3808:, characterised him as being "by nature a romantic", highlighting that he had relationships with various women. Mandela was married three times, fathered six children, and had seventeen grandchildren and at least seventeen great-grandchildren. He could be stern and demanding of his children, although he was more affectionate with his grandchildren. His first marriage was to Evelyn Ntoko Mase in October 1944; they divorced in March 1958 under the multiple strains of his alleged adultery and constant absences, devotion to revolutionary agitation, and the fact that she was a Jehovah's Witness, a religion requiring political neutrality. Mandela's second wife was the social worker Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, whom he married in June 1958. They divorced in March 1996. Mandela married his third wife, Graça Machel, on his 80th birthday in July 1998. 3416: 2831:, persuading many to work within the democratic system. With de Klerk, he also convinced Inkatha's Buthelezi to enter the elections rather than launch a war of secession. As leaders of the two major parties, de Klerk and Mandela appeared on a televised debate; Mandela's offer to shake his hand surprised him, leading some commentators to deem it a victory for Mandela. The election went ahead with little violence, although an AWB cell killed 20 with car bombs. As widely expected, the ANC won a sweeping victory, taking 63% of the vote, just short of the two-thirds majority needed to unilaterally change the constitution. The ANC was also victorious in seven provinces, with Inkatha and the National Party each taking one. Mandela voted at the 3817: 22876: 3636:, stating that "I regard the British Parliament as the most democratic institution in the world, and the independence and impartiality of its judiciary never fail to arouse my admiration." In this he has been described as being committed to "the Euro-North American modernist project of emancipation", something which distinguishes him from other African nationalist and socialist leaders like Nyerere who were concerned about embracing styles of democratic governance that were Western, rather than African, in origin. Mandela nevertheless also expressed admiration for what he deemed to be indigenous forms of democracy, describing Xhosa traditional society's mode of governance as "democracy in its purest form". 3282:

government in protest, claiming that the ANC were not treating them as equals. The ANC took over the cabinet positions formerly held by the Nationals, with Mbeki becoming sole Deputy President. Inkatha remained part of the coalition, and when both Mandela and Mbeki were out of the country in September 1998, Buthelezi was appointed "Acting President", marking an improvement in his relationship with Mandela. Although Mandela had often governed decisively in his first two years as president, he had subsequently increasingly delegated duties to Mbeki, retaining only a close personal supervision of intelligence and security measures. During a 1997 visit to London, he said that "the ruler of South Africa, the

3498:, declaring that there would be "few better gifts for us" in the year marking a decade since the fall of apartheid. Despite maintaining a low profile during the event due to ill health, Mandela made his final public appearance during the World Cup closing ceremony, where he received much applause. Between 2005 and 2013, Mandela, and later his family, were embroiled in a series of legal disputes regarding money held in family trusts for the benefit of his descendants. In mid-2013, as Mandela was hospitalised for a lung infection in Pretoria, his descendants were involved in an intra-family legal dispute relating to the burial place of Mandela's children, and ultimately Mandela himself. 3329:, it remained unfinished and was only published posthumously in 2017. Mandela found such seclusion difficult and reverted to a busy public life involving a daily programme of tasks, meetings with world leaders and celebrities, and—when in Johannesburg—working with the Nelson Mandela Foundation, founded in 1999 to focus on rural development, school construction, and combating HIV/AIDS. Although he had been heavily criticised for failing to do enough to fight the HIV/AIDS pandemic during his presidency, he devoted much of his time to the issue following his retirement, describing it as "a war" that had killed more than "all previous wars"; affiliating himself with the 3841:, a symbol of the anti-apartheid cause, and an icon for millions who embraced the ideal of human equality. In 1986, Mandela's biographer characterised him as "the embodiment of the struggle for liberation" in South Africa. Meredith stated that in becoming "a potent symbol of resistance" to apartheid during the 1980s, he had gained "mythical status" internationally. Sampson commented that even during his life, this myth had become "so powerful that it blurs the realities", converting Mandela into "a secular saint". Within a decade of the end of his presidency, Mandela's era was widely thought of as "a golden age of hope and harmony", with much 1836:. In March 1956, he received his third ban on public appearances, restricting him to Johannesburg for five years, but he often defied it. Mandela's marriage broke down and Evelyn left him, taking their children to live with her brother. Initiating divorce proceedings in May 1956, she claimed that Mandela had physically abused her; he denied the allegations and fought for custody of their children. She withdrew her petition of separation in November, but Mandela filed for divorce in January 1958; the divorce was finalised in March, with the children placed in Evelyn's care. During the divorce proceedings, he began courting a social worker, 3096:

South Africa's different racial groups. In 1994, free healthcare was introduced for children under six and pregnant women, a provision extended to all those using primary level public sector health care services in 1996. By the 1999 election, the ANC could boast that due to their policies, 3 million people were connected to telephone lines, 1.5 million children were brought into the education system, 500 clinics were upgraded or constructed, 2 million people were connected to the electricity grid, water access was extended to 3 million people, and 750,000 houses were constructed, housing nearly 3 million people.

2196:, remaining there for the next 18 years. Isolated from non-political prisoners in Section B, Mandela was imprisoned in a damp concrete cell measuring 8 feet (2.4 m) by 7 feet (2.1 m), with a straw mat on which to sleep. Verbally and physically harassed by several white prison wardens, the Rivonia Trial prisoners spent their days breaking rocks into gravel, until being reassigned in January 1965 to work in a lime quarry. Mandela was initially forbidden to wear sunglasses, and the glare from the lime permanently damaged his eyesight. At night, he worked on his LLB degree, which he was obtaining from the 3661:. He denied being a communist at the Treason Trial, and maintained this stance both when later talking to journalists, and in his autobiography, where he outlined that the cooperation with the SACP was pragmatic, asking rhetorically, "who is to say that we were not using them?" According to the sociologist Craig Soudien, "sympathetic as Mandela was to socialism, a communist he was not." Conversely, the biographer David Jones Smith stated that Mandela "embraced communism and communists" in the late 1950s and early 1960s, while the historian Stephen Ellis commented that Mandela had assimilated much of the 3169: 3298:

held a grand party with many foreign dignitaries. Although the 1996 constitution allowed the president to serve two consecutive five-year terms, Mandela had never planned to stand for a second term in office. He gave his farewell speech to Parliament on 29 March 1999 when it adjourned prior to the 1999 general elections, after which he retired. Although opinion polls in South Africa showed wavering support for both the ANC and the government, Mandela himself remained highly popular, with 80% of South Africans polled in 1999 expressing satisfaction with his performance as president.

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not in school and a third of the population illiterate. There was 33% unemployment, and just under half of the population lived below the poverty line. Government financial reserves were nearly depleted, with a fifth of the national budget being spent on debt repayment, meaning that the extent of the promised Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP) was scaled back, with none of the proposed nationalisation or job creation. In 1996, the RDP was replaced with a new policy, Growth, Employment and Redistribution (GEAR), which maintained South Africa's

15293: 3468: 2101:, which feared Mandela's associations with communists, had informed the South African police of his location. Jailed in Johannesburg's Marshall Square prison, Mandela was charged with inciting workers' strikes and leaving the country without permission. Representing himself with Slovo as legal advisor, Mandela intended to use the trial to showcase "the ANC's moral opposition to racism" while supporters demonstrated outside the court. Moved to Pretoria, where Winnie could visit him, he began correspondence studies for a 2433:

release Mandela—then at the height of his international fame—to defuse the volatile situation. Although considering Mandela a dangerous "arch-Marxist", Botha offered him, in February 1985, a release from prison if he "unconditionally rejected violence as a political weapon". Mandela spurned the offer, releasing a statement through his daughter Zindzi stating, "What freedom am I being offered while the organisation of the people remains banned? Only free men can negotiate. A prisoner cannot enter into contracts."

3312: 1856: 732: 1495:, which was virulently opposed to a racially united front against colonialism and imperialism or to an alliance with the communists. Despite his friendships with non-blacks and communists, Mandela embraced Lembede's views, believing that black Africans should be entirely independent in their struggle for political self-determination. Deciding on the need for a youth wing to mass-mobilise Africans in opposition to their subjugation, Mandela was among a delegation that approached ANC president 2413: 1694: 3270: 2213: 1228:, Chief Jongintaba Dalindyebo. Although he did not see his mother again for many years, Mandela felt that Jongintaba and his wife Noengland treated him as their own child, raising him alongside their children. As Mandela attended church services every Sunday with his guardians, Christianity became a significant part of his life. He attended a Methodist mission school located next to the palace, where he studied English, Xhosa, history and geography. He developed a love of 22900: 3607:

non-violent approach to negotiation and reconciliation. When endorsing violence, he did so because he saw no alternative, and was always pragmatic about it, perceiving it as a means to get his opponent to the negotiating table. He sought to target symbols of white supremacy and racist oppression rather than white people as individuals and was anxious not to inaugurate a race war in South Africa. This willingness to use violence distinguishes Mandela from the ideology of

2781: 3745:, he claimed to have lived by the "trappings of British style and manners". Constantly polite and courteous, he was attentive to all, irrespective of their age or status, and often talked to children or servants. He was known for his ability to find common ground with very different communities. In later life, he always looked for the best in people, even defending political opponents to his allies, who sometimes thought him too trusting of others. He was fond of 16683: 16092: 3694: 2285: 88: 1990:, Slovo and Bernstein, who put together the MK constitution. Although in later life Mandela denied, for political reasons, ever being a member of the Communist Party, historical research published in 2011 strongly suggested that he had joined in the late 1950s or early 1960s. This was confirmed by both the SACP and the ANC after Mandela's death. According to the SACP, he was not only a member of the party, but also served on its Central Committee. 1912:, in March 1961, at which 1,400 anti-apartheid delegates met, agreeing on a stay-at-home strike to mark 31 May, the day South Africa became a republic. On 29 March 1961, six years after the Treason Trial began, the judges produced a verdict of not guilty, ruling that there was insufficient evidence to convict the accused of "high treason", since they had advocated neither communism nor violent revolution; the outcome embarrassed the government. 3513: 3669:

also served on its Central Committee. His membership had been hidden by the ANC, aware that knowledge of Mandela's former SACP involvement might have been detrimental to his attempts to attract support from Western countries. Mandela's view of these Western governments differed from those of Marxist–Leninists, for he did not believe that they were anti-democratic or reactionary and remained committed to democratic systems of governance.

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the same time, South Africa and the African continent were part of the larger world. Our problems, while distinctive and special, were not unique, and a philosophy that placed those problems in an international and historical context of the greater world and the course of history was valuable. I was prepared to use whatever means necessary to speed up the erasure of human prejudice and the end of chauvinistic and violent nationalism.

1921: 3737:, commented that he was a "master of imagery and performance", excelling at presenting himself well in press photographs and producing sound bites. His public speeches were presented in a formal, stiff manner, and often consisted of clichéd set phrases. He typically spoke slowly, and carefully chose his words. Although he was not considered a great orator, his speeches conveyed "his personal commitment, charm and humour". 3583:, an ideological position he held since joining the ANC, and as a socialist. He was a practical politician, rather than an intellectual scholar or political theorist. According to biographer Tom Lodge, "for Mandela, politics has always been primarily about enacting stories, about making narratives, primarily about morally exemplary conduct, and only secondarily about ideological vision, more about means rather than ends." 1515: 22888: 2597:, in which the government lifted the state of emergency. In August, Mandela—recognising the ANC's severe military disadvantage—offered a ceasefire, the Pretoria Minute, for which he was widely criticised by MK activists. He spent much time trying to unify and build the ANC, appearing at a Johannesburg conference in December attended by 1,600 delegates, many of whom found him more moderate than expected. At the ANC's 2542: 1257: 3100: 2276:(BOSS), who hoped to see Mandela shot during the escape. In 1970, Commander Piet Badenhorst became commanding officer. Mandela, seeing an increase in the physical and mental abuse of prisoners, complained to visiting judges, who had Badenhorst reassigned. He was replaced by Commander Willie Willemse, who developed a co-operative relationship with Mandela and was keen to improve prison standards. 3060: 2518:

would agree to negotiations, so that "there may no longer be the need for the armed struggle", and insisted that his main focus was to bring peace to the black majority and give them the right to vote in national and local elections. Staying at Tutu's home, in the following days Mandela met with friends, activists, and press, giving a speech to an estimated 100,000 people at Johannesburg's

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Imprisonment caused problems for Mandela and his co-defendants in the Treason Trial; their lawyers could not reach them, and so it was decided that the lawyers would withdraw in protest until the accused were freed from prison when the state of emergency was lifted in late August 1960. Over the following months, Mandela used his free time to organise an All-In African Conference near

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two years of hearings detailing rapes, torture, bombings and assassinations before issuing its final report in October 1998. Both de Klerk and Mbeki appealed to have parts of the report suppressed, though only de Klerk's appeal was successful. Mandela praised the commission's work, stating that it "had helped us move away from the past to concentrate on the present and the future".

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thus contributing to his "charismatic power". While living in Johannesburg in the 1950s, he cultivated the image of the "African gentleman", having "the pressed clothes, correct manners, and modulated public speech" associated with such a position. In doing so, Lodge argued that Mandela became "one of the first media politicians ... embodying a glamour and a style that projected

3001:, were far younger. Mandela's relationship with de Klerk was strained; Mandela thought that de Klerk was intentionally provocative, and de Klerk felt that he was being intentionally humiliated by the president. In January 1995, Mandela heavily chastised de Klerk for awarding amnesty to 3,500 police officers just before the election, and later criticised him for defending former 22864: 3165:. He extended diplomatic recognition to the People's Republic of China (PRC), who were growing as an economic force, and initially also to Taiwan, who were already longstanding investors in the South African economy. However, under pressure from the PRC, he cut recognition of Taiwan in November 1996, and he paid an official visit to Beijing in May 1999. 1526:, a trainee nurse and ANC activist from Engcobo, Transkei. Entering a relationship and marrying in October 1944, they initially lived with her relatives until moving into a rented house in the township of Orlando in early 1946. Their first child, Madiba "Thembi" Thembekile, was born in February 1945; a daughter, Makaziwe, was born in 1947 but died of 2324:. That year, he began his autobiography, which was smuggled to London, but remained unpublished at the time; prison authorities discovered several pages, and his LLB study privileges were revoked for four years. Instead, he devoted his spare time to gardening and reading until the authorities permitted him to resume his LLB degree studies in 1980. 2762:, Mandela began meeting with big business figures, and he played down his support for nationalisation, fearing that he would scare away much-needed foreign investment. Although criticised by socialist ANC members, he had been encouraged to embrace private enterprise by members of the Chinese and Vietnamese Communist parties at the January 1992 3124:

Mandela also received criticism for failing to sufficiently combat crime; South Africa had one of the world's highest crime rates, and the activities of international crime syndicates in the country grew significantly throughout the decade. Mandela's administration was also perceived as having failed to deal with the problem of corruption.

3193:. When Western governments and media criticised these visits, Mandela lambasted such criticism as having racist undertones, and stated that "the enemies of countries in the West are not our enemies." Mandela hoped to resolve the long-running dispute between Libya and the United States and Britain over bringing to trial the two Libyans, 1538:, who agreed to co-operate with communists and non-blacks, appointing Mandela ANCYL secretary. Mandela disagreed with Mda's approach, and in December 1947 supported an unsuccessful measure to expel communists from the ANCYL, considering their ideology un-African. In 1947, Mandela was elected to the executive committee of the ANC's 3867:

his nation in his own person, went against the spirit of democracy", and concerns were similarly expressed that he placed his own status and celebrity above the transformation of his country. His government would be criticised for its failure to deal with both the HIV/AIDS pandemic and the high levels of poverty in South Africa.

2621:, but, in June 1991, she was found guilty and sentenced to six years in prison, reduced to two on appeal. On 13 April 1992, Mandela publicly announced his separation from Winnie. The ANC forced her to step down from the national executive for misappropriating ANC funds; Mandela moved into the mostly white Johannesburg suburb of 1458:. In late 1941, Jongintaba visited Johannesburg—there forgiving Mandela for running away—before returning to Thembuland, where he died in the winter of 1942. After he passed his BA exams in early 1943, Mandela returned to Johannesburg to follow a political path as a lawyer rather than become a privy councillor in Thembuland. 3829:

figures of our time". One biographer considered him "a modern democratic hero". Some have portrayed Mandela in messianic terms, in contrast to his own statement that "I was not a messiah, but an ordinary man who had become a leader because of extraordinary circumstances." He is often cited alongside Mahatma Gandhi and

2944:. They had first met in July 1990 when she was still in mourning, but their friendship grew into a partnership, with Machel accompanying him on many of his foreign visits. She turned down Mandela's first marriage proposal, wanting to retain some independence and dividing her time between Mozambique and Johannesburg. 2409:. Botha's National Party government had permitted Coloured and Indian citizens to vote for their own parliaments, which had control over education, health and housing, but black Africans were excluded from the system. Like Mandela, the UDF saw this as an attempt to divide the anti-apartheid movement on racial lines. 2007:

stated that they chose sabotage because it was the least harmful action, did not involve killing, and offered the best hope for racial reconciliation afterwards; he nevertheless acknowledged that should this have failed then guerrilla warfare might have been necessary. Soon after ANC leader Luthuli was awarded the

2505:. In a surprise move, Botha invited Mandela to a meeting over tea in July 1989, an invitation Mandela considered genial. Botha was replaced as state president by de Klerk six weeks later; the new president believed that apartheid was unsustainable and released a number of ANC prisoners. Following the fall of the 1974:. Although initially declared officially separate from the ANC so as not to taint the latter's reputation, MK was later widely recognised as the party's armed wing. Most early MK members were white communists who were able to conceal Mandela in their homes; after hiding in communist Wolfie Kodesh's flat in 1280:. Made to socialise with other students on an equal basis, he claimed that he lost his "stuck up" attitude, becoming best friends with a girl for the first time; he began playing sports and developed his lifelong love of gardening. He completed his Junior Certificate in two years, and in 1937 he moved to 2973:". Although his Government of National Unity would be dominated by the ANC, he attempted to create a broad coalition by appointing de Klerk as Deputy President and appointing other National Party officials as ministers for Agriculture, Environment, and Minerals and Energy, as well as naming Buthelezi as 3599:—and applied them to the South African situation. At the same time, he rejected other aspects of their thought, such as the anti-white sentiment of many African nationalists. In doing so he synthesised both counter-cultural and hegemonic views, for instance by drawing upon ideas from the then-dominant 3754:

The significance of Mandela can be considered in two related ways. First, he has provided through his personal presence as a benign and honest conviction politician, skilled at exerting power but not obsessed with it to the point of view of excluding principles, a man who struggled to display respect

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Mandela was a private person who often concealed his emotions and confided in very few people. Privately, he lived an austere life, refusing to drink alcohol or smoke, and even as president made his own bed. Renowned for his mischievous sense of humour, he was known for being both stubborn and loyal,

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His political development was strongly influenced by his legal training and practice, in particular his hope to achieve change not through violence but through "legal revolution". Over the course of his life, he began by advocating a path of non-violence, later embracing violence, and then adopting a

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Mandela's relationship with Machel had intensified; in February 1998, he publicly stated that he was "in love with a remarkable lady", and under pressure from Tutu, who urged him to set an example for young people, he organised a wedding for his 80th birthday, in July that year. The following day, he

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pandemic in the country; by 1999, 10% of South Africa's population were HIV positive. Mandela later admitted that he had personally neglected the issue, in part due to public reticence in discussing issues surrounding sex in South Africa, and that he had instead left the issue for Mbeki to deal with.

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Mandela's administration inherited a country with a huge disparity in wealth and services between white and black communities. Of a population of 40 million, around 23 million lacked electricity or adequate sanitation, and 12 million lacked clean water supplies, with 2 million children

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to investigate crimes committed under apartheid by both the government and the ANC, appointing Tutu as its chair. To prevent the creation of martyrs, the commission granted individual amnesties in exchange for testimony of crimes committed during the apartheid era. Dedicated in February 1996, it held

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Gracious but steely, steered a country in turmoil toward a negotiated settlement: a country that days before its first democratic election remained violent, riven by divisive views and personalities. He endorsed national reconciliation, an idea he did not merely foster in the abstract, but performed

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The early 1980s witnessed an escalation of violence across the country, and many predicted civil war. This was accompanied by economic stagnation as various multinational banks—under pressure from an international lobby—had stopped investing in South Africa. Numerous banks and Thatcher asked Botha to

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I have fought against white domination, and I have fought against black domination. I have cherished the ideal of a democratic and free society in which all persons will live together in harmony and with equal opportunities. It is an ideal which I hope to live for and to see realised. But if it needs

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rally on 22 June, Mandela addressed an assembled crowd of 10,000 people, initiating the campaign protests for which he was arrested and briefly interned in Marshall Square prison. These events established Mandela as one of the best-known black political figures in South Africa. With further protests,

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for agreeing to enter negotiations with the apartheid government and for not implementing the reforms of the Freedom Charter during his presidency. According to Barnard, "there is also a sense in which his chiefly bearing and mode of conduct, the very respect and authority he accrued in representing

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Although he presented himself in an autocratic manner in several speeches, Mandela was a devout believer in democracy and abided by majority decisions even when deeply disagreeing with them. He had exhibited a commitment to the values of democracy and human rights since at least the 1960s. He held a

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A friend once asked me how I could reconcile my creed of African nationalism with a belief in dialectical materialism. For me, there was no contradiction. I was first and foremost an African nationalist fighting for our emancipation from minority rule and the right to control our own destiny. But at

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In June 2004, aged 85 and amid failing health, Mandela announced that he was "retiring from retirement" and retreating from public life, remarking, "Don't call me, I will call you." Although continuing to meet with close friends and family, the foundation discouraged invitations for him to appear at

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The newly elected National Assembly's first act was to formally elect Mandela as South Africa's first black chief executive. His inauguration took place in Pretoria on 10 May 1994, televised to a billion viewers globally. The event was attended by four thousand guests, including world leaders from a

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during a protest march, Mandela realised that mass action was leading to further violence and resumed negotiations in September. He agreed to do so on the conditions that all political prisoners be released, that Zulu traditional weapons be banned, and that Zulu hostels would be fenced off; de Klerk

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led the ANC's delegation, Mandela remained a key figure. After de Klerk used the closing speech to condemn the ANC's violence, Mandela took to the stage to denounce de Klerk as the "head of an illegitimate, discredited minority regime". Dominated by the National Party and ANC, little negotiation was

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in 1987, and having a further 11 meetings over the next three years. Coetsee organised negotiations between Mandela and a team of four government figures starting in May 1988; the team agreed to the release of political prisoners and the legalisation of the ANC on the condition that they permanently

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In 1985, Mandela underwent surgery on an enlarged prostate gland before being given new solitary quarters on the ground floor. He was met by an international delegation sent to negotiate a settlement, but Botha's government refused to co-operate, calling a state of emergency in June and initiating a

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We of Umkhonto have always sought to achieve liberation without bloodshed and civil clash. Even at this late hour, we hope that our first actions will awaken everyone to a realization of the dangerous situation to which Nationalist policy is leading. We hope that we will bring the Government and its

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and a more militant executive committee containing Sisulu, Mda, Tambo and Godfrey Pitje. Mandela later related that he and his colleagues had "guided the ANC to a more radical and revolutionary path." Having devoted his time to politics, Mandela failed his final year at Witwatersrand three times; he

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school when he was about seven. Baptised a Methodist, Mandela was given the English forename of "Nelson" by his teacher. When Mandela was about nine, his father came to stay at Qunu, where he died of an undiagnosed ailment that Mandela believed to be lung disease. Feeling "cut adrift", he later said

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Mandela generated controversy throughout his career as an activist and politician, having detractors on both the right and the radical left. During the 1980s, Mandela was widely labelled a terrorist by prominent political figures in the Western world for his embrace of political violence. According

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as "a born mass leader who could not help magnetizing people". He was highly image conscious and throughout his life always sought out fine quality clothes, with many commentators believing that he carried himself in a regal manner. His aristocratic heritage was repeatedly emphasised by supporters,

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that was televised and watched by an estimated 200 million viewers. Although presented globally as a heroic figure, he faced personal problems when ANC leaders informed him that Winnie had set herself up as head of a gang, the "Mandela United Football Club", which had been responsible for torturing

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Operating through a cell structure, MK planned to carry out acts of sabotage that would exert maximum pressure on the government with minimum casualties; they sought to bomb military installations, power plants, telephone lines, and transport links at night, when civilians were not present. Mandela

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The 1955 Freedom Charter, which Mandela had helped create, called for the nationalisation of banks, gold mines and land, to ensure equal distribution of wealth. Despite these beliefs, Mandela initiated a programme of privatisation during his presidency in line with trends in other countries of the

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Ellis also found evidence that Mandela had been an active member of the South African Communist Party (SACP) during the late 1950s and early 1960s, something that was confirmed after his death by both the ANC and the SACP, the latter of which claimed that he was not only a member of the party, but

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was agreed upon by parliament in May 1996, enshrining a series of institutions to place checks on political and administrative authority within a constitutional democracy. De Klerk opposed the implementation of this constitution, and that month he and the National Party withdrew from the coalition

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Under Mandela's presidency, welfare spending increased by 13% in 1996/97, 13% in 1997/98, and 7% in 1998/99. The government introduced parity in grants for communities, including disability grants, child maintenance grants and old-age pensions, which had previously been set at different levels for

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and Raymond Mhlaba; they believed that they were being isolated to remove their influence on younger activists at Robben Island. Conditions at Pollsmoor were better than at Robben Island, although Mandela missed the camaraderie and scenery of the island. Getting on well with Pollsmoor's commanding

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From 1967 onwards, prison conditions improved. Black prisoners were given trousers rather than shorts, games were permitted, and the standard of their food was raised. In 1969, an escape plan for Mandela was developed by Gordon Bruce, but it was abandoned after the conspiracy was infiltrated by an

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in August 1958, with the defendants successfully applying to have the three judges—all linked to the governing National Party—replaced. In August, one charge was dropped, and in October the prosecution withdrew its indictment, submitting a reformulated version in November which argued that the ANC

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for two years. In December, Mandela was given a six-month ban from attending meetings or talking to more than one individual at a time, making his Transvaal ANC presidency impractical, and during this period the Defiance Campaign petered out. In September 1953, Andrew Kunene read out Mandela's "No

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abuses in the country. When this proved ineffective, he spoke out publicly against Mugabe in 2007, asking him to step down "with residual respect and a modicum of dignity." That year, Mandela, Machel and Desmond Tutu convened a group of world leaders in Johannesburg to contribute their wisdom and

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The Land Reform Act 3 of 1996 safeguarded the rights of labour tenants living on farms where they grew crops or grazed livestock. This legislation ensured that such tenants could not be evicted without a court order or if they were over the age of 65. Recognising that arms manufacturing was a key

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Presiding over the transition from apartheid minority rule to a multicultural democracy, Mandela saw national reconciliation as the primary task of his presidency. Having seen other post-colonial African economies damaged by the departure of white elites, Mandela worked to reassure South Africa's

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through crowds, he gave a speech declaring his commitment to peace and reconciliation with the white minority, but he made it clear that the ANC's armed struggle was not over and would continue as "a purely defensive action against the violence of apartheid". He expressed hope that the government

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Although four of the accused denied involvement with MK, Mandela and the other five accused admitted sabotage but denied that they had ever agreed to initiate guerrilla war against the government. They used the trial to highlight their political cause; at the opening of the defence's proceedings,

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Nelson Mandela's father, Gadla Henry Mphakanyiswa Mandela, was a local chief and councillor to the monarch; he was appointed to the position in 1915, after his predecessor was accused of corruption by a governing white magistrate. In 1926, Gadla was also sacked for corruption, but Nelson was told

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being expressed for it. His name was often invoked by those criticising his successors like Mbeki and Zuma. Across the world, Mandela earned international acclaim for his activism in overcoming apartheid and fostering racial reconciliation, coming to be viewed as "a moral authority" with a great

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visited in December 1974, but he and Mandela did not get along with each other. His mother visited in 1968, dying shortly after, and his firstborn son Thembi died in a car accident the following year; Mandela was forbidden from attending either funeral. His wife was rarely able to see him, being

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In December 1956, Mandela was arrested alongside most of the ANC national executive and accused of "high treason" against the state. Held in Johannesburg Prison amid mass protests, they underwent a preparatory examination before being granted bail. The defence's refutation began in January 1957,

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had ever attended school ... On the first day of school my teacher, Miss Mdingane, gave each of us an English name. This was the custom among Africans in those days and was undoubtedly due to the British bias of our education. That day, Miss Mdingane told me that my new name was Nelson. Why this

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Since the late 1980s, Mandela's image began to appear on a proliferation of items, among them "photographs, paintings, drawings, statues, public murals, buttons, t-shirts, refrigerator magnets, and more", items that have been characterised as "Mandela kitsch". In the 1980s he was the subject of

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dominated by the ANC—which had no experience of governing by itself—but containing representatives from the National Party and Inkatha. Under the Interim Constitution, Inkatha and the National Party were entitled to seats in the government by virtue of winning at least 20 seats. In keeping with

2812:. Mandela devoted much time to fundraising for the ANC, touring North America, Europe and Asia to meet wealthy donors, including former supporters of the apartheid regime. He also urged a reduction in the voting age from 18 to 14; rejected by the ANC, this policy became the subject of ridicule. 3828:

By the time of his death, within South Africa Mandela was widely considered both "the father of the nation" and "the founding father of democracy". Outside of South Africa, he was a "global icon", with the scholar of South African studies Rita Barnard describing him as "one of the most revered

3594:

cautioned against labelling Mandela a liberal and stated that Mandela displayed a "hybrid socio-political make-up". Mandela adopted some of his political ideas from other thinkers—among them Indian independence leaders like Gandhi and Nehru, African American civil rights activists, and African

3557:

was held on 15 December in Qunu. Approximately 90 representatives of foreign states travelled to South Africa to attend memorial events. It was later revealed that 300 million rand (about 20 million dollars) originally earmarked for humanitarian development projects had been redirected to

3148:

Mandela expressed the view that "South Africa's future foreign relations be based on our belief that human rights should be the core of international relations". Following the South African example, Mandela encouraged other nations to resolve conflicts through diplomacy and reconciliation. In

2509:

in November 1989, de Klerk called his cabinet together to debate legalising the ANC and freeing Mandela. Although some were deeply opposed to his plans, de Klerk met with Mandela in December to discuss the situation, a meeting both men considered friendly, before legalising all formerly banned

3624:

and human rights. Suttner argued that there were "two modes of leadership" that Mandela adopted. On one side he adhered to ideas about collective leadership, although on the other believed that there were scenarios in which a leader had to be decisive and act without consultation to achieve a

1792:

After taking part in the unsuccessful protest to prevent the forced relocation of all black people from the Sophiatown suburb of Johannesburg in February 1955, Mandela concluded that violent action would prove necessary to end apartheid and white minority rule. On his advice, Sisulu requested

1903:

Responding to the unrest, the government implemented state of emergency measures, declaring martial law and banning the ANC and PAC; in March, they arrested Mandela and other activists, imprisoning them for five months without charge in the unsanitary conditions of the Pretoria Local prison.

3544:

at his home in Houghton, surrounded by his family. Zuma publicly announced his death on television, proclaiming ten days of national mourning, a memorial service held at Johannesburg's FNB Stadium on 10 December 2013, and 8 December as a national day of prayer and reflection. Mandela's body

2339:

of 1976, many BCM activists were imprisoned on Robben Island. Mandela tried to build a relationship with these young radicals, although he was critical of their racialism and contempt for white anti-apartheid activists. Renewed international interest in his plight came in July 1978, when he

1656:

which, to mind, was similar to traditional African culture where life was shared and communal." In April 1952, Mandela began work at the H.M. Basner law firm, which was owned by a communist, although his increasing commitment to work and activism meant he spent less time with his family.

1530:

nine months later. Mandela enjoyed home life, welcoming his mother and his sister, Leabie, to stay with him. In early 1947, his three years of articles ended at Witkin, Sidelsky and Eidelman, and he decided to become a full-time student, subsisting on loans from the Bantu Welfare Trust.

3294:, a Zulu who had been imprisoned on Robben Island, as Mbeki's replacement for Deputy President. Zuma's candidacy was challenged by Winnie, whose populist rhetoric had gained her a strong following within the party, although Zuma defeated her in a landslide victory vote at the election. 2066:. He left Africa for London, England, where he met anti-apartheid activists, reporters and prominent politicians. Upon returning to Ethiopia, he began a six-month course in guerrilla warfare, but completed only two months before being recalled to South Africa by the ANC's leadership. 3189:. He also faced similar criticism from the West for his government's trade links to Syria, Cuba and Libya and for his personal friendships with Castro and Gaddafi. Castro visited South Africa in 1998 to widespread popular acclaim, and Mandela met Gaddafi in Libya to award him the 2437:

police crackdown on unrest. The anti-apartheid resistance fought back, with the ANC committing 231 attacks in 1986 and 235 in 1987. The violence escalated as the government used the army and police to combat the resistance and provided covert support for vigilante groups and the

3487:, London. Throughout Mbeki's presidency, Mandela continued to support the ANC, usually overshadowing Mbeki at any public events that the two attended. Mandela was more at ease with Mbeki's successor, Zuma, although the Nelson Mandela Foundation was upset when his grandson, 1604:

Mandela took Xuma's place on the ANC national executive in March 1950, and that same year was elected national president of the ANCYL. In March, the Defend Free Speech Convention was held in Johannesburg, bringing together African, Indian and communist activists to call a

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after a disputed election had prompted opposition uprisings. The action was not authorised by Mandela himself, who was out of the country at the time, but by Buthelezi, who was serving as acting president during Mandela's absence, with the approval of Mandela and Mbeki.

3139:

from poorer parts of Africa; although public opinion toward these illegal immigrants was generally unfavourable, characterising them as disease-spreading criminals who were a drain on resources, Mandela called on South Africans to embrace them as "brothers and sisters".

2791:

With the election set for 27 April 1994, the ANC began campaigning, opening 100 election offices and orchestrating People's Forums across the country at which Mandela could appear, as a popular figure with great status among black South Africans. The ANC campaigned on a

3528:

removal in December 2012. After a successful medical procedure in early March 2013, his lung infection recurred and he was briefly hospitalised in Pretoria. In June 2013, his lung infection worsened and he was readmitted to a Pretoria hospital in serious condition. The

2796:(RDP) to build a million houses in five years, introduce universal free education and extend access to water and electricity. The party's slogan was "a better life for all", although it was not explained how this development would be funded. With the exception of the 2601:

in Durban, Mandela admitted that the party had faults and wanted to build a task force for securing majority rule. At the conference, he was elected ANC President, replacing the ailing Tambo, and a 50-strong multiracial, mixed gendered national executive was elected.

2498:, in December 1988. He was housed in the relative comfort of a warder's house with a personal cook, and he used the time to complete his LLB degree. While there, he was permitted many visitors and organised secret communications with exiled ANC leader Oliver Tambo. 1939:—a warrant for his arrest was put out by the police. Mandela held secret meetings with reporters, and after the government failed to prevent the strike, he warned them that many anti-apartheid activists would soon resort to violence through groups like the PAC's 3289:

Mandela stepped down as ANC President at the party's December 1997 conference. He hoped that Ramaphosa would succeed him, believing Mbeki to be too inflexible and intolerant of criticism, but the ANC elected Mbeki regardless. Mandela and the Executive supported

3937:", marking his contribution to the anti-apartheid struggle. It called on individuals to donate 67 minutes to doing something for others, commemorating the 67 years that Mandela had been a part of the movement. In 2015 the UN General Assembly named the amended 3558:

finance the funeral. The media was awash with tributes and reminiscences, while images of tributes to Mandela proliferated across social media. His US$ 4.1 million estate was left to his widow, other family members, staff, and educational institutions.

1186:, Gadla was a polygamist with four wives, four sons and nine daughters, who lived in different villages. Nelson's mother was Gadla's third wife, Nosekeni Fanny, daughter of Nkedama of the Right Hand House and a member of the amaMpemvu clan of the Xhosa. 2155:

soon threw out the prosecution's case for insufficient evidence, but Yutar reformulated the charges, presenting his new case from December 1963 until February 1964, calling 173 witnesses and bringing thousands of documents and photographs to the trial.

3039:, an Afrikaner. This was widely seen as a major step in the reconciliation of white and black South Africans; as de Klerk later put it, "Mandela won the hearts of millions of white rugby fans." Mandela's efforts at reconciliation assuaged the fears of 2208:

on several occasions for the possession of smuggled news clippings. He was initially classified as the lowest grade of prisoner, Class D, meaning that he was permitted one visit and one letter every six months, although all mail was heavily censored.

1735:

Mandela obtained work as an attorney for the firm Terblanche and Briggish, before moving to the liberal-run Helman and Michel, passing qualification exams to become a full-fledged attorney. In August 1953, Mandela and Tambo opened their own law firm,

22055: 3184:

Mandela attracted controversy for his close relationship with Indonesian president Suharto, whose regime was responsible for mass human rights abuses, although on a July 1997 visit to Indonesia he privately urged Suharto to withdraw from the

2936:, at which a more militant national executive was elected, among them Winnie Mandela; although she expressed an interest in reconciling, Nelson initiated divorce proceedings in August 1995. By 1995, he had entered into a relationship with 1612:

in protest against apartheid and white minority rule. Mandela opposed the strike because it was multi-racial and not ANC-led, but a majority of black workers took part, resulting in increased police repression and the introduction of the

2750:, Mandela made a publicised speech to calm rioting, soon after appearing at a mass funeral in Soweto for Tambo, who had died of a stroke. In July 1993, both Mandela and de Klerk visited the United States, independently meeting President 1483:. Becoming increasingly politicised, Mandela marched in August 1943 in support of a successful bus boycott to reverse fare rises. Joining the ANC, he was increasingly influenced by Sisulu, spending time with other activists at Sisulu's 3023:. Emphasising personal forgiveness and reconciliation, he announced that "courageous people do not fear forgiving, for the sake of peace." He encouraged black South Africans to get behind the previously hated national rugby team, the 1300:, and coming under the influence of one of his favourite teachers, a Xhosa who broke taboo by marrying a Sotho. Mandela spent much of his spare time at Healdtown as a long-distance runner and boxer, and in his second year he became a 3755:

to all ... Second, in so doing he was able to be a hero and a symbol to an array of otherwise unlikely mates through his ability, like all brilliant nationalist politicians, to speak to very different audiences effectively at once.

2592:

In May 1990, Mandela led a multiracial ANC delegation into preliminary negotiations with a government delegation of 11 Afrikaner men. Mandela impressed them with his discussions of Afrikaner history, and the negotiations led to the

2914:

and befriending many journalists, Mandela was critical of much of the country's media, noting that it was overwhelmingly owned and run by middle-class whites and believing that it focused too heavily on scaremongering about crime.

3536:

visited Mandela at the hospital and prayed with Machel, while Zuma cancelled a trip to Mozambique to visit him the following day. In September 2013, Mandela was discharged from hospital, although his condition remained unstable.

1169:

province. One of Ngubengcuka's sons, named Mandela, was Nelson's grandfather and the source of his surname. Because Mandela was the king's child by a wife of the Ixhiba clan, a so-called "Left-Hand House", the descendants of his

13952: 3949:

The first biography of Mandela was based on brief interviews with him that the author, Mary Benson, had conducted in the 1960s. Two authorised biographies were later produced by friends of Mandela. The first was Fatima Meer's

3902:. The same year, he was awarded the Atatürk Peace Award by Turkey; he at first refused the award, citing human rights violations committed by Turkey at the time, but later accepted the award in 1999. He was appointed to the 3833:

as one of the 20th century's exemplary anti-racist and anti-colonial leaders. Boehmer described him as "a totem of the totemic values of our age: toleration and liberal democracy" and "a universal symbol of social justice".

2709:

and a constitutional assembly that gave the National Party continuing influence. The ANC also conceded to safeguarding the jobs of white civil servants; such concessions brought fierce internal criticism. The duo agreed on

11663: 3043:, but also drew criticism from more militant black people. Among the latter was his estranged wife, Winnie, who accused the ANC of being more interested in appeasing the white community than in helping the black majority. 2955:

with panache and conviction in reaching out to former adversaries. He initiated an era of hope that, while not long-lasting, was nevertheless decisive, and he garnered the highest international recognition and affection.

1928:

Disguised as a chauffeur, Mandela travelled around the country incognito, organising the ANC's new cell structure and the planned mass stay-at-home strike. Referred to as the "Black Pimpernel" in the press—a reference to

2224:—the latter considered largely ineffective by Mandela—to improve prison conditions, viewing this as a microcosm of the anti-apartheid struggle. ANC prisoners elected him to their four-man "High Organ" along with Sisulu, 1748:; as a result, their clientele dwindled. As a lawyer of aristocratic heritage, Mandela was part of Johannesburg's elite black middle-class, and accorded much respect from the black community. Although a second daughter, 2552:

Mandela proceeded on an African tour, meeting supporters and politicians in Zambia, Zimbabwe, Namibia, Libya and Algeria, and continuing to Sweden, where he was reunited with Tambo, and London, where he appeared at the

3161:, for which he was criticised by both Israel and India. Inspired by the region's economic boom, Mandela sought greater economic relations with East Asia, in particular with Malaysia, although this was prevented by the 1756:

and secretary Ruth Mompati; various individuals close to Mandela in this period have stated that the latter bore him a child. Disgusted by her son's behaviour, Nosekeni returned to Transkei, while Evelyn embraced the

2050:, and in April 1962 he went to Morocco where asked El Khatib to meet the king to ask him to give him £5,000. The next day he got the £5,000 along with some weapons and training to Mandela's soldier, and then went to 19466: 3881:

Over the course of his life, Mandela was given over 250 awards, accolades, prizes, honorary degrees and citizenships in recognition of his political achievements. Among his awards were the Nobel Peace Prize, the US

3652:

Mandela advocated the ultimate establishment of a classless society, with Sampson describing him as being "openly opposed to capitalism, private land-ownership and the power of big money". Mandela was influenced by

2733:

The democratic process was threatened by the Concerned South Africans Group (COSAG), an alliance of black ethnic-secessionist groups like Inkatha and far-right Afrikaner parties; in June 1993, one of the latter—the

1542:

branch, serving under regional president C. S. Ramohanoe. When Ramohanoe acted against the wishes of the committee by co-operating with Indians and communists, Mandela was one of those who forced his resignation.

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from making public appearances; unable to maintain his position, he recommended Mandela as his successor. Although Africanists opposed his candidacy, Mandela was elected to be regional president in October.

2871:", meaning "Valley of Mercy" in Afrikaans. Retaining his Houghton home, he also had a house built in his home village of Qunu, which he visited regularly, meeting with locals, and judging tribal disputes. 1578:

against apartheid, such as boycotts and strikes, influenced by the tactics already employed by South Africa's Indian community. Xuma did not support these measures and was removed from the presidency in a

2510:

political parties in February 1990 and announcing Mandela's unconditional release. Shortly thereafter, for the first time in 20 years, photographs of Mandela were allowed to be published in South Africa.

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economy in South Africa but that this was not feasible as a result of the international political and economic situation during the early 1990s. This decision was in part influenced by the fall of the

11106: 2859:. Although Mbeki had not been his first choice for the job, Mandela grew to rely heavily on him throughout his presidency, allowing him to shape policy details. Moving into the presidential office at 1892:(PAC); Mandela disagreed with the PAC's racially exclusionary views, describing them as "immature" and "naïve". Both parties took part in an anti-pass campaign in early 1960, in which Africans burned 1728:, a seminal influence on Mandela's thought. The speech laid out a contingency plan for a scenario in which the ANC was banned. This Mandela Plan, or M-Plan, involved dividing the organisation into a 1102:

and those on the far left deemed him too eager to negotiate and reconcile with apartheid's supporters, he gained international acclaim for his activism. Globally regarded as an icon of democracy and

3112:

to ensure that South African weaponry was not sold to authoritarian regimes. Under Mandela's administration, tourism was increasingly promoted, becoming a major sector of the South African economy.

2115:, refusing to call any witnesses, and turning his plea of mitigation into a political speech. Found guilty, he was sentenced to five years' imprisonment; as he left the courtroom, supporters sang " 1240:

not as oppressors but as benefactors who had brought education and other benefits to southern Africa. Aged 16, he, his cousin Justice and several other boys travelled to Tyhalarha to undergo the

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departments officially designated the ANC as a terrorist organisation, resulting in Mandela remaining on their terrorism watch-list until 2008. On the left, some voices in the ANC—among them

3399:". He attacked the United States more generally, asserting that "If there is a country that has committed unspeakable atrocities in the world, it is the United States of America", citing the 19719: 1793:

weaponry from the People's Republic of China, which was denied. Although the Chinese government supported the anti-apartheid struggle, they believed the movement insufficiently prepared for

11391: 2168:"—was widely reported in the press despite official censorship. The trial gained international attention; there were global calls for the release of the accused from the United Nations and 1825:, which was forcibly closed down by police. The tenets of the Freedom Charter remained important for Mandela, and in 1956 he described it as "an inspiration to the people of South Africa". 11715: 3323:

Retiring in June 1999, Mandela aimed to lead a quiet family life, divided between Johannesburg and Qunu. Although he set about authoring a sequel to his first autobiography, to be titled

2243:, hoping to build a mutual respect with the warders and convert them to his cause. Various official visitors met with Mandela, most significantly the liberal parliamentary representative 808: 3228:'s military junta in Nigeria but later became a leading figure in calling for sanctions when Abacha's regime increased human rights violations. In 1996, he was appointed chairman of the 13956: 13616: 11772: 3127:

Further problems were caused by the exodus of thousands of skilled white South Africans from the country, who were escaping the increasing crime rates, higher taxes and the impact of

2019: 2093:. Many MK members suspected that the authorities had been tipped off with regard to Mandela's whereabouts, although Mandela himself gave these ideas little credence. In later years, 19731: 19452: 11655: 1216:, where he tended herds as a cattle-boy and spent much time outside with other boys. Both his parents were illiterate, but his mother, being a devout Christian, sent him to a local 12065: 11693: 10719: 18263: 16548: 16009: 2554: 11506: 7508: 2637:

massacre. In September 1991, a national peace conference was held in Johannesburg at which Mandela, Buthelezi and de Klerk signed a peace accord, though the violence continued.

2176:

voted Mandela to its presidency. On 12 June 1964, justice De Wet found Mandela and two of his co-accused guilty on all four charges; although the prosecution had called for the

2139:

On 11 July 1963, police raided Liliesleaf Farm, arresting those that they found there and uncovering paperwork documenting MK's activities, some of which mentioned Mandela. The

14298:

Benneyworth, Garth (2011). "Armed and Trained: Nelson Mandela's 1962 Military Mission as Commander in Chief of Umkhonto we Sizwe and Provenance for his Buried Makarov Pistol".

3153:, who held their annual conference in Durban. He used the event to criticise the "narrow, chauvinistic interests" of the Israeli government in stalling negotiations to end the 23095: 23050: 23030: 15634: 11295: 3741:

and at times exhibited a quick temper. He was typically friendly and welcoming, and appeared relaxed in conversation with everyone, including his opponents. A self-described

2629:, which resulted in thousands of deaths. Mandela met with Inkatha leader Buthelezi, but the ANC prevented further negotiations on the issue. Mandela argued that there was a " 19744: 16543: 15574: 9964: 9948: 7000: 2513:

Leaving Victor Verster Prison on 11 February, Mandela held Winnie's hand in front of amassed crowds and the press; the event was broadcast live across the world. Driven to

2445:, which was involved in an increasingly violent struggle with the ANC. Mandela requested talks with Botha but was denied, instead secretly meeting with Minister of Justice 1900:. The incident brought international condemnation of the government and resulted in rioting throughout South Africa, with Mandela publicly burning his pass in solidarity. 1442:

township; despite being rife with poverty, crime and pollution, Alexandra always remained a special place for him. Although embarrassed by his poverty, he briefly dated a

810: 12032: 22048: 16538: 3403:; this attracted international controversy, although he later improved his relationship with Bush. Retaining an interest in the Lockerbie suspect, he visited Megrahi in 1966:("Spear of the Nation", abbreviated MK). Becoming chairman of the militant group, Mandela gained ideas from literature on guerrilla warfare by Marxist militants Mao and 9502: 2236:

members. Initiating the "University of Robben Island", whereby prisoners lectured on their own areas of expertise, he debated socio-political topics with his comrades.

1617:, affecting the actions of all protest groups. At the ANC national conference of December 1951, he continued arguing against a racially united front, but was outvoted. 23225: 21862: 18492: 15579: 14766: 12001: 2835:

in Durban, and though the ANC's victory assured his election as president, he publicly accepted that the election had been marred by instances of fraud and sabotage.

23075: 16521: 16515: 16509: 16503: 16497: 16491: 16485: 16479: 11561: 8768: 7362: 2929: 2625:. Mandela's prospects for a peaceful transition were further damaged by an increase in "black-on-black" violence, particularly between ANC and Inkatha supporters in 2598: 13380: 12153: 3925:

In 2004, Johannesburg granted Mandela the Freedom of the City, and in 2008 a Mandela statue was unveiled at the spot where Mandela was released from prison. On the

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a brave new African world of modernity and freedom". Mandela was known to change his clothes several times a day, and he became so associated with highly coloured

2264:

regularly imprisoned for political activity, and his daughters first visited in December 1975. Winnie was released from prison in 1977 but was forcibly settled in

1779:

That South Africa belongs to all who live in it, black and white, and that no government can justly claim authority unless it is based on the will of the people.

1715:—in Johannesburg. Found guilty of "statutory communism", a term that the government used to describe most opposition to apartheid, their sentence of nine months' 11595: 1383:, arriving in April 1941. Mandela found work as a night watchman at Crown Mines, his "first sight of South African capitalism in action", but was fired when the 14903:

Muthien, Yvonne; Khosa, Meshack; Magubane, Bernard (2000). "Democracy and Governance in Transition". In Yvonne Muthien; Meshack Khosa; Bernard Magubane (eds.).

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He retained some involvement in international affairs. In 2005, he founded the Nelson Mandela Legacy Trust, travelling to the United States to speak before the

2147:

in October, with Mandela and his comrades charged with four counts of sabotage and conspiracy to violently overthrow the government; their chief prosecutor was

1996:

supporters to their senses before it is too late so that both government and its policies can be changed before matters reach the desperate stage of civil war.

23040: 23005: 21832: 21694: 19643: 19250: 18937: 13851: 13410: 3383:

and called it an attempt by the world's powerful nations to police the entire world. In 2003, he spoke out against the plans for the United States to launch a

2466:

and killing opponents—including children—in Soweto. Though some encouraged him to divorce her, he decided to remain loyal until she was found guilty by trial.

1664:

against apartheid with Indian and communist groups, founding a National Voluntary Board to recruit volunteers. The campaign was designed to follow the path of

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to South Africa, which earned him strong criticism from ANC anti-capitalists. Despite his opulent surroundings, Mandela lived simply, donating a third of his

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By 1975, Mandela had become a Class A prisoner, which allowed him greater numbers of visits and letters. He corresponded with anti-apartheid activists like

1740:, operating in downtown Johannesburg. The only African-run law firm in the country, it was popular with aggrieved black people, often dealing with cases of 1475:, where he was the only black African student and faced racism. There, he befriended liberal and communist European, Jewish and Indian students, among them 23110: 18818: 16463: 1446:

woman before unsuccessfully courting his landlord's daughter. To save money and be closer to downtown Johannesburg, Mandela moved into the compound of the

10316: 7103: 3941:

as "the Mandela Rules" to honour his legacy. Subsequently, the years 2019 to 2028 were also designated the United Nations Nelson Mandela Decade of Peace.

23045: 23015: 22965: 17436: 16143: 7485: 11483: 23020: 22071: 21035: 20105: 18993: 17427: 17153: 15619: 3047: 2678:". Calling for domestic mass action, in August the ANC organised the largest-ever strike in South African history, and supporters marched on Pretoria. 1052: 13769: 23105: 22985: 21747: 19760: 18866: 2874:

Aged 76, he faced various ailments, and although exhibiting continued energy, he felt isolated and lonely. He often entertained celebrities, such as

2302:

The inside of Mandela's prison cell as it was when he was imprisoned in 1964 and his open cell window facing the prison yard on Robben Island, now a

1752:, was born in May 1954, Mandela's relationship with Evelyn became strained, and she accused him of adultery. He may have had affairs with ANC member 242: 194: 14381: 23025: 22950: 18584: 17789: 11383: 9972: 2633:" within the state intelligence services fuelling the "slaughter of the people" and openly blamed de Klerk—whom he increasingly distrusted—for the 11723: 10301: 6603: 3080:

policy that did not address social inequality, no matter how Mandela defended it. In adopting this approach, Mandela's government adhered to the "

2474: 1343:, and gave Bible classes in the local community as part of the Student Christian Association. Although he had friends who held connections to the 23210: 23150: 23055: 22970: 22955: 11876: 11802: 3891: 1872:

was appointed to prosecute the case, and in February the judge ruled that there was "sufficient reason" for the defendants to go on trial in the

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In 1989, Botha suffered a stroke; although he retained the state presidency, he stepped down as leader of the National Party, to be replaced by

2058:

gave him £5,000 for weaponry. He proceeded to Morocco, Mali, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia and Senegal, receiving funds from Liberian president

1387:(headman) discovered that he was a runaway. He stayed with a cousin in George Goch Township, who introduced Mandela to realtor and ANC activist 23180: 21762: 16950: 14642:

Houston, Gregory; Muthien, Yvonne (2000). "Democracy and Governance in Transition". In Yvonne Muthien; Meshack Khosa; Bernard Magubane (eds.).

11780: 8435: 7067: 2823:—incidents of violence involving the AWB and Inkatha, respectively—Mandela met with Afrikaner politicians and generals, including P. W. Botha, 13612: 13154: 6179: 1620:

Thereafter, Mandela rejected Lembede's Africanism and embraced the idea of a multi-racial front against apartheid. Influenced by friends like

23125: 21601: 21559: 21180: 19568: 18456: 18189: 16563: 16052: 15529: 13704: 8874: 8823: 7744: 7548: 6523: 2531: 2106: 1943:. He believed that the ANC should form an armed group to channel some of this violence in a controlled direction, convincing both ANC leader 332: 14623:(2003). "The Nature of South African Democracy: Political Dominance and Economic Inequality". In Theodore K. Rabb; Ezra N. Suleiman (eds.). 14046: 11219: 7664: 7247: 7215: 23070: 23010: 21268: 18040: 16714: 15762: 14104: 5019: 4204: 12056: 11277: 6755: 6723: 1206:

Mandela later stated that his early life was dominated by traditional Xhosa custom and taboo. He grew up with two sisters in his mother's

23215: 22980: 22945: 16553: 16072: 16062: 11685: 10715: 7604: 4100: 3821: 2851: 2743: 2681: 1044: 11498: 3356:, to provide postgraduate scholarships to African students. These projects were followed by the Nelson Mandela Centre of Memory and the 2454:. Mandela rejected these conditions, insisting that the ANC would end its armed activities only when the government renounced violence. 1813:, calling on all South Africans to send in proposals for a post-apartheid era. Based on the responses, a Freedom Charter was drafted by 1534:

In July 1947, Mandela rushed Lembede, who was ill, to hospital, where he died; he was succeeded as ANCYL president by the more moderate

23230: 23205: 19683: 19243: 11083: 2397:; he also read voraciously and corresponded widely, now being permitted 52 letters a year. He was appointed patron of the multi-racial 1153:

term colloquially meaning "troublemaker", and in later years became known by his clan name, Madiba. His patrilineal great-grandfather,

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conviction that "inclusivity, accountability and freedom of speech" were the fundamentals of democracy, and was driven by a belief in

2649:(CODESA) began in December 1991 at the Johannesburg World Trade Centre, attended by 228 delegates from 19 political parties. Although 1828:

Following the end of a second ban in September 1955, Mandela went on a working holiday to Transkei to discuss the implications of the

23035: 19132: 18744: 17666: 16067: 15569: 11939: 11156: 5799: 3507: 3400: 3372:, Thailand, calling for greater measures to tackle tuberculosis as well as HIV/AIDS. Mandela publicised AIDS as the cause of his son 3002: 2609:, Johannesburg, and moved into Winnie's large Soweto home. Their marriage was increasingly strained as he learned of her affair with 1363:(SRC) boycott against the quality of food, for which he was suspended from the university; he never returned to complete his degree. 6283: 1744:. Disliked by the authorities, the firm was forced to relocate to a remote location after their office permit was removed under the 18259: 18091: 18048: 17854: 16585: 16002: 15614: 15460: 15432: 15358: 15150:

Suttner, Raymond (2016). "'I Was Not Born With a Hunger to Be Free': Nelson Mandela's Early Journeys towards Political Awareness".

11303: 11129: 5675: 5643: 5411: 3361: 2793: 2646: 2086: 13825: 13075: 9940: 2924:, an autobiography based around a manuscript he had written in prison, augmented by interviews conducted with American journalist 2557:

concert at Wembley Stadium. Encouraging foreign countries to support sanctions against the apartheid government, he met President

1339:, who became a close friend and comrade for decades to come. He took up ballroom dancing, performed in a drama society play about 23200: 23120: 22975: 21968: 19858: 19617: 18608: 16707: 16136: 14925:(2014). "From a 'Terrorist' to Global Icon: A Critical Decolonial Ethical Tribute to Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela of South Africa". 7008: 4955: 4013:, have focused on covering his adult life in entirety or until his inaugural as president. Others, such as the 2009 feature film 3325: 3024: 2974: 1447: 13791: 8352: 6063: 4519: 23185: 23175: 23160: 23155: 20098: 18986: 17420: 17146: 16730: 16665: 16558: 16057: 12024: 11199: 10219: 3365: 3229: 2666:

of ANC activists by government-aided Inkatha militants, Mandela called off the negotiations, before attending a meeting of the

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Mandela's mother took him to the "Great Place" palace at Mqhekezweni, where he was entrusted to the guardianship of the Thembu

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industry for the South African economy, Mandela endorsed the trade in weapons but brought in tighter regulations surrounding

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in June 1958. She later became involved in ANC activities, spending several weeks in prison. Together they had two children:

13925: 7980: 5491: 5083: 3252:, helping to initiate a settlement which brought increased stability to the country but did not end the ethnic violence. In 23195: 23090: 23085: 19903: 17659: 16034: 15752: 15559: 15554: 14772: 14020: 12710: 12095: 11633: 11440: 11013: 10349: 8729: 7354: 7187: 6671: 3983: 3915: 3480: 2458: 1208: 23060: 15629: 11048: 8764: 3540:

After suffering from a prolonged respiratory infection, Mandela died on 5 December 2013 at the age of 95, at around 20:50

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and Raymond Mhlaba, and he involved himself in a group, named Ulundi, that represented all political prisoners (including

1427:

conflicted with his Christian faith, and because he saw the South African struggle as being racially based rather than as

1399:, a liberal Jew sympathetic to the ANC's cause. At the firm, Mandela befriended Gaur Radebe—a Hlubi member of the ANC and 23170: 23115: 17682: 15599: 13899: 13376: 11993: 4643: 3855: 3770: 3186: 2785: 2775: 1940: 1806: 1547: 1360: 1040: 14180: 14068: 13440: 7636: 6976: 4029:

and other films, "the America film industry" has played a significant part in "the crafting of Mandela's global image".

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reluctantly agreed. The negotiations agreed that a multiracial general election would be held, resulting in a five-year

1724:

Easy Walk to Freedom" speech at a Transvaal ANC meeting; the title was taken from a quote by Indian independence leader

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the ANC's membership grew from 20,000 to 100,000 members; the government responded with mass arrests and introduced the

19707: 19371: 18844: 18710: 18123: 16943: 16687: 16129: 5231: 5055: 2808:, South Africa's press opposed Mandela's election, fearing continued ethnic strife, instead supporting the National or 2711: 2614: 2402: 2229: 1614: 11603: 8646: 5767: 5523: 5283: 3395:(whom he referred to as an "American foreign minister") for undermining the UN, saying, "All that (Mr. Bush) wants is 23190: 23165: 23140: 23065: 21594: 21173: 20091: 19217: 19212: 19207: 19202: 19197: 19187: 19182: 19177: 19172: 19167: 18979: 18325: 17413: 17139: 15670: 15544: 9580: 7445: 5875: 3851: 3773:

claimed that he retained his allegiance to them throughout his life. On analysing Mandela's writings, the theologian

2907: 1567: 1008:(SACP). Although initially committed to non-violent protest, in association with the SACP he co-founded the militant 871: 13678: 13402: 11537: 10609: 7820: 6243: 5359: 3460:

independent leadership to some of the world's toughest problems. Mandela announced the formation of this new group,

3176:. Despite publicly criticising him on several occasions, Mandela liked Clinton, and personally supported him during 1896:. One of the PAC-organised demonstrations was fired upon by police, resulting in the deaths of 69 protesters in the 23000: 22960: 22935: 21456: 19748: 16630: 15678: 14572:; Blanton, Robert (1997). "F. W. de Klerk and Nelson Mandela: A Study in Cooperative Transformational Leadership". 3837:

Mandela's international fame emerged during his incarceration in the 1980s, when he became the world's most famous

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and Robert Blanton, Mandela was an "exceptionally intelligent, shrewd, and loyal leader". His official biographer,

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Mandela on a visit to Australia in 2009; he is wearing one of the brightly coloured garments that became known as "

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In the latter part of his presidency, Mandela increasingly relied on his Deputy President, Thabo Mbeki (pictured).

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Ellis, Stephen (2016). "Nelson Mandela, the South African Communist Party and the origins of Umkhonto we Sizwe".

13735: 10157: 9083: 7163: 6311: 3930: 2809: 2372:; both considered Mandela's ANC a terrorist organisation sympathetic to communism and supported its suppression. 1472: 1072: 154: 28: 22447: 10320: 6839: 4367: 2654:

achieved. CODESA 2 was held in May 1992, at which de Klerk insisted that post-apartheid South Africa must use a

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that his father had lost his job for standing up to the magistrate's unreasonable demands. A devotee of the god

21827: 20556: 19041: 11475: 11341: 7696: 3911: 3903: 2816: 2613:, but he supported her during her trial for kidnapping and assault. He gained funding for her defence from the 1518:

Mandela and Evelyn in July 1944 at Walter and Albertina Sisulu's wedding party in the Bantu Men's Social Centre

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released him in 1990. Mandela and de Klerk led efforts to negotiate an end to apartheid, which resulted in the

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1988 Soviet commemorative stamp, captioned "Fighter for the freedom of South Africa Nelson Mandela" in Russian

20970: 18632: 16936: 16670: 16600: 15875: 15492: 15255: 7039: 6699: 6579: 3999: 3883: 3530: 3135:, and Mandela criticised those who left. At the same time, South Africa experienced an influx of millions of 2667: 2144: 1810: 1798: 1606: 1563: 1400: 1005: 989: 965: 801: 707: 455: 13761: 8168: 6555: 6035: 3997:

Mandela has also been depicted in films on multiple occasions. Some of these, such as the 2013 feature film

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with a rotating presidency to ensure the protection of ethnic minorities; Mandela opposed this, demanding a

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who became his first white friend. Mandela attended Communist Party gatherings, where he was impressed that

23100: 21587: 21166: 20379: 19540: 16871: 15624: 15604: 15591: 15425: 15228: 8554: 3278: 2844: 2737: 2332: 1708: 1508: 1056: 1048: 906: 65: 22040: 19689: 10293: 3846:"concern for truth". Mandela's iconic status has been blamed for concealing the complexities of his life. 3205:. Mandela proposed that they be tried in a third country, which was agreed to by all parties; governed by 21961: 20918: 19818: 19677: 19476: 18516: 15747: 14353: 9163: 9029: 9027: 7580: 3541: 3407:

and spoke out against the conditions of his treatment, referring to them as "psychological persecution".

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community. In Cuba, he became friends with President Castro, whom he had long admired. He met President

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The ANC's tricolour flag; black for the people, green for the land, and gold for the resources of Africa

1450:, living among miners of various tribes; as the compound was visited by various chiefs, he once met the 22854: 21416: 19474: 19287: 18596: 17797: 16209: 16191: 15827: 15727: 15717: 12172: 10746: 8454: 8256: 7860: 7139: 6427: 4819: 4599: 4095: 3316: 3032: 2758:. Soon after, Mandela and de Klerk were jointly awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in Norway. Influenced by 2630: 2606: 2173: 2031: 1432: 617: 57: 11962: 11872: 9024: 8913: 7772: 4867: 4075:

names has changed since the time of Mandela's schooling, and that it would now be written Rholihlahla.

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campaign against the apartheid government. He was arrested and imprisoned in 1962, and, following the

22990: 21360: 21344: 21284: 21189: 20650: 20040: 19912: 19738: 19671: 19037: 17639: 17244: 17162: 16881: 16856: 16152: 16029: 15997: 15926: 15787: 15609: 15549: 15454: 15326: 14922: 14771:. Sydney: Humanities Research Centre, Australian National University. pp. 99–107. Archived from 14444: 14416:

Bromley, Roger (2014). "'Magic Negro', Saint or Comrade: Representations of Nelson Mandela in Film".

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against New Zealand, and after the Springboks won the match, Mandela presented the trophy to captain

3011:

Mandela personally met with senior figures of the apartheid regime, including lawyer Percy Yutar and

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to call for his release. Despite increasing foreign pressure, the government refused, relying on its

2027: 1551: 1344: 1088: 980:, Mandela and the ANC committed themselves to its overthrow. He was appointed president of the ANC's 926: 898: 514: 443: 103: 17055: 15383: 9263: 8439: 5259: 4747: 2718:

model, guaranteeing separation of powers, creating a constitutional court, and including a US-style

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in Senegal, at which he called for a special session of the UN Security Council and proposed that a

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leadership committed high treason by advocating violent revolution, a charge the defendants denied.

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ritual that symbolically marked their transition from boys to men; afterwards he was given the name

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2013, a bronze statue of Mandela was unveiled at Pretoria's Union Buildings. In November 2009, the

3710: 3621: 3456: 2569:, addressed both Houses of Congress and visited eight cities, being particularly popular among the 2216:

Lime quarry on Robben Island where Mandela and other prisoners were forced to carry out hard labour

1849: 1380: 622: 53: 24: 18468: 18448: 15060:

Soudien, Crain (2015). "Nelson Mandela, Robben Island and the Imagination of a New South Africa".

14826:

Mangcu, Xolela (2013). "Retracing Nelson Mandela through the Lineage of Black Political Thought".

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described Mandela as a "liberal African nationalist–decolonial humanist", while political analyst

1555: 22920: 21925: 20114: 19613: 19530: 19161: 19026: 18363: 17545: 17354: 17095: 16959: 16414: 16197: 16179: 16096: 15742: 15418: 14531: 14042: 9987: 9320: 9318: 8602: 8108: 6095: 4723: 4038: 3761: 3633: 3256:, troops were ordered into Lesotho in September 1998 to protect the government of Prime Minister 3210: 3128: 2910:, which he had founded in 1995. Although dismantling press censorship, speaking out in favour of 2165: 1889: 1729: 1678: 1649: 1580: 1351:, Mandela avoided any involvement with the nascent movement, and became a vocal supporter of the 1312: 1288:

attended by most Thembu royalty, including Justice. The headmaster emphasised the superiority of

945: 607: 14100: 11273: 10961: 5207: 5183: 4164: 3781:, although added that his thought relied to a greater extent on the Southern African concept of 3632:

and pre-colonial African forms of consensus decision making. He was an admirer of British-style

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Publicly, Mandela became more vocal in criticising Western powers. He strongly opposed the 1999

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to Thatcher, for instance, the ANC was "a typical terrorist organisation". The US government's

3830: 3491:, flew him out to the Eastern Cape to attend a pro-Zuma rally in the midst of a storm in 2009. 3109: 2462: 2421: 2341: 2063: 2042:, and gave his speech after Selassie's at the conference. After the symposium, he travelled to 1845: 1758: 1574:. Gaining increasing influence in the ANC, Mandela and his party cadre allies began advocating 588: 14602: 14043:

Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners from the United Nations General Assembly

9859: 9857: 9747: 9695: 9315: 9283: 9203: 8693: 8036: 5387: 4931: 4843: 2558: 1114:. He is held in deep respect within South Africa, where he is often referred to by his Thembu 23220: 22187: 22028: 21920: 21837: 20469: 20248: 20188: 20172: 19988: 19963: 19534: 19423: 18788: 18420: 18032: 17773: 17319: 17075: 16887: 15867: 15772: 15757: 14279:

Battersby, John (2011). "Afterword: Living Legend, Living Statue". In Anthony Sampson (ed.).

8669: 7393: 6819: 5619: 3926: 3600: 3521: 3436: 3198: 3194: 3168: 2491: 2442: 2335:(BCM). Seeing the ANC as ineffectual, the BCM called for militant action, but, following the 2116: 2090: 1955: 1935: 1672:; some supported this for ethical reasons, but Mandela instead considered it pragmatic. At a 1665: 1571: 1241: 1032: 901:

from 1994 to 1999. He was the country's first black head of state and the first elected in a

404: 73: 69: 13403:"Nelson Mandela's letters detail his 27 years as the world's most famous political prisoner" 11075: 5127: 2940:, a Mozambican political activist 27 years his junior who was the widow of former president 1035:. Amid growing domestic and international pressure and fears of racial civil war, President 22930: 22925: 22524: 21842: 21654: 21482: 21392: 20961: 20634: 20510: 20441: 20421: 20417: 20403: 20272: 19627: 19391: 18903: 17889: 17809: 17721: 17579: 17557: 17505: 17314: 17299: 17229: 17005: 16645: 16615: 16203: 15835: 15712: 15662: 15657: 15391: 14243:

Mandela's World: The International Dimension of South Africa's Political Revolution 1990–99

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According to Lodge, Mandela's political thought reflected tensions between his support for

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in the Vatican, and Thatcher in the United Kingdom. In the United States, he met President

2317: 2252: 2205: 2197: 2161: 2131: 1897: 1841: 1652:. Commenting on communism, he later stated that he "found strongly drawn to the idea of a 1416: 1408: 1232:, listening to the tales told by elderly visitors to the palace, and was influenced by the 1225: 1119: 1079:

from 1998 to 1999. He declined a second presidential term and was succeeded by his deputy,

1076: 981: 977: 784: 612: 11931: 8893: 8518: 8280: 8220: 6387: 5915: 2352:, Scotland in 1981. In March 1980, the slogan "Free Mandela!" was developed by journalist 8: 22904: 22672: 22619: 22391: 22019: 21792: 21610: 21133: 19889: 19824: 19506: 19363: 19295: 19121: 17709: 17105: 16655: 16473: 16039: 16019: 15851: 15819: 15803: 11160: 10262: 9378: 8846: 4005: 3975: 3580: 3495: 3249: 3217: 3136: 2832: 2514: 2357: 2345: 2307: 2201: 2169: 1971: 1888:

In April 1959, Africanists dissatisfied with the ANC's united front approach founded the

1492: 1316: 1237: 1175: 1099: 1095: 1060: 918: 914: 459: 49: 19639: 18600: 18548: 18243: 17981: 11133: 10716:"Remembering the moment that SA soldiers marched into Lesotho - The Mail & Guardian" 10640: 10578: 9067: 7311: 3524:, attracting international attention, before being re-admitted for a lung infection and 2293: 1596: 1221:

that he inherited his father's "proud rebelliousness" and "stubborn sense of fairness".

1051:, Mandela emphasised reconciliation between the country's racial groups and created the 23135: 22792: 22475: 22194: 21822: 21727: 20363: 20339: 20296: 20264: 19998: 19766: 19524: 19512: 19379: 19347: 19259: 19115: 19090: 18933: 18855: 18181: 18107: 18024: 17919: 17753: 17745: 17040: 16975: 16215: 16024: 15811: 15504: 15199: 15167: 15138: 15109: 15077: 15004: 14971: 14942: 14882: 14843: 14749: 14693: 14595: 14581: 14557: 14503: 14474: 14373: 14315: 13817: 11796: 9442: 6407: 5851: 4299: 4196: 4115: 3838: 3786: 3778: 3706: 3333:, he urged Mbeki's government to ensure that HIV-positive South Africans had access to 3257: 3190: 2903: 2891: 2715: 2663: 2047: 1720: 1645: 1539: 1496: 1439: 997: 973: 902: 695: 15292: 14012: 13079: 11432: 10841: 9794: 9422: 9243: 8795: 7724: 4575: 3673:

time. It has been repeatedly suggested that Mandela would have preferred to develop a

2109:. His hearing began in October, but he disrupted proceedings by wearing a traditional 1865: 22771: 22598: 22584: 22208: 22180: 22138: 22131: 22110: 22096: 21895: 21787: 21352: 21236: 20837: 20790: 20782: 20766: 20722: 20698: 20610: 20526: 20502: 20461: 20445: 20395: 20387: 20312: 20240: 20132: 19973: 19773: 19695: 19556: 19057: 18829: 18714: 18532: 18227: 18211: 18173: 17954: 17946: 17825: 17785: 17686: 17651: 17349: 17234: 16995: 16990: 16928: 16893: 16620: 16595: 16426: 16316: 16108: 15487: 15482: 15273: 15203: 15171: 15142: 15113: 15081: 15046: 15038: 15024: 15008: 14975: 14946: 14908: 14889: 14863: 14847: 14812: 14793: 14753: 14718: 14666: 14647: 14628: 14606: 14561: 14507: 14478: 14430: 14402: 14377: 14335: 14319: 14284: 14265: 14246: 13795: 13134: 10223: 10007: 4200: 4188: 3994:", which helped to bring awareness of his imprisonment to an international audience. 3899: 3887: 3782: 3629: 3484: 3202: 2887: 2566: 2562: 2369: 2181: 2008: 1963: 1837: 1832:

with local Xhosa chiefs, also visiting his mother and Noengland before proceeding to

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Kalumba, Kibujjo M. (1995). "The Political Philosophy of Nelson Mandela: A Primer".

12675: 11360: 10660: 3789:. According to Sampson, Mandela never had "a strong religious faith" however, while 2589:

in Australia. He visited Japan, but not the Soviet Union, a longtime ANC supporter.

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In 1964, Mandela and his co-accused were transferred from Pretoria to the prison on

1438:

Earning a small wage, Mandela rented a room in the house of the Xhoma family in the

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Mandela was very self-conscious about being a man and regularly made references to

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in Cape Town, Mandela allowed de Klerk to retain the presidential residence in the

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Concerned that COSAG would undermine the election, particularly in the wake of the

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celebrated his 60th birthday. He was awarded an honorary doctorate in Lesotho, the

2239:

Though attending Christian Sunday services, Mandela studied Islam. He also studied

2233: 2102: 2039: 1959: 1905: 1873: 1749: 1741: 1725: 1356: 1332: 1308: 1233: 1178:, ineligible to inherit the throne but recognised as hereditary royal councillors. 1115: 1028: 839: 584: 580: 18377: 17717: 17035: 17030: 17025: 15134: 15073: 14499: 13848:"Canada presents Nelson Mandela with the Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee medal" 13094: 9675: 9474: 8953: 6227: 5555: 3467: 2457:

Mandela's 70th birthday in July 1988 attracted international attention, including

2310:. Mandela's cell later contained more furniture, including a bed from around 1973. 2018:

The ANC decided to send Mandela as a delegate to the February 1962 meeting of the

1947:—who was morally opposed to violence—and allied activist groups of its necessity. 1777:

We, the people of South Africa, declare for all our country and the world to know:

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and expand healthcare services. Internationally, Mandela acted as mediator in the

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Lukhele, Francis (2012). "Post-Prison Nelson Mandela: A 'Made-in-America Hero'".

14552: 14535: 14460: 14311: 13929: 13708: 12872: 12087: 11625: 10339: 10289: 8994: 8992: 5831: 5747: 4267: 4015: 3907: 3805: 3734: 3591: 3550: 3444: 3338: 3233: 2925: 2879: 2875: 2675: 2650: 2622: 2618: 2574: 2425: 2336: 2055: 2001:— Statement released by MK to announce the start of their sabotage campaign 1979: 1818: 1814: 1785: 1745: 1559: 1484: 1340: 1324: 1229: 314: 20449: 19947: 19631: 19601: 19339: 18165: 15932: 13202: 12706: 11003: 5939: 4555: 4331: 3344:

In 2002, Mandela inaugurated the Nelson Mandela Annual Lecture, and in 2003 the

2937: 1855: 1511:, with Lembede as president and Mandela as a member of its executive committee. 1276:, a Western-style institution that was the largest school for black Africans in 1236:

rhetoric of a visiting chief, Joyi. Nevertheless, at the time he considered the

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and African nationalist politics, joining the ANC in 1943 and co-founding its

22914: 22827: 22661: 22626: 22591: 22556: 22542: 22503: 22461: 22373: 22352: 22331: 22310: 22261: 22173: 21977: 21915: 21890: 21689: 21684: 21674: 21567: 21517: 21489: 21400: 21276: 21228: 21220: 21117: 21052: 21043: 20922: 20908: 20845: 20828: 20816: 20750: 20734: 20730: 20706: 20690: 20584: 20572: 20457: 20437: 20433: 20413: 20256: 20232: 20148: 19993: 19926: 19595: 19591: 19048: 18971: 18877: 18792: 18624: 18612: 18576: 18572: 18440: 18251: 18138: 18008: 17958: 17777: 17729: 17615: 17597: 17591: 17539: 17483: 17384: 17374: 17369: 17279: 17249: 17100: 17090: 17015: 16625: 16610: 16568: 16438: 16396: 16298: 15980: 15539: 15514: 15509: 15223: 15163: 14625:

The Making and Unmaking of Democracy: Lessons from History and World Politics

14447:(2011). "The Genesis of the ANC's Armed Struggle in South Africa 1948–1961". 13432: 7377: 6984: 4192: 3979: 3596: 3554: 3533: 3452: 3380: 3116: 3076:

and the encouragement of foreign investment; many in the ANC derided it as a

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estate, instead settling into the nearby Westbrooke manor, which he renamed "

2864: 2855:

earlier agreements, both de Klerk and Thabo Mbeki were given the position of

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Returning to Mqhekezweni in December 1940, Mandela found that Jongintaba had

1331:. Mandela stayed in the Wesley House dormitory, befriending his own kinsman, 1285: 1268:

for the Thembu royal house, Mandela began his secondary education in 1933 at

1265: 1158: 1146: 1094:

Mandela was a controversial figure for much of his life. Although critics on

1024: 1017: 957: 937: 202: 22605: 19791: 16808: 16121: 13328: 11406: 10945: 10929: 10692: 10624: 2412: 1868:, and continued until the case was adjourned in September. In January 1958, 1591: 1423:

mixed as equals. He later stated that he did not join the party because its

1020:, was sentenced to life imprisonment for conspiring to overthrow the state. 22750: 22725: 22697: 22665: 22612: 22577: 22496: 22345: 22282: 22247: 22117: 22070: 22001: 21946: 21930: 21812: 21802: 21722: 21631: 21527: 21468: 21376: 21340: 21313: 21299: 21244: 21145: 21060: 21039: 21026: 21018: 20994: 20986: 20869: 20861: 20806: 20674: 20618: 20564: 20543: 20518: 20347: 20224: 20164: 20083: 20071: 20045: 19834: 19754: 19661: 19355: 19311: 19140: 18766: 18725: 18688: 18677: 18640: 18568: 18484: 18347: 18146: 18099: 17805: 17705: 17575: 17533: 17511: 17389: 17334: 17289: 17254: 17120: 17080: 17000: 16831: 16813: 16766: 16734: 16402: 16390: 16378: 16357: 16328: 16286: 16233: 16221: 16014: 15351: 14515: 13623: 12702: 9051: 8875:"Nelson Mandela's address to Rally in Cape Town on his Release from Prison" 8204: 8056: 8004: 7880: 4021: 3987: 3971: 3895: 3774: 3723: 3698: 3693: 3682: 3516:

Members of the public paying their respects outside Mandela's Houghton home

3448: 3376:'s death in January 2005, to defy the stigma about discussing the disease. 3349: 3311: 3269: 3173: 3040: 3005: 2994: 2977:. The other cabinet positions were taken by ANC members, many of whom—like 2933: 2895: 2751: 2487: 2450:

renounce violence, break links with the Communist Party, and not insist on

2353: 2321: 2260: 2256: 2244: 1951: 1869: 1693: 1625: 1621: 1584: 1443: 1376: 1336: 1320: 1171: 1166: 953: 933: 677: 420: 224: 19489: 16802: 15287: 14811:(large print ed.). London: BBC AudioBooks and Time Warner Books Ltd. 13186: 12844: 11333: 10877: 10861: 10392: 10067: 9541: 9525: 9458: 9362: 9107: 9008: 8937: 8713: 7912: 7331: 4025:, have focused on specific events in his life. Lukhele has argued that in 2212: 1764: 1632:, his mistrust of communism broke down and he began reading literature by 1063:

despite his own socialist beliefs, also introducing measures to encourage

22778: 22732: 22654: 22633: 22510: 22482: 22412: 22398: 22324: 22296: 22268: 22254: 22124: 22010: 21852: 21817: 21742: 21732: 21704: 21510: 21424: 21408: 21372: 21332: 21323: 21306: 21292: 21212: 21199: 21090: 21082: 20682: 20646: 20630: 20592: 20050: 19983: 19968: 19942: 19701: 19653: 19623: 19607: 19020: 19003: 18914: 18881: 18500: 18464: 18428: 17989: 17633: 17627: 17603: 17569: 17515: 17489: 17467: 17364: 17359: 17344: 17304: 17284: 17274: 17214: 17198: 17065: 16877: 16841: 16791: 16756: 16351: 16304: 16245: 16077: 15920: 15902: 15733:

Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (the Mandela Rules)

15707: 15402: 15368: 15336: 15244: 14855: 12785: 12472: 5991: 4068: 3991: 3934: 3863: 3801: 3479:

Mandela's 90th birthday was marked across the country on 18 July 2008; a

3424: 3384: 3240:. He also played a key role as a mediator in the ethnic conflict between 3225: 3132: 2998: 2990: 2986: 2899: 2883: 2798: 2780: 2759: 2519: 2506: 2479: 2438: 2406: 2394: 2225: 2148: 2023: 1967: 1817:, calling for the creation of a democratic, non-racialist state with the 1716: 1712: 1686: 1682: 1523: 1154: 1083:. Mandela became an elder statesman and focused on combating poverty and 1080: 1064: 477: 168: 19866:

Organization of Ibero-American States for Education, Science and Culture

14585: 12023:

Vecchiatto, Paul; Stone, Setumo; Magubane, Khulekani (6 December 2013).

11246: 10520: 4247: 3443:

on the need for economic assistance to Africa. He spoke with US senator

3220:", and he was greatly concerned with issues on the continent. He took a 1821:

of major industry. The charter was adopted at a June 1955 conference in

1514: 1043:

in which Mandela led the ANC to victory and became president. Leading a

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in the Netherlands in April 1999, and found one of the two men guilty.

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wide range of geographic and ideological backgrounds. Mandela headed a

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Mandela was given an office in the newly purchased ANC headquarters at

2417: 2328: 1930: 1711:

and stood trial as one of the 21 accused—among them Moroka, Sisulu and

1641: 1550:, in which only whites were permitted to vote, the Afrikaner-dominated 1527: 1500: 1480: 1455: 1277: 1269: 599: 21579: 14761:

Mafela, Munzhedzi James (2008). "The Revelation of African Culture in

14469: 12828: 12611: 12196: 12146:"Nelson Mandela leaves $ 4.1-million estate to family, staff, schools" 10039: 9557: 8300: 8020: 7944: 7928: 3494:

In 2004, Mandela successfully campaigned for South Africa to host the

3099: 2284: 87: 22764: 22289: 21857: 21125: 21113: 20873: 20030: 19802: 19323: 19303: 18620: 18111: 17379: 17224: 16782: 16761: 16574: 14907:. Pretoria: Human Sciences Research Council Press. pp. 361–374. 14427:

Saving Nelson Mandela: The Rivonia Trial and the Fate of South Africa

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ruler, is Thabo Mbeki" and that he was "shifting everything to him".

3206: 2824: 2722:; it also divided the country into nine provinces, each with its own 2586: 2490:

exacerbated by the damp conditions in his cell, Mandela was moved to

2265: 2240: 2085:

On 5 August 1962, police captured Mandela along with fellow activist

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in his first year, desiring to become an interpreter or clerk in the

1292:

and government, but Mandela became increasingly interested in native

1217: 993: 910: 15218: 13312: 11686:"Nelson Mandela, 94, responding positively to treatment in hospital" 10734: 10319:. Peninsula Peace and Justice Center. 9 January 2005. Archived from 10126: 9715: 8626: 5111: 3722:

shirts after assuming the presidency that they came to be known as "

1859:

An apartheid sign; apartheid legislation impacted all areas of life.

1059:

abuses. Economically, his administration retained its predecessor's

22440: 22215: 20935: 20853: 20535: 19830: 16751: 14646:. Pretoria: Human Sciences Research Council Press. pp. 37–68. 12372: 12212: 11337: 11008: 10794: 8538: 8240: 7023: 5719: 5603: 4627: 3914:. Queen Elizabeth II appointed him as a Bailiff Grand Cross of the 3608: 3120: 2860: 2700:, in which 28 ANC supporters and one soldier were shot dead by the 2634: 2361: 2015:(16 December) 1961, followed by further attacks on New Year's Eve. 1881: 1822: 1535: 1487:

house, including his old friend Oliver Tambo. In 1943, Mandela met

1420: 1395:

at the law firm of Witkin, Sidelsky and Eidelman, a company run by

1162: 1084: 1013: 13873: 13679:"President Honors Recipients of the Presidential Medal of Freedom" 12254: 12252: 12250: 12248: 12246: 10825: 5443: 4407: 4351: 3958:, published in 1999. Other biographies included Martin Meredith's 3410: 2969:

white population that they were protected and represented in "the

2020:

Pan-African Freedom Movement for East, Central and Southern Africa

1920: 1466: 1435:

correspondence course, working on his bachelor's degree at night.

1251: 22834: 21086: 21010: 19713: 18740: 17045: 15410: 14983:

Read, James H. (2010). "Leadership and power in Nelson Mandela's

12888: 10440: 9814: 7355:"Ex-CIA spy admits tip led to Nelson Mandela's long imprisonment" 6267: 3797: 3769:

He was raised in the Methodist denomination of Christianity; the

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but placed an emphasis on economic growth through a framework of

2723: 2578: 2349: 1983: 1424: 1301: 1273: 1001: 20: 22806: 17435: 15234: 13613:"US government considered Nelson Mandela a terrorist until 2008" 10222:. South African Government Online. 22 March 1996. Archived from 10116: 10114: 9651: 3804:

said that he was "easily tempted" by women. Another biographer,

2555:

Nelson Mandela: An International Tribute for a Free South Africa

2541: 2388:, along with senior ANC leaders Walter Sisulu, Andrew Mlangeni, 1359:

broke out. At the end of his first year he became involved in a

1256: 19846: 18285: 15282: 15264: 14518:(2014). "Mandela and the Methodists: Faith, Fallacy and Fact". 13639: 12336: 12243: 12110: 10083: 3201:, who were indicted in November 1991 and accused of sabotaging 3149:

September 1998, Mandela was appointed secretary-general of the

2469: 2111: 1701: 1673: 1451: 1183: 1142: 23131:

Recipients of the Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise, 1st class

22887: 14765:". In Anna Haebich; Frances Peters-Little; Peter Read (eds.). 11963:"Mandela's Death Leaves South Africa Without Its Moral Center" 11130:"Equipo Nizkor – Mandela slams Western action in Kosovo, Iraq" 10556: 10554: 3870: 2726:

and civil service, a concession between de Klerk's desire for

1570:, the party codified and expanded racial segregation with new 1315:, an elite black institution of approximately 150 students in 19881: 14260:

Barnard, Rita (2014). "Introduction". In Rita Barnard (ed.).

13928:. Gauteng Provincial Government. 27 July 2004. Archived from 11554:"Nelson Mandela's grandson Mandla accused of grave tampering" 11530:"South African courts step in over Mandela family burial row" 11175: 11028: 10111: 6511: 4148: 3719: 3611:, with which some commentators have sought to associate him. 3440: 3241: 3237: 3131:

toward black people in employment. This exodus resulted in a

2993:—had long been comrades of Mandela, although others, such as 2495: 2051: 2043: 1328: 1141:

Mandela was born on 18 July 1918, in the village of Mvezo in

984:

branch, rising to prominence for his involvement in the 1952

941: 400: 15239: 14860:

Higher than Hope: The Authorized Biography of Nelson Mandela

14148: 13850:. Queen's Printer for Canada. 23 August 2012. Archived from 12912: 12860: 12749: 12639: 12324: 10986: 10984: 10340:"South Africa: Mandela Deluged With Tributes as He Turns 85" 10055: 9663: 6944: 6942: 3447:

and President George W. Bush and first met the then-senator

3059: 2393:

officer, Brigadier Munro, Mandela was permitted to create a

2232:) on the island, through which he forged links with PAC and 1307:

In 1939, with Jongintaba's backing, Mandela began work on a

22704: 20953: 19840: 15121:

Suttner, Raymond (2014). "Nelson Mandela's Masculinities".

14905:

Democracy and Governance Review: Mandela's Legacy 1994–1999

14644:

Democracy and Governance Review: Mandela's Legacy 1994–1999

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stated that Mandela's religious belief was "never robust".

3387:, describing it as "a tragedy" and lambasting US president 3245: 1491:, an ANC member affiliated with the "Africanist" branch of 1431:. To continue his higher education, Mandela signed up to a 1213: 893:; 18 July 1918 – 5 December 2013) was a South African 863: 857: 744: 432: 18493:

International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War

15184:

Safundi: The Journal of South African and American Studies

13794:. African National Congress. 12 April 1992. Archived from 10782: 10492: 10380: 10238: 6971: 6969: 6215: 3520:

In February 2011, Mandela was briefly hospitalised with a

3232:(SADC) and initiated unsuccessful negotiations to end the 2548:

in Johannesburg, which became the ANC headquarters in 1991

2011:, MK publicly announced its existence with 57 bombings on 1915: 14208: 14206: 12816: 12589: 12587: 12524: 12384: 12127: 12125: 11773:"Mandela wished a 'peaceful end' by Cape Town Archbishop" 11576: 11455: 11310: 11234: 10981: 10708: 10680: 6939: 4173:

Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies

3749:, and had a lifelong interest in archaeology and boxing. 3119:

accused Mandela's government of doing little to stem the

1592:

Defiance Campaign and Transvaal ANC Presidency: 1950–1954

845: 19792:

Princess of Asturias Award for International Cooperation

14264:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–26. 14138: 14136: 14134: 14045:(Report). United Nations. 29 September 2015. p. 6. 13792:"Statement on the Ataturk Award given to Nelson Mandela" 13558: 13556: 13554: 13491: 13479: 13276: 13248: 13226:"Nelson Mandela to spend Christmas in S Africa hospital" 12924: 12801: 10815: 10813: 10541: 10539: 9772: 9770: 4699: 4507: 2838: 14354:"Postcolonial Terrorist: The Example of Nelson Mandela" 14218: 13592: 13568: 13527: 13467: 13056: 13032: 13020: 12900: 12663: 12512: 12460: 12448: 12396: 12360: 12312: 12288: 12276: 12264: 12233: 12231: 12160: 12022: 11817:"Nelson Mandela condition worsens as Zuma cancels trip" 10905: 10770: 10566: 10468: 10456: 10317:"Can Mandela's AIDS Message Pierce the Walls of Shame?" 10220:"No. 3 of 1996: Land Reform (Labour Tenants) Act, 1996" 9842: 9782: 9639: 9398: 9303: 8783: 8494: 8316: 8192: 8084: 6966: 6375: 3019:, also laying a wreath by the statue of Afrikaner hero 2327:

By the late 1960s, Mandela's fame had been eclipsed by

1765:

Congress of the People and the Treason Trial: 1955–1961

1347:(ANC) who wanted South Africa to be independent of the 19490:

Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation

17681: 16958: 16113: 14954:

Nelson, Steven (2014). "Nelson Mandela's Two Bodies".

14203: 14160: 13580: 13539: 13515: 13503: 13344: 13008: 12996: 12972: 12960: 12584: 12488: 12300: 12122: 11994:"Mandela's memorial service to be held on December 10" 10428: 10250: 10175: 5903: 5707: 3254:

South Africa's first post-apartheid military operation

2342:

Jawaharlal Nehru Award for International Understanding

2204:, but newspapers were forbidden, and he was locked in 2164:" speech. That speech—which was inspired by Castro's " 2074: 1366: 23096:

People from King Sabata Dalindyebo Local Municipality

23051:

Honorary companions of the Order of the Star of Ghana

23031:

Grand Commanders of the Order of the Federal Republic

22852: 21188: 19809:

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

19586:

United Nations Blue Berets stationed in Ex-Yugoslavia

17161: 14131: 13768:. London: Independent Print Limited. 3 October 1992. 13551: 13455: 13356: 13288: 12773: 12627: 12560: 10917: 10810: 10536: 9767: 8072: 4919: 4711: 4395: 3939:

Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners

3877:

List of awards and honours received by Nelson Mandela

3360:

against HIV/AIDS. He gave the closing address at the

3157:

and urged India and Pakistan to negotiate to end the

2046:, Egypt, admiring the political reforms of President 1685:. In May, authorities banned Transvaal ANC president 872: 848: 21460: 18819:

Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons

14902: 13979:"Nelson Mandela statue unveiled in Pretoria by Zuma" 12948: 12936: 12548: 12500: 12420: 12228: 11902:"South Africa's Nelson Mandela dies in Johannesburg" 11099:"Mandela arrived late to the fight against HIV-AIDS" 10740: 10149:

Leatt, Annie; Shung-King, Maylene & Monson, Jo.

10101: 9410: 5735: 1761:

and rejected Mandela's preoccupation with politics.

996:

activities and was unsuccessfully prosecuted in the

860: 854: 17508:(Constitutional Development and Provincial Affairs) 15182:; Tomaselli, Ruth (2003). "The Media and Mandela". 14597:

Nelson Mandela: The Early Life of Rolihlahla Madiba

14119: 13044: 12651: 12536: 11476:"Nelson Mandela attends World Cup closing ceremony" 10151:"Healing inequalities: The free health care policy" 8644: 6954: 6007: 4319: 2180:to be applied, the judge instead condemned them to 2125:be, it is an ideal for which I am prepared to die. 1924:

Thatched room at Liliesleaf Farm, where Mandela hid

1588:was ultimately denied his degree in December 1949. 851: 842: 22075:100: The Most Important People of the 20th Century 16729: 15178: 14881: 14594: 13874:"Mandela to be honoured with Canadian citizenship" 12055: 12025:"Nelson Mandela to be laid to rest on December 15" 11746:"Nelson Mandela hospitalized in serious condition" 9089: 3432:public events and denied most interview requests. 3337:. Meanwhile, Mandela was successfully treated for 3301: 3063:Houses in Soweto constructed under the RDP program 2356:, sparking an international campaign that led the 1894:the passes that they were legally obliged to carry 1296:, making his first non-Xhosa friend, a speaker of 19:"Mandela" redirects here. Not to be confused with 19761:International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement 18867:International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons 14181:"Nelson Mandela: The Triumph of the Protest Song" 13076:"The Life and Times of Nelson Mandela: Genealogy" 11296:"The Obama-Mandela dynamic, reflected in a photo" 11274:"Mandela, Bush Discuss Education, AIDS in Africa" 3824:in London's Parliament Square following his death 2525: 2038:. Arriving in Ethiopia, Mandela met with Emperor 1507:(ANCYL) was founded on Easter Sunday 1944 in the 1023:Mandela served 27 years in prison, split between 243:Deputy President of the African National Congress 23076:Members of the National Assembly of South Africa 22912: 19258: 13697: 3944: 3910:, and was the first living person to be made an 3688: 2097:, a former American diplomat, revealed that the 23146:Secretaries-general of the Non-Aligned Movement 14921: 13645: 13633: 13433:"Mandela death: How a prisoner became a legend" 13338: 13270: 12882: 12378: 12342: 12258: 12116: 11873:"Mandela discharged from South Africa hospital" 3892:Al-Gaddafi International Prize for Human Rights 3501: 3451:. Mandela also encouraged Zimbabwean president 2735: 2026:, Ethiopia. Leaving South Africa in secret via 1962:, in 1961 Mandela, Sisulu and Slovo co-founded 1660:In 1952, the ANC began preparation for a joint 1467:Law studies and the ANC Youth League: 1943–1949 1461: 1252:Clarkebury, Healdtown, and Fort Hare: 1934–1940 177:President of the African National Congress 19001: 14641: 14592: 13902:. Royal Insight. November 2002. Archived from 10120: 6977:"SACP statement on the passing away of Madiba" 4305: 4293: 4277: 3464:, in a speech delivered on his 89th birthday. 3307:Continued activism and philanthropy: 1999–2004 2886:, and befriended ultra-rich businessmen, like 2536: 2375: 2220:The political prisoners took part in work and 23041:Honorary companions of the Order of Australia 23006:Collars of the Order of Isabella the Catholic 22056: 21962: 21595: 21174: 20099: 19897: 19569:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 19460: 19244: 18987: 18457:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 18190:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 17667: 17421: 17147: 16944: 16715: 16151: 16137: 16035:"Bring Him Back Home (Nelson Mandela)" (song) 15530:Negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa 15426: 15092:(2007). "(Mis)Understanding Nelson Mandela". 13663:"How the awards have just kept flooding in". 12088:"Nelson Mandela funeral: 'Millions misspent'" 8872:The text of Mandela's speech can be found at 8436:"Mandela's response to being offered freedom" 3471:Mandela receiving the freedom of the city of 3364:in Durban in 2000, and in 2004, spoke at the 2532:Negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa 2107:University of London International Programmes 1707:In July 1952, Mandela was arrested under the 23226:International Simón Bolívar Prize recipients 23081:Members of the South African Communist Party 22996:Bailiffs Grand Cross of the Order of St John 21976: 20113: 15763:Nelson Mandela Bay Metropolitan Municipality 13377:"The world's most famous political prisoner" 11499:"Messy Fight Over Mandela Trust Goes Public" 10334: 9965:"How Nelson Mandela won the rugby World Cup" 9581:"Mandela becomes SA's first black president" 3933:proclaimed Mandela's birthday, 18 July, as " 3264: 2744:attacked the Kempton Park World Trade Centre 2470:Victor Verster Prison and release: 1988–1990 1375:for him and Justice; dismayed, they fled to 1264:Intending to gain skills needed to become a 1260:Photograph of Mandela, taken in Umtata, 1937 23111:Presidents of the African National Congress 14601:. Berkeley: North Atlantic Books. pp. 14568: 14297: 14283:. London: HarperCollins. pp. 587–610. 13818:"Royal Decree 270/1999, 12th February 1999" 13078:. Nelson Mandela Foundation. Archived from 12878: 12850: 12767: 12731: 12617: 11801:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 8735: 7492:. Nelson Mandela Foundation. Archived from 7269: 7157: 7129: 7001:"SACP confirms Nelson Mandela was a member" 3962:, first published in 1997, and Tom Lodge's 3871:Orders, decorations, monuments, and honours 2617:for Southern Africa and from Libyan leader 2187: 16:President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999 23046:Honorary companions of the Order of Canada 23016:Respiratory disease deaths in South Africa 22966:21st-century South African philanthropists 22063: 22049: 21969: 21955: 21602: 21588: 21181: 21167: 20106: 20092: 19904: 19890: 19684:Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research 19467: 19453: 19251: 19237: 18994: 18980: 17674: 17660: 17428: 17414: 17154: 17140: 16951: 16937: 16722: 16708: 16144: 16130: 15829:Mandela: Son of Africa, Father of a Nation 15461:President of the African National Congress 15433: 15419: 15359:President of the African National Congress 15291: 13926:"Madiba conferred freedom of Johannesburg" 13068: 11716:"Nelson Mandela arrives home in ambulance" 11384:"Hyde Park concert to mark Mandela's 90th" 7483: 2947: 2380:In April 1982, Mandela was transferred to 1149:. He was given the forename Rolihlahla, a 897:activist and politician who served as the 86: 23021:Infectious disease deaths in South Africa 18745:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 15392:Secretary General of Non-Aligned Movement 14809:Long Walk to Freedom Volume II: 1962–1994 14551: 14536:"The Shadow of Nelson Mandela, 1918–2013" 14468: 14399:Nelson Mandela: A Very Short Introduction 14278: 14262:The Cambridge Companion to Nelson Mandela 14007: 13955:. Media Club South Africa. Archived from 12822: 12390: 11582: 11461: 11419: 11328: 11316: 11256: 11240: 11181: 11034: 10990: 10975: 10955: 10939: 3657:, and during the revolution he advocated 3508:Death and state funeral of Nelson Mandela 3008:when the latter was charged with murder. 2962:The Cambridge Companion to Nelson Mandela 2769: 2674:be stationed in South Africa to prevent " 2662:governed by majority rule. Following the 1391:. The latter secured Mandela a job as an 1323:, politics, "native administration", and 23106:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients 22986:Alumni of University of London Worldwide 21042:/ Ella Watson-Stryker / Foday Gollah / 18260:International Committee of the Red Cross 18092:International Committee of the Red Cross 18049:Nansen International Office for Refugees 17855:International Committee of the Red Cross 15615:Reconstruction and Development Programme 14876: 14790:Long Walk to Freedom Volume I: 1918–1962 13784: 13736:"List of all Bharat Ratna award winners" 13658: 13656: 13654: 13497: 13473: 13318: 13254: 13208: 13192: 13172: 13100: 13062: 12930: 12894: 12854: 12834: 12810: 12795: 12685: 12186: 11960: 11896: 11894: 11496: 11415: 11252: 11004:"Mandela 'responding well to treatment'" 10971: 10951: 10935: 10883: 10867: 10851: 10760: 10418: 10398: 10370: 10276: 10136: 10105: 10073: 10061: 10045: 10029: 10013: 9997: 9923: 9903: 9887: 9867: 9804: 9757: 9737: 9725: 9705: 9685: 9629: 9613: 9547: 9531: 9484: 9464: 9448: 9436: 9388: 9368: 9352: 9332: 9293: 9273: 9253: 9213: 9197: 9177: 9157: 9137: 9113: 9097: 9073: 9057: 9041: 9014: 8998: 8963: 8927: 8903: 8856: 8805: 8747: 8703: 8683: 8616: 8592: 8568: 8528: 8484: 8468: 8418: 8390: 8370: 8342: 8306: 8290: 8270: 8230: 8178: 8158: 8122: 8046: 8010: 7994: 7970: 7950: 7934: 7918: 7902: 7886: 7870: 7850: 7838: 7810: 7786: 7762: 7734: 7678: 7646: 7618: 7598: 7566: 7530: 7459: 7435: 7337: 7321: 7297: 7261: 7233: 7201: 7153: 7089: 7061: 7033: 6925: 6877: 6849: 6805: 6777: 6741: 6709: 6685: 6657: 6621: 6589: 6565: 6541: 6517: 6497: 6437: 6417: 6381: 6361: 6325: 6297: 6253: 6233: 6205: 6169: 6141: 6085: 5981: 5953: 5933: 5893: 5869: 5821: 5789: 5697: 5665: 5569: 5545: 5513: 5481: 5433: 5377: 5353: 5329: 5301: 5273: 5249: 5221: 5173: 5141: 5101: 5073: 5045: 5009: 4977: 4945: 4909: 4885: 4857: 4833: 4809: 4785: 4761: 4737: 4689: 4665: 4637: 4621: 4593: 4569: 4545: 4497: 4465: 4441: 4417: 4385: 4361: 4281: 4237: 3815: 3692: 3643: 3639: 3603:in promoting his anti-apartheid vision. 3511: 3466: 3414: 3310: 3268: 3167: 3098: 3058: 3031:. Mandela wore a Springbok shirt at the 2794:Reconstruction and Development Programme 2779: 2680: 2647:Convention for a Democratic South Africa 2640: 2540: 2473: 2411: 2211: 1919: 1854: 1692: 1595: 1513: 1255: 348:2 September 1998 – 14 June 1999 23026:Deaths from respiratory tract infection 22951:20th-century South African male writers 21609: 19859:Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative 19618:Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity 18609:International Campaign to Ban Landmines 15688:Dare Not Linger: The Presidential Years 15149: 15120: 15088: 15059: 15015: 14806: 14787: 14731: 14679: 14627:. London: Routledge. pp. 206–224. 14593:Guiloineau, Jean; Rowe, Joseph (2002). 14514: 14415: 14396: 14348: 14259: 14224: 14212: 14178: 13629: 13610: 13598: 13586: 13574: 13562: 13545: 13533: 13485: 13362: 13350: 13334: 13322: 13306: 13282: 13266: 13212: 13196: 13180: 13168: 13148: 13140: 13128: 13120: 13108: 13038: 13026: 13014: 13002: 12990: 12978: 12918: 12906: 12866: 12838: 12791: 12755: 12743: 12701: 12689: 12681: 12669: 12645: 12605: 12578: 12518: 12482: 12478: 12466: 12454: 12414: 12402: 12366: 12354: 12330: 12318: 12294: 12282: 12270: 12222: 12218: 12190: 12166: 11847:"Nelson Mandela released from hospital" 11596:"Nelson Mandela 'breathing on his own'" 11551: 11381: 11289: 11287: 11267: 11265: 11193: 11132:. Derechos.org. Reuters. Archived from 10911: 10899: 10887: 10871: 10855: 10804: 10776: 10764: 10702: 10674: 10654: 10634: 10592: 10572: 10560: 10530: 10514: 10486: 10474: 10462: 10422: 10402: 10374: 10288: 10077: 10049: 10033: 10017: 10001: 9927: 9907: 9891: 9871: 9848: 9836: 9808: 9788: 9776: 9761: 9741: 9709: 9689: 9669: 9657: 9645: 9633: 9617: 9567: 9551: 9535: 9488: 9468: 9452: 9432: 9416: 9404: 9392: 9372: 9356: 9336: 9309: 9297: 9277: 9257: 9237: 9217: 9193: 9181: 9153: 9141: 9117: 9101: 9077: 9061: 9045: 9018: 9002: 8983: 8967: 8947: 8931: 8907: 8877:. ANC. 11 February 1990. Archived from 8860: 8809: 8789: 8751: 8723: 8707: 8687: 8647:"Mandela Moved to House at Prison Farm" 8645:Christopher S. Wren (8 December 1988). 8632: 8620: 8596: 8572: 8548: 8532: 8512: 8500: 8488: 8472: 8422: 8374: 8346: 8322: 8310: 8294: 8274: 8250: 8234: 8214: 8198: 8186: 8182: 8162: 8138: 8126: 8102: 8090: 8066: 8050: 8030: 8014: 7998: 7974: 7954: 7938: 7922: 7906: 7890: 7874: 7854: 7830: 7814: 7806: 7790: 7782: 7766: 7758: 7738: 7730: 7718: 7710: 7686: 7674: 7654: 7642: 7626: 7614: 7594: 7570: 7562: 7538: 7522: 7467: 7439: 7427: 7407: 7399: 7387: 7383: 7341: 7325: 7317: 7305: 7293: 7273: 7253: 7241: 7229: 7209: 7197: 7181: 7173: 7133: 7117: 7097: 7081: 7053: 6998: 6933: 6917: 6901: 6885: 6873: 6857: 6845: 6833: 6825: 6813: 6801: 6785: 6769: 6749: 6733: 6717: 6705: 6693: 6681: 6665: 6649: 6629: 6617: 6597: 6585: 6573: 6561: 6549: 6537: 6505: 6489: 6469: 6461: 6445: 6421: 6413: 6401: 6393: 6369: 6353: 6333: 6317: 6305: 6289: 6277: 6261: 6249: 6209: 6193: 6173: 6161: 6149: 6133: 6113: 6105: 6089: 6073: 6057: 6045: 6029: 6025: 5997: 5985: 5973: 5945: 5921: 5909: 5897: 5881: 5845: 5837: 5825: 5813: 5793: 5777: 5761: 5753: 5729: 5713: 5701: 5685: 5669: 5653: 5637: 5625: 5613: 5609: 5597: 5589: 5561: 5549: 5533: 5517: 5501: 5485: 5469: 5437: 5421: 5401: 5381: 5365: 5345: 5333: 5317: 5305: 5293: 5277: 5265: 5253: 5237: 5225: 5213: 5201: 5189: 5177: 5165: 5145: 5133: 5117: 5105: 5089: 5077: 5061: 5049: 5033: 5013: 4997: 4981: 4965: 4949: 4937: 4925: 4913: 4901: 4889: 4873: 4861: 4849: 4837: 4825: 4813: 4797: 4777: 4765: 4753: 4741: 4729: 4717: 4705: 4693: 4681: 4669: 4653: 4633: 4609: 4585: 4565: 4549: 4533: 4513: 4501: 4485: 4473: 4469: 4453: 4433: 4413: 4401: 4389: 4377: 4357: 4345: 4337: 4253: 4241: 4229: 4169:: the isiXhosa translator's tall order" 4133: 4125: 4121: 3811: 2746:. Following the murder of ANC activist 2405:implemented by South African president 1978:, Mandela moved to the communist-owned 1916:MK, the SACP, and African tour: 1961–62 1448:Witwatersrand Native Labour Association 1130: 1075:and served as secretary-general of the 816:Mandela during his 1994 visit to the US 189:7 July 1991 – 20 December 1997 23211:University of the Witwatersrand alumni 23151:South African anti-apartheid activists 23056:Honorary members of the Order of Merit 22971:21st-century South African politicians 22956:20th-century South African politicians 22913: 16666:Congress of South African Trade Unions 16165: 14953: 14825: 14768:Indigenous Biography and Autobiography 14760: 14704:Spear: Mandela and the Revolutionaries 14660: 14619: 14530: 14326: 14240: 14166: 14049:from the original on 30 September 2020 13828:from the original on 13 September 2017 13521: 13509: 13461: 13160: 12966: 12779: 12633: 12593: 12494: 12438: 12202: 12178: 12131: 11991: 11722:. London. 6 April 2013. Archived from 11359:. SAinfo. 19 July 2007. Archived from 11334:"Mandela joins 'Elders' on turning 89" 11213: 11154: 10831: 10788: 10752: 10698: 10666: 10646: 10630: 10584: 10526: 10498: 10446: 10434: 10414: 10386: 10268: 10256: 10244: 10181: 10156:. Children's Institute. Archived from 10089: 9962: 9820: 9605: 9563: 9480: 9384: 9324: 9269: 9249: 9229: 9169: 9129: 9033: 8979: 8959: 8943: 8919: 8852: 8821: 8739: 8719: 8675: 8544: 8460: 8410: 8402: 8386: 8362: 8358: 8338: 8334: 8262: 8246: 8150: 8078: 7986: 7826: 7802: 7778: 7750: 7702: 7670: 7610: 7586: 7554: 7514: 7451: 7419: 7285: 7221: 7109: 7073: 7045: 6913: 6869: 6797: 6761: 6729: 6677: 6641: 6609: 6529: 6481: 6345: 6273: 6185: 6125: 6069: 6041: 5965: 5857: 5805: 5773: 5741: 5681: 5649: 5581: 5461: 5417: 5393: 5157: 5025: 4993: 4961: 4649: 4525: 4429: 4373: 4313: 4225: 4067:Mandela used the spelling Rolihlahla. 3898:, and in 1992 Pakistan gave him their 3800:. He was heterosexual, and biographer 3230:Southern African Development Community 3054: 2730:and Mandela's for unitary government. 2707:coalition government of national unity 2274:South African Bureau of State Security 1970:as well as from the military theorist 1803:South African Congress of Trade Unions 1801:, the Coloured People's Congress, the 1548:South African general election in 1948 1505:African National Congress Youth League 944:, South Africa. He studied law at the 493: 23181:South African prisoners and detainees 22339:Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein 22044: 21950: 21583: 21162: 20087: 19885: 19847:Camfed, Campaign for Female Education 19790: 19488: 19448: 19232: 18975: 17655: 17409: 17135: 16932: 16703: 16125: 16112: 15414: 15045:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 15037: 14712: 14485: 14443: 14424: 14245:. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press. 14154: 14142: 14125: 14107:from the original on 18 December 2022 14081:from the original on 23 December 2022 13989:from the original on 19 December 2013 13950: 13651: 13294: 13176: 13144: 13124: 13104: 12954: 12657: 12566: 12554: 12542: 12530: 12506: 12442: 12426: 12306: 12237: 12206: 12182: 12156:from the original on 27 January 2016. 12143: 12053: 11891: 11770: 11752:from the original on 14 December 2020 11636:from the original on 28 December 2017 11527: 11473: 11344:from the original on 25 February 2013 11293: 11280:from the original on 6 December 2013. 11271: 11222:from the original on 25 February 2013 11202:from the original on 25 February 2013 11096: 11046: 10967: 10923: 10847: 10835: 10819: 10800: 10756: 10722:from the original on 11 November 2022 10686: 10670: 10650: 10588: 10545: 10510: 10450: 10352:from the original on 26 February 2013 10304:from the original on 26 February 2013 10272: 10132: 9993: 9951:from the original on 25 February 2013 9919: 9883: 9863: 9824: 9800: 9753: 9721: 9701: 9681: 9609: 9428: 9348: 9328: 9289: 9233: 9209: 9173: 9133: 9093: 9037: 8923: 8899: 8801: 8743: 8699: 8679: 8612: 8588: 8564: 8524: 8464: 8414: 8366: 8286: 8266: 8226: 8174: 8118: 8062: 8042: 7966: 7866: 7834: 7714: 7690: 7682: 7658: 7650: 7630: 7622: 7574: 7542: 7534: 7526: 7471: 7463: 7431: 7403: 7301: 7265: 7257: 7237: 7205: 7177: 7149: 7125: 7121: 7093: 7085: 7057: 6960: 6948: 6929: 6921: 6897: 6881: 6853: 6829: 6809: 6781: 6773: 6745: 6737: 6713: 6689: 6661: 6653: 6625: 6593: 6569: 6545: 6501: 6493: 6465: 6441: 6397: 6365: 6357: 6329: 6321: 6301: 6293: 6257: 6237: 6221: 6201: 6197: 6165: 6145: 6137: 6109: 6081: 6077: 6053: 6049: 6013: 6001: 5977: 5949: 5929: 5925: 5889: 5885: 5865: 5841: 5817: 5785: 5781: 5757: 5725: 5693: 5689: 5661: 5657: 5633: 5629: 5593: 5565: 5541: 5537: 5509: 5505: 5477: 5473: 5449: 5429: 5425: 5405: 5373: 5369: 5349: 5325: 5321: 5297: 5269: 5245: 5241: 5217: 5197: 5193: 5169: 5137: 5121: 5097: 5093: 5069: 5065: 5041: 5037: 5005: 5001: 4973: 4969: 4941: 4905: 4881: 4877: 4853: 4829: 4805: 4801: 4781: 4757: 4733: 4685: 4661: 4657: 4617: 4613: 4589: 4541: 4537: 4493: 4489: 4461: 4457: 4437: 4381: 4341: 4325: 4309: 4261: 4257: 4233: 4162: 4129: 3561: 3411:"Retiring from retirement": 2004–2013 3216:Mandela echoed Mbeki's calls for an " 2839:Presidency of South Africa: 1994–1999 2200:through a correspondence course with 1165:Territories of South Africa's modern 909:focused on dismantling the legacy of 884: 538: 501: 23126:Recipients of the Gandhi Peace Prize 20519:The Generation Twenty-Five and Under 19728:Malaria Research and Training Centre 19477:Prince or Princess of Asturias Award 15753:Nelson Mandela International Airport 15658:"I Am Prepared to Die" (1964 speech) 15152:Journal of Asian and African Studies 14982: 14854: 14384:from the original on 12 January 2021 14191:from the original on 9 February 2017 13236:from the original on 29 January 2013 13164: 13050: 12942: 12713:from the original on 3 December 2012 12621: 12098:from the original on 4 December 2017 12068:from the original on 10 January 2022 12035:from the original on 6 December 2013 11992:Pillay, Verashni (6 December 2013). 11973:from the original on 6 December 2013 11827:from the original on 26 January 2014 11666:from the original on 30 January 2013 11656:"Mandela Has Surgery for Gallstones" 11509:from the original on 28 January 2017 11394:from the original on 9 November 2012 11284: 11262: 11127: 11097:Nolen, Stephanie (5 December 2013). 11073: 9587:from the original on 7 November 2012 9500: 8771:from the original on 23 October 2012 8608: 8584: 8560: 8406: 8210: 8154: 8114: 8026: 7990: 7754: 7706: 7590: 7558: 7518: 7455: 7423: 7289: 7225: 7193: 7169: 7145: 7113: 7077: 7049: 7029: 6999:Marrian, Natasha (6 December 2013). 6765: 6645: 6613: 6533: 6485: 6457: 6433: 6349: 6189: 6129: 6101: 5969: 5861: 5809: 5585: 5529: 5497: 5465: 5397: 5289: 5161: 5029: 4605: 4581: 4561: 4529: 4273: 3984:Bring Him Back Home (Nelson Mandela) 3103:Mandela on a visit to Brazil in 1998 2918:In December 1994, Mandela published 2416:Bust of Mandela erected on London's 2259:. South African Minister of Justice 1732:with a more centralised leadership. 925:, he served as the president of the 564: 530: 23071:Recipients of the Lenin Peace Prize 23011:Congressional Gold Medal recipients 19708:Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation 17600:(Public Service and Administration) 17536:(Environmental Affairs and Tourism) 17518:(1998–1999) (Correctional Services) 15620:Truth and Reconciliation Commission 15062:Journal of Southern African Studies 14734:Canadian Journal of African Studies 14717:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 14665:. Bellville: Pearson South Africa. 14663:Robben Island: Symbol of Resistance 14449:Journal of Southern African Studies 14429:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 14401:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 14179:Lynskey, Dorian (6 December 2013). 14023:from the original on 29 August 2013 14013:"UN gives backing to 'Mandela Day'" 13611:Windrem, Robert (7 December 2013). 12004:from the original on 1 October 2022 11961:Polgreen, Lydia (5 December 2013). 11626:"Nelson Mandela has lung infection" 11155:Murphy, Jarrett (30 January 2003). 3771:Methodist Church of Southern Africa 3048:Truth and Reconciliation Commission 3046:Mandela oversaw the formation of a 2776:1994 South African general election 2075:Arrest and Rivonia trial: 1962–1964 1367:Arriving in Johannesburg: 1941–1943 1053:Truth and Reconciliation Commission 972:established apartheid, a system of 116:10 May 1994 – 14 June 1999 13: 23216:World Rugby Hall of Fame inductees 22981:Alumni of the University of London 22946:20th-century South African lawyers 18845:Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet 18711:International Atomic Energy Agency 18124:American Friends Service Committee 16960:Chairs of the Non-Aligned Movement 16369:Horatio L. Bud-M'belle (1919–1923) 16114:Articles related to Nelson Mandela 15778:Nelson Mandela Children's Hospital 15440: 14694:10.1111/j.1467-9833.1995.tb00092.x 14101:"Nelson Mandela International Day" 13953:"Long walk immortalised in bronze" 13951:Stern, Jennifer (27 August 2008). 13772:from the original on 24 March 2013 13742:from the original on 11 March 2013 13619:from the original on 3 March 2016. 13374: 12057:"Nelson Mandela: the long goodbye" 11912:from the original on 15 April 2016 11696:from the original on 19 April 2016 11486:from the original on 24 July 2013. 11443:from the original on 16 March 2016 11340:. Associated Press. 20 July 2007. 11194:Pienaar, John (1 September 2002). 11109:from the original on 18 April 2017 11086:from the original on 18 July 2004. 11076:"Mandela urges action to fight TB" 10741:Muthien, Khosa & Magubane 2000 10102:Muthien, Khosa & Magubane 2000 8822:Ormond, Roger (12 February 1990). 8765:"1990: Freedom for Nelson Mandela" 3918:and granted him membership in the 3362:XIII International AIDS Conference 3143: 2615:International Defence and Aid Fund 1615:Suppression of Communism Act, 1950 1558:took power, soon uniting with the 1471:Mandela began studying law at the 14: 23242: 23231:20th-century presidents in Africa 23206:University of South Africa alumni 21190:Arthur Ashe Courage Award winners 19720:Manhiça Centre of Health Research 18326:International Labour Organization 16921:†Died in office *Acting President 15672:Mandela: The Authorised Biography 15212: 15021:Mandela: The Authorised Biography 14281:Mandela: The Authorised Biography 13880:from the original on 23 June 2013 13443:from the original on 29 June 2021 13413:from the original on 28 June 2021 13383:from the original on 29 June 2021 11942:from the original on 19 July 2018 11879:from the original on 4 March 2016 11853:from the original on 4 March 2016 11602:. 18 January 2011. Archived from 11433:"World Cup 'perfect gift for SA'" 11016:from the original on 24 July 2013 10606:"Analysis: Lockerbie's long road" 6983:. 6 December 2013. Archived from 4207:from the original on 25 July 2022 4103:from the original on 5 April 2016 3894:. In 1990, India awarded him the 1196:particular name, I have no idea. 1041:1994 multiracial general election 992:. He was repeatedly arrested for 23036:South African HIV/AIDS activists 22898: 22886: 22874: 22862: 21457:USA Gymnastics sex abuse scandal 19749:National Transplant Organization 17437:Second Cabinet of Nelson Mandela 16682: 16681: 16631:Solomon Mahlangu Freedom College 16091: 16090: 15575:state memorial service attendees 14334:. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. 14300:South African Historical Journal 14172: 14093: 14061: 14035: 14001: 13971: 13944: 13918: 13892: 13866: 13840: 13810: 13754: 13728: 13681:. The White House. 9 July 2002. 13671: 13604: 13425: 13395: 13368: 13218: 12707:"How Mandela changed SA fashion" 12695: 12144:Dixon, Robyn (3 February 2014). 12137: 12080: 12054:Mount, Harry (9 December 2013). 12047: 12016: 11985: 11954: 11924: 11875:. Al Jazeera. 1 September 2013. 11865: 11839: 11809: 11764: 11738: 11708: 11678: 11648: 11618: 11588: 11521: 11490: 11467: 11425: 11375: 11322: 11187: 11148: 11121: 11090: 11067: 11040: 10996: 10612:from the original on 9 July 2013 10598: 10480: 10282: 10187: 10142: 9963:Carlin, John (19 October 2007). 9933: 9573: 9494: 9187: 9147: 8866: 8815: 8757: 8638: 8428: 7477: 7365:from the original on 16 May 2016 7347: 3705:Mandela was widely considered a 3366:XV International AIDS Conference 2928:. In late 1994, he attended the 2784:Mandela casting his vote in the 2585:in Malaysia, and Prime Minister 2292: 2283: 2268:and remained unable to see him. 1700:in the Johannesburg township of 1361:students' representative council 1118:, Madiba, and described as the " 1004:, he secretly joined the banned 838: 806: 730: 534: 497: 19732:Kintampo Health Research Centre 18525:Tenzin Gyatso (14th Dalai Lama) 17738:Institut de Droit International 16549:Provincial Executive Committees 15914: 15908: 15477: 15318:State President of South Africa 15219:Nelson Mandela Centre of Memory 14520:Studia Historiae Ecclesiasticae 14233: 13705:"Prizes: And the Winner Is ..." 13685:from the original on 7 May 2013 11497:Polgreen, Lydia (24 May 2013). 11214:Fenton, Tom (30 January 2003). 9501:Levy, Glen (15 November 2010). 8657:from the original on 1 May 2013 7490:Nelson Mandela Centre of Memory 3931:United Nations General Assembly 3302:Post-presidency and final years 2069: 1522:At Sisulu's house, Mandela met 1473:University of the Witwatersrand 1073:Pan Am Flight 103 bombing trial 929:(ANC) party from 1991 to 1997. 899:first president of South Africa 560: 526: 489: 255:May 1985 – 7 July 1991 29:Nelson Mandela (disambiguation) 23201:University of Fort Hare alumni 23121:Recipients of the Bharat Ratna 22976:African and Black nationalists 22216:Unknown Tiananmen Square rebel 19911: 19769:for the Advancement of Science 17496:(1997–1999) (Arts and Culture) 17486:(Agriculture and Land Affairs) 15743:Nelson Mandela Challenge Plate 15545:Nelson Mandela Children's Fund 15452:18 July 1918 – 5 December 2013 15224:Nelson Mandela Children's Fund 14706:(Ohio University Press, 2022) 14574:Presidential Studies Quarterly 13876:. CBC News. 19 November 2001. 13822:Spanish Official State Gazette 11272:Keyes, Allison (17 May 2005). 11196:"Mandela warns Bush over Iraq" 9090:Tomaselli & Tomaselli 2003 7007:. South Africa. Archived from 4156: 4139: 4083: 4071:notes that the orthography of 4061: 3904:Order of Isabella the Catholic 3579:Mandela identified as both an 3549:from 11 to 13 December at the 2908:Nelson Mandela Children's Fund 2526:End of apartheid and elections 1797:. With the involvement of the 1499:on the subject at his home in 1145:, then part of South Africa's 956:. There he became involved in 952:before working as a lawyer in 1: 23186:South African revolutionaries 23176:South African Nobel laureates 23161:South African Marxist writers 23156:South African autobiographers 22082:Leaders & revolutionaries 19479:for International Cooperation 18264:League of Red Cross Societies 17790:Paul Estournelles de Constant 16671:South African Communist Party 16010:International Tribute Concert 15877:Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom 15135:10.1080/14725843.2015.1009623 15074:10.1080/03057070.2015.1012915 14792:. Little, Brown and Company. 14500:10.1080/14682745.2015.1078315 11552:Moreton, Cole (2 July 2013). 11474:Batty, David (11 July 2010). 11357:"Mandela launches The Elders" 11128:Weir, Keith (13 April 2003). 11047:Tebas, Pablo (13 July 2000). 9451:, pp. 488–489, 504–510; 9076:, pp. 429–436, 435–460; 8824:"Mandela free after 27 years" 7997:, pp. 287–288, 304–310; 7765:, pp. 281–283, 290–291; 6981:South African Communist Party 6880:, pp. 197–198, 200–201; 6368:, pp. 118–120, 125–128; 6292:, pp. 218–233, 234–236; 5240:, pp. 116–117, 119–120; 4049: 4000:Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom 3945:Biographies and popular media 3884:Presidential Medal of Freedom 3689:Personality and personal life 3027:, as South Africa hosted the 2906:552,000 annual income to the 2668:Organisation of African Unity 2599:July 1991 national conference 2581:in Indonesia, Prime Minister 2160:Mandela gave his three-hour " 2030:, on his way Mandela visited 1848:, born in February 1959, and 1799:South African Indian Congress 1784:— Opening words of the 1125: 1006:South African Communist Party 708:Presidential Medal of Freedom 456:South African Communist Party 294:December 1952 – 1958 22941:20th-century philanthropists 19260:Gandhi Peace Prize laureates 17636:(Water Affairs and Forestry) 16544:National Executive Committee 16020:"Free Nelson Mandela" (song) 15625:Constitution of South Africa 15610:Government of National Unity 15256:Nelson Mandela's family tree 15001:10.1080/17540291.2010.524792 14939:10.1080/01436597.2014.907703 14746:10.1080/00083968.2012.702088 14682:Journal of Social Philosophy 14553:10.1080/03056244.2014.883111 14461:10.1080/03057070.2011.592659 14312:10.1080/02582473.2011.549375 13712:. 8 May 1989. Archived from 11528:Smith, David (3 July 2013). 11382:Bingham, John (6 May 2008). 11216:"Mandela Slams Bush on Iraq" 11157:"Mandela Slams Bush on Iraq" 11074:Hogg, Chris (15 July 2004). 9941:"Mandela rallies Springboks" 9503:"Top 10 Political Prisoners" 8635:, pp. 384–385, 392–393. 7877:, pp. 236–241, 288–294. 7833:, pp. 83, 90, 136–138; 5452:, p. inset photographs. 4054: 3614: 3574:— Nelson Mandela, 1994 3502:Illness and death: 2011–2013 3279:Constitution of South Africa 3155:Israeli–Palestinian conflict 2852:Government of National Unity 2845:Presidency of Nelson Mandela 2738:Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging 2333:Black Consciousness Movement 2034:and met with its president, 1709:Suppression of Communism Act 1462:Early revolutionary activity 936:, Mandela was born into the 7: 23196:UMkhonto we Sizwe personnel 23091:People acquitted of treason 23086:Nobel Peace Prize laureates 19819:Hispanic Society of America 19745:The Transplantation Society 19694:2004: The European Union's 19678:International Space Station 15748:Nelson Mandela Invitational 15493:1955 Congress of the People 14888:. New York: PublicAffairs. 14862:. London: Hamish Hamilton. 7761:, pp. 82–84, 108–116; 6616:, pp. 90–92, 141–143; 6260:, pp. 98–99, 105–106; 4032: 3391:and British prime minister 3381:NATO intervention in Kosovo 3178:his impeachment proceedings 3163:1997 Asian financial crisis 3090:International Monetary Fund 2537:Early negotiations: 1990–91 2376:Pollsmoor Prison: 1982–1988 2368:and British prime minister 2099:Central Intelligence Agency 2054:, Tunisia, where President 1950:Inspired by the actions of 1864:overseen by defence lawyer 1830:Bantu Authorities Act, 1951 1644:, eventually embracing the 1630:wars of national liberation 1403:—and Nat Bregman, a Jewish 1284:, the Methodist college in 950:University of Witwatersrand 886:[xolíɬaɬamandɛ̂ːla] 10: 23247: 23171:South African nationalists 23116:Presidents of South Africa 22233:Artists & entertainers 20380:Hungarian Freedom Fighters 19841:Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance 18938:Center for Civil Liberties 17798:International Peace Bureau 16539:National Working Committee 16210:Zacharias Richard Mahabane 16192:Zacharias Richard Mahabane 16053:Cape Town City Hall statue 15728:Mandela Rhodes Scholarship 15718:Nelson Mandela Institution 15483:Mandela and Tambo law firm 14968:10.2979/transition.116.130 14923:Ndlovu-Gatsheni, Sabelo J. 14840:10.2979/transition.112.101 14708:online review of this book 14425:Broun, Kenneth S. (2012). 11159:. CBS News. Archived from 11051:. The Body. Archived from 10121:Houston & Muthien 2000 8341:, pp. 20, 23, 26–27; 6240:, pp. 95–99, 105–106. 4306:Guiloineau & Rowe 2002 4294:Guiloineau & Rowe 2002 4278:Guiloineau & Rowe 2002 4096:Collins English Dictionary 3874: 3709:, described by biographer 3505: 3317:London School of Economics 3172:Mandela with US president 2842: 2817:conflict in Bophuthatswana 2773: 2529: 2478:"Free Mandela" protest in 2344:in India in 1979, and the 2174:University of London Union 2078: 1768: 1433:University of South Africa 1134: 1045:broad coalition government 818:Recorded on 4 October 1994 618:University of South Africa 18: 22689: 22535:Scientists & thinkers 22534: 22383: 22232: 22081: 21985: 21876: 21713: 21645: 21617: 21206: 21196: 20900: 20666: 20331: 20321:The American Fighting-Man 20124: 20041:Fernando Henrique Cardoso 20012: 19956: 19935: 19919: 19797: 19786: 19739:World Health Organization 19690:Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva 19672:Fernando Henrique Cardoso 19495: 19484: 19266: 19156: 19131: 19106: 19081: 19056: 19036: 19011: 18650: 18399: 18156: 17933: 17693: 17640:Geraldine Fraser-Moleketi 17476: 17460: 17444: 17245:Geraldine Fraser-Moleketi 17207: 17186: 17170: 16966: 16919: 16855: 16775: 16741: 16679: 16654: 16584: 16531: 16462: 16344: 16267: 16172: 16161: 16154:African National Congress 16119: 16086: 15998:African National Congress 15990: 15927:Winnie Madikizela-Mandela 15895: 15796: 15788:Nelson Mandela University 15698: 15680:Conversations With Myself 15648: 15590: 15470: 15455:President of South Africa 15448: 15399: 15388: 15380: 15375: 15365: 15356: 15348: 15343: 15333: 15327:President of South Africa 15324: 15306: 15301: 15235:Mandela Rhodes Foundation 15229:Nelson Mandela Foundation 15196:10.1080/17533170300404204 15106:10.1080/17532520701786202 15094:African Historical Review 15023:. London: HarperCollins. 14807:Mandela, Nelson (2004) . 14540:African Political Economy 14370:10.1080/13534640500331666 13738:. NDTV. 21 January 2011. 13179:, pp. 104, 132–145; 13123:, pp. 144, 148–149; 11849:. CNN. 1 September 2013. 10032:, pp. 527, 551–564; 10020:, pp. 491, 496, 524. 10004:, pp. 491, 496, 524. 9276:, pp. 449–450, 488; 8767:. BBC. 11 February 1990. 8369:, pp. 152–153, 156; 7905:, pp. 295, 299–301; 7569:, pp. 252–254, 256; 7172:, pp. 176–177, 180; 7116:, pp. 171–172, 176; 6932:, pp. 191, 222–229; 6812:, pp. 186–188, 193; 6504:, pp. 104, 132–145; 6136:, pp. 205–207, 231; 6108:, pp. 199–200, 204; 5472:, pp. 144, 148–149; 4185:10.2989/16073610309486337 4019:and the 2010 documentary 4009:and the 1996 documentary 3912:honorary Canadian citizen 3729:For political scientists 3588:Sabelo J. Ndlovu-Gatsheni 3419:Mandela and US president 3346:Mandela Rhodes Foundation 3331:Treatment Action Campaign 3265:Withdrawing from politics 2975:Minister for Home Affairs 2894:. He also met with Queen 2754:, and each receiving the 2736: 2401:(UDF), founded to combat 1552:Herenigde Nasionale Party 1509:Bantu Men's Social Centre 1345:African National Congress 1329:Native Affairs Department 1272:Methodist High School in 1174:of the royal family were 1089:Nelson Mandela Foundation 927:African National Congress 834:Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela 827: 795: 791: 779: 772: 752: 738: 726: 664: 654: 631: 598: 575: 466: 449: 444:African National Congress 439: 427: 410: 383: 378: 374: 364: 352: 341: 333:Secretary-General of the 330: 320: 308: 298: 287: 277: 267: 259: 248: 240: 230: 218: 193: 182: 174: 162: 143: 120: 109: 104:President of South Africa 101: 97: 85: 38: 23191:South African socialists 23166:South African Methodists 23141:Sakharov Prize laureates 23066:Inmates of Robben Island 21863:Aboubaker Ebrahim Dangor 21038:: Dr. Jerry Brown / Dr. 19724:Ifakara Health Institute 19388:Akshaya Patra Foundation 19097:Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr. 19072:Frederik Willem de Klerk 18633:Médecins Sans Frontières 15909:Gadla Henry Mphakanyiswa 15768:Mandela National Stadium 15738:Nelson Mandela Challenge 15540:Mandela House and museum 15344:Party political offices 15164:10.1177/0021909614541973 14788:Mandela, Nelson (1994). 14715:Mandela: A Critical Life 14661:Hutton, Barbara (1994). 14397:Boehmer, Elleke (2008). 12897:, pp. xvi, 482–483. 10608:. BBC. 31 January 2001. 10092:, pp. 122–124, 162. 9971:. London. Archived from 9910:, pp. 520, 522–523. 9894:, pp. 520, 522–523. 9660:, pp. 497–499, 510. 9359:, pp. 434–445, 473. 9280:, pp. 466, 470–471. 8830:. London. Archived from 8001:, pp. 248–254, 302. 7841:, pp. 284, 296–298. 7661:, pp. 102–104, 107. 6816:, pp. 144–146, 154. 6152:, pp. 81–82, 84–85. 5268:, pp. 122, 126–27; 5168:, pp. 99, 108–110; 3685:during the early 1990s. 3681:in the Soviet Union and 3248:political groups in the 3209:, the trial was held at 3187:occupation of East Timor 2188:Robben Island: 1964–1982 623:Witwatersrand University 150:Frederik Willem de Klerk 129:Frederik Willem de Klerk 25:Mandela (disambiguation) 23061:Honorary King's Counsel 23001:Burials in South Africa 22961:21st-century Methodists 22936:20th-century Methodists 21926:Quarraisha Abdool Karim 20536:The Apollo 8 Astronauts 19614:Government of Guatemala 19541:Javier Pérez de Cuéllar 19531:University of Salamanca 18120:Friends Service Council 16415:Alfred Baphethuxolo Nzo 16198:Josiah Tshangana Gumede 16180:John Langalibalele Dube 16073:Washington, D.C. statue 15635:Intervention in Lesotho 15570:Death and state funeral 12879:Glad & Blanton 1997 12851:Glad & Blanton 1997 12768:Glad & Blanton 1997 12732:Glad & Blanton 1997 12618:Glad & Blanton 1997 10425:, pp. 510, 565–68. 10377:, pp. 510, 565–68. 8736:Glad & Blanton 1997 7545:, pp. 6–10, 19–20. 4163:Mtuze, Peter T (2003). 4039:List of peace activists 3970:several songs, such as 3966:, brought out in 2006. 3634:parliamentary democracy 3531:Archbishop of Cape Town 3455:to resign over growing 3401:atomic bombing of Japan 3129:positive discrimination 2948:National reconciliation 2712:an interim constitution 2399:United Democratic Front 2166:History Will Absolve Me 1890:Pan-Africanist Congress 1874:Transvaal Supreme Court 1679:Public Safety Act, 1953 1650:dialectical materialism 1313:University of Fort Hare 1087:through the charitable 946:University of Fort Hare 659:Anti-apartheid activism 608:University of Fort Hare 92:Mandela in October 1994 22146:Martin Luther King Jr. 20495:Martin Luther King Jr. 19563:Hans-Dietrich Genscher 19332:Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan 19162:Nobel Prize recipients 19108:Physiology or Medicine 18517:UN Peacekeeping Forces 18366: (declined award) 18275:Martin Luther King Jr. 17618:(Sport and Recreation) 16792:Charles Robberts Swart 16601:Congress of the People 15951:Zenani Mandela-Dlamini 15384:Andrés Pastrana Arango 14241:Barber, James (2004). 14157:, pp. vii, 13–14. 13211:, pp. xvii, 576; 11771:AFP 2 (26 June 2013). 7486:"I am prepared to die" 6532:, pp. 68, 71–72; 5096:, pp. 22, 31–32; 5068:, pp. 13, 19–21; 4384:, pp. 16, 23–24; 4003:, the 2017 miniseries 3860:Frank B. Wilderson III 3831:Martin Luther King Jr. 3825: 3757: 3702: 3649: 3625:particular objective. 3571: 3517: 3476: 3428: 3326:The Presidential Years 3320: 3274: 3181: 3104: 3064: 2960:— Rita Barnard, 2957: 2788: 2770:General election: 1994 2693: 2549: 2483: 2429: 2422:Greater London Council 2217: 2145:Pretoria Supreme Court 2127: 2105:(LLB) degree from the 2062:and Guinean president 1998: 1925: 1860: 1811:Congress of the People 1781: 1704: 1601: 1519: 1319:. He studied English, 1261: 1198: 990:Congress of the People 802:Nelson Mandela's voice 359:Andrés Pastrana Arango 23:. For other uses, see 22384:Builders & titans 22188:Franklin D. Roosevelt 22029:Ellen Johnson Sirleaf 21921:Patience Mthunzi-Kufa 20952:The Good Samaritans: 20249:Franklin D. Roosevelt 20189:Franklin D. Roosevelt 20173:Franklin D. Roosevelt 19989:Ellen Johnson Sirleaf 19979:Zeid Ra'ad Al Hussein 19964:Gro Harlem Brundtland 19535:University of Coimbra 19424:Sheikh Mujibur Rahman 18789:Ellen Johnson Sirleaf 18469:Alfonso García Robles 18449:Adolfo Pérez Esquivel 18421:Amnesty International 18033:Carlos Saavedra Lamas 17612:(Safety and Security) 17588:(Minerals and Energy) 17580:Membathisi Mdladlana 17320:Sankie Mthembi-Nkondo 17163:First Mandela Cabinet 16888:Ivy Matsepe-Casaburri 15773:Nelson Mandela Bridge 15758:Nelson Mandela Square 15560:90th Birthday Tribute 15555:70th Birthday Tribute 15525:Victor Verster Prison 15245:Nelson Mandela Museum 14927:Third World Quarterly 14702:Landau, Paul Stuart. 13762:"Mandela in Pakistan" 12441:, pp. 231, 232; 11932:"Nelson Mandela dies" 11294:Hennessey, Kathleen. 10718:. 19 September 2018. 10336:Quist-Arcton, Ofeibea 10016:, pp. 517, 536; 10000:, pp. 517, 536; 9632:, pp. 523, 543; 8438:. ANC. Archived from 8213:, pp. 313, 314; 7969:, pp. 142, 145; 7889:, pp. 301, 313; 7673:, pp. 161, 163; 6712:, pp. 176, 184; 6592:, pp. 162, 165; 6224:, pp. 28–29, 75. 5536:, pp. 150, 210; 5504:, pp. 149, 152; 3992:Asimbonanga (Mandela) 3927:Day of Reconciliation 3886:, the Soviet Union's 3819: 3752: 3696: 3647: 3640:Socialism and Marxism 3601:Afrikaner nationalism 3566: 3522:respiratory infection 3515: 3470: 3437:Brookings Institution 3418: 3315:Mandela visiting the 3314: 3272: 3224:approach to removing 3199:Lamin Khalifah Fhimah 3195:Abdelbaset al-Megrahi 3171: 3102: 3062: 2952: 2783: 2684: 2672:UN peacekeeping force 2641:CODESA talks: 1991–92 2544: 2515:Cape Town's City Hall 2492:Victor Verster Prison 2477: 2441:nationalist movement 2415: 2215: 2122: 2117:Nkosi Sikelel iAfrika 1993: 1956:26th of July Movement 1936:The Scarlet Pimpernel 1923: 1858: 1840:, whom he married in 1807:Congress of Democrats 1775: 1698:Mandela's former home 1696: 1666:nonviolent resistance 1599: 1581:vote of no confidence 1572:apartheid legislation 1556:Daniel François Malan 1517: 1259: 1242:ulwaluko circumcision 1201:— Mandela, 1994 1189: 1108:more than 250 honours 1033:Victor Verster Prison 970:white-only government 905:democratic election. 22525:Thomas J. Watson Jr. 22025:no award (2015-2016) 22016:no award (2012-2013) 22007:no award (2009-2010) 21843:Fulufhelo Nelwamondo 21833:Hendrik Simon Schaaf 21069:The Silence Breakers 20936:The American Soldier 20917:The Whistleblowers: 20775:The Endangered Earth 20557:The Middle Americans 20511:William Westmoreland 20404:Dwight D. Eisenhower 20273:Dwight D. Eisenhower 19644:Fatana Ishaq Gailani 19628:Olayinka Koso-Thomas 19576:Frederik W. de Klerk 19392:Sulabh International 18904:World Food Programme 17624:(Trade and Industry) 17594:(Public Enterprises) 17582:(1998–1999) (Labour) 17564:Sankie Mtembi-Nkondo 17558:Mangosuthu Buthelezi 17506:Mohammed Valli Moosa 17492:(1996–1997, 1999) / 17315:Mohammed Valli Moosa 17300:Membathisi Mdladlana 17230:Mangosuthu Buthelezi 16657:Allied organisations 16646:Shell House massacre 16616:Little Rivonia Trial 16564:ANC Veterans' League 16465:National Conferences 16204:Pixley ka Isaka Seme 16025:"Mandela Day" (song) 15837:Mandela and de Klerk 15783:Ponts Nelson-Mandela 15713:Nelson Mandela Forum 15664:Long Walk to Freedom 15630:1995 Rugby World Cup 14985:Long Walk to Freedom 14884:Mandela: A Biography 14763:Long Walk to Freedom 14019:. 11 November 2009. 13985:. 16 December 2013. 13900:"The Order of Merit" 13824:. 13 February 1999. 13646:Ndlovu-Gatsheni 2014 13634:Ndlovu-Gatsheni 2014 13339:Ndlovu-Gatsheni 2014 13271:Ndlovu-Gatsheni 2014 13232:. 24 December 2012. 13195:, pp. 539–542; 13175:, pp. 144–149; 13171:, pp. 306–311; 13147:, pp. 102–104; 12921:, pp. 431, 582. 12883:Ndlovu-Gatsheni 2014 12869:, pp. 411, 498. 12758:, pp. 128, 134. 12648:, pp. 432, 554. 12379:Ndlovu-Gatsheni 2014 12343:Ndlovu-Gatsheni 2014 12333:, pp. 105, 108. 12259:Ndlovu-Gatsheni 2014 12205:, pp. 231–232; 12181:, pp. 25, 232; 12117:Ndlovu-Gatsheni 2014 11748:. CNN. 8 June 2013. 11662:. 15 December 2012. 11632:. 11 December 2012. 10974:, pp. 584–586; 10970:, pp. 219–220; 10763:, pp. 529–530; 10755:, pp. 128–129; 10701:, pp. 111–113; 10669:, pp. 176–177; 10649:, pp. 108–110; 10633:, pp. 124–125; 10591:, pp. 215–216; 10529:, pp. 104–105; 10401:, pp. 544–547; 10271:, pp. 135–137; 10104:, pp. 369–370; 9930:, pp. 516, 524. 9926:, pp. 525–527; 9906:, pp. 523–524; 9890:, pp. 523–524; 9874:, pp. 511, 534. 9866:, pp. 204–205; 9760:, pp. 574–575; 9756:, pp. 222–223; 9744:, pp. 500, 507. 9740:, pp. 539–542; 9708:, pp. 547–548; 9704:, pp. 208–209; 9672:, pp. 501, 504. 9583:. BBC. 10 May 1994. 9534:, pp. 510–512; 9467:, pp. 500–501; 9435:, pp. 477–478; 9391:, pp. 495–496; 9296:, pp. 476–480; 9292:, pp. 180–181; 9256:, pp. 489–491; 9216:, pp. 467–471; 9212:, pp. 177–178; 9196:, pp. 462–463; 9180:, pp. 462–463; 9160:, pp. 448, 452. 9140:, pp. 443–446; 9136:, pp. 174–175; 9116:, pp. 425–426; 9100:, pp. 418–424; 9080:, pp. 431, 448. 9064:, pp. 431, 448. 9044:, pp. 439–440; 9001:, pp. 412–413; 8930:, pp. 409–410; 8906:, pp. 403–405; 8859:, pp. 400–402; 8808:, pp. 399–402; 8750:, pp. 369–397; 8746:, pp. 165–166; 8706:, pp. 387–388; 8702:, pp. 161–162; 8619:, pp. 369–370; 8587:, pp. 318–319; 8571:, pp. 371–383; 8567:, pp. 183–184; 8531:, pp. 362–368; 8487:, pp. 359–360; 8467:, pp. 157–158; 8421:, pp. 351–352; 8409:, pp. 315–318; 8405:, pp. 237–238; 8373:, pp. 249–256; 8361:, pp. 247–248; 8345:, pp. 341–346; 8293:, pp. 346–347; 8269:, pp. 147–149; 8233:, pp. 338–339; 8185:, pp. 277–283; 8181:, pp. 327–328; 8161:, pp. 324–327; 8157:, pp. 304–306; 8153:, pp. 186–188; 8065:, pp. 128–129; 8049:, pp. 308–310; 8045:, pp. 127–128; 8029:, pp. 207–208; 8017:, pp. 222, 235. 7993:, pp. 306–307; 7989:, pp. 192–194; 7973:, pp. 303–304; 7921:, pp. 301–302; 7873:, pp. 292–295; 7869:, pp. 130–131; 7853:, pp. 298–299; 7809:, pp. 102–108; 7793:, pp. 205, 258. 7753:, p. 166, 182; 7717:, pp. 307–308; 7689:, pp. 196–197; 7681:, pp. 268–272; 7657:, pp. 194–195; 7629:, pp. 191–194; 7625:, pp. 298–302; 7621:, pp. 258–265; 7601:, pp. 252, 259. 7593:, pp. 232–233; 7573:, pp. 186–190; 7557:, pp. 138–139; 7541:, pp. 183–186; 7537:, pp. 292–295; 7533:, pp. 242–250; 7529:, pp. 108–109; 7521:, pp. 223–226; 7517:, pp. 134–137; 7438:, pp. 218–426; 7434:, pp. 104–106; 7430:, pp. 468–482; 7426:, pp. 210–213; 7422:, pp. 120–134; 7406:, pp. 292–293; 7402:, pp. 463–465; 7386:, pp. 456–459; 7340:, pp. 216–217; 7320:, pp. 278–279; 7304:, pp. 275–276; 7300:, pp. 215–216; 7296:, pp. 435–435; 7292:, pp. 201–202; 7288:, pp. 116–117; 7268:, pp. 261–262; 7256:, pp. 443–445; 7240:, pp. 259–261; 7236:, pp. 210–211; 7232:, pp. 441–443; 7228:, pp. 196–197; 7208:, pp. 256–259; 7200:, pp. 432–440; 7196:, pp. 185–194; 7180:, pp. 255–256; 7176:, pp. 427–432; 7148:, pp. 173–175; 7128:, pp. 251–254; 7120:, pp. 418–425; 7096:, pp. 239–246; 7084:, pp. 413–415; 7056:, pp. 411–412; 6928:, pp. 201–204; 6920:, pp. 397–409; 6900:, pp. 209–210; 6884:, pp. 209–214; 6876:, pp. 397–398; 6856:, pp. 206–210; 6852:, pp. 199–200; 6848:, pp. 393–396; 6832:, pp. 188–189; 6828:, pp. 289–291; 6808:, pp. 192–193; 6804:, pp. 283–287; 6780:, pp. 188–189; 6772:, pp. 377–380; 6748:, pp. 183–185; 6744:, pp. 187–188; 6736:, pp. 373–374; 6708:, pp. 357–364; 6688:, pp. 172–175; 6684:, pp. 347–357; 6664:, pp. 173–175; 6660:, pp. 167–170; 6652:, pp. 342–346; 6648:, pp. 144–147; 6628:, pp. 171–173; 6624:, pp. 167–168; 6620:, pp. 327–330; 6588:, pp. 331–334; 6572:, pp. 167–168; 6564:, pp. 299–305; 6548:, pp. 163–164; 6544:, pp. 136–141; 6540:, pp. 283–292; 6520:, pp. 165, 186. 6500:, pp. 144–149; 6492:, pp. 306–311; 6468:, pp. 102–104; 6444:, pp. 100–102; 6440:, pp. 143–144; 6400:, pp. 130–132; 6396:, pp. 253–274; 6364:, pp. 129–133; 6356:, pp. 243–249; 6328:, pp. 108–109; 6320:, pp. 226–227; 6300:, pp. 114–117; 6256:, pp. 104–105; 6252:, pp. 293–294; 6236:, pp. 103–104; 6196:, pp. 210–216; 6164:, pp. 209–210; 6148:, pp. 116–117; 6144:, pp. 107–108; 6076:, pp. 195–198; 6048:, pp. 194–195; 6028:, pp. 188–192; 6000:, pp. 183–188; 5976:, pp. 182–183; 5884:, pp. 177–172; 5816:, pp. 165–167; 5688:, pp. 162–165; 5656:, pp. 159–162; 5628:, pp. 154–157; 5592:, pp. 153–154; 5424:, pp. 139–143; 5404:, pp. 142–143; 5368:, pp. 137–139; 5320:, pp. 122–123; 5296:, pp. 127–131; 5216:, pp. 118–119; 5192:, pp. 113–116; 5092:, pp. 104–105; 4167:Long Walk to Freedom 3820:Flowers left at the 3812:Reception and legacy 3659:scientific socialism 3354:University of Oxford 3151:Non-Aligned Movement 3082:Washington consensus 3029:1995 Rugby World Cup 2921:Long Walk to Freedom 2912:freedom of the press 2821:Shell House massacre 2764:World Economic Forum 2702:Ciskei Defence Force 2690:World Economic Forum 2577:in India, President 2364:allies US president 2318:Mangosuthu Buthelezi 2253:British Labour Party 2206:solitary confinement 2198:University of London 2162:I Am Prepared to Die 2132:Rivonia Trial Speech 1898:Sharpeville massacre 1809:, the ANC planned a 1131:Childhood: 1918–1934 1120:Father of the Nation 1077:Non-Aligned Movement 1055:to investigate past 1047:which promulgated a 913:by fostering racial 903:fully representative 785:Long Walk to Freedom 613:University of London 335:Non-Aligned Movement 23101:Political prisoners 22673:Ludwig Wittgenstein 22620:John Maynard Keynes 22392:Stephen Bechtel Sr. 22020:Hifikepunye Pohamba 21868:Vhahangwele Masindi 21793:Douglas Butterworth 21778:Hendrik J. 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After the 919:African nationalist 917:. Ideologically an 515:Winifred Madikizela 460:Tripartite Alliance 435:, Eastern Cape 431:Mandela Graveyard, 22793:Emmeline Pankhurst 22712:Lady Diana Spencer 22690:Heroes & icons 22476:Charles E. Merrill 22195:Theodore Roosevelt 21823:Malegapuru Makgoba 21351:2006: Ahmad & 20699:Ayatollah Khomeini 20364:John Foster Dulles 19999:Juan Manuel Santos 19767:Max Planck Society 19513:Belisario Betancur 19380:Vivekananda Kendra 19348:Coretta Scott King 19116:Richard J. Roberts 19091:Russell Alan Hulse 18856:Juan Manuel Santos 18182:George C. Marshall 18025:Carl von Ossietzky 17920:Austen Chamberlain 17786:A. M. F. Beernaert 17754:Theodore Roosevelt 17746:Bertha von Suttner 16554:ANC Women's League 16216:Alfred Bitini Xuma 15813:Death of Apartheid 15565:Awards and honours 15302:Political offices 15290:on Nobelprize.org 15250:Nelson Mandela Day 15123:African Identities 15039:Smith, David James 13716:on 22 October 2010 13163:, pp. 74–76; 13127:, pp. 59–62; 13082:on 16 January 2016 12798:, pp. xv–xvi. 11967:The New York Times 11783:on 27 January 2016 11660:The New York Times 11564:on 27 January 2016 11503:The New York Times 11163:on 15 January 2016 11103:The Globe and Mail 11049:"Closing Ceremony" 11012:. 15 August 2001. 9947:. 6 October 2003. 9387:, pp. 76–77; 9172:, pp. 72–73; 8946:, pp. 58–59; 8722:, pp. 41–42; 8651:The New York Times 8563:, pp. 20–23; 7733:, pp. 79–80; 7713:, pp. 75–78; 7677:, pp. 63–68; 7617:, pp. 43–57; 7597:, pp. 42–44; 7565:, pp. 33–42; 7525:, pp. 27–32; 7496:on 1 February 2016 7272:, pp. 91–93; 7160:, pp. 81, 84. 6924:, pp. 92–93; 6740:, pp. 83–84; 6680:, pp. 85–86; 6656:, pp. 81–82; 6644:, pp. 83–84; 6496:, pp. 75–77; 6484:, pp. 74–76; 6460:, pp. 79–80; 6436:, pp. 79–80; 6360:, pp. 65–66; 6352:, pp. 71–75; 6348:, pp. 64–67; 6296:, pp. 59–60; 6204:, pp. 87–93; 6188:, pp. 54–57; 6128:, pp. 58–59; 6084:, pp. 83–84; 6072:, pp. 50–51; 5984:, pp. 88–89; 5972:, pp. 56–58; 5968:, pp. 44–46; 5892:, pp. 75–76; 5824:, pp. 81–83; 5820:, pp. 74–75; 5812:, pp. 48–49; 5808:, pp. 38–40; 5728:, pp. 68–70; 5700:, pp. 78–79; 5696:, pp. 72–73; 5684:, pp. 36–37; 5668:, pp. 76–78; 5664:, pp. 70–72; 5660:, pp. 41–42; 5512:, pp. 60–64; 5500:, pp. 40–41; 5480:, pp. 59–62; 5468:, pp. 39–40; 5436:, pp. 44–46; 5432:, pp. 52–56; 5420:, pp. 28–29; 5400:, pp. 34–35; 5380:, pp. 42–43; 5372:, pp. 33–34; 5356:, pp. 36, 43. 5324:, pp. 27–28; 5304:, pp. 34–35; 5300:, pp. 64–65; 5292:, pp. 33–34; 5252:, pp. 33–34; 5200:, pp. 45–46; 5172:, pp. 44–45; 5104:, pp. 31–32; 5076:, pp. 28–30; 5048:, pp. 27–28; 5040:, pp. 12–13; 5036:, pp. 89–94; 5032:, pp. 25–26; 5012:, pp. 20–22; 5008:, pp. 36–39; 5000:, pp. 73–76; 4980:, pp. 19–20; 4976:, pp. 34–35; 4972:, pp. 11–12; 4968:, pp. 78–86; 4940:, pp. 70–71; 4852:, pp. 67–69; 4836:, pp. 17–19; 4832:, pp. 33–34; 4828:, pp. 62–63; 4816:, pp. 21, 25. 4812:, pp. 15–18; 4808:, pp. 33–34; 4800:, pp. 62–65; 4764:, pp. 14–15; 4756:, pp. 53–54; 4736:, pp. 31–32; 4692:, pp. 12–13; 4684:, pp. 45–47; 4664:, pp. 29–31; 4656:, pp. 36–42; 4612:, pp. 31–34; 4608:, pp. 11–12; 4568:, pp. 27–29; 4544:, pp. 26–27; 4536:, pp. 22–25; 4456:, pp. 18–19; 4440:, pp. 23–24; 4344:, pp. 21–22; 3839:political prisoner 3826: 3787:Christian theology 3779:Christian humanist 3707:charismatic leader 3703: 3665:ideology by 1960. 3650: 3595:nationalists like 3562:Political ideology 3553:in Pretoria and a 3518: 3477: 3429: 3321: 3275: 3258:Pakalitha Mosisili 3191:Order of Good Hope 3182: 3105: 3065: 2898:on her March 1995 2789: 2716:liberal democratic 2694: 2664:Boipatong massacre 2550: 2484: 2430: 2424:administration of 2218: 2130:— Mandela's 2048:Gamal Abdel Nasser 1986:, there joined by 1926: 1861: 1705: 1646:Marxist philosophy 1602: 1540:Transvaal Province 1520: 1497:Alfred Bitini Xuma 1373:arranged marriages 1353:British war effort 1262: 1212:in the village of 998:1956 Treason Trial 974:racial segregation 891:Rolihlahla Mandela 696:Isitwalandwe Medal 388:Rolihlahla Mandela 22881:Freedom of speech 22850: 22849: 22844: 22843: 22772:Charles Lindbergh 22705:The American G.I. 22599:Robert H. Goddard 22585:Alexander Fleming 22209:Margaret Thatcher 22181:Eleanor Roosevelt 22139:Ruhollah Khomeini 22132:Pope John Paul II 22111:Mikhail Gorbachev 22097:Winston Churchill 22038: 22037: 21944: 21943: 21896:Tshilidzi Marwala 21788:Johann Lutjeharms 21577: 21576: 21156: 21155: 21138:Spirit of Ukraine 20838:Pope John Paul II 20815:The Peacemakers: 20791:George H. W. Bush 20783:Mikhail Gorbachev 20767:Mikhail Gorbachev 20611:Susan Brownmiller 20527:Lyndon B. Johnson 20503:Lyndon B. Johnson 20412:U.S. Scientists: 20396:Charles de Gaulle 20388:Nikita Khrushchev 20340:Mohammed Mosaddeq 20313:Winston Churchill 20241:Winston Churchill 20133:Charles Lindbergh 20081: 20080: 19974:Elbegdorj Tsakhia 19879: 19878: 19875: 19874: 19782: 19781: 19774:Fulbright Program 19696:Erasmus Programme 19557:Mikhail Gorbachev 19475:Laureates of the 19442: 19441: 19226: 19225: 19133:Economic Sciences 18969: 18968: 18830:Kailash Satyarthi 18715:Mohamed ElBaradei 18533:Mikhail Gorbachev 18228:Philip Noel-Baker 18212:Lester B. Pearson 18174:Albert Schweitzer 17955:Ferdinand Buisson 17947:Gustav Stresemann 17826:Henri La Fontaine 17687:Nobel Peace Prize 17649: 17648: 17548:(Foreign Affairs) 17403: 17402: 17350:Kraai van Niekerk 17235:Dawie de Villiers 17187:Deputy Presidents 17129: 17128: 16926: 16925: 16894:Kgalema Motlanthe 16697: 16696: 16621:uMkhonto we Sizwe 16596:Defiance Campaign 16458: 16457: 16454: 16453: 16427:Kgalema Motlanthe 16345:Secretary-General 16317:Kgalema Motlanthe 16106: 16105: 16048:Atlanta sculpture 15580:funeral attendees 15488:UMkhonto we Sizwe 15409: 15408: 15400:Succeeded by 15376:Diplomatic posts 15366:Succeeded by 15334:Succeeded by 15322: 15052:978-0-297-85524-8 15030:978-0-00-743797-9 14914:978-0-7969-1970-0 14895:978-1-58648-832-1 14869:978-0-241-12787-2 14818:978-0-7540-8724-3 14799:978-0-7540-8723-6 14724:978-0-19-921935-3 14672:978-0-86877-417-6 14653:978-0-7969-1970-0 14634:978-0-415-93381-0 14612:978-1-55643-417-4 14436:978-0-19-974022-2 14408:978-0-19-280301-6 14341:978-0-14-008941-7 14290:978-0-00-743797-9 14271:978-1-107-01311-7 14252:978-0-8214-1566-5 13906:on 5 January 2005 13798:on 1 October 2006 13407:Los Angeles Times 13269:, pp. 1, 2; 12705:(5 August 2004). 12150:Los Angeles Times 11692:. 28 March 2013. 11300:Los Angeles Times 7633:, pp. 68–75. 7577:, pp. 43–49. 6404:, pp. 96–99. 6372:, pp. 87–95. 6308:, pp. 82–84. 6264:, pp. 76–77. 6212:, pp. 77–80. 6092:, pp. 71–72. 6060:, pp. 72–73. 6004:, p. 52, 53. 5988:, pp. 66–67. 5900:, pp. 64–65. 5848:, pp. 63–64. 5828:, pp. 61–62. 5796:, pp. 63–64. 5764:, pp. 55–56. 5704:, pp. 53–55. 5672:, pp. 51–52. 5572:, pp. 48–49. 5440:, pp. 39–41. 5384:, pp. 38–39. 5308:, pp. 34–35. 5124:, pp. 48–49. 5108:, pp. 32–33. 5080:, pp. 30–31. 5052:, pp. 29–30. 5016:, pp. 27–28. 4984:, pp. 26–27. 4840:, pp. 24–25. 4768:, pp. 18–21. 4744:, pp. 17–18. 4708:, pp. 48–50. 4668:, pp. 9–11; 4516:, pp. 8, 20. 4476:, pp. 91–92. 4472:, pp. 5, 7; 4388:, pp. 1, 3; 3916:Order of St. John 3900:Nishan-e-Pakistan 3890:, and the Libyan 3888:Lenin Peace Prize 3675:social democratic 3630:liberal democracy 3203:Pan Am Flight 103 2888:Harry Oppenheimer 2567:George H. W. Bush 2563:Pope John Paul II 2459:a tribute concert 2370:Margaret Thatcher 2249:Progressive Party 2182:life imprisonment 2064:Ahmed Sékou Touré 2009:Nobel Peace Prize 1964:Umkhonto we Sizwe 1838:Winnie Madikizela 1795:guerrilla warfare 1738:Mandela and Tambo 1662:Defiance Campaign 1654:classless society 1112:Nobel Peace Prize 1061:liberal framework 1010:uMkhonto we Sizwe 986:Defiance Campaign 831: 830: 811: 716:see list for more 702:Nobel Peace Prize 690:Nishan-e-Pakistan 684:Lenin Peace Prize 478:Evelyn Ntoko Mase 23238: 22991:Anti-capitalists 22903: 22902: 22901: 22891: 22890: 22879: 22878: 22877: 22867: 22866: 22865: 22858: 22837: 22830: 22823: 22816: 22809: 22802: 22795: 22788: 22781: 22774: 22767: 22760: 22753: 22746: 22735: 22728: 22721: 22714: 22707: 22700: 22682: 22675: 22668: 22657: 22650: 22648:William Shockley 22643: 22636: 22629: 22622: 22615: 22608: 22601: 22594: 22587: 22580: 22573: 22571:Philo Farnsworth 22566: 22559: 22552: 22545: 22527: 22520: 22513: 22506: 22499: 22492: 22485: 22478: 22471: 22464: 22457: 22450: 22443: 22436: 22429: 22422: 22415: 22408: 22401: 22394: 22376: 22369: 22362: 22360:Steven Spielberg 22355: 22348: 22341: 22334: 22327: 22320: 22313: 22306: 22299: 22292: 22285: 22278: 22271: 22264: 22257: 22250: 22243: 22225: 22218: 22211: 22204: 22197: 22190: 22183: 22176: 22169: 22162: 22155: 22148: 22141: 22134: 22127: 22120: 22113: 22106: 22099: 22092: 22090:David Ben-Gurion 22065: 22058: 22051: 22042: 22041: 21990:Joaquim Chissano 21971: 21964: 21957: 21948: 21947: 21936:Thokozani Majozi 21879: 21716: 21648: 21620: 21604: 21597: 21590: 21581: 21580: 21570: 21562: 21554: 21546: 21538: 21530: 21520: 21513: 21506: 21499: 21492: 21485: 21478: 21471: 21464: 21462: 21451: 21443: 21435: 21427: 21419: 21411: 21403: 21395: 21387: 21379: 21367: 21355: 21347: 21335: 21327: 21326:& K. Tillman 21316: 21309: 21302: 21295: 21288: 21279: 21271: 21263: 21255: 21247: 21239: 21231: 21223: 21215: 21183: 21176: 21169: 21160: 21159: 21149: 21141: 21129: 21121: 21109: 21101: 21099: 21072: 21064: 21056: 21048: 21046: 21030: 21022: 21014: 21006: 20998: 20990: 20982: 20974: 20966: 20964: 20947: 20939: 20931: 20929: 20912: 20909:Rudolph Giuliani 20893: 20885: 20877: 20865: 20857: 20849: 20841: 20833: 20831: 20810: 20802: 20794: 20786: 20778: 20770: 20762: 20754: 20746: 20738: 20726: 20718: 20710: 20702: 20694: 20686: 20678: 20659: 20657: 20643:Billie Jean King 20609:American Women: 20604: 20596: 20588: 20576: 20568: 20560: 20552: 20550: 20530: 20522: 20514: 20506: 20498: 20490: 20482: 20474: 20472: 20454:William Shockley 20430:Joshua Lederberg 20426:Donald A. Glaser 20407: 20399: 20391: 20383: 20375: 20367: 20359: 20351: 20343: 20324: 20316: 20308: 20300: 20292: 20284: 20276: 20268: 20260: 20252: 20244: 20236: 20228: 20220: 20208: 20200: 20192: 20184: 20176: 20168: 20160: 20152: 20144: 20136: 20108: 20101: 20094: 20085: 20084: 20062:Aung San Suu Kyi 20020:Martti Ahtisaari 19906: 19899: 19892: 19883: 19882: 19788: 19787: 19747:and the Spanish 19640:Rigoberta Menchú 19486: 19485: 19469: 19462: 19455: 19446: 19445: 19435: 19427: 19419: 19411: 19403: 19395: 19383: 19375: 19367: 19359: 19351: 19343: 19335: 19327: 19319: 19307: 19299: 19291: 19283: 19280:A. T. Ariyaratne 19275: 19253: 19246: 19239: 19230: 19229: 19164: 19122:Phillip A. Sharp 19118:(United Kingdom) 18996: 18989: 18982: 18973: 18972: 18962: 18951: 18949:Narges Mohammadi 18940: 18921: 18906: 18895: 18884: 18869: 18858: 18847: 18836: 18834:Malala Yousafzai 18821: 18810: 18799: 18780: 18769: 18758: 18756:Martti Ahtisaari 18747: 18732: 18717: 18702: 18691: 18680: 18669: 18643: 18635: 18627: 18615: 18603: 18601:José Ramos-Horta 18591: 18579: 18563: 18551: 18549:Rigoberta Menchú 18543: 18541:Aung San Suu Kyi 18535: 18527: 18519: 18511: 18503: 18495: 18487: 18479: 18471: 18459: 18451: 18443: 18435: 18423: 18415: 18413:Mairead Corrigan 18392: 18384: 18372: 18357: 18356: 18350: 18339: 18328: 18317: 18306: 18305: 18297: 18296: 18288: 18277: 18266: 18254: 18246: 18244:Dag Hammarskjöld 18238: 18230: 18222: 18214: 18206: 18205: 18199: 18198: 18192: 18184: 18176: 18168: 18149: 18141: 18133: 18132: 18126: 18114: 18102: 18094: 18086: 18085: 18079: 18078: 18072: 18071: 18065: 18064: 18058: 18057: 18051: 18043: 18035: 18027: 18019: 18017:Arthur Henderson 18011: 18003: 18002: 17996: 17984: 17982:Nathan Söderblom 17976: 17974:Frank B. Kellogg 17968: 17967: 17961: 17949: 17926: 17914: 17913: 17907: 17906: 17900: 17892: 17886:Hjalmar Branting 17880: 17872: 17864: 17863: 17857: 17849: 17848: 17842: 17841: 17835: 17834: 17828: 17820: 17812: 17800: 17792: 17780: 17768: 17756: 17748: 17740: 17732: 17724: 17712: 17676: 17669: 17662: 17653: 17652: 17502:(Communications) 17461:Deputy President 17430: 17423: 17416: 17407: 17406: 17295:Patrick McKenzie 17265:Chris Liebenberg 17156: 17149: 17142: 17133: 17132: 16953: 16946: 16939: 16930: 16929: 16861:(post-Apartheid) 16724: 16717: 16710: 16701: 16700: 16690: 16685: 16684: 16658: 16588: 16559:ANC Youth League 16466: 16268:Deputy President 16170: 16169: 16163: 16162: 16155: 16146: 16139: 16132: 16123: 16122: 16110: 16109: 16094: 16093: 16030:"Rise Up" (song) 15945:Makaziwe Mandela 15939:Makgatho Mandela 15640:Mahlamba Ndlopfu 15520:Pollsmoor Prison 15435: 15428: 15421: 15412: 15411: 15394: 15381:Preceded by 15349:Preceded by 15313: 15307:Preceded by 15299: 15298: 15295: 15207: 15180:Tomaselli, Keyan 15175: 15146: 15129:(3–4): 342–356. 15117: 15090:Suttner, Raymond 15085: 15056: 15034: 15017:Sampson, Anthony 15012: 14989:Journal of Power 14979: 14962:(116): 130–142. 14950: 14918: 14899: 14887: 14878:Meredith, Martin 14873: 14851: 14834:(112): 101–116. 14822: 14803: 14784: 14782: 14780: 14757: 14728: 14697: 14676: 14657: 14638: 14616: 14600: 14589: 14565: 14555: 14546:(140): 292–296. 14527: 14511: 14488:Cold War History 14482: 14472: 14440: 14421: 14412: 14393: 14391: 14389: 14345: 14323: 14294: 14275: 14256: 14228: 14222: 14216: 14210: 14201: 14200: 14198: 14196: 14176: 14170: 14164: 14158: 14152: 14146: 14140: 14129: 14123: 14117: 14116: 14114: 14112: 14097: 14091: 14090: 14088: 14086: 14080: 14073: 14065: 14059: 14058: 14056: 14054: 14039: 14033: 14032: 14030: 14028: 14005: 13999: 13998: 13996: 13994: 13975: 13969: 13968: 13966: 13964: 13948: 13942: 13941: 13939: 13937: 13922: 13916: 13915: 13913: 13911: 13896: 13890: 13889: 13887: 13885: 13870: 13864: 13863: 13861: 13859: 13844: 13838: 13837: 13835: 13833: 13814: 13808: 13807: 13805: 13803: 13788: 13782: 13781: 13779: 13777: 13758: 13752: 13751: 13749: 13747: 13732: 13726: 13725: 13723: 13721: 13701: 13695: 13694: 13692: 13690: 13675: 13669: 13668: 13660: 13649: 13643: 13637: 13627: 13621: 13620: 13608: 13602: 13596: 13590: 13584: 13578: 13572: 13566: 13560: 13549: 13543: 13537: 13531: 13525: 13519: 13513: 13507: 13501: 13495: 13489: 13483: 13477: 13471: 13465: 13459: 13453: 13452: 13450: 13448: 13429: 13423: 13422: 13420: 13418: 13409:. 13 July 2018. 13399: 13393: 13392: 13390: 13388: 13372: 13366: 13360: 13354: 13348: 13342: 13332: 13326: 13316: 13310: 13304: 13298: 13292: 13286: 13285:, pp. 1, 2. 13280: 13274: 13264: 13258: 13252: 13246: 13245: 13243: 13241: 13222: 13216: 13206: 13200: 13190: 13184: 13158: 13152: 13138: 13132: 13118: 13112: 13098: 13092: 13091: 13089: 13087: 13072: 13066: 13060: 13054: 13048: 13042: 13036: 13030: 13024: 13018: 13012: 13006: 13000: 12994: 12988: 12982: 12976: 12970: 12964: 12958: 12952: 12946: 12940: 12934: 12928: 12922: 12916: 12910: 12904: 12898: 12892: 12886: 12876: 12870: 12864: 12858: 12848: 12842: 12832: 12826: 12820: 12814: 12808: 12799: 12789: 12783: 12777: 12771: 12765: 12759: 12753: 12747: 12741: 12735: 12729: 12723: 12722: 12720: 12718: 12699: 12693: 12679: 12673: 12667: 12661: 12655: 12649: 12643: 12637: 12631: 12625: 12615: 12609: 12603: 12597: 12591: 12582: 12576: 12570: 12564: 12558: 12552: 12546: 12540: 12534: 12528: 12522: 12516: 12510: 12504: 12498: 12492: 12486: 12476: 12470: 12464: 12458: 12452: 12446: 12436: 12430: 12424: 12418: 12412: 12406: 12400: 12394: 12388: 12382: 12376: 12370: 12364: 12358: 12352: 12346: 12340: 12334: 12328: 12322: 12316: 12310: 12304: 12298: 12292: 12286: 12280: 12274: 12268: 12262: 12256: 12241: 12235: 12226: 12216: 12210: 12200: 12194: 12176: 12170: 12164: 12158: 12157: 12141: 12135: 12129: 12120: 12114: 12108: 12107: 12105: 12103: 12084: 12078: 12077: 12075: 12073: 12059: 12051: 12045: 12044: 12042: 12040: 12031:. South Africa. 12020: 12014: 12013: 12011: 12009: 11989: 11983: 11982: 11980: 11978: 11958: 11952: 11951: 11949: 11947: 11928: 11922: 11921: 11919: 11917: 11898: 11889: 11888: 11886: 11884: 11869: 11863: 11862: 11860: 11858: 11843: 11837: 11836: 11834: 11832: 11823:. 27 June 2013. 11813: 11807: 11806: 11800: 11792: 11790: 11788: 11779:. Archived from 11768: 11762: 11761: 11759: 11757: 11742: 11736: 11735: 11733: 11731: 11712: 11706: 11705: 11703: 11701: 11682: 11676: 11675: 11673: 11671: 11652: 11646: 11645: 11643: 11641: 11622: 11616: 11615: 11613: 11611: 11592: 11586: 11580: 11574: 11573: 11571: 11569: 11560:. Archived from 11549: 11547: 11545: 11536:. Archived from 11525: 11519: 11518: 11516: 11514: 11494: 11488: 11487: 11471: 11465: 11459: 11453: 11452: 11450: 11448: 11429: 11423: 11413: 11404: 11403: 11401: 11399: 11379: 11373: 11372: 11370: 11368: 11353: 11351: 11349: 11326: 11320: 11314: 11308: 11307: 11306:on 26 June 2013. 11302:. Archived from 11291: 11282: 11281: 11269: 11260: 11250: 11244: 11238: 11232: 11231: 11229: 11227: 11211: 11209: 11207: 11191: 11185: 11179: 11173: 11172: 11170: 11168: 11152: 11146: 11145: 11143: 11141: 11125: 11119: 11118: 11116: 11114: 11094: 11088: 11087: 11071: 11065: 11064: 11062: 11060: 11044: 11038: 11032: 11026: 11025: 11023: 11021: 11000: 10994: 10988: 10979: 10965: 10959: 10949: 10943: 10933: 10927: 10921: 10915: 10909: 10903: 10897: 10891: 10881: 10875: 10865: 10859: 10845: 10839: 10829: 10823: 10817: 10808: 10798: 10792: 10786: 10780: 10774: 10768: 10750: 10744: 10738: 10732: 10731: 10729: 10727: 10712: 10706: 10696: 10690: 10684: 10678: 10664: 10658: 10644: 10638: 10628: 10622: 10621: 10619: 10617: 10602: 10596: 10582: 10576: 10570: 10564: 10558: 10549: 10543: 10534: 10524: 10518: 10508: 10502: 10496: 10490: 10484: 10478: 10472: 10466: 10460: 10454: 10444: 10438: 10432: 10426: 10412: 10406: 10396: 10390: 10384: 10378: 10368: 10362: 10361: 10359: 10357: 10338:(19 July 2003). 10332: 10330: 10328: 10313: 10311: 10309: 10290:Sampson, Anthony 10286: 10280: 10266: 10260: 10254: 10248: 10242: 10236: 10235: 10233: 10231: 10216: 10214: 10212: 10207:on 31 March 2012 10206: 10200:. Archived from 10199: 10191: 10185: 10179: 10173: 10172: 10170: 10168: 10162: 10155: 10146: 10140: 10130: 10124: 10118: 10109: 10099: 10093: 10087: 10081: 10071: 10065: 10059: 10053: 10043: 10037: 10027: 10021: 10011: 10005: 9991: 9985: 9984: 9982: 9980: 9960: 9958: 9956: 9937: 9931: 9917: 9911: 9901: 9895: 9881: 9875: 9861: 9852: 9846: 9840: 9834: 9828: 9818: 9812: 9798: 9792: 9786: 9780: 9774: 9765: 9751: 9745: 9735: 9729: 9719: 9713: 9699: 9693: 9679: 9673: 9667: 9661: 9655: 9649: 9643: 9637: 9627: 9621: 9603: 9597: 9596: 9594: 9592: 9577: 9571: 9561: 9555: 9545: 9539: 9529: 9523: 9522: 9520: 9518: 9509:. Archived from 9498: 9492: 9478: 9472: 9462: 9456: 9446: 9440: 9426: 9420: 9414: 9408: 9402: 9396: 9382: 9376: 9366: 9360: 9346: 9340: 9322: 9313: 9307: 9301: 9287: 9281: 9267: 9261: 9247: 9241: 9227: 9221: 9207: 9201: 9191: 9185: 9167: 9161: 9151: 9145: 9127: 9121: 9111: 9105: 9087: 9081: 9071: 9065: 9055: 9049: 9031: 9022: 9012: 9006: 8996: 8987: 8977: 8971: 8957: 8951: 8941: 8935: 8917: 8911: 8897: 8891: 8890: 8888: 8886: 8870: 8864: 8850: 8844: 8843: 8841: 8839: 8819: 8813: 8799: 8793: 8787: 8781: 8780: 8778: 8776: 8761: 8755: 8733: 8727: 8717: 8711: 8697: 8691: 8673: 8667: 8666: 8664: 8662: 8642: 8636: 8630: 8624: 8606: 8600: 8582: 8576: 8558: 8552: 8542: 8536: 8522: 8516: 8510: 8504: 8498: 8492: 8482: 8476: 8458: 8452: 8451: 8449: 8447: 8432: 8426: 8400: 8394: 8384: 8378: 8356: 8350: 8332: 8326: 8320: 8314: 8304: 8298: 8284: 8278: 8260: 8254: 8244: 8238: 8224: 8218: 8208: 8202: 8196: 8190: 8172: 8166: 8148: 8142: 8136: 8130: 8112: 8106: 8100: 8094: 8088: 8082: 8076: 8070: 8060: 8054: 8040: 8034: 8024: 8018: 8008: 8002: 7984: 7978: 7964: 7958: 7948: 7942: 7932: 7926: 7916: 7910: 7900: 7894: 7884: 7878: 7864: 7858: 7848: 7842: 7824: 7818: 7800: 7794: 7776: 7770: 7748: 7742: 7728: 7722: 7700: 7694: 7668: 7662: 7640: 7634: 7608: 7602: 7584: 7578: 7552: 7546: 7512: 7506: 7505: 7503: 7501: 7484:Nelson Mandela. 7481: 7475: 7449: 7443: 7417: 7411: 7397: 7391: 7381: 7375: 7374: 7372: 7370: 7351: 7345: 7335: 7329: 7315: 7309: 7283: 7277: 7270:Benneyworth 2011 7251: 7245: 7219: 7213: 7191: 7185: 7167: 7161: 7158:Benneyworth 2011 7143: 7137: 7130:Benneyworth 2011 7107: 7101: 7071: 7065: 7043: 7037: 7027: 7021: 7020: 7018: 7016: 6996: 6994: 6992: 6973: 6964: 6958: 6952: 6946: 6937: 6911: 6905: 6895: 6889: 6867: 6861: 6843: 6837: 6823: 6817: 6795: 6789: 6759: 6753: 6727: 6721: 6703: 6697: 6675: 6669: 6639: 6633: 6607: 6601: 6583: 6577: 6559: 6553: 6527: 6521: 6515: 6509: 6479: 6473: 6455: 6449: 6431: 6425: 6411: 6405: 6391: 6385: 6379: 6373: 6343: 6337: 6315: 6309: 6287: 6281: 6271: 6265: 6247: 6241: 6231: 6225: 6219: 6213: 6183: 6177: 6159: 6153: 6123: 6117: 6099: 6093: 6067: 6061: 6039: 6033: 6023: 6017: 6011: 6005: 5995: 5989: 5963: 5957: 5943: 5937: 5919: 5913: 5907: 5901: 5879: 5873: 5855: 5849: 5835: 5829: 5803: 5797: 5771: 5765: 5751: 5745: 5739: 5733: 5723: 5717: 5711: 5705: 5679: 5673: 5647: 5641: 5623: 5617: 5607: 5601: 5579: 5573: 5559: 5553: 5527: 5521: 5495: 5489: 5459: 5453: 5447: 5441: 5415: 5409: 5391: 5385: 5363: 5357: 5343: 5337: 5315: 5309: 5287: 5281: 5263: 5257: 5235: 5229: 5211: 5205: 5187: 5181: 5155: 5149: 5131: 5125: 5115: 5109: 5087: 5081: 5059: 5053: 5023: 5017: 4991: 4985: 4959: 4953: 4935: 4929: 4923: 4917: 4899: 4893: 4871: 4865: 4847: 4841: 4823: 4817: 4795: 4789: 4775: 4769: 4751: 4745: 4727: 4721: 4715: 4709: 4703: 4697: 4679: 4673: 4647: 4641: 4631: 4625: 4603: 4597: 4579: 4573: 4559: 4553: 4523: 4517: 4511: 4505: 4483: 4477: 4451: 4445: 4444:, pp. 2, 4. 4427: 4421: 4411: 4405: 4399: 4393: 4380:, pp. 7–8; 4371: 4365: 4355: 4349: 4340:, pp. 8–9; 4335: 4329: 4323: 4317: 4303: 4297: 4291: 4285: 4271: 4265: 4251: 4245: 4223: 4217: 4216: 4214: 4212: 4160: 4154: 4152: 4151: 4149:official website 4145:See for example 4143: 4137: 4119: 4113: 4112: 4110: 4108: 4087: 4076: 4065: 3952:Higher Than Hope 3862:—accused him of 3765: 3679:socialist states 3663:Marxist–Leninist 3575: 3405:Barlinnie prison 3335:anti-retrovirals 3159:Kashmir conflict 3137:illegal migrants 3074:market economics 3037:Francois Pienaar 3017:Betsie Schoombie 3013:Hendrik Verwoerd 2964: 2857:Deputy President 2829:Constand Viljoen 2810:Democratic Party 2766:in Switzerland. 2741: 2740: 2583:Mahathir Mohamad 2571:African American 2486:Recovering from 2386:Tokai, Cape Town 2382:Pollsmoor Prison 2296: 2287: 2234:Yu Chi Chan Club 2135: 2103:Bachelor of Laws 2040:Haile Selassie I 2002: 1960:Cuban Revolution 1906:Pietermaritzburg 1788: 1742:police brutality 1726:Jawaharlal Nehru 1357:Second World War 1290:European culture 1266:privy councillor 1234:anti-imperialist 1202: 1110:, including the 1049:new constitution 1029:Pollsmoor Prison 1000:. Influenced by 976:that privileged 940:royal family in 888: 883: 876: 870: 869: 866: 865: 862: 859: 856: 853: 850: 847: 844: 813: 812: 748: 747: 734: 568: 566: 562: 542: 540: 536: 532: 528: 505: 503: 499: 495: 491: 417: 397: 395: 379:Personal details 367: 355: 346: 336: 323: 311: 292: 280: 270: 253: 241:2nd and 4th 233: 221: 187: 165: 158: 146: 114: 90: 80: 36: 35: 23246: 23245: 23241: 23240: 23239: 23237: 23236: 23235: 22911: 22910: 22909: 22899: 22897: 22885: 22875: 22873: 22863: 22861: 22853: 22851: 22846: 22845: 22840: 22833: 22826: 22821:Andrei Sakharov 22819: 22814:Jackie Robinson 22812: 22805: 22798: 22791: 22784: 22777: 22770: 22763: 22756: 22749: 22738: 22731: 22724: 22717: 22710: 22703: 22696: 22685: 22680:Wright brothers 22678: 22671: 22660: 22653: 22646: 22639: 22632: 22625: 22618: 22611: 22604: 22597: 22590: 22583: 22576: 22569: 22564:Albert Einstein 22562: 22555: 22550:Tim Berners-Lee 22548: 22541: 22530: 22523: 22516: 22509: 22502: 22495: 22488: 22481: 22474: 22467: 22460: 22453: 22446: 22439: 22434:Amadeo Giannini 22432: 22425: 22418: 22411: 22404: 22397: 22390: 22379: 22372: 22367:Igor Stravinsky 22365: 22358: 22351: 22344: 22337: 22330: 22323: 22316: 22309: 22304:Aretha Franklin 22302: 22295: 22288: 22281: 22276:Charlie Chaplin 22274: 22267: 22260: 22253: 22246: 22241:Louis Armstrong 22239: 22228: 22221: 22214: 22207: 22202:Margaret Sanger 22200: 22193: 22186: 22179: 22172: 22165: 22158: 22151: 22144: 22137: 22130: 22123: 22116: 22109: 22102: 22095: 22088: 22077: 22069: 22039: 22034: 21981: 21975: 21945: 21940: 21906:Tebello Nyokong 21877: 21872: 21848:Siyabulela Xuza 21808:Bernie Fanaroff 21773:Pragasen Pillay 21753:Valerie Mizrahi 21748:Sibusiso Sibisi 21738:Patricia Berjak 21714: 21709: 21700:Zwelakhe Sisulu 21665:Basil Schonland 21646: 21641: 21618: 21613: 21608: 21578: 21573: 21565: 21557: 21549: 21541: 21533: 21525: 21516: 21509: 21502: 21495: 21488: 21481: 21474: 21467: 21454: 21446: 21438: 21430: 21422: 21414: 21406: 21398: 21390: 21382: 21370: 21358: 21350: 21338: 21330: 21321: 21312: 21305: 21298: 21291: 21282: 21274: 21266: 21258: 21250: 21242: 21234: 21226: 21218: 21210: 21202: 21192: 21187: 21157: 21152: 21144: 21132: 21124: 21112: 21104: 21079:Jamal Khashoggi 21077:The Guardians: 21076: 21075: 21067: 21059: 21051: 21034: 21033: 21025: 21017: 21009: 21003:Mark Zuckerberg 21001: 20993: 20985: 20977: 20969: 20951: 20950: 20942: 20934: 20927:Sherron Watkins 20916: 20915: 20907: 20896: 20888: 20880: 20868: 20860: 20852: 20844: 20836: 20814: 20813: 20805: 20797: 20789: 20781: 20773: 20765: 20757: 20749: 20743:Peter Ueberroth 20741: 20729: 20721: 20713: 20705: 20697: 20689: 20681: 20673: 20662: 20615:Kathleen Byerly 20608: 20607: 20599: 20591: 20581:Henry Kissinger 20579: 20571: 20563: 20555: 20534: 20533: 20525: 20517: 20509: 20501: 20493: 20487:Pope John XXIII 20485: 20479:John F. Kennedy 20477: 20470:Robert Woodward 20466:James Van Allen 20411: 20410: 20402: 20394: 20386: 20378: 20370: 20362: 20356:Konrad Adenauer 20354: 20346: 20338: 20327: 20319: 20311: 20305:Harry S. Truman 20303: 20297:George Marshall 20295: 20289:James F. Byrnes 20287: 20281:Harry S. Truman 20279: 20271: 20265:George Marshall 20263: 20255: 20247: 20239: 20231: 20223: 20213:Chiang Kai-shek 20211: 20203: 20195: 20187: 20181:Hugh S. Johnson 20179: 20171: 20163: 20157:Mohandas Gandhi 20155: 20147: 20141:Walter Chrysler 20139: 20131: 20120: 20112: 20082: 20077: 20036:Lakhdar Brahimi 20008: 20004:Ernesto Zedillo 19952: 19931: 19915: 19910: 19880: 19871: 19853:Ellen MacArthur 19813:Paris Agreement 19793: 19778: 19666:Valeri Polyakov 19519:Contadora group 19491: 19480: 19473: 19443: 19438: 19430: 19422: 19416:Qaboos bin Said 19414: 19406: 19398: 19386: 19378: 19370: 19362: 19354: 19346: 19338: 19330: 19322: 19310: 19302: 19294: 19288:Gerhard Fischer 19286: 19278: 19270: 19262: 19257: 19227: 19222: 19160: 19152: 19149:(United States) 19143:(United States) 19127: 19124:(United States) 19102: 19099:(United States) 19093:(United States) 19077: 19052: 19051:(United States) 19032: 19023:(United States) 19007: 19000: 18970: 18965: 18960:to be announced 18954: 18943: 18930:Ales Bialiatski 18924: 18909: 18898: 18887: 18872: 18861: 18850: 18839: 18824: 18813: 18802: 18797:Tawakkol Karman 18783: 18772: 18761: 18750: 18735: 18720: 18705: 18700:Wangari Maathai 18694: 18683: 18672: 18657: 18646: 18638: 18630: 18618: 18606: 18594: 18582: 18566: 18554: 18546: 18538: 18530: 18522: 18514: 18506: 18498: 18490: 18482: 18474: 18462: 18454: 18446: 18438: 18426: 18418: 18406: 18395: 18390:Andrei Sakharov 18387: 18375: 18370:Henry Kissinger 18360: 18354: 18353: 18342: 18331: 18320: 18309: 18301: 18300: 18292: 18291: 18280: 18269: 18257: 18249: 18241: 18233: 18225: 18217: 18209: 18203: 18202: 18196: 18195: 18187: 18179: 18171: 18163: 18152: 18144: 18136: 18130: 18129: 18117: 18105: 18097: 18089: 18083: 18082: 18076: 18075: 18069: 18068: 18062: 18061: 18055: 18054: 18046: 18038: 18030: 18022: 18014: 18006: 18000: 17999: 17994:Nicholas Butler 17987: 17979: 17971: 17965: 17964: 17952: 17943:Aristide Briand 17940: 17929: 17917: 17911: 17910: 17904: 17903: 17898:Fridtjof Nansen 17895: 17890:Christian Lange 17883: 17875: 17867: 17861: 17860: 17852: 17846: 17845: 17839: 17838: 17832: 17831: 17823: 17815: 17803: 17795: 17783: 17771: 17759: 17751: 17743: 17735: 17727: 17715: 17700: 17689: 17680: 17650: 17645: 17610:Sydney Mufamadi 17472: 17456: 17440: 17434: 17404: 17399: 17330:Sydney Mufamadi 17203: 17182: 17166: 17160: 17130: 17125: 16962: 16957: 16927: 16922: 16915: 16910:Cyril Ramaphosa 16860: 16851: 16820:Nico Diederichs 16780: 16777:State President 16771: 16737: 16728: 16698: 16693: 16688: 16675: 16656: 16650: 16606:Freedom Charter 16586: 16580: 16527: 16464: 16450: 16421:Cyril Ramaphosa 16385:Elijah Mdolomba 16340: 16323:Cyril Ramaphosa 16275:Walter Rubusana 16263: 16258:Cyril Ramaphosa 16186:Sefako Makgatho 16157: 16153: 16150: 16115: 16107: 16102: 16082: 16068:Pretoria statue 15986: 15977:(granddaughter) 15965:(granddaughter) 15963:Ndileka Mandela 15891: 15797:Film depictions 15792: 15700: 15694: 15650: 15644: 15586: 15535:Liliesleaf Farm 15498:Freedom Charter 15466: 15453: 15444: 15439: 15405: 15396: 15390: 15386: 15371: 15362: 15354: 15339: 15330: 15312: 15215: 15210: 15053: 15031: 14915: 14896: 14870: 14819: 14800: 14778: 14776: 14775:on 24 July 2013 14725: 14673: 14654: 14635: 14621:Herbst, Jeffrey 14613: 14437: 14418:Altre Modernità 14409: 14387: 14385: 14350:Boehmer, Elleke 14342: 14291: 14272: 14253: 14236: 14231: 14223: 14219: 14211: 14204: 14194: 14192: 14177: 14173: 14165: 14161: 14153: 14149: 14141: 14132: 14124: 14120: 14110: 14108: 14099: 14098: 14094: 14084: 14082: 14078: 14071: 14069:"Ods Home Page" 14067: 14066: 14062: 14052: 14050: 14041: 14040: 14036: 14026: 14024: 14011: 14010:, p. 601; 14006: 14002: 13992: 13990: 13977: 13976: 13972: 13962: 13960: 13959:on 24 July 2013 13949: 13945: 13935: 13933: 13932:on 21 June 2008 13924: 13923: 13919: 13909: 13907: 13898: 13897: 13893: 13883: 13881: 13872: 13871: 13867: 13857: 13855: 13846: 13845: 13841: 13831: 13829: 13816: 13815: 13811: 13801: 13799: 13790: 13789: 13785: 13775: 13773: 13766:The Independent 13760: 13759: 13755: 13745: 13743: 13734: 13733: 13729: 13719: 13717: 13703: 13702: 13698: 13688: 13686: 13677: 13676: 13672: 13667:. 18 July 2012. 13662: 13661: 13652: 13644: 13640: 13628: 13624: 13609: 13605: 13597: 13593: 13585: 13581: 13573: 13569: 13561: 13552: 13544: 13540: 13532: 13528: 13520: 13516: 13508: 13504: 13496: 13492: 13488:, p. xxvi. 13484: 13480: 13472: 13468: 13460: 13456: 13446: 13444: 13431: 13430: 13426: 13416: 13414: 13401: 13400: 13396: 13386: 13384: 13375:Hooper, Simon. 13373: 13369: 13361: 13357: 13349: 13345: 13333: 13329: 13321:, p. 599; 13317: 13313: 13305: 13301: 13293: 13289: 13281: 13277: 13265: 13261: 13253: 13249: 13239: 13237: 13224: 13223: 13219: 13207: 13203: 13191: 13187: 13159: 13155: 13143:, p. 296; 13139: 13135: 13119: 13115: 13107:, p. 147; 13103:, p. 481; 13099: 13095: 13085: 13083: 13074: 13073: 13069: 13061: 13057: 13049: 13045: 13037: 13033: 13025: 13021: 13013: 13009: 13001: 12997: 12989: 12985: 12977: 12973: 12965: 12961: 12953: 12949: 12941: 12937: 12929: 12925: 12917: 12913: 12909:, pp. 5–6. 12905: 12901: 12893: 12889: 12881:, p. 581; 12877: 12873: 12865: 12861: 12853:, p. 582; 12849: 12845: 12837:, p. xvi; 12833: 12829: 12821: 12817: 12809: 12802: 12794:, p. 119; 12790: 12786: 12778: 12774: 12766: 12762: 12754: 12750: 12742: 12738: 12730: 12726: 12716: 12714: 12700: 12696: 12688:, p. 495; 12684:, p. 133; 12680: 12676: 12668: 12664: 12656: 12652: 12644: 12640: 12632: 12628: 12620:, p. 570; 12616: 12612: 12604: 12600: 12592: 12585: 12577: 12573: 12565: 12561: 12553: 12549: 12541: 12537: 12529: 12525: 12517: 12513: 12505: 12501: 12493: 12489: 12481:, p. 365; 12477: 12473: 12465: 12461: 12453: 12449: 12437: 12433: 12425: 12421: 12413: 12409: 12401: 12397: 12389: 12385: 12377: 12373: 12365: 12361: 12353: 12349: 12341: 12337: 12329: 12325: 12317: 12313: 12309:, p. viii. 12305: 12301: 12293: 12289: 12281: 12277: 12269: 12265: 12257: 12244: 12236: 12229: 12217: 12213: 12201: 12197: 12189:, p. 241; 12185:, p. 220; 12177: 12173: 12165: 12161: 12142: 12138: 12130: 12123: 12115: 12111: 12101: 12099: 12086: 12085: 12081: 12071: 12069: 12052: 12048: 12038: 12036: 12021: 12017: 12007: 12005: 11990: 11986: 11976: 11974: 11959: 11955: 11945: 11943: 11930: 11929: 11925: 11915: 11913: 11900: 11899: 11892: 11882: 11880: 11871: 11870: 11866: 11856: 11854: 11845: 11844: 11840: 11830: 11828: 11815: 11814: 11810: 11794: 11793: 11786: 11784: 11769: 11765: 11755: 11753: 11744: 11743: 11739: 11729: 11727: 11726:on 8 April 2013 11714: 11713: 11709: 11699: 11697: 11684: 11683: 11679: 11669: 11667: 11654: 11653: 11649: 11639: 11637: 11624: 11623: 11619: 11609: 11607: 11594: 11593: 11589: 11581: 11577: 11567: 11565: 11543: 11541: 11526: 11522: 11512: 11510: 11495: 11491: 11472: 11468: 11460: 11456: 11446: 11444: 11439:. 11 May 2004. 11431: 11430: 11426: 11418:, p. 598; 11414: 11407: 11397: 11395: 11388:The Independent 11380: 11376: 11366: 11364: 11355: 11347: 11345: 11332: 11331:, p. 600; 11327: 11323: 11315: 11311: 11292: 11285: 11270: 11263: 11255:, p. 593; 11251: 11247: 11239: 11235: 11225: 11223: 11205: 11203: 11192: 11188: 11180: 11176: 11166: 11164: 11153: 11149: 11139: 11137: 11126: 11122: 11112: 11110: 11095: 11091: 11072: 11068: 11058: 11056: 11045: 11041: 11033: 11029: 11019: 11017: 11002: 11001: 10997: 10989: 10982: 10966: 10962: 10954:, p. 576; 10950: 10946: 10938:, p. 576; 10934: 10930: 10922: 10918: 10910: 10906: 10898: 10894: 10886:, p. 576; 10882: 10878: 10870:, p. 568; 10866: 10862: 10854:, p. 568; 10850:, p. 211; 10846: 10842: 10834:, p. 130; 10830: 10826: 10818: 10811: 10803:, p. 207; 10799: 10795: 10787: 10783: 10775: 10771: 10759:, p. 204; 10751: 10747: 10739: 10735: 10725: 10723: 10714: 10713: 10709: 10697: 10693: 10685: 10681: 10673:, p. 216; 10665: 10661: 10653:, p. 215; 10645: 10641: 10629: 10625: 10615: 10613: 10604: 10603: 10599: 10587:, p. 144; 10583: 10579: 10571: 10567: 10559: 10552: 10544: 10537: 10525: 10521: 10513:, p. 216; 10509: 10505: 10497: 10493: 10485: 10481: 10473: 10469: 10461: 10457: 10445: 10441: 10433: 10429: 10421:, p. 573; 10417:, p. 131; 10413: 10409: 10397: 10393: 10385: 10381: 10373:, p. 573; 10369: 10365: 10355: 10353: 10326: 10324: 10315: 10307: 10305: 10294:"Mandela at 85" 10292:(6 July 2003). 10287: 10283: 10275:, p. 219; 10267: 10263: 10255: 10251: 10243: 10239: 10229: 10227: 10218: 10210: 10208: 10204: 10197: 10193: 10192: 10188: 10180: 10176: 10166: 10164: 10163:on 24 July 2013 10160: 10153: 10147: 10143: 10135:, p. 205; 10131: 10127: 10119: 10112: 10100: 10096: 10088: 10084: 10076:, p. 519; 10072: 10068: 10060: 10056: 10048:, p. 563; 10044: 10040: 10028: 10024: 10012: 10008: 9996:, p. 213; 9992: 9988: 9978: 9976: 9954: 9952: 9939: 9938: 9934: 9922:, p. 212; 9918: 9914: 9902: 9898: 9886:, p. 212; 9882: 9878: 9870:, p. 528; 9862: 9855: 9847: 9843: 9835: 9831: 9819: 9815: 9807:, p. 517; 9803:, p. 213; 9799: 9795: 9787: 9783: 9775: 9768: 9752: 9748: 9736: 9732: 9724:, p. 186; 9720: 9716: 9700: 9696: 9688:, p. 543; 9684:, p. 209; 9680: 9676: 9668: 9664: 9656: 9652: 9644: 9640: 9628: 9624: 9616:, p. 566; 9612:, p. 210; 9604: 9600: 9590: 9588: 9579: 9578: 9574: 9562: 9558: 9550:, p. 514; 9546: 9542: 9530: 9526: 9516: 9514: 9513:on 3 April 2013 9499: 9495: 9487:, p. 512; 9479: 9475: 9463: 9459: 9447: 9443: 9431:, p. 188; 9427: 9423: 9415: 9411: 9403: 9399: 9383: 9379: 9371:, p. 495; 9367: 9363: 9355:, p. 497; 9351:, p. 182; 9347: 9343: 9335:, p. 494; 9331:, p. 182; 9323: 9316: 9308: 9304: 9288: 9284: 9268: 9264: 9248: 9244: 9236:, p. 180; 9228: 9224: 9208: 9204: 9192: 9188: 9176:, p. 177; 9168: 9164: 9156:, p. 460; 9152: 9148: 9128: 9124: 9112: 9108: 9096:, p. 174; 9088: 9084: 9072: 9068: 9060:, p. 409; 9056: 9052: 9040:, p. 173; 9032: 9025: 9017:, p. 439; 9013: 9009: 8997: 8990: 8978: 8974: 8966:, p. 410; 8958: 8954: 8942: 8938: 8926:, p. 172; 8922:, pp. 57; 8918: 8914: 8902:, p. 171; 8898: 8894: 8884: 8882: 8881:on 28 July 2008 8873: 8871: 8867: 8851: 8847: 8837: 8835: 8820: 8816: 8804:, p. 167; 8800: 8796: 8788: 8784: 8774: 8772: 8763: 8762: 8758: 8738:, p. 567; 8734: 8730: 8718: 8714: 8698: 8694: 8686:, p. 388; 8674: 8670: 8660: 8658: 8643: 8639: 8631: 8627: 8615:, p. 160; 8611:, p. 320; 8607: 8603: 8595:, p. 369; 8591:, p. 160; 8583: 8579: 8559: 8555: 8543: 8539: 8527:, p. 160; 8523: 8519: 8511: 8507: 8499: 8495: 8483: 8479: 8471:, p. 358; 8463:, p. 254; 8459: 8455: 8445: 8443: 8442:on 22 June 2008 8434: 8433: 8429: 8417:, p. 157; 8401: 8397: 8389:, p. 210; 8385: 8381: 8357: 8353: 8337:, p. 224; 8333: 8329: 8325:, pp. 329. 8321: 8317: 8309:, p. 347; 8305: 8301: 8289:, p. 148; 8285: 8281: 8273:, p. 340; 8265:, p. 218; 8261: 8257: 8245: 8241: 8229:, p. 155; 8225: 8221: 8209: 8205: 8197: 8193: 8177:, p. 135; 8173: 8169: 8149: 8145: 8137: 8133: 8125:, p. 317; 8121:, p. 139; 8117:, p. 268; 8113: 8109: 8101: 8097: 8089: 8085: 8077: 8073: 8061: 8057: 8041: 8037: 8025: 8021: 8013:, p. 301; 8009: 8005: 7985: 7981: 7965: 7961: 7953:, p. 334; 7949: 7945: 7937:, p. 337; 7933: 7929: 7917: 7913: 7901: 7897: 7885: 7881: 7865: 7861: 7849: 7845: 7837:, p. 124; 7829:, p. 175; 7825: 7821: 7813:, p. 283; 7805:, p. 169; 7801: 7797: 7789:, p. 299; 7785:, p. 126; 7781:, p. 174; 7777: 7773: 7757:, p. 266; 7749: 7745: 7737:, p. 279; 7729: 7725: 7709:, p. 262; 7705:, p. 165; 7701: 7697: 7685:, p. 306; 7669: 7665: 7653:, p. 303; 7649:, p. 268; 7641: 7637: 7613:, p. 140; 7609: 7605: 7589:, p. 160; 7585: 7581: 7561:, p. 226; 7553: 7549: 7513: 7509: 7499: 7497: 7482: 7478: 7470:, p. 193; 7466:, p. 302; 7462:, p. 265; 7458:, p. 258; 7454:, p. 159; 7450: 7446: 7418: 7414: 7398: 7394: 7382: 7378: 7368: 7366: 7361:. 15 May 2016. 7353: 7352: 7348: 7336: 7332: 7324:, p. 216; 7316: 7312: 7284: 7280: 7264:, p. 211; 7260:, p. 100; 7252: 7248: 7224:, p. 114; 7220: 7216: 7204:, p. 210; 7192: 7188: 7168: 7164: 7156:, p. 209; 7144: 7140: 7112:, p. 111; 7108: 7104: 7092:, p. 206; 7080:, p. 170; 7076:, p. 110; 7072: 7068: 7052:, p. 171; 7048:, p. 108; 7044: 7040: 7032:, p. 171; 7028: 7024: 7014: 7012: 7011:on 6 March 2016 6990: 6988: 6987:on 3 March 2016 6975: 6974: 6967: 6959: 6955: 6947: 6940: 6916:, p. 107; 6912: 6908: 6896: 6892: 6872:, p. 107; 6868: 6864: 6844: 6840: 6824: 6820: 6796: 6792: 6784:, p. 178; 6768:, p. 151; 6760: 6756: 6728: 6724: 6716:, p. 177; 6704: 6700: 6692:, p. 175; 6676: 6672: 6640: 6636: 6608: 6604: 6596:, p. 167; 6584: 6580: 6568:, p. 142; 6560: 6556: 6528: 6524: 6516: 6512: 6480: 6476: 6464:, p. 296; 6456: 6452: 6432: 6428: 6420:, p. 147; 6416:, p. 275; 6412: 6408: 6392: 6388: 6380: 6376: 6344: 6340: 6332:, p. 118; 6316: 6312: 6288: 6284: 6272: 6268: 6248: 6244: 6232: 6228: 6220: 6216: 6184: 6180: 6160: 6156: 6124: 6120: 6100: 6096: 6068: 6064: 6040: 6036: 6024: 6020: 6012: 6008: 5996: 5992: 5964: 5960: 5948:, p. 170; 5944: 5940: 5924:, p. 165; 5920: 5916: 5908: 5904: 5880: 5876: 5856: 5852: 5840:, p. 176; 5836: 5832: 5804: 5800: 5780:, p. 176; 5772: 5768: 5756:, p. 168; 5752: 5748: 5740: 5736: 5724: 5720: 5712: 5708: 5680: 5676: 5648: 5644: 5624: 5620: 5612:, p. 154; 5608: 5604: 5580: 5576: 5564:, p. 151; 5560: 5556: 5528: 5524: 5496: 5492: 5460: 5456: 5448: 5444: 5416: 5412: 5392: 5388: 5364: 5360: 5348:, p. 136; 5344: 5340: 5316: 5312: 5288: 5284: 5264: 5260: 5236: 5232: 5212: 5208: 5188: 5184: 5156: 5152: 5136:, p. 100; 5132: 5128: 5120:, p. 106; 5116: 5112: 5088: 5084: 5060: 5056: 5024: 5020: 4992: 4988: 4960: 4956: 4936: 4932: 4924: 4920: 4900: 4896: 4872: 4868: 4848: 4844: 4824: 4820: 4796: 4792: 4776: 4772: 4752: 4748: 4728: 4724: 4716: 4712: 4704: 4700: 4680: 4676: 4648: 4644: 4632: 4628: 4604: 4600: 4580: 4576: 4572:, pp. 8–9. 4560: 4556: 4552:, pp. 7–9. 4524: 4520: 4512: 4508: 4484: 4480: 4452: 4448: 4428: 4424: 4412: 4408: 4400: 4396: 4372: 4368: 4356: 4352: 4336: 4332: 4324: 4320: 4304: 4300: 4292: 4288: 4272: 4268: 4252: 4248: 4224: 4220: 4210: 4208: 4161: 4157: 4147: 4146: 4144: 4140: 4120: 4116: 4106: 4104: 4089: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4079: 4066: 4062: 4057: 4052: 4035: 3947: 3908:Order of Canada 3879: 3873: 3814: 3806:Martin Meredith 3767: 3759: 3735:Anthony Sampson 3691: 3642: 3617: 3592:Raymond Suttner 3577: 3573: 3564: 3551:Union Buildings 3510: 3504: 3481:tribute concert 3445:Hillary Clinton 3413: 3348:was created at 3339:prostate cancer 3309: 3304: 3267: 3234:First Congo War 3222:soft diplomatic 3146: 3144:Foreign affairs 3057: 2966: 2959: 2950: 2930:49th conference 2926:Richard Stengel 2880:Whoopi Goldberg 2876:Michael Jackson 2847: 2841: 2778: 2772: 2676:state terrorism 2651:Cyril Ramaphosa 2643: 2619:Muammar Gaddafi 2575:R. Venkataraman 2539: 2534: 2528: 2472: 2463:Wembley Stadium 2426:Ken Livingstone 2378: 2337:Soweto uprising 2314: 2313: 2312: 2311: 2299: 2298: 2297: 2289: 2288: 2190: 2137: 2129: 2083: 2077: 2072: 2056:Habib Bourguiba 2004: 2000: 1980:Liliesleaf Farm 1918: 1866:Vernon Berrangé 1819:nationalisation 1815:Rusty Bernstein 1790: 1786:Freedom Charter 1783: 1778: 1773: 1767: 1750:Makaziwe Phumia 1746:Group Areas Act 1628:'s support for 1594: 1560:Afrikaner Party 1469: 1464: 1401:Communist Party 1369: 1341:Abraham Lincoln 1333:K. D. Matanzima 1325:Roman Dutch law 1294:African culture 1254: 1230:African history 1204: 1200: 1139: 1133: 1128: 881: 874: 841: 837: 823: 822: 821: 820: 819: 817: 814: 807: 804: 768: 743: 742: 722: 650: 627: 571: 570: 558: 554: 544: 524: 520: 517: 507: 487: 483: 480: 451: 450:Other political 440:Political party 419: 415: 414:5 December 2013 399: 393: 391: 390: 389: 365: 353: 347: 342: 334: 321: 315:Walter Rubusana 309: 293: 288: 278: 268: 254: 249: 231: 219: 214: 210: 205: 188: 183: 163: 155:State President 152: 144: 139: 135: 130: 115: 110: 93: 81: 48: 46: 43: 32: 17: 12: 11: 5: 23244: 23234: 23233: 23228: 23223: 23218: 23213: 23208: 23203: 23198: 23193: 23188: 23183: 23178: 23173: 23168: 23163: 23158: 23153: 23148: 23143: 23138: 23133: 23128: 23123: 23118: 23113: 23108: 23103: 23098: 23093: 23088: 23083: 23078: 23073: 23068: 23063: 23058: 23053: 23048: 23043: 23038: 23033: 23028: 23023: 23018: 23013: 23008: 23003: 22998: 22993: 22988: 22983: 22978: 22973: 22968: 22963: 22958: 22953: 22948: 22943: 22938: 22933: 22928: 22923: 22921:Nelson Mandela 22908: 22907: 22895: 22883: 22871: 22848: 22847: 22842: 22841: 22839: 22838: 22831: 22824: 22817: 22810: 22803: 22796: 22789: 22786:Marilyn Monroe 22782: 22775: 22768: 22761: 22758:Kennedy family 22754: 22747: 22744:Tenzing Norgay 22740:Edmund Hillary 22736: 22729: 22722: 22715: 22708: 22701: 22693: 22691: 22687: 22686: 22684: 22683: 22676: 22669: 22658: 22651: 22644: 22637: 22630: 22623: 22616: 22609: 22602: 22595: 22588: 22581: 22574: 22567: 22560: 22553: 22546: 22538: 22536: 22532: 22531: 22529: 22528: 22521: 22514: 22507: 22500: 22493: 22490:Walter Reuther 22486: 22479: 22472: 22469:Louis B. Mayer 22465: 22458: 22455:William Levitt 22451: 22444: 22437: 22430: 22423: 22416: 22409: 22406:Willis Carrier 22402: 22395: 22387: 22385: 22381: 22380: 22378: 22377: 22370: 22363: 22356: 22349: 22342: 22335: 22328: 22321: 22314: 22307: 22300: 22293: 22286: 22279: 22272: 22265: 22258: 22251: 22244: 22236: 22234: 22230: 22229: 22227: 22226: 22219: 22212: 22205: 22198: 22191: 22184: 22177: 22170: 22163: 22160:Nelson Mandela 22156: 22153:Vladimir Lenin 22149: 22142: 22135: 22128: 22121: 22114: 22107: 22104:Mahatma Gandhi 22100: 22093: 22085: 22083: 22079: 22078: 22068: 22067: 22060: 22053: 22045: 22036: 22035: 22033: 22032: 22026: 22023: 22017: 22014: 22008: 22005: 21999: 21995:Nelson Mandela 21986: 21983: 21982: 21974: 21973: 21966: 21959: 21951: 21942: 21941: 21939: 21938: 21933: 21928: 21923: 21918: 21913: 21911:Himla Soodyall 21908: 21903: 21898: 21893: 21888: 21886:Peter Beighton 21882: 21880: 21874: 21873: 21871: 21870: 21865: 21860: 21855: 21850: 21845: 21840: 21835: 21830: 21828:Ismail Mohamed 21825: 21820: 21815: 21810: 21805: 21800: 21795: 21790: 21785: 21783:Bongani Mayosi 21780: 21775: 21770: 21765: 21760: 21758:Wieland Gevers 21755: 21750: 21745: 21740: 21735: 21730: 21725: 21719: 21717: 21711: 21710: 21708: 21707: 21702: 21697: 21695:Mangena Mokone 21692: 21687: 21682: 21677: 21672: 21670:Sydney Brenner 21667: 21662: 21660:F. W. de Klerk 21657: 21651: 21649: 21643: 21642: 21640: 21639: 21637:Albert Luthuli 21634: 21629: 21627:Nelson Mandela 21623: 21621: 21615: 21614: 21607: 21606: 21599: 21592: 21584: 21575: 21574: 21572: 21571: 21563: 21555: 21547: 21539: 21531: 21523: 21522: 21521: 21514: 21507: 21500: 21493: 21486: 21479: 21472: 21452: 21444: 21436: 21428: 21420: 21412: 21404: 21396: 21388: 21380: 21368: 21356: 21348: 21336: 21328: 21319: 21318: 21317: 21310: 21303: 21296: 21280: 21272: 21264: 21256: 21248: 21240: 21232: 21224: 21216: 21207: 21204: 21203: 21197: 21194: 21193: 21186: 21185: 21178: 21171: 21163: 21154: 21153: 21151: 21150: 21142: 21130: 21122: 21110: 21106:Greta Thunberg 21102: 21073: 21065: 21057: 21049: 21036:Ebola Fighters 21031: 21023: 21015: 21007: 20999: 20991: 20983: 20979:Vladimir Putin 20975: 20967: 20948: 20944:George W. Bush 20940: 20932: 20919:Cynthia Cooper 20913: 20904: 20902: 20898: 20897: 20895: 20894: 20890:George W. Bush 20886: 20878: 20866: 20858: 20850: 20842: 20834: 20825:Nelson Mandela 20821:F. W. de Klerk 20811: 20803: 20795: 20787: 20779: 20771: 20763: 20759:Corazon Aquino 20755: 20747: 20739: 20727: 20719: 20711: 20703: 20695: 20687: 20679: 20670: 20668: 20664: 20663: 20661: 20660: 20639:Barbara Jordan 20605: 20597: 20589: 20577: 20569: 20561: 20553: 20540:William Anders 20531: 20523: 20515: 20507: 20499: 20491: 20483: 20475: 20462:Charles Townes 20442:Edward Purcell 20418:Charles Draper 20408: 20400: 20392: 20384: 20376: 20372:Harlow Curtice 20368: 20360: 20352: 20344: 20335: 20333: 20329: 20328: 20326: 20325: 20317: 20309: 20301: 20293: 20285: 20277: 20269: 20261: 20253: 20245: 20237: 20229: 20221: 20217:Soong Mei-ling 20209: 20205:Wallis Simpson 20201: 20197:Haile Selassie 20193: 20185: 20177: 20169: 20161: 20153: 20145: 20137: 20128: 20126: 20122: 20121: 20111: 20110: 20103: 20096: 20088: 20079: 20078: 20076: 20075: 20074:(former chair) 20069: 20067:Muhammad Yunus 20064: 20059: 20056:Nelson Mandela 20053: 20048: 20043: 20038: 20033: 20028: 20027:(former chair) 20022: 20016: 20014: 20013:Former Members 20010: 20009: 20007: 20006: 20001: 19996: 19991: 19986: 19981: 19976: 19971: 19966: 19960: 19958: 19954: 19953: 19951: 19950: 19945: 19939: 19937: 19933: 19932: 19930: 19929: 19923: 19921: 19917: 19916: 19909: 19908: 19901: 19894: 19886: 19877: 19876: 19873: 19872: 19870: 19869: 19862: 19855: 19849: 19843: 19837: 19827: 19821: 19815: 19805: 19798: 19795: 19794: 19784: 19783: 19780: 19779: 19777: 19776: 19770: 19763: 19757: 19751: 19741: 19735: 19722:(Mozambique), 19716: 19710: 19704: 19698: 19692: 19686: 19680: 19674: 19668: 19650: 19636:Fatiha Boudiaf 19620: 19610: 19604: 19598: 19588: 19582: 19580:Nelson Mandela 19572: 19565: 19559: 19553:Jacques Delors 19549: 19543: 19537: 19527: 19521: 19515: 19509: 19503: 19496: 19493: 19492: 19482: 19481: 19472: 19471: 19464: 19457: 19449: 19440: 19439: 19437: 19436: 19428: 19420: 19412: 19408:Yōhei Sasakawa 19404: 19400:Ekal Vidyalaya 19396: 19384: 19376: 19368: 19360: 19352: 19344: 19336: 19328: 19320: 19316:Nelson Mandela 19308: 19300: 19292: 19284: 19276: 19272:Julius Nyerere 19267: 19264: 19263: 19256: 19255: 19248: 19241: 19233: 19224: 19223: 19221: 19220: 19215: 19210: 19205: 19200: 19195: 19190: 19185: 19180: 19175: 19170: 19165: 19157: 19154: 19153: 19151: 19150: 19147:Douglass North 19144: 19137: 19135: 19129: 19128: 19126: 19125: 19119: 19112: 19110: 19104: 19103: 19101: 19100: 19094: 19087: 19085: 19079: 19078: 19076: 19075: 19074:(South Africa) 19069: 19068:(South Africa) 19066:Nelson Mandela 19062: 19060: 19054: 19053: 19047: 19045: 19034: 19033: 19031: 19030: 19024: 19021:Kary B. Mullis 19017: 19015: 19009: 19008: 18999: 18998: 18991: 18984: 18976: 18967: 18966: 18964: 18963: 18952: 18941: 18922: 18919:Dmitry Muratov 18907: 18896: 18885: 18870: 18859: 18848: 18837: 18822: 18811: 18808:European Union 18800: 18781: 18770: 18759: 18748: 18733: 18730:Muhammad Yunus 18718: 18703: 18692: 18681: 18670: 18663:United Nations 18654: 18652: 18648: 18647: 18645: 18644: 18636: 18628: 18616: 18604: 18592: 18589:Joseph Rotblat 18580: 18564: 18561:F. W. de Klerk 18557:Nelson Mandela 18552: 18544: 18536: 18528: 18520: 18512: 18504: 18496: 18488: 18480: 18472: 18460: 18452: 18444: 18436: 18433:Menachem Begin 18424: 18416: 18409:Betty Williams 18403: 18401: 18397: 18396: 18394: 18393: 18385: 18373: 18358: 18351: 18340: 18337:Norman Borlaug 18329: 18318: 18307: 18298: 18289: 18278: 18267: 18255: 18247: 18239: 18236:Albert Luthuli 18231: 18223: 18215: 18207: 18200: 18193: 18185: 18177: 18169: 18160: 18158: 18154: 18153: 18151: 18150: 18142: 18134: 18127: 18115: 18103: 18095: 18087: 18080: 18073: 18066: 18059: 18052: 18044: 18036: 18028: 18020: 18012: 18004: 17997: 17985: 17977: 17969: 17962: 17950: 17937: 17935: 17931: 17930: 17928: 17927: 17915: 17908: 17901: 17893: 17881: 17878:Léon Bourgeois 17873: 17870:Woodrow Wilson 17865: 17858: 17850: 17843: 17836: 17829: 17821: 17813: 17801: 17793: 17781: 17774:Klas Arnoldson 17769: 17762:Ernesto Moneta 17757: 17749: 17741: 17733: 17725: 17713: 17710:Frédéric Passy 17697: 17695: 17691: 17690: 17679: 17678: 17671: 17664: 17656: 17647: 17646: 17644: 17643: 17637: 17631: 17625: 17619: 17613: 17607: 17606:(Public Works) 17601: 17595: 17589: 17586:Penuell Maduna 17583: 17578:(1996–1998) / 17573: 17567: 17561: 17560:(Home Affairs) 17555: 17552:Nkosazana Zuma 17549: 17543: 17537: 17531: 17528:Sibusiso Bengu 17525: 17519: 17514:(1996–1998) / 17509: 17503: 17497: 17494:Lionel Mtshali 17487: 17480: 17478: 17474: 17473: 17471: 17470: 17464: 17462: 17458: 17457: 17455: 17454: 17452:Nelson Mandela 17448: 17446: 17442: 17441: 17433: 17432: 17425: 17418: 17410: 17401: 17400: 17398: 17397: 17395:Nkosazana Zuma 17392: 17387: 17382: 17377: 17372: 17367: 17362: 17357: 17352: 17347: 17342: 17337: 17332: 17327: 17325:Lionel Mtshali 17322: 17317: 17312: 17307: 17302: 17297: 17292: 17287: 17282: 17277: 17272: 17270:Penuell Maduna 17267: 17262: 17257: 17252: 17247: 17242: 17237: 17232: 17227: 17222: 17220:Sibusiso Bengu 17217: 17211: 17209: 17205: 17204: 17202: 17201: 17196: 17194:F. W. de Klerk 17190: 17188: 17184: 17183: 17181: 17180: 17178:Nelson Mandela 17174: 17172: 17168: 17167: 17159: 17158: 17151: 17144: 17136: 17127: 17126: 17124: 17123: 17118: 17113: 17108: 17103: 17098: 17093: 17088: 17083: 17078: 17073: 17068: 17063: 17058: 17053: 17048: 17043: 17038: 17033: 17028: 17023: 17018: 17013: 17008: 17003: 16998: 16993: 16988: 16983: 16978: 16973: 16967: 16964: 16963: 16956: 16955: 16948: 16941: 16933: 16924: 16923: 16920: 16917: 16916: 16914: 16913: 16912:(2018-present) 16907: 16897: 16891: 16885: 16875: 16868:Nelson Mandela 16864: 16862: 16853: 16852: 16850: 16849: 16847:F. W. de Klerk 16844: 16839: 16837:Marais Viljoen 16834: 16829: 16826:Marais Viljoen 16823: 16817: 16811: 16806: 16800: 16794: 16788: 16786: 16773: 16772: 16770: 16769: 16764: 16759: 16754: 16748: 16746: 16739: 16738: 16731:Heads of State 16727: 16726: 16719: 16712: 16704: 16695: 16694: 16680: 16677: 16676: 16674: 16673: 16668: 16662: 16660: 16652: 16651: 16649: 16648: 16643: 16641:Bisho massacre 16638: 16636:Operation Vula 16633: 16628: 16623: 16618: 16613: 16608: 16603: 16598: 16592: 16590: 16582: 16581: 16579: 16578: 16571: 16566: 16561: 16556: 16551: 16546: 16541: 16535: 16533: 16529: 16528: 16526: 16525: 16519: 16513: 16507: 16501: 16495: 16489: 16483: 16477: 16470: 16468: 16460: 16459: 16456: 16455: 16452: 16451: 16449: 16448: 16447:(2022–present) 16445:Fikile Mbalula 16442: 16436: 16433:Gwede Mantashe 16430: 16424: 16418: 16412: 16406: 16400: 16394: 16388: 16382: 16376: 16373:TD Mweli Skota 16370: 16367: 16361: 16355: 16348: 16346: 16342: 16341: 16339: 16338: 16337:(2022–present) 16335:Paul Mashatile 16332: 16326: 16320: 16314: 16308: 16302: 16296: 16293:Nelson Mandela 16290: 16284: 16281:Nelson Mandela 16278: 16271: 16269: 16265: 16264: 16262: 16261: 16260:(2017–present) 16255: 16249: 16243: 16240:Nelson Mandela 16237: 16231: 16228:Albert Luthuli 16225: 16219: 16213: 16207: 16201: 16195: 16189: 16183: 16176: 16174: 16167: 16159: 16158: 16149: 16148: 16141: 16134: 16126: 16120: 16117: 16116: 16104: 16103: 16101: 16100: 16087: 16084: 16083: 16081: 16080: 16075: 16070: 16065: 16060: 16055: 16050: 16045: 16041:Nelson Mandela 16037: 16032: 16027: 16022: 16017: 16012: 16007: 16006: 16005: 15994: 15992: 15988: 15987: 15985: 15984: 15978: 15975:Zoleka Mandela 15972: 15969:Mandla Mandela 15966: 15960: 15957:Zindzi Mandela 15954: 15948: 15942: 15936: 15930: 15924: 15918: 15915:Nosekeni Fanny 15912: 15906: 15899: 15897: 15893: 15892: 15890: 15889: 15881: 15873: 15869:Winnie Mandela 15865: 15857: 15849: 15845:Goodbye Bafana 15841: 15833: 15825: 15817: 15809: 15800: 15798: 15794: 15793: 15791: 15790: 15785: 15780: 15775: 15770: 15765: 15760: 15755: 15750: 15745: 15740: 15735: 15730: 15725: 15723:46664 concerts 15720: 15715: 15710: 15704: 15702: 15696: 15695: 15693: 15692: 15684: 15676: 15668: 15660: 15654: 15652: 15646: 15645: 15643: 15642: 15637: 15632: 15627: 15622: 15617: 15612: 15607: 15602: 15596: 15594: 15588: 15587: 15585: 15584: 15583: 15582: 15577: 15567: 15562: 15557: 15552: 15547: 15542: 15537: 15532: 15527: 15522: 15517: 15512: 15507: 15502: 15501: 15500: 15490: 15485: 15480: 15474: 15472: 15468: 15467: 15465: 15464: 15458: 15449: 15446: 15445: 15442:Nelson Mandela 15438: 15437: 15430: 15423: 15415: 15407: 15406: 15401: 15398: 15387: 15382: 15378: 15377: 15373: 15372: 15367: 15364: 15355: 15350: 15346: 15345: 15341: 15340: 15335: 15332: 15323: 15310:F. W. de Klerk 15308: 15304: 15303: 15297: 15296: 15288:Nelson Mandela 15285: 15276: 15270:Nelson Mandela 15267: 15261:Nelson Mandela 15258: 15253: 15247: 15242: 15237: 15232: 15226: 15221: 15214: 15213:External links 15211: 15209: 15208: 15176: 15147: 15118: 15100:(2): 107–130. 15086: 15068:(2): 353–366. 15057: 15051: 15035: 15029: 15013: 14995:(3): 317–339. 14980: 14951: 14933:(6): 905–921. 14919: 14913: 14900: 14894: 14874: 14868: 14852: 14823: 14817: 14804: 14798: 14785: 14758: 14740:(2): 289–301. 14729: 14723: 14710: 14699: 14698: 14688:(3): 161–171. 14677: 14671: 14658: 14652: 14639: 14633: 14617: 14611: 14590: 14580:(3): 565–590. 14566: 14528: 14512: 14483: 14455:(4): 657–676. 14445:Ellis, Stephen 14441: 14435: 14422: 14413: 14407: 14394: 14346: 14340: 14332:Nelson Mandela 14324: 14295: 14289: 14276: 14270: 14257: 14251: 14237: 14235: 14232: 14230: 14229: 14227:, p. 289. 14217: 14202: 14171: 14169:, p. 138. 14159: 14147: 14145:, p. vii. 14130: 14118: 14092: 14060: 14034: 14008:Battersby 2011 14000: 13970: 13943: 13917: 13891: 13865: 13839: 13809: 13783: 13753: 13727: 13696: 13670: 13665:The Cape Times 13650: 13648:, p. 918. 13638: 13636:, p. 918. 13622: 13603: 13601:, p. 360. 13591: 13579: 13577:, p. 173. 13567: 13550: 13538: 13536:, p. 582. 13526: 13524:, p. 101. 13514: 13512:, p. 296. 13502: 13500:, p. 599. 13490: 13478: 13466: 13454: 13424: 13394: 13379:. Al Jazeera. 13367: 13355: 13343: 13341:, p. 918. 13337:, p. 82; 13327: 13311: 13299: 13297:, p. 225. 13287: 13275: 13273:, p. 906. 13259: 13257:, p. 565. 13247: 13217: 13201: 13199:, p. 500. 13185: 13167:, p. 93; 13153: 13151:, p. 110. 13133: 13113: 13111:, p. 246. 13093: 13067: 13055: 13043: 13041:, p. 142. 13031: 13029:, p. 342. 13019: 13007: 12995: 12983: 12971: 12969:, p. 295. 12959: 12947: 12945:, p. 189. 12935: 12933:, p. 164. 12923: 12911: 12899: 12887: 12885:, p. 907. 12871: 12859: 12857:, p. xvi. 12843: 12841:, p. 583. 12827: 12825:, p. 599. 12823:Battersby 2011 12815: 12813:, p. xvi. 12800: 12784: 12772: 12770:, p. 576. 12760: 12748: 12736: 12734:, p. 577. 12724: 12694: 12692:, p. 503. 12674: 12672:, p. 111. 12662: 12650: 12638: 12626: 12624:, p. 326. 12610: 12598: 12596:, p. 294. 12583: 12571: 12569:, p. 231. 12559: 12547: 12535: 12523: 12521:, p. 361. 12511: 12499: 12497:, p. 232. 12487: 12471: 12469:, p. 282. 12459: 12457:, p. 298. 12447: 12431: 12419: 12407: 12405:, p. 162. 12395: 12393:, p. 605. 12391:Battersby 2011 12383: 12371: 12369:, p. 433. 12359: 12347: 12345:, p. 914. 12335: 12323: 12321:, p. 107. 12311: 12299: 12297:, p. 102. 12287: 12285:, p. 109. 12275: 12273:, p. 122. 12263: 12261:, p. 907. 12242: 12227: 12221:, p. 13; 12211: 12209:, p. 231. 12195: 12171: 12169:, p. 173. 12159: 12136: 12134:, p. 130. 12121: 12119:, p. 917. 12109: 12079: 12046: 12015: 11984: 11953: 11923: 11890: 11864: 11838: 11808: 11763: 11737: 11707: 11677: 11647: 11617: 11606:on 13 May 2013 11587: 11585:, p. 607. 11583:Battersby 2011 11575: 11540:on 9 July 2013 11520: 11489: 11466: 11464:, p. 600. 11462:Battersby 2011 11454: 11424: 11420:Battersby 2011 11405: 11374: 11329:Battersby 2011 11321: 11319:, p. 594. 11317:Battersby 2011 11309: 11283: 11261: 11259:, p. 598. 11257:Battersby 2011 11245: 11243:, p. 593. 11241:Battersby 2011 11233: 11186: 11182:Battersby 2011 11174: 11147: 11136:on 14 May 2019 11120: 11089: 11066: 11039: 11035:Battersby 2011 11027: 10995: 10993:, p. 598. 10991:Battersby 2011 10980: 10976:Battersby 2011 10960: 10956:Battersby 2011 10944: 10940:Battersby 2011 10928: 10926:, p. 219. 10916: 10914:, p. 578. 10904: 10892: 10876: 10860: 10840: 10838:, p. 211. 10824: 10822:, p. 211. 10809: 10807:, p. 536. 10793: 10781: 10779:, p. 535. 10769: 10767:, p. 534. 10745: 10743:, p. 366. 10733: 10707: 10691: 10679: 10677:, p. 558. 10659: 10639: 10623: 10597: 10577: 10575:, p. 564. 10565: 10550: 10548:, p. 214. 10535: 10533:, p. 560. 10519: 10503: 10491: 10479: 10477:, p. 559. 10467: 10465:, p. 555. 10455: 10453:, p. 214. 10449:, p. 89; 10439: 10437:, p. 133. 10427: 10407: 10405:, p. 510. 10391: 10379: 10363: 10281: 10261: 10259:, p. 130. 10249: 10237: 10186: 10184:, p. 312. 10174: 10141: 10139:, p. 521. 10125: 10110: 10094: 10082: 10066: 10054: 10052:, p. 532. 10038: 10022: 10006: 9986: 9932: 9912: 9896: 9876: 9853: 9851:, p. 508. 9841: 9829: 9827:, p. 204. 9823:, p. 88; 9813: 9793: 9791:, p. 524. 9781: 9766: 9746: 9730: 9728:, p. 517. 9714: 9694: 9692:, p. 517. 9674: 9662: 9650: 9648:, p. 502. 9638: 9622: 9608:, p. 87; 9598: 9572: 9556: 9540: 9538:, p. 490. 9524: 9493: 9491:, p. 491. 9483:, p. 82; 9473: 9471:, p. 488. 9457: 9441: 9439:, p. 484. 9421: 9409: 9407:, p. 479. 9397: 9395:, p. 478. 9377: 9361: 9341: 9339:, p. 474. 9327:, p. 68; 9314: 9312:, p. 471. 9302: 9282: 9272:, p. 46; 9262: 9260:, p. 472. 9252:, p. 80; 9242: 9232:, p. 79; 9222: 9202: 9186: 9162: 9146: 9122: 9120:, p. 444. 9106: 9082: 9066: 9050: 9036:, p. 47; 9023: 9007: 8988: 8982:, p. 60; 8972: 8970:, p. 420. 8962:, p. 60; 8952: 8936: 8912: 8892: 8865: 8845: 8814: 8812:, p. 407. 8794: 8792:, p. 403. 8782: 8756: 8728: 8712: 8692: 8690:, p. 386. 8682:, p. 62; 8678:, p. 41; 8668: 8637: 8625: 8623:, p. 381. 8601: 8577: 8553: 8551:, p. 368. 8547:, p. 35; 8537: 8517: 8505: 8503:, p. 355. 8493: 8477: 8453: 8427: 8413:, p. 36; 8395: 8393:, p. 340. 8379: 8365:, p. 30; 8351: 8327: 8315: 8313:, p. 326. 8299: 8279: 8255: 8253:, p. 321. 8249:, p. 24; 8239: 8219: 8203: 8201:, p. 296. 8191: 8167: 8143: 8131: 8107: 8095: 8093:, p. 228. 8083: 8071: 8055: 8035: 8033:, p. 231. 8019: 8003: 7979: 7959: 7957:, p. 241. 7943: 7941:, p. 222. 7927: 7925:, p. 221. 7911: 7909:, p. 229. 7895: 7893:, p. 232. 7879: 7859: 7843: 7819: 7817:, p. 205. 7795: 7771: 7743: 7741:, p. 205. 7723: 7721:, p. 204. 7695: 7663: 7645:, p. 62; 7635: 7603: 7579: 7547: 7507: 7476: 7444: 7412: 7392: 7376: 7346: 7344:, p. 172. 7330: 7328:, p. 172. 7310: 7278: 7246: 7214: 7186: 7162: 7152:, p. 97; 7138: 7132:, p. 81; 7124:, p. 95; 7102: 7088:, p. 95; 7066: 7064:, p. 204. 7060:, p. 90; 7038: 7036:, p. 207. 7022: 6965: 6953: 6938: 6906: 6904:, p. 151. 6890: 6862: 6838: 6818: 6800:, p. 99; 6790: 6788:, p. 143. 6776:, p. 84; 6764:, p. 94; 6754: 6732:, p. 98; 6722: 6698: 6670: 6634: 6612:, p. 79; 6602: 6578: 6554: 6536:, p. 83; 6522: 6510: 6488:, p. 93; 6474: 6472:, p. 110. 6450: 6448:, p. 110. 6426: 6406: 6386: 6384:, p. 134. 6374: 6338: 6324:, p. 60; 6310: 6282: 6276:, p. 66; 6266: 6242: 6226: 6214: 6200:, p. 73; 6192:, p. 61; 6178: 6172:, p. 95; 6168:, p. 87; 6154: 6140:, p. 58; 6132:, p. 60; 6118: 6112:, p. 86; 6104:, p. 64; 6094: 6088:, p. 92; 6080:, p. 54; 6062: 6056:, p. 85; 6052:, p. 54; 6044:, p. 51; 6034: 6018: 6006: 5990: 5958: 5956:, p. 103. 5952:, p. 94; 5938: 5932:, p. 77; 5928:, p. 53; 5914: 5912:, p. 172. 5902: 5896:, p. 87; 5874: 5868:, p. 48; 5864:, p. 55; 5860:, p. 42; 5850: 5844:, p. 78; 5830: 5798: 5792:, p. 88; 5788:, p. 78; 5784:, p. 47; 5776:, p. 41; 5766: 5760:, p. 44; 5746: 5734: 5718: 5716:, p. 165. 5706: 5692:, p. 44; 5674: 5652:, p. 35; 5642: 5636:, p. 66; 5632:, p. 37; 5618: 5602: 5596:, p. 66; 5588:, p. 43; 5584:, p. 36; 5574: 5568:, p. 64; 5554: 5548:, p. 48; 5544:, p. 67; 5540:, p. 30; 5532:, p. 40; 5522: 5516:, p. 48; 5508:, p. 29; 5490: 5484:, p. 47; 5464:, p. 24; 5454: 5442: 5428:, p. 35; 5410: 5396:, p. 31; 5386: 5376:, p. 53; 5358: 5352:, p. 53; 5338: 5332:, p. 44; 5328:, p. 48; 5310: 5282: 5276:, p. 34; 5272:, p. 49; 5258: 5248:, p. 47; 5244:, p. 22; 5230: 5224:, p. 33; 5220:, p. 24; 5206: 5196:, p. 23; 5182: 5176:, p. 33; 5164:, p. 26; 5160:, p. 23; 5150: 5144:, p. 33; 5140:, p. 44; 5126: 5110: 5082: 5072:, p. 41; 5054: 5044:, p. 40; 5028:, p. 23; 5018: 5004:, p. 12; 4996:, p. 21; 4986: 4964:, p. 21; 4954: 4948:, p. 19; 4944:, p. 11; 4930: 4918: 4912:, p. 18; 4908:, p. 10; 4904:, p. 68; 4894: 4888:, p. 18; 4884:, p. 35; 4880:, p. 10; 4876:, p. 68; 4866: 4860:, p. 18; 4856:, p. 34; 4842: 4818: 4790: 4784:, p. 32; 4780:, p. 56; 4770: 4760:, p. 32; 4746: 4740:, p. 14; 4732:, p. 52; 4722: 4710: 4698: 4674: 4652:, p. 17; 4642: 4636:, p. 43; 4626: 4620:, p. 18; 4598: 4592:, p. 27; 4588:, p. 25; 4574: 4554: 4528:, p. 17; 4518: 4506: 4496:, p. 25; 4488:, p. 20; 4478: 4464:, p. 24; 4446: 4436:, p. 12; 4432:, p. 16; 4422: 4416:, p. 15; 4406: 4394: 4376:, p. 15; 4366: 4360:, p. 17; 4350: 4330: 4318: 4308:, p. 26; 4298: 4286: 4280:, p. 23; 4266: 4246: 4236:, p. 17; 4228:, p. 16; 4218: 4179:(3): 141–152. 4155: 4138: 4132:, p. 17; 4128:, p. 21; 4114: 4081: 4078: 4077: 4059: 4058: 4056: 4053: 4051: 4048: 4047: 4046: 4044:Mandela effect 4041: 4034: 4031: 3946: 3943: 3920:Order of Merit 3875:Main article: 3872: 3869: 3822:Mandela statue 3813: 3810: 3791:Elleke Boehmer 3751: 3747:Indian cuisine 3690: 3687: 3641: 3638: 3616: 3613: 3586:The historian 3565: 3563: 3560: 3506:Main article: 3503: 3500: 3489:Mandla Mandela 3421:George W. Bush 3412: 3409: 3389:George W. Bush 3358:46664 campaign 3341:in July 2001. 3308: 3305: 3303: 3300: 3266: 3263: 3145: 3142: 3056: 3053: 2971:Rainbow Nation 2951: 2949: 2946: 2932:of the ANC in 2892:Anglo American 2843:Main article: 2840: 2837: 2774:Main article: 2771: 2768: 2720:bill of rights 2698:Bisho massacre 2696:Following the 2660:unitary system 2656:federal system 2642: 2639: 2538: 2535: 2530:Main article: 2527: 2524: 2503:F. W. de Klerk 2471: 2468: 2390:Ahmed Kathrada 2377: 2374: 2301: 2300: 2291: 2290: 2282: 2281: 2280: 2279: 2278: 2222:hunger strikes 2189: 2186: 2178:death sentence 2153:Quartus de Wet 2121: 2095:Donald Rickard 2087:Cecil Williams 2079:Main article: 2076: 2073: 2071: 2068: 2060:William Tubman 2036:Julius Nyerere 2022:(PAFMECSA) in 1992: 1988:Raymond Mhlaba 1945:Albert Luthuli 1933:'s 1905 novel 1917: 1914: 1774: 1769:Main article: 1766: 1763: 1730:cell structure 1670:Mahatma Gandhi 1668:influenced by 1638:Vladimir Lenin 1610:general strike 1593: 1590: 1583:, replaced by 1564:National Party 1468: 1465: 1463: 1460: 1397:Lazar Sidelsky 1393:articled clerk 1368: 1365: 1349:British Empire 1253: 1250: 1188: 1159:Thembu Kingdom 1137:Mandela family 1135:Main article: 1132: 1129: 1127: 1124: 1106:, he received 1104:social justice 1069:combat poverty 1037:F. W. de Klerk 966:National Party 915:reconciliation 907:His government 895:anti-apartheid 829: 828: 825: 824: 815: 805: 800: 799: 798: 797: 796: 793: 792: 789: 788: 781: 777: 776: 774:Writing career 770: 769: 767: 766: 763: 760: 756: 754: 750: 749: 740: 736: 735: 728: 724: 723: 721: 720: 711: 705: 699: 693: 687: 681: 675: 672:Sakharov Prize 668: 666: 662: 661: 656: 652: 651: 649: 648: 645: 644:philanthropist 642: 639: 635: 633: 629: 628: 626: 625: 620: 615: 610: 604: 602: 596: 595: 577: 573: 572: 556: 550: 549: 548: 547: 522: 518: 513: 512: 511: 510: 485: 481: 476: 475: 474: 473: 470: 468: 464: 463: 453: 447: 446: 441: 437: 436: 429: 425: 424: 423:, South Africa 418:(aged 95) 412: 408: 407: 387: 385: 381: 380: 376: 375: 372: 371: 368: 362: 361: 356: 350: 349: 339: 338: 328: 327: 324: 318: 317: 312: 306: 305: 303:Albert Luthuli 300: 296: 295: 285: 284: 281: 275: 274: 271: 265: 264: 261: 257: 256: 246: 245: 238: 237: 234: 228: 227: 222: 216: 215: 213: 212: 207: 199: 197: 191: 190: 180: 179: 172: 171: 166: 160: 159: 147: 141: 140: 138: 137: 132: 126: 124: 118: 117: 107: 106: 99: 98: 95: 94: 91: 83: 82: 47: 45:Nelson Mandela 44: 41:His Excellency 39: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 23243: 23232: 23229: 23227: 23224: 23222: 23219: 23217: 23214: 23212: 23209: 23207: 23204: 23202: 23199: 23197: 23194: 23192: 23189: 23187: 23184: 23182: 23179: 23177: 23174: 23172: 23169: 23167: 23164: 23162: 23159: 23157: 23154: 23152: 23149: 23147: 23144: 23142: 23139: 23137: 23134: 23132: 23129: 23127: 23124: 23122: 23119: 23117: 23114: 23112: 23109: 23107: 23104: 23102: 23099: 23097: 23094: 23092: 23089: 23087: 23084: 23082: 23079: 23077: 23074: 23072: 23069: 23067: 23064: 23062: 23059: 23057: 23054: 23052: 23049: 23047: 23044: 23042: 23039: 23037: 23034: 23032: 23029: 23027: 23024: 23022: 23019: 23017: 23014: 23012: 23009: 23007: 23004: 23002: 22999: 22997: 22994: 22992: 22989: 22987: 22984: 22982: 22979: 22977: 22974: 22972: 22969: 22967: 22964: 22962: 22959: 22957: 22954: 22952: 22949: 22947: 22944: 22942: 22939: 22937: 22934: 22932: 22929: 22927: 22924: 22922: 22919: 22918: 22916: 22906: 22896: 22894: 22889: 22884: 22882: 22872: 22870: 22860: 22859: 22856: 22836: 22832: 22829: 22828:Mother Teresa 22825: 22822: 22818: 22815: 22811: 22808: 22804: 22801: 22797: 22794: 22790: 22787: 22783: 22780: 22776: 22773: 22769: 22766: 22762: 22759: 22755: 22752: 22748: 22745: 22741: 22737: 22734: 22730: 22727: 22723: 22720: 22716: 22713: 22709: 22706: 22702: 22699: 22695: 22694: 22692: 22688: 22681: 22677: 22674: 22670: 22667: 22663: 22662:Francis Crick 22659: 22656: 22652: 22649: 22645: 22642: 22638: 22635: 22631: 22628: 22627:Leakey family 22624: 22621: 22617: 22614: 22610: 22607: 22603: 22600: 22596: 22593: 22592:Sigmund Freud 22589: 22586: 22582: 22579: 22575: 22572: 22568: 22565: 22561: 22558: 22557:Rachel Carson 22554: 22551: 22547: 22544: 22543:Leo Baekeland 22540: 22539: 22537: 22533: 22526: 22522: 22519: 22515: 22512: 22508: 22505: 22504:David Sarnoff 22501: 22498: 22494: 22491: 22487: 22484: 22480: 22477: 22473: 22470: 22466: 22463: 22462:Lucky Luciano 22459: 22456: 22452: 22449: 22445: 22442: 22438: 22435: 22431: 22428: 22424: 22421: 22417: 22414: 22410: 22407: 22403: 22400: 22396: 22393: 22389: 22388: 22386: 22382: 22375: 22374:Oprah Winfrey 22371: 22368: 22364: 22361: 22357: 22354: 22353:Frank Sinatra 22350: 22347: 22343: 22340: 22336: 22333: 22332:Pablo Picasso 22329: 22326: 22322: 22319: 22315: 22312: 22311:Martha Graham 22308: 22305: 22301: 22298: 22294: 22291: 22287: 22284: 22280: 22277: 22273: 22270: 22266: 22263: 22262:Marlon Brando 22259: 22256: 22252: 22249: 22245: 22242: 22238: 22237: 22235: 22231: 22224: 22220: 22217: 22213: 22210: 22206: 22203: 22199: 22196: 22192: 22189: 22185: 22182: 22178: 22175: 22174:Ronald Reagan 22171: 22168: 22164: 22161: 22157: 22154: 22150: 22147: 22143: 22140: 22136: 22133: 22129: 22126: 22122: 22119: 22115: 22112: 22108: 22105: 22101: 22098: 22094: 22091: 22087: 22086: 22084: 22080: 22076: 22074: 22066: 22061: 22059: 22054: 22052: 22047: 22046: 22043: 22030: 22027: 22024: 22021: 22018: 22015: 22012: 22009: 22006: 22003: 22000: 21997: 21996: 21991: 21988: 21987: 21984: 21979: 21978:Ibrahim Prize 21972: 21967: 21965: 21960: 21958: 21953: 21952: 21949: 21937: 21934: 21932: 21929: 21927: 21924: 21922: 21919: 21917: 21916:Monique Zaahl 21914: 21912: 21909: 21907: 21904: 21902: 21899: 21897: 21894: 21892: 21891:Hamilton Naki 21889: 21887: 21884: 21883: 21881: 21875: 21869: 21866: 21864: 21861: 21859: 21856: 21854: 21851: 21849: 21846: 21844: 21841: 21839: 21836: 21834: 21831: 21829: 21826: 21824: 21821: 21819: 21816: 21814: 21811: 21809: 21806: 21804: 21801: 21799: 21796: 21794: 21791: 21789: 21786: 21784: 21781: 21779: 21776: 21774: 21771: 21769: 21766: 21764: 21761: 21759: 21756: 21754: 21751: 21749: 21746: 21744: 21741: 21739: 21736: 21734: 21731: 21729: 21726: 21724: 21721: 21720: 21718: 21712: 21706: 21703: 21701: 21698: 21696: 21693: 21691: 21690:Doris Lessing 21688: 21686: 21685:Frank Nabarro 21683: 21681: 21678: 21676: 21675:J. M. Coetzee 21673: 21671: 21668: 21666: 21663: 21661: 21658: 21656: 21655:Allan Cormack 21653: 21652: 21650: 21644: 21638: 21635: 21633: 21630: 21628: 21625: 21624: 21622: 21616: 21612: 21605: 21600: 21598: 21593: 21591: 21586: 21585: 21582: 21569: 21564: 21561: 21556: 21553: 21548: 21545: 21540: 21537: 21532: 21529: 21524: 21519: 21515: 21512: 21508: 21505: 21501: 21498: 21494: 21491: 21487: 21484: 21480: 21477: 21473: 21470: 21466: 21465: 21458: 21453: 21450: 21445: 21442: 21437: 21434: 21429: 21426: 21421: 21418: 21413: 21410: 21405: 21402: 21397: 21394: 21389: 21386: 21381: 21378: 21374: 21369: 21366: 21362: 21357: 21354: 21349: 21346: 21342: 21337: 21334: 21329: 21325: 21320: 21315: 21311: 21308: 21304: 21301: 21297: 21294: 21290: 21289: 21286: 21281: 21278: 21273: 21270: 21265: 21262: 21257: 21254: 21249: 21246: 21241: 21238: 21233: 21230: 21225: 21222: 21217: 21214: 21209: 21208: 21205: 21201: 21195: 21191: 21184: 21179: 21177: 21172: 21170: 21165: 21164: 21161: 21147: 21143: 21139: 21135: 21131: 21127: 21123: 21119: 21118:Kamala Harris 21115: 21111: 21107: 21103: 21098: 21097: 21092: 21088: 21084: 21080: 21074: 21070: 21066: 21062: 21058: 21054: 21053:Angela Merkel 21050: 21045: 21044:Salome Karwah 21041: 21037: 21032: 21028: 21024: 21020: 21016: 21012: 21011:The Protester 21008: 21004: 21000: 20996: 20992: 20988: 20984: 20980: 20976: 20972: 20968: 20963: 20962:Melinda Gates 20959: 20955: 20949: 20945: 20941: 20937: 20933: 20928: 20924: 20923:Coleen Rowley 20920: 20914: 20910: 20906: 20905: 20903: 20899: 20891: 20887: 20883: 20879: 20875: 20871: 20867: 20863: 20859: 20855: 20851: 20847: 20846:Newt Gingrich 20843: 20839: 20835: 20830: 20829:Yitzhak Rabin 20826: 20822: 20818: 20817:Yasser Arafat 20812: 20808: 20804: 20800: 20796: 20792: 20788: 20784: 20780: 20776: 20772: 20768: 20764: 20760: 20756: 20752: 20751:Deng Xiaoping 20748: 20744: 20740: 20736: 20735:Yuri Andropov 20732: 20731:Ronald Reagan 20728: 20724: 20720: 20716: 20712: 20708: 20707:Ronald Reagan 20704: 20700: 20696: 20692: 20691:Deng Xiaoping 20688: 20684: 20680: 20676: 20672: 20671: 20669: 20665: 20656: 20652: 20648: 20644: 20640: 20636: 20632: 20628: 20624: 20620: 20616: 20612: 20606: 20602: 20598: 20594: 20590: 20586: 20585:Richard Nixon 20582: 20578: 20574: 20573:Richard Nixon 20570: 20566: 20562: 20558: 20554: 20549: 20545: 20541: 20537: 20532: 20528: 20524: 20520: 20516: 20512: 20508: 20504: 20500: 20496: 20492: 20488: 20484: 20480: 20476: 20471: 20467: 20463: 20459: 20458:Edward Teller 20455: 20451: 20447: 20443: 20439: 20438:Linus Pauling 20435: 20434:Willard Libby 20431: 20427: 20423: 20419: 20415: 20414:George Beadle 20409: 20405: 20401: 20397: 20393: 20389: 20385: 20381: 20377: 20373: 20369: 20365: 20361: 20357: 20353: 20349: 20348:Elizabeth II 20345: 20341: 20337: 20336: 20334: 20330: 20322: 20318: 20314: 20310: 20306: 20302: 20298: 20294: 20290: 20286: 20282: 20278: 20274: 20270: 20266: 20262: 20258: 20257:Joseph Stalin 20254: 20250: 20246: 20242: 20238: 20234: 20233:Joseph Stalin 20230: 20226: 20222: 20218: 20214: 20210: 20206: 20202: 20198: 20194: 20190: 20186: 20182: 20178: 20174: 20170: 20166: 20162: 20158: 20154: 20150: 20149:Owen D. Young 20146: 20142: 20138: 20134: 20130: 20129: 20127: 20123: 20119: 20117: 20109: 20104: 20102: 20097: 20095: 20090: 20089: 20086: 20073: 20070: 20068: 20065: 20063: 20060: 20057: 20054: 20052: 20049: 20047: 20044: 20042: 20039: 20037: 20034: 20032: 20029: 20026: 20023: 20021: 20018: 20017: 20015: 20011: 20005: 20002: 20000: 19997: 19995: 19994:Ricardo Lagos 19992: 19990: 19987: 19985: 19982: 19980: 19977: 19975: 19972: 19970: 19967: 19965: 19962: 19961: 19959: 19955: 19949: 19946: 19944: 19941: 19940: 19938: 19936:Deputy Chairs 19934: 19928: 19927:Mary Robinson 19925: 19924: 19922: 19918: 19914: 19907: 19902: 19900: 19895: 19893: 19888: 19887: 19884: 19867: 19863: 19860: 19856: 19854: 19850: 19848: 19844: 19842: 19838: 19836: 19832: 19828: 19826: 19822: 19820: 19816: 19814: 19810: 19806: 19804: 19800: 19799: 19796: 19789: 19785: 19775: 19771: 19768: 19764: 19762: 19758: 19756: 19752: 19750: 19746: 19742: 19740: 19736: 19733: 19729: 19725: 19721: 19717: 19715: 19711: 19709: 19705: 19703: 19699: 19697: 19693: 19691: 19687: 19685: 19681: 19679: 19675: 19673: 19669: 19667: 19663: 19659: 19655: 19651: 19649: 19645: 19641: 19637: 19633: 19629: 19625: 19621: 19619: 19615: 19611: 19609: 19605: 19603: 19599: 19597: 19596:Yasser Arafat 19593: 19592:Yitzhak Rabin 19589: 19587: 19583: 19581: 19577: 19573: 19570: 19566: 19564: 19560: 19558: 19554: 19550: 19548: 19544: 19542: 19538: 19536: 19532: 19528: 19526: 19525:Raúl Alfonsín 19522: 19520: 19516: 19514: 19510: 19508: 19504: 19502: 19498: 19497: 19494: 19487: 19483: 19478: 19470: 19465: 19463: 19458: 19456: 19451: 19450: 19447: 19433: 19429: 19425: 19421: 19417: 19413: 19409: 19405: 19401: 19397: 19393: 19389: 19385: 19381: 19377: 19373: 19369: 19365: 19361: 19357: 19353: 19349: 19345: 19341: 19337: 19333: 19329: 19325: 19321: 19317: 19313: 19309: 19305: 19301: 19297: 19293: 19289: 19285: 19281: 19277: 19273: 19269: 19268: 19265: 19261: 19254: 19249: 19247: 19242: 19240: 19235: 19234: 19231: 19219: 19216: 19214: 19211: 19209: 19206: 19204: 19201: 19199: 19196: 19194: 19191: 19189: 19186: 19184: 19181: 19179: 19176: 19174: 19171: 19169: 19166: 19163: 19159: 19158: 19155: 19148: 19145: 19142: 19139: 19138: 19136: 19134: 19130: 19123: 19120: 19117: 19114: 19113: 19111: 19109: 19105: 19098: 19095: 19092: 19089: 19088: 19086: 19084: 19080: 19073: 19070: 19067: 19064: 19063: 19061: 19059: 19055: 19050: 19049:Toni Morrison 19046: 19043: 19039: 19035: 19028: 19027:Michael Smith 19025: 19022: 19019: 19018: 19016: 19014: 19010: 19005: 18997: 18992: 18990: 18985: 18983: 18978: 18977: 18974: 18961: 18957: 18953: 18950: 18946: 18942: 18939: 18935: 18931: 18927: 18923: 18920: 18916: 18912: 18908: 18905: 18901: 18897: 18894: 18890: 18886: 18883: 18879: 18878:Denis Mukwege 18875: 18871: 18868: 18864: 18860: 18857: 18853: 18849: 18846: 18842: 18838: 18835: 18831: 18827: 18823: 18820: 18816: 18812: 18809: 18805: 18801: 18798: 18794: 18793:Leymah Gbowee 18790: 18786: 18782: 18779: 18775: 18771: 18768: 18764: 18760: 18757: 18753: 18749: 18746: 18742: 18738: 18734: 18731: 18727: 18723: 18719: 18716: 18712: 18708: 18704: 18701: 18697: 18693: 18690: 18686: 18682: 18679: 18675: 18671: 18668: 18664: 18660: 18656: 18655: 18653: 18649: 18642: 18637: 18634: 18629: 18626: 18625:David Trimble 18622: 18617: 18614: 18613:Jody Williams 18610: 18605: 18602: 18598: 18593: 18590: 18586: 18581: 18578: 18577:Yasser Arafat 18574: 18573:Yitzhak Rabin 18570: 18565: 18562: 18558: 18553: 18550: 18545: 18542: 18537: 18534: 18529: 18526: 18521: 18518: 18513: 18510: 18505: 18502: 18497: 18494: 18489: 18486: 18481: 18478: 18473: 18470: 18466: 18461: 18458: 18453: 18450: 18445: 18442: 18441:Mother Teresa 18437: 18434: 18430: 18425: 18422: 18417: 18414: 18410: 18405: 18404: 18402: 18398: 18391: 18386: 18383: 18379: 18378:Seán MacBride 18374: 18371: 18367: 18365: 18359: 18352: 18349: 18345: 18341: 18338: 18334: 18330: 18327: 18323: 18319: 18316: 18312: 18308: 18304: 18299: 18295: 18290: 18287: 18283: 18279: 18276: 18272: 18268: 18265: 18261: 18256: 18253: 18252:Linus Pauling 18248: 18245: 18240: 18237: 18232: 18229: 18224: 18221: 18216: 18213: 18208: 18201: 18194: 18191: 18186: 18183: 18178: 18175: 18170: 18167: 18162: 18161: 18159: 18155: 18148: 18143: 18140: 18139:John Boyd Orr 18135: 18128: 18125: 18121: 18116: 18113: 18109: 18104: 18101: 18096: 18093: 18088: 18081: 18074: 18067: 18060: 18053: 18050: 18045: 18042: 18037: 18034: 18029: 18026: 18021: 18018: 18013: 18010: 18009:Norman Angell 18005: 17998: 17995: 17991: 17986: 17983: 17978: 17975: 17970: 17963: 17960: 17959:Ludwig Quidde 17956: 17951: 17948: 17944: 17939: 17938: 17936: 17932: 17925: 17924:Charles Dawes 17921: 17916: 17909: 17902: 17899: 17894: 17891: 17887: 17882: 17879: 17874: 17871: 17866: 17859: 17856: 17851: 17844: 17837: 17830: 17827: 17822: 17819: 17814: 17811: 17807: 17802: 17799: 17794: 17791: 17787: 17782: 17779: 17778:Fredrik Bajer 17775: 17770: 17767: 17766:Louis Renault 17763: 17758: 17755: 17750: 17747: 17742: 17739: 17734: 17731: 17730:Randal Cremer 17726: 17723: 17722:Charles Gobat 17719: 17718:Élie Ducommun 17714: 17711: 17707: 17703: 17699: 17698: 17696: 17692: 17688: 17684: 17677: 17672: 17670: 17665: 17663: 17658: 17657: 17654: 17641: 17638: 17635: 17632: 17629: 17626: 17623: 17620: 17617: 17616:Steve Tshwete 17614: 17611: 17608: 17605: 17602: 17599: 17598:Zola Skweyiya 17596: 17593: 17592:Stella Sigcau 17590: 17587: 17584: 17581: 17577: 17574: 17571: 17568: 17565: 17562: 17559: 17556: 17553: 17550: 17547: 17544: 17541: 17540:Trevor Manuel 17538: 17535: 17532: 17529: 17526: 17523: 17520: 17517: 17513: 17510: 17507: 17504: 17501: 17498: 17495: 17491: 17488: 17485: 17484:Derek Hanekom 17482: 17481: 17479: 17475: 17469: 17466: 17465: 17463: 17459: 17453: 17450: 17449: 17447: 17443: 17438: 17431: 17426: 17424: 17419: 17417: 17412: 17411: 17408: 17396: 17393: 17391: 17388: 17386: 17385:Steve Tshwete 17383: 17381: 17378: 17376: 17375:Zola Skweyiya 17373: 17371: 17370:Stella Sigcau 17368: 17366: 17363: 17361: 17358: 17356: 17353: 17351: 17348: 17346: 17343: 17341: 17338: 17336: 17333: 17331: 17328: 17326: 17323: 17321: 17318: 17316: 17313: 17311: 17308: 17306: 17303: 17301: 17298: 17296: 17293: 17291: 17288: 17286: 17283: 17281: 17280:Trevor Manuel 17278: 17276: 17273: 17271: 17268: 17266: 17263: 17261: 17258: 17256: 17253: 17251: 17250:Derek Hanekom 17248: 17246: 17243: 17241: 17238: 17236: 17233: 17231: 17228: 17226: 17223: 17221: 17218: 17216: 17213: 17212: 17210: 17206: 17200: 17197: 17195: 17192: 17191: 17189: 17185: 17179: 17176: 17175: 17173: 17169: 17164: 17157: 17152: 17150: 17145: 17143: 17138: 17137: 17134: 17122: 17119: 17117: 17114: 17112: 17109: 17107: 17104: 17102: 17099: 17097: 17094: 17092: 17089: 17087: 17084: 17082: 17079: 17077: 17074: 17072: 17069: 17067: 17064: 17062: 17059: 17057: 17054: 17052: 17049: 17047: 17044: 17042: 17039: 17037: 17034: 17032: 17029: 17027: 17024: 17022: 17019: 17017: 17014: 17012: 17009: 17007: 17004: 17002: 16999: 16997: 16994: 16992: 16989: 16987: 16984: 16982: 16979: 16977: 16974: 16972: 16969: 16968: 16965: 16961: 16954: 16949: 16947: 16942: 16940: 16935: 16934: 16931: 16918: 16911: 16908: 16905: 16901: 16898: 16895: 16892: 16889: 16886: 16883: 16879: 16876: 16873: 16869: 16866: 16865: 16863: 16858: 16854: 16848: 16845: 16843: 16840: 16838: 16835: 16833: 16830: 16827: 16824: 16821: 16818: 16815: 16812: 16810: 16807: 16804: 16801: 16798: 16795: 16793: 16790: 16789: 16787: 16784: 16778: 16774: 16768: 16765: 16763: 16760: 16758: 16755: 16753: 16750: 16749: 16747: 16744: 16740: 16736: 16732: 16725: 16720: 16718: 16713: 16711: 16706: 16705: 16702: 16692: 16691: 16678: 16672: 16669: 16667: 16664: 16663: 16661: 16659: 16653: 16647: 16644: 16642: 16639: 16637: 16634: 16632: 16629: 16627: 16626:Radio Freedom 16624: 16622: 16619: 16617: 16614: 16612: 16611:Rivonia Trial 16609: 16607: 16604: 16602: 16599: 16597: 16594: 16593: 16591: 16589: 16583: 16577: 16576: 16572: 16570: 16569:Luthuli House 16567: 16565: 16562: 16560: 16557: 16555: 16552: 16550: 16547: 16545: 16542: 16540: 16537: 16536: 16534: 16530: 16523: 16520: 16517: 16514: 16511: 16508: 16505: 16502: 16499: 16496: 16493: 16490: 16487: 16484: 16481: 16478: 16475: 16472: 16471: 16469: 16467: 16461: 16446: 16443: 16440: 16439:Ace Magashule 16437: 16434: 16431: 16428: 16425: 16422: 16419: 16416: 16413: 16410: 16407: 16404: 16401: 16398: 16397:Walter Sisulu 16395: 16392: 16389: 16386: 16383: 16380: 16377: 16374: 16371: 16368: 16365: 16362: 16359: 16356: 16353: 16350: 16349: 16347: 16343: 16336: 16333: 16330: 16327: 16324: 16321: 16318: 16315: 16312: 16309: 16306: 16303: 16300: 16299:Walter Sisulu 16297: 16294: 16291: 16288: 16285: 16282: 16279: 16276: 16273: 16272: 16270: 16266: 16259: 16256: 16253: 16250: 16247: 16244: 16241: 16238: 16235: 16232: 16229: 16226: 16223: 16220: 16217: 16214: 16211: 16208: 16205: 16202: 16199: 16196: 16193: 16190: 16187: 16184: 16181: 16178: 16177: 16175: 16171: 16168: 16164: 16160: 16156: 16147: 16142: 16140: 16135: 16133: 16128: 16127: 16124: 16118: 16111: 16099: 16098: 16089: 16088: 16085: 16079: 16076: 16074: 16071: 16069: 16066: 16064: 16063:London statue 16061: 16059: 16056: 16054: 16051: 16049: 16046: 16044: 16042: 16038: 16036: 16033: 16031: 16028: 16026: 16023: 16021: 16018: 16016: 16013: 16011: 16008: 16004: 16001: 16000: 15999: 15996: 15995: 15993: 15989: 15982: 15981:Ndaba Mandela 15979: 15976: 15973: 15970: 15967: 15964: 15961: 15958: 15955: 15952: 15949: 15946: 15943: 15940: 15937: 15934: 15931: 15928: 15925: 15922: 15919: 15916: 15913: 15910: 15907: 15904: 15901: 15900: 15898: 15894: 15888: 15886: 15885:Mandela's Gun 15882: 15880: 15878: 15874: 15872: 15870: 15866: 15864: 15862: 15858: 15856: 15854: 15850: 15848: 15846: 15842: 15840: 15838: 15834: 15832: 15830: 15826: 15824: 15822: 15818: 15816: 15814: 15810: 15808: 15806: 15802: 15801: 15799: 15795: 15789: 15786: 15784: 15781: 15779: 15776: 15774: 15771: 15769: 15766: 15764: 15761: 15759: 15756: 15754: 15751: 15749: 15746: 15744: 15741: 15739: 15736: 15734: 15731: 15729: 15726: 15724: 15721: 15719: 15716: 15714: 15711: 15709: 15706: 15705: 15703: 15697: 15691: 15689: 15685: 15683: 15681: 15677: 15675: 15673: 15669: 15667: 15665: 15661: 15659: 15656: 15655: 15653: 15647: 15641: 15638: 15636: 15633: 15631: 15628: 15626: 15623: 15621: 15618: 15616: 15613: 15611: 15608: 15606: 15603: 15601: 15600:1994 election 15598: 15597: 15595: 15593: 15589: 15581: 15578: 15576: 15573: 15572: 15571: 15568: 15566: 15563: 15561: 15558: 15556: 15553: 15551: 15548: 15546: 15543: 15541: 15538: 15536: 15533: 15531: 15528: 15526: 15523: 15521: 15518: 15516: 15515:Robben Island 15513: 15511: 15510:Rivonia Trial 15508: 15506: 15505:Treason Trial 15503: 15499: 15496: 15495: 15494: 15491: 15489: 15486: 15484: 15481: 15479: 15476: 15475: 15473: 15469: 15462: 15459: 15456: 15451: 15450: 15447: 15443: 15436: 15431: 15429: 15424: 15422: 15417: 15416: 15413: 15404: 15395: 15393: 15385: 15379: 15374: 15370: 15361: 15360: 15353: 15347: 15342: 15338: 15329: 15328: 15321: 15320: 15319: 15311: 15305: 15300: 15294: 15289: 15286: 15284: 15280: 15277: 15275: 15271: 15268: 15266: 15262: 15259: 15257: 15254: 15251: 15248: 15246: 15243: 15241: 15238: 15236: 15233: 15230: 15227: 15225: 15222: 15220: 15217: 15216: 15205: 15201: 15197: 15193: 15189: 15185: 15181: 15177: 15173: 15169: 15165: 15161: 15157: 15153: 15148: 15144: 15140: 15136: 15132: 15128: 15124: 15119: 15115: 15111: 15107: 15103: 15099: 15095: 15091: 15087: 15083: 15079: 15075: 15071: 15067: 15063: 15058: 15054: 15048: 15044: 15043:Young Mandela 15040: 15036: 15032: 15026: 15022: 15018: 15014: 15010: 15006: 15002: 14998: 14994: 14990: 14986: 14981: 14977: 14973: 14969: 14965: 14961: 14957: 14952: 14948: 14944: 14940: 14936: 14932: 14928: 14924: 14920: 14916: 14910: 14906: 14901: 14897: 14891: 14886: 14885: 14879: 14875: 14871: 14865: 14861: 14857: 14853: 14849: 14845: 14841: 14837: 14833: 14829: 14824: 14820: 14814: 14810: 14805: 14801: 14795: 14791: 14786: 14774: 14770: 14769: 14764: 14759: 14755: 14751: 14747: 14743: 14739: 14735: 14730: 14726: 14720: 14716: 14711: 14709: 14705: 14701: 14700: 14695: 14691: 14687: 14683: 14678: 14674: 14668: 14664: 14659: 14655: 14649: 14645: 14640: 14636: 14630: 14626: 14622: 14618: 14614: 14608: 14604: 14599: 14598: 14591: 14587: 14583: 14579: 14575: 14571: 14567: 14563: 14559: 14554: 14549: 14545: 14541: 14537: 14533: 14529: 14525: 14521: 14517: 14516:Forster, Dion 14513: 14509: 14505: 14501: 14497: 14493: 14489: 14484: 14480: 14476: 14471: 14466: 14462: 14458: 14454: 14450: 14446: 14442: 14438: 14432: 14428: 14423: 14419: 14414: 14410: 14404: 14400: 14395: 14383: 14379: 14375: 14371: 14367: 14363: 14359: 14355: 14351: 14347: 14343: 14337: 14333: 14329: 14325: 14321: 14317: 14313: 14309: 14306:(1): 78–101. 14305: 14301: 14296: 14292: 14286: 14282: 14277: 14273: 14267: 14263: 14258: 14254: 14248: 14244: 14239: 14238: 14226: 14221: 14215:, p. 41. 14214: 14209: 14207: 14190: 14186: 14182: 14175: 14168: 14163: 14156: 14151: 14144: 14139: 14137: 14135: 14127: 14122: 14106: 14102: 14096: 14077: 14070: 14064: 14048: 14044: 14038: 14022: 14018: 14014: 14009: 14004: 13988: 13984: 13980: 13974: 13958: 13954: 13947: 13931: 13927: 13921: 13905: 13901: 13895: 13879: 13875: 13869: 13854:on 2 May 2013 13853: 13849: 13843: 13827: 13823: 13819: 13813: 13797: 13793: 13787: 13771: 13767: 13763: 13757: 13741: 13737: 13731: 13715: 13711: 13710: 13706: 13700: 13684: 13680: 13674: 13666: 13659: 13657: 13655: 13647: 13642: 13635: 13632:, p. 2; 13631: 13626: 13618: 13614: 13607: 13600: 13595: 13589:, p. 46. 13588: 13583: 13576: 13571: 13564: 13559: 13557: 13555: 13548:, p. 17. 13547: 13542: 13535: 13530: 13523: 13518: 13511: 13506: 13499: 13498:Meredith 2010 13494: 13487: 13482: 13476:, p. xv. 13475: 13474:Meredith 2010 13470: 13464:, p. 13. 13463: 13458: 13442: 13438: 13434: 13428: 13412: 13408: 13404: 13398: 13382: 13378: 13371: 13364: 13359: 13353:, p. 16. 13352: 13347: 13340: 13336: 13331: 13324: 13320: 13319:Meredith 2010 13315: 13308: 13303: 13296: 13291: 13284: 13279: 13272: 13268: 13263: 13256: 13255:Meredith 2010 13251: 13235: 13231: 13227: 13221: 13214: 13210: 13209:Meredith 2010 13205: 13198: 13194: 13193:Meredith 2010 13189: 13182: 13178: 13174: 13173:Meredith 2010 13170: 13166: 13162: 13157: 13150: 13146: 13142: 13137: 13131:, p. 36. 13130: 13126: 13122: 13117: 13110: 13106: 13102: 13101:Meredith 2010 13097: 13081: 13077: 13071: 13065:, p. 21. 13064: 13063:Meredith 2010 13059: 13053:, p. 78. 13052: 13047: 13040: 13035: 13028: 13023: 13017:, p. 86. 13016: 13011: 13005:, p. 65. 13004: 12999: 12992: 12987: 12981:, p. 89. 12980: 12975: 12968: 12963: 12957:, p. 29. 12956: 12951: 12944: 12939: 12932: 12931:Meredith 2010 12927: 12920: 12915: 12908: 12903: 12896: 12895:Meredith 2010 12891: 12884: 12880: 12875: 12868: 12863: 12856: 12855:Meredith 2010 12852: 12847: 12840: 12836: 12835:Meredith 2010 12831: 12824: 12819: 12812: 12811:Meredith 2010 12807: 12805: 12797: 12796:Meredith 2010 12793: 12788: 12782:, p. 87. 12781: 12776: 12769: 12764: 12757: 12752: 12745: 12740: 12733: 12728: 12712: 12708: 12704: 12703:Khumalo, Fred 12698: 12691: 12687: 12686:Meredith 2010 12683: 12678: 12671: 12666: 12659: 12654: 12647: 12642: 12636:, p. 51. 12635: 12630: 12623: 12619: 12614: 12607: 12602: 12595: 12590: 12588: 12580: 12575: 12568: 12563: 12557:, p. 17. 12556: 12551: 12544: 12539: 12532: 12527: 12520: 12515: 12509:, p. 18. 12508: 12503: 12496: 12491: 12484: 12480: 12475: 12468: 12463: 12456: 12451: 12444: 12440: 12435: 12429:, p. xi. 12428: 12423: 12416: 12411: 12404: 12399: 12392: 12387: 12380: 12375: 12368: 12363: 12356: 12351: 12344: 12339: 12332: 12327: 12320: 12315: 12308: 12303: 12296: 12291: 12284: 12279: 12272: 12267: 12260: 12255: 12253: 12251: 12249: 12247: 12240:, p. ix. 12239: 12234: 12232: 12225:, p. 14. 12224: 12220: 12215: 12208: 12204: 12199: 12192: 12188: 12187:Meredith 2010 12184: 12180: 12175: 12168: 12163: 12155: 12151: 12147: 12140: 12133: 12128: 12126: 12118: 12113: 12097: 12093: 12089: 12083: 12067: 12063: 12062:The Telegraph 12058: 12050: 12034: 12030: 12026: 12019: 12003: 11999: 11995: 11988: 11972: 11968: 11964: 11957: 11941: 11937: 11933: 11927: 11911: 11907: 11903: 11897: 11895: 11878: 11874: 11868: 11852: 11848: 11842: 11826: 11822: 11818: 11812: 11804: 11798: 11782: 11778: 11777:The Telegraph 11774: 11767: 11751: 11747: 11741: 11725: 11721: 11720:The Telegraph 11717: 11711: 11695: 11691: 11687: 11681: 11665: 11661: 11657: 11651: 11635: 11631: 11627: 11621: 11605: 11601: 11597: 11591: 11584: 11579: 11563: 11559: 11558:The Telegraph 11555: 11539: 11535: 11531: 11524: 11508: 11504: 11500: 11493: 11485: 11481: 11477: 11470: 11463: 11458: 11442: 11438: 11434: 11428: 11421: 11417: 11416:Meredith 2010 11412: 11410: 11393: 11389: 11385: 11378: 11362: 11358: 11343: 11339: 11335: 11330: 11325: 11318: 11313: 11305: 11301: 11297: 11290: 11288: 11279: 11275: 11268: 11266: 11258: 11254: 11253:Meredith 2010 11249: 11242: 11237: 11221: 11217: 11201: 11197: 11190: 11183: 11178: 11162: 11158: 11151: 11135: 11131: 11124: 11108: 11104: 11100: 11093: 11085: 11081: 11077: 11070: 11055:on 8 May 2013 11054: 11050: 11043: 11036: 11031: 11015: 11011: 11010: 11005: 10999: 10992: 10987: 10985: 10977: 10973: 10972:Meredith 2010 10969: 10964: 10957: 10953: 10952:Meredith 2010 10948: 10941: 10937: 10936:Meredith 2010 10932: 10925: 10920: 10913: 10908: 10901: 10896: 10889: 10885: 10884:Meredith 2010 10880: 10873: 10869: 10868:Meredith 2010 10864: 10857: 10853: 10852:Meredith 2010 10849: 10844: 10837: 10833: 10828: 10821: 10816: 10814: 10806: 10802: 10797: 10790: 10785: 10778: 10773: 10766: 10762: 10761:Meredith 2010 10758: 10754: 10749: 10742: 10737: 10721: 10717: 10711: 10704: 10700: 10695: 10688: 10683: 10676: 10672: 10668: 10663: 10656: 10652: 10648: 10643: 10636: 10632: 10627: 10611: 10607: 10601: 10594: 10590: 10586: 10581: 10574: 10569: 10562: 10557: 10555: 10547: 10542: 10540: 10532: 10528: 10523: 10516: 10512: 10507: 10500: 10495: 10488: 10483: 10476: 10471: 10464: 10459: 10452: 10448: 10443: 10436: 10431: 10424: 10420: 10419:Meredith 2010 10416: 10411: 10404: 10400: 10399:Meredith 2010 10395: 10388: 10383: 10376: 10372: 10371:Meredith 2010 10367: 10351: 10347: 10346: 10341: 10337: 10322: 10318: 10303: 10299: 10295: 10291: 10285: 10278: 10277:Meredith 2010 10274: 10270: 10265: 10258: 10253: 10246: 10241: 10225: 10221: 10203: 10196: 10190: 10183: 10178: 10159: 10152: 10145: 10138: 10137:Meredith 2010 10134: 10129: 10123:, p. 62. 10122: 10117: 10115: 10107: 10106:Meredith 2010 10103: 10098: 10091: 10086: 10079: 10075: 10074:Meredith 2010 10070: 10063: 10062:Meredith 2010 10058: 10051: 10047: 10046:Meredith 2010 10042: 10035: 10031: 10030:Meredith 2010 10026: 10019: 10015: 10014:Meredith 2010 10010: 10003: 9999: 9998:Meredith 2010 9995: 9990: 9974: 9970: 9966: 9950: 9946: 9942: 9936: 9929: 9925: 9924:Meredith 2010 9921: 9916: 9909: 9905: 9904:Meredith 2010 9900: 9893: 9889: 9888:Meredith 2010 9885: 9880: 9873: 9869: 9868:Meredith 2010 9865: 9860: 9858: 9850: 9845: 9838: 9833: 9826: 9822: 9817: 9810: 9806: 9805:Meredith 2010 9802: 9797: 9790: 9785: 9778: 9773: 9771: 9763: 9759: 9758:Meredith 2010 9755: 9750: 9743: 9739: 9738:Meredith 2010 9734: 9727: 9726:Meredith 2010 9723: 9718: 9711: 9707: 9706:Meredith 2010 9703: 9698: 9691: 9687: 9686:Meredith 2010 9683: 9678: 9671: 9666: 9659: 9654: 9647: 9642: 9635: 9631: 9630:Meredith 2010 9626: 9619: 9615: 9614:Meredith 2010 9611: 9607: 9602: 9586: 9582: 9576: 9569: 9566:, p. 3; 9565: 9560: 9553: 9549: 9548:Meredith 2010 9544: 9537: 9533: 9532:Meredith 2010 9528: 9512: 9508: 9504: 9497: 9490: 9486: 9485:Meredith 2010 9482: 9477: 9470: 9466: 9465:Meredith 2010 9461: 9454: 9450: 9449:Meredith 2010 9445: 9438: 9437:Meredith 2010 9434: 9430: 9425: 9418: 9413: 9406: 9401: 9394: 9390: 9389:Meredith 2010 9386: 9381: 9374: 9370: 9369:Meredith 2010 9365: 9358: 9354: 9353:Meredith 2010 9350: 9345: 9338: 9334: 9333:Meredith 2010 9330: 9326: 9321: 9319: 9311: 9306: 9299: 9295: 9294:Meredith 2010 9291: 9286: 9279: 9275: 9274:Meredith 2010 9271: 9266: 9259: 9255: 9254:Meredith 2010 9251: 9246: 9239: 9235: 9231: 9226: 9219: 9215: 9214:Meredith 2010 9211: 9206: 9199: 9198:Meredith 2010 9195: 9190: 9183: 9179: 9178:Meredith 2010 9175: 9171: 9166: 9159: 9158:Meredith 2010 9155: 9150: 9143: 9139: 9138:Meredith 2010 9135: 9131: 9126: 9119: 9115: 9114:Meredith 2010 9110: 9103: 9099: 9098:Meredith 2010 9095: 9092:, p. 6; 9091: 9086: 9079: 9075: 9074:Meredith 2010 9070: 9063: 9059: 9058:Meredith 2010 9054: 9047: 9043: 9042:Meredith 2010 9039: 9035: 9030: 9028: 9020: 9016: 9015:Meredith 2010 9011: 9004: 9000: 8999:Meredith 2010 8995: 8993: 8985: 8981: 8976: 8969: 8965: 8964:Meredith 2010 8961: 8956: 8949: 8945: 8940: 8933: 8929: 8928:Meredith 2010 8925: 8921: 8916: 8909: 8905: 8904:Meredith 2010 8901: 8896: 8880: 8876: 8869: 8862: 8858: 8857:Meredith 2010 8855:, p. 2; 8854: 8849: 8833: 8829: 8825: 8818: 8811: 8807: 8806:Meredith 2010 8803: 8798: 8791: 8786: 8770: 8766: 8760: 8753: 8749: 8748:Meredith 2010 8745: 8742:, p. 1; 8741: 8737: 8732: 8725: 8721: 8716: 8709: 8705: 8704:Meredith 2010 8701: 8696: 8689: 8685: 8684:Meredith 2010 8681: 8677: 8672: 8656: 8652: 8648: 8641: 8634: 8629: 8622: 8618: 8617:Meredith 2010 8614: 8610: 8605: 8598: 8594: 8593:Meredith 2010 8590: 8586: 8581: 8574: 8570: 8569:Meredith 2010 8566: 8562: 8557: 8550: 8546: 8541: 8534: 8530: 8529:Meredith 2010 8526: 8521: 8514: 8509: 8502: 8497: 8490: 8486: 8485:Meredith 2010 8481: 8474: 8470: 8469:Meredith 2010 8466: 8462: 8457: 8441: 8437: 8431: 8424: 8420: 8419:Meredith 2010 8416: 8412: 8408: 8404: 8399: 8392: 8391:Meredith 2010 8388: 8383: 8376: 8372: 8371:Meredith 2010 8368: 8364: 8360: 8355: 8348: 8344: 8343:Meredith 2010 8340: 8336: 8331: 8324: 8319: 8312: 8308: 8307:Meredith 2010 8303: 8296: 8292: 8291:Meredith 2010 8288: 8283: 8276: 8272: 8271:Meredith 2010 8268: 8264: 8259: 8252: 8248: 8243: 8236: 8232: 8231:Meredith 2010 8228: 8223: 8216: 8212: 8207: 8200: 8195: 8188: 8184: 8180: 8179:Meredith 2010 8176: 8171: 8164: 8160: 8159:Meredith 2010 8156: 8152: 8147: 8140: 8135: 8128: 8124: 8123:Meredith 2010 8120: 8116: 8111: 8104: 8099: 8092: 8087: 8081:, p. 60. 8080: 8075: 8068: 8064: 8059: 8052: 8048: 8047:Meredith 2010 8044: 8039: 8032: 8028: 8023: 8016: 8012: 8011:Meredith 2010 8007: 8000: 7996: 7995:Meredith 2010 7992: 7988: 7983: 7976: 7972: 7971:Meredith 2010 7968: 7963: 7956: 7952: 7951:Meredith 2010 7947: 7940: 7936: 7935:Meredith 2010 7931: 7924: 7920: 7919:Meredith 2010 7915: 7908: 7904: 7903:Meredith 2010 7899: 7892: 7888: 7887:Meredith 2010 7883: 7876: 7872: 7871:Meredith 2010 7868: 7863: 7856: 7852: 7851:Meredith 2010 7847: 7840: 7839:Meredith 2010 7836: 7832: 7828: 7823: 7816: 7812: 7811:Meredith 2010 7808: 7804: 7799: 7792: 7788: 7787:Meredith 2010 7784: 7780: 7775: 7768: 7764: 7763:Meredith 2010 7760: 7756: 7752: 7747: 7740: 7736: 7735:Meredith 2010 7732: 7727: 7720: 7716: 7712: 7708: 7704: 7699: 7692: 7688: 7684: 7680: 7679:Meredith 2010 7676: 7672: 7667: 7660: 7656: 7652: 7648: 7647:Meredith 2010 7644: 7639: 7632: 7628: 7624: 7620: 7619:Meredith 2010 7616: 7612: 7607: 7600: 7599:Meredith 2010 7596: 7592: 7588: 7583: 7576: 7572: 7568: 7567:Meredith 2010 7564: 7560: 7556: 7551: 7544: 7540: 7536: 7532: 7531:Meredith 2010 7528: 7524: 7520: 7516: 7511: 7495: 7491: 7487: 7480: 7474:, p. 74. 7473: 7469: 7465: 7461: 7460:Meredith 2010 7457: 7453: 7448: 7441: 7437: 7436:Meredith 2010 7433: 7429: 7425: 7421: 7416: 7409: 7405: 7401: 7396: 7389: 7385: 7380: 7364: 7360: 7356: 7350: 7343: 7339: 7338:Meredith 2010 7334: 7327: 7323: 7322:Meredith 2010 7319: 7314: 7307: 7303: 7299: 7298:Meredith 2010 7295: 7291: 7287: 7282: 7275: 7271: 7267: 7263: 7262:Meredith 2010 7259: 7255: 7250: 7243: 7239: 7235: 7234:Meredith 2010 7231: 7227: 7223: 7218: 7211: 7207: 7203: 7202:Meredith 2010 7199: 7195: 7190: 7183: 7179: 7175: 7171: 7166: 7159: 7155: 7154:Meredith 2010 7151: 7147: 7142: 7135: 7131: 7127: 7123: 7119: 7115: 7111: 7106: 7099: 7095: 7091: 7090:Meredith 2010 7087: 7083: 7079: 7075: 7070: 7063: 7062:Meredith 2010 7059: 7055: 7051: 7047: 7042: 7035: 7034:Meredith 2010 7031: 7026: 7010: 7006: 7002: 6986: 6982: 6978: 6972: 6970: 6962: 6957: 6950: 6945: 6943: 6935: 6931: 6927: 6926:Meredith 2010 6923: 6919: 6915: 6910: 6903: 6899: 6894: 6887: 6883: 6879: 6878:Meredith 2010 6875: 6871: 6866: 6859: 6855: 6851: 6850:Meredith 2010 6847: 6842: 6835: 6831: 6827: 6822: 6815: 6811: 6807: 6806:Meredith 2010 6803: 6799: 6794: 6787: 6783: 6779: 6778:Meredith 2010 6775: 6771: 6767: 6763: 6758: 6751: 6747: 6743: 6742:Meredith 2010 6739: 6735: 6731: 6726: 6719: 6715: 6711: 6710:Meredith 2010 6707: 6702: 6695: 6691: 6687: 6686:Meredith 2010 6683: 6679: 6674: 6667: 6663: 6659: 6658:Meredith 2010 6655: 6651: 6647: 6643: 6638: 6631: 6627: 6623: 6622:Meredith 2010 6619: 6615: 6611: 6606: 6599: 6595: 6591: 6590:Meredith 2010 6587: 6582: 6575: 6571: 6567: 6566:Meredith 2010 6563: 6558: 6551: 6547: 6543: 6542:Meredith 2010 6539: 6535: 6531: 6526: 6519: 6518:Meredith 2010 6514: 6507: 6503: 6499: 6498:Meredith 2010 6495: 6491: 6487: 6483: 6478: 6471: 6467: 6463: 6459: 6454: 6447: 6443: 6439: 6438:Meredith 2010 6435: 6430: 6423: 6419: 6418:Meredith 2010 6415: 6410: 6403: 6399: 6395: 6390: 6383: 6382:Meredith 2010 6378: 6371: 6367: 6363: 6362:Meredith 2010 6359: 6355: 6351: 6347: 6342: 6336:, p. 84. 6335: 6331: 6327: 6326:Meredith 2010 6323: 6319: 6314: 6307: 6303: 6299: 6298:Meredith 2010 6295: 6291: 6286: 6280:, p. 92. 6279: 6275: 6270: 6263: 6259: 6255: 6254:Meredith 2010 6251: 6246: 6239: 6235: 6234:Meredith 2010 6230: 6223: 6218: 6211: 6207: 6206:Meredith 2010 6203: 6199: 6195: 6191: 6187: 6182: 6175: 6171: 6170:Meredith 2010 6167: 6163: 6158: 6151: 6147: 6143: 6142:Meredith 2010 6139: 6135: 6131: 6127: 6122: 6116:, p. 73. 6115: 6111: 6107: 6103: 6098: 6091: 6087: 6086:Meredith 2010 6083: 6079: 6075: 6071: 6066: 6059: 6055: 6051: 6047: 6043: 6038: 6032:, p. 68. 6031: 6027: 6022: 6016:, p. 47. 6015: 6010: 6003: 5999: 5994: 5987: 5983: 5982:Meredith 2010 5979: 5975: 5971: 5967: 5962: 5955: 5954:Meredith 2010 5951: 5947: 5942: 5936:, p. 92. 5935: 5934:Meredith 2010 5931: 5927: 5923: 5918: 5911: 5906: 5899: 5895: 5894:Meredith 2010 5891: 5887: 5883: 5878: 5872:, p. 94. 5871: 5870:Meredith 2010 5867: 5863: 5859: 5854: 5847: 5843: 5839: 5834: 5827: 5823: 5822:Meredith 2010 5819: 5815: 5811: 5807: 5802: 5795: 5791: 5790:Meredith 2010 5787: 5783: 5779: 5775: 5770: 5763: 5759: 5755: 5750: 5744:, p. 26. 5743: 5738: 5732:, p. 35. 5731: 5727: 5722: 5715: 5710: 5703: 5699: 5698:Meredith 2010 5695: 5691: 5687: 5683: 5678: 5671: 5667: 5666:Meredith 2010 5663: 5659: 5655: 5651: 5646: 5640:, p. 49. 5639: 5635: 5631: 5627: 5622: 5616:, p. 42. 5615: 5611: 5606: 5600:, p. 48. 5599: 5595: 5591: 5587: 5583: 5578: 5571: 5570:Meredith 2010 5567: 5563: 5558: 5552:, p. 36. 5551: 5547: 5546:Meredith 2010 5543: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5526: 5520:, p. 36. 5519: 5515: 5514:Meredith 2010 5511: 5507: 5503: 5499: 5494: 5488:, p. 36. 5487: 5483: 5482:Meredith 2010 5479: 5475: 5471: 5467: 5463: 5458: 5451: 5446: 5439: 5435: 5434:Meredith 2010 5431: 5427: 5423: 5419: 5414: 5408:, p. 54. 5407: 5403: 5399: 5395: 5390: 5383: 5379: 5378:Meredith 2010 5375: 5371: 5367: 5362: 5355: 5354:Meredith 2010 5351: 5347: 5342: 5336:, p. 37. 5335: 5331: 5330:Meredith 2010 5327: 5323: 5319: 5314: 5307: 5303: 5302:Meredith 2010 5299: 5295: 5291: 5286: 5280:, p. 34. 5279: 5275: 5274:Meredith 2010 5271: 5267: 5262: 5256:, p. 33. 5255: 5251: 5250:Meredith 2010 5247: 5243: 5239: 5234: 5228:, p. 34. 5227: 5223: 5222:Meredith 2010 5219: 5215: 5210: 5204:, p. 33. 5203: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5186: 5180:, p. 33. 5179: 5175: 5174:Meredith 2010 5171: 5167: 5163: 5159: 5154: 5148:, p. 34. 5147: 5143: 5142:Meredith 2010 5139: 5135: 5130: 5123: 5119: 5114: 5107: 5103: 5102:Meredith 2010 5099: 5095: 5091: 5086: 5079: 5075: 5074:Meredith 2010 5071: 5067: 5063: 5058: 5051: 5047: 5046:Meredith 2010 5043: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5027: 5022: 5015: 5011: 5010:Meredith 2010 5007: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4990: 4983: 4979: 4978:Meredith 2010 4975: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4958: 4952:, p. 26. 4951: 4947: 4946:Meredith 2010 4943: 4939: 4934: 4928:, p. 25. 4927: 4922: 4916:, p. 93. 4915: 4911: 4910:Meredith 2010 4907: 4903: 4898: 4892:, p. 25. 4891: 4887: 4886:Meredith 2010 4883: 4879: 4875: 4870: 4864:, p. 25. 4863: 4859: 4858:Meredith 2010 4855: 4851: 4846: 4839: 4835: 4834:Meredith 2010 4831: 4827: 4822: 4815: 4811: 4810:Meredith 2010 4807: 4804:, p. 9; 4803: 4799: 4794: 4788:, p. 15. 4787: 4786:Meredith 2010 4783: 4779: 4774: 4767: 4763: 4762:Meredith 2010 4759: 4755: 4750: 4743: 4739: 4738:Meredith 2010 4735: 4731: 4726: 4720:, p. 17. 4719: 4714: 4707: 4702: 4696:, p. 15. 4695: 4691: 4690:Meredith 2010 4687: 4683: 4678: 4672:, p. 14. 4671: 4667: 4666:Meredith 2010 4663: 4660:, p. 8; 4659: 4655: 4651: 4646: 4640:, p. 11. 4639: 4638:Meredith 2010 4635: 4630: 4623: 4622:Meredith 2010 4619: 4616:, p. 3; 4615: 4611: 4607: 4602: 4595: 4594:Meredith 2010 4591: 4587: 4584:, p. 7; 4583: 4578: 4571: 4570:Meredith 2010 4567: 4564:, p. 7; 4563: 4558: 4551: 4548:, p. 5; 4547: 4546:Meredith 2010 4543: 4540:, p. 3; 4539: 4535: 4532:, p. 4; 4531: 4527: 4522: 4515: 4510: 4503: 4500:, p. 5; 4499: 4498:Meredith 2010 4495: 4492:, p. 3; 4491: 4487: 4482: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4466:Meredith 2010 4463: 4460:, p. 3; 4459: 4455: 4450: 4443: 4442:Meredith 2010 4439: 4435: 4431: 4426: 4419: 4418:Meredith 2010 4415: 4410: 4404:, p. 19. 4403: 4398: 4391: 4387: 4386:Meredith 2010 4383: 4379: 4375: 4370: 4363: 4362:Meredith 2010 4359: 4354: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4334: 4328:, p. 19. 4327: 4322: 4315: 4312:, p. 1; 4311: 4307: 4302: 4296:, p. 26. 4295: 4290: 4283: 4282:Meredith 2010 4279: 4276:, p. 3; 4275: 4270: 4264:, p. 16. 4263: 4260:, p. 2; 4259: 4256:, p. 4; 4255: 4250: 4243: 4240:, p. 2; 4239: 4238:Meredith 2010 4235: 4232:, p. 3; 4231: 4227: 4222: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4168: 4159: 4150: 4142: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4124:, p. 3; 4123: 4118: 4102: 4098: 4097: 4092: 4086: 4082: 4074: 4070: 4064: 4060: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4037: 4036: 4030: 4028: 4024: 4023: 4018: 4017: 4012: 4008: 4007: 4002: 4001: 3995: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3980:Hugh Masekela 3977: 3973: 3967: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3942: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3923: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3878: 3868: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3847: 3844: 3840: 3835: 3832: 3823: 3818: 3809: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3794: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3766: 3763: 3756: 3750: 3748: 3744: 3738: 3736: 3732: 3727: 3725: 3724:Madiba shirts 3721: 3717: 3712: 3708: 3700: 3699:Madiba shirts 3695: 3686: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3670: 3666: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3646: 3637: 3635: 3631: 3626: 3623: 3612: 3610: 3604: 3602: 3598: 3593: 3589: 3584: 3582: 3576: 3570: 3559: 3556: 3555:state funeral 3552: 3548: 3543: 3538: 3535: 3534:Thabo Makgoba 3532: 3527: 3523: 3514: 3509: 3499: 3497: 3492: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3474: 3469: 3465: 3463: 3458: 3454: 3453:Robert Mugabe 3450: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3433: 3426: 3422: 3417: 3408: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3377: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3342: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3327: 3318: 3313: 3299: 3295: 3293: 3287: 3285: 3280: 3271: 3262: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3214: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3179: 3175: 3170: 3166: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3141: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3125: 3122: 3118: 3117:Edwin Cameron 3115:Critics like 3113: 3111: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3070:mixed economy 3061: 3052: 3049: 3044: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3021:Daniel Theron 3018: 3014: 3009: 3007: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2985:, Joe Slovo, 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2965: 2963: 2956: 2945: 2943: 2942:Samora Machel 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2922: 2916: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2872: 2870: 2866: 2865:Groote Schuur 2862: 2858: 2853: 2846: 2836: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2813: 2811: 2807: 2806: 2801: 2800: 2795: 2787: 2786:1994 election 2782: 2777: 2767: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2756:Liberty Medal 2753: 2749: 2745: 2739: 2731: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2708: 2703: 2699: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2652: 2648: 2638: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2627:KwaZulu-Natal 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2603: 2600: 2596: 2590: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2547: 2546:Luthuli House 2543: 2533: 2523: 2521: 2516: 2511: 2508: 2504: 2499: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2481: 2476: 2467: 2464: 2460: 2455: 2453: 2452:majority rule 2448: 2447:Kobie Coetsee 2444: 2440: 2434: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2414: 2410: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2373: 2371: 2367: 2366:Ronald Reagan 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2325: 2323: 2319: 2309: 2305: 2295: 2286: 2277: 2275: 2272:agent of the 2269: 2267: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2237: 2235: 2231: 2230:Eddie Daniels 2227: 2223: 2214: 2210: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2194:Robben Island 2185: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2157: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2141:Rivonia Trial 2136: 2133: 2126: 2120: 2118: 2114: 2113: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2082: 2081:Rivonia Trial 2067: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2016: 2014: 2013:Dingane's Day 2010: 2003: 1997: 1991: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1948: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1937: 1932: 1922: 1913: 1911: 1907: 1901: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1886: 1883: 1879: 1878:Treason Trial 1876:. The formal 1875: 1871: 1867: 1857: 1853: 1852:(1960–2020). 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1826: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1789: 1787: 1780: 1772: 1771:Treason Trial 1762: 1760: 1755: 1754:Lillian Ngoyi 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1733: 1731: 1727: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1658: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1618: 1616: 1611: 1608: 1598: 1589: 1586: 1582: 1577: 1576:direct action 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1544: 1541: 1537: 1532: 1529: 1525: 1516: 1512: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1489:Anton Lembede 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1459: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1436: 1434: 1430: 1429:class warfare 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1389:Walter Sisulu 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1364: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1335:, as well as 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1305: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1286:Fort Beaufort 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1258: 1249: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1222: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1210: 1203: 1197: 1194: 1187: 1185: 1179: 1177: 1173: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1147:Cape Province 1144: 1138: 1123: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1092: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1025:Robben Island 1021: 1019: 1018:Rivonia Trial 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 988:and the 1955 987: 983: 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 958:anti-colonial 955: 951: 947: 943: 939: 935: 930: 928: 924: 920: 916: 912: 908: 904: 900: 896: 892: 887: 879: 878: 868: 835: 826: 803: 794: 790: 787: 786: 782: 780:Notable works 778: 775: 771: 764: 761: 758: 757: 755: 751: 746: 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 719: 717: 712: 709: 706: 703: 700: 697: 694: 691: 688: 685: 682: 679: 676: 673: 670: 669: 667: 663: 660: 657: 653: 646: 643: 640: 637: 636: 634: 630: 624: 621: 619: 616: 614: 611: 609: 606: 605: 603: 601: 597: 594: 590: 586: 582: 579:6, including 578: 574: 553: 552:Graça Simbine 546: 545: 516: 509: 508: 479: 472: 471: 469: 465: 461: 457: 454: 448: 445: 442: 438: 434: 430: 428:Resting place 426: 422: 413: 409: 406: 402: 386: 382: 377: 373: 369: 363: 360: 357: 351: 345: 340: 337: 329: 325: 319: 316: 313: 307: 304: 301: 297: 291: 286: 283:Walter Sisulu 282: 276: 272: 266: 262: 258: 252: 247: 244: 239: 235: 229: 226: 223: 217: 208: 204: 203:Walter Sisulu 201: 200: 198: 196: 192: 186: 181: 178: 173: 170: 167: 161: 156: 151: 148: 142: 133: 128: 127: 125: 123: 119: 113: 108: 105: 100: 96: 89: 84: 79: 75: 71: 67: 63: 59: 55: 51: 42: 37: 34: 30: 26: 22: 23221:Xhosa people 22905:South Africa 22751:Helen Keller 22726:Billy Graham 22698:Muhammad Ali 22666:James Watson 22613:Edwin Hubble 22578:Enrico Fermi 22497:Pete Rozelle 22448:Estée Lauder 22346:Bart Simpson 22283:Le Corbusier 22248:Lucille Ball 22159: 22118:Adolf Hitler 22072: 22002:Festus Mogae 21994: 21993: 21931:Namrita Lall 21838:William Soga 21813:George Ekama 21803:Barry Schoub 21798:Pieter Steyn 21763:Phuti Ngoepe 21728:George Ellis 21723:Percy Amoils 21632:Oliver Tambo 21626: 21483:Denhollander 21384: 21198:Named after 21146:Taylor Swift 21094: 21061:Donald Trump 21040:Kent Brantly 21027:Pope Francis 21019:Barack Obama 20995:Ben Bernanke 20987:Barack Obama 20901:2001–present 20870:Bill Clinton 20862:Andrew Grove 20824: 20807:Bill Clinton 20723:The Computer 20675:Jimmy Carter 20651:Carol Sutton 20619:Alison Cheek 20565:Willy Brandt 20544:Frank Borman 20450:Emilio Segrè 20225:Adolf Hitler 20165:Pierre Laval 20115: 20072:Desmond Tutu 20055: 20046:Jimmy Carter 19948:Graça Machel 19835:Khan Academy 19755:Bill Drayton 19730:(Mali), and 19726:(Tanzania), 19662:Chiaki Mukai 19632:Graça Machel 19602:Mário Soares 19579: 19356:Desmond Tutu 19340:Václav Havel 19315: 19312:Grameen Bank 19192: 19141:Robert Fogel 19065: 18959: 18936: / 18932: / 18917: / 18880: / 18832: / 18795: / 18791: / 18767:Barack Obama 18743: / 18728: / 18726:Grameen Bank 18713: / 18689:Shirin Ebadi 18678:Jimmy Carter 18665: / 18651:2001–present 18641:Kim Dae-jung 18623: / 18611: / 18599: / 18587: / 18575: / 18571: / 18569:Shimon Peres 18559: / 18556: 18485:Desmond Tutu 18467: / 18431: / 18411: / 18380: / 18368: / 18362: 18348:Willy Brandt 18262: / 18220:Georges Pire 18166:Léon Jouhaux 18147:Ralph Bunche 18122: / 18110: / 18100:Cordell Hull 18041:Robert Cecil 17992: / 17957: / 17945: / 17922: / 17888: / 17810:Alfred Fried 17808: / 17806:Tobias Asser 17788: / 17776: / 17764: / 17720: / 17708: / 17706:Henry Dunant 17576:Tito Mboweni 17534:Pallo Jordan 17512:Sipo Mzimela 17451: 17390:Abe Williams 17335:Sipo Mzimela 17290:Tito Mboweni 17255:Pallo Jordan 17177: 17060: 16867: 16832:John Vorster 16814:Jan de Klerk 16767:Elizabeth II 16735:South Africa 16686: 16573: 16403:Oliver Tambo 16391:James Calata 16379:E. J. Khaile 16358:Selope Thema 16329:David Mabuza 16292: 16287:Oliver Tambo 16280: 16239: 16234:Oliver Tambo 16222:James Moroka 16095: 16040: 16015:Madiba shirt 15933:Graça Machel 15884: 15876: 15868: 15860: 15852: 15844: 15836: 15828: 15820: 15812: 15804: 15687: 15679: 15671: 15663: 15441: 15389: 15357: 15352:Oliver Tambo 15325: 15315: 15314: 15187: 15183: 15158:(1): 17–31. 15155: 15151: 15126: 15122: 15097: 15093: 15065: 15061: 15042: 15020: 14992: 14988: 14984: 14959: 14955: 14930: 14926: 14904: 14883: 14859: 14856:Meer, Fatima 14831: 14827: 14808: 14789: 14777:. Retrieved 14773:the original 14767: 14762: 14737: 14733: 14714: 14703: 14685: 14681: 14662: 14643: 14624: 14596: 14577: 14573: 14543: 14539: 14532:Freund, Bill 14523: 14519: 14491: 14487: 14452: 14448: 14426: 14420:(12): 40–58. 14417: 14398: 14386:. Retrieved 14364:(4): 46–55. 14361: 14357: 14331: 14328:Benson, Mary 14303: 14299: 14280: 14261: 14242: 14234:Bibliography 14225:Lukhele 2012 14220: 14213:Bromley 2014 14193:. 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Castro 17081:F. Castro 17001:F. Castro 16991:Gopallawa 16904:2009-2018 16882:1999-2008 16872:1994-1999 16857:President 16803:Tom Naudé 16783:Apartheid 16762:George VI 16575:ANC Today 16173:President 15701:namesakes 15649:Books and 15204:144534323 15172:144447985 15143:145448829 15114:218645921 15082:143225875 15019:(2011) . 15009:143804607 14976:154241514 14947:144338285 14848:150631478 14754:142631031 14562:153570087 14526:: 87–115. 14508:155994044 14479:144061623 14388:27 August 14378:144267205 14320:144616007 13802:2 January 13165:Meer 1988 13051:Meer 1988 12943:Meer 1988 12622:Read 2010 11797:cite news 11140:3 October 10345:AllAfrica 9945:BBC Sport 8609:Meer 1988 8585:Meer 1988 8561:Meer 1988 8407:Meer 1988 8211:Meer 1988 8155:Meer 1988 8115:Meer 1988 8027:Meer 1988 7991:Meer 1988 7755:Meer 1988 7707:Meer 1988 7591:Meer 1988 7559:Meer 1988 7519:Meer 1988 7456:Meer 1988 7424:Meer 1988 7290:Meer 1988 7226:Meer 1988 7194:Meer 1988 7170:Meer 1988 7146:Meer 1988 7114:Meer 1988 7078:Meer 1988 7050:Meer 1988 7030:Meer 1988 6766:Meer 1988 6646:Meer 1988 6614:Meer 1988 6534:Meer 1988 6486:Meer 1988 6458:Meer 1988 6434:Meer 1988 6350:Meer 1988 6190:Meer 1988 6130:Meer 1988 6102:Meer 1988 5970:Meer 1988 5862:Meer 1988 5810:Meer 1988 5586:Meer 1988 5530:Meer 1988 5498:Meer 1988 5466:Meer 1988 5398:Meer 1988 5290:Meer 1988 5162:Meer 1988 5030:Meer 1988 4606:Meer 1988 4582:Meer 1988 4562:Meer 1988 4530:Meer 1988 4274:Meer 1988 4201:143354489 4193:1607-3614 4091:"Mandela" 4055:Footnotes 3843:nostalgia 3615:Democracy 3526:gallstone 3485:Hyde Park 3397:Iraqi oil 3207:Scots law 2825:Pik Botha 2587:Bob Hawke 2266:Brandfort 2241:Afrikaans 2143:began at 1880:began in 1850:Zindziswa 1834:Cape Town 1721:suspended 1634:Karl Marx 1568:racialist 1566:. 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Smith 20854:David Ho 19833:and the 19811:and the 19616:and the 19029:(Canada) 18934:Memorial 17554:(Health) 17076:Abdullah 17071:Mahathir 17056:Pastrana 17021:Drnovšek 16752:George V 16689:Category 16474:Morogoro 16097:Category 15917:(mother) 15911:(father) 15861:Invictus 15651:speeches 15041:(2010). 14880:(2010). 14858:(1988). 14586:27551769 14534:(2014). 14382:Archived 14358:Parallax 14352:(2005). 14330:(1986). 14189:Archived 14105:Archived 14076:Archived 14047:Archived 14021:Archived 14017:BBC News 13987:Archived 13983:BBC News 13878:Archived 13826:Archived 13770:Archived 13740:Archived 13683:Archived 13617:Archived 13441:Archived 13437:BBC News 13411:Archived 13381:Archived 13234:Archived 13230:BBC News 12711:Archived 12154:Archived 12096:Archived 12092:BBC News 12066:Archived 12033:Archived 12002:Archived 11971:Archived 11940:Archived 11910:Archived 11906:BBC News 11877:Archived 11851:Archived 11825:Archived 11821:BBC News 11750:Archived 11694:Archived 11690:CTV News 11664:Archived 11634:Archived 11630:BBC News 11507:Archived 11484:Archived 11441:Archived 11437:BBC News 11392:Archived 11342:Archived 11338:NBC News 11278:Archived 11220:Archived 11200:Archived 11107:Archived 11084:Archived 11080:BBC News 11014:Archived 11009:BBC News 10720:Archived 10610:Archived 10350:Archived 10302:Archived 9949:Archived 9585:Archived 9517:25 March 8769:Archived 8655:Archived 7363:Archived 4205:Archived 4101:Archived 4033:See also 4027:Invictus 4016:Invictus 3906:and the 3785:than on 3760:— 3716:visually 3609:Gandhism 3439:and the 3374:Makgatho 3284:de facto 3277:The new 3121:HIV/AIDS 2882:and the 2861:Tuynhuys 2819:and the 2802:and the 2686:De Klerk 2635:Sebokeng 2623:Houghton 2362:Cold War 2331:and the 2304:national 2151:. Judge 1882:Pretoria 1823:Kliptown 1805:and the 1413:Africans 1085:HIV/AIDS 1014:sabotage 948:and the 647:activist 581:Makgatho 576:Children 102:1st 22855:Portals 22835:Bill W. 21568:Gleason 21528:Russell 21511:Raisman 21504:Nichols 21497:Maroney 21490:Douglas 21449:Shriver 21417:Roberts 21409:Summitt 21401:Bozella 21385:Mandela 21307:Burnett 21300:Bingham 21277:Freeman 21269:Sanders 21221:Palermo 21213:Valvano 21087:Wa Lone 19957:Members 19734:(Ghana) 19714:Al Gore 19571:(UNHCR) 19418:(2019) 19083:Physics 18741:Al Gore 17685:of the 17111:Rouhani 17096:Tantawi 17091:Mubarak 17061:Mandela 17046:Suharto 16781:(under 16743:Monarch 16587:History 16166:Leaders 16003:history 15991:Related 15853:Endgame 15821:Mandela 15805:Mandela 14779:15 June 14053:18 July 13447:29 June 13417:29 June 13387:29 June 13240:13 July 13086:13 July 12709:. BBC. 11831:27 June 11730:6 April 11700:10 June 11600:News 24 11276:. NPR. 11218:. CBS. 11198:. 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