1907:, Zambia, in mid-1985, was, like the first consultative conference in Morogoro, called pursuant to a "crisis" among the MK rank-and-file. Indeed, one of the mutineers' demands was that such a conference should be called. A report to the conference admitted that some NAT personnel had made "bad, sometimes terrible mistakes", and the conference did attempt to act on the findings of the Stuart report: it agreed with Stuart's recommendation that NAT should be overhauled, and it adopted a code of conduct and established internal judicial procedures for the first time. Also at Kabwe, the NEC (now enlarged) was fully elected, rather than appointed by leadership, for the first time in decades, and Tambo was elected permanently to the ANC presidency, which he had already held in an acting capacity for 18 years. All racial barriers to NEC membership were removed, and Slovo became the first white to be elected. Finally, it was resolved that the ANC should hold consultative conferences, with elections, every five years.
1728:
16 Detachment", were sent to MK camps in Angola, and small numbers were infiltrated back into South Africa to carry out attacks. In March 1979, the ANC leadership, by then headquartered in Lusaka, undertook a strategic review following a 1978 visit to
Vietnam. Its report was published in March 1979 as the "Green Book" and outlined the "Four Pillars of the Revolution": armed struggle; an internal underground; popular mobilisation; and international isolation of the apartheid regime. The new military strategy emphasised urban areas, in contrast to the rural guerrilla war originally envisaged. Also in 1979, Tambo directed Slovo to establish a special operations unit, whose focus became "armed propaganda": attacks on symbolic state targets, partly aimed at attracting new MK recruits under the slogan, "Swell the Ranks of Umkhonto we Sizwe". Perhaps most memorably, on 1 June 1980 the unit bombed the
1663:, the ANC's first consultative conference and first conference in exile, held between 25 April and 1 May 1969. Most dramatically, at the conference Tambo referred to a "loss of confidence in the men who have been leading our struggle from Lusaka" and offered his resignation as acting ANC President. Once he had left the meeting, the conference passed an unopposed vote of confidence in him, and he ultimately remained acting President until his appointment was formally confirmed in 1985. The conference also reinstated Hani and the other six cadres who had been suspended, and it adopted a new "Strategy and Tactics" document, drafted by Slovo. The document affirmed that the seizure by force of state power in South Africa was a central objective of the struggle, but, acknowledging a position expressed by the Hani memorandum, it clarified the relationship between military and political struggle:
1603:
1437:...multi-racialism is in fact a pandering to European bigotry and arrogance. It is a method of safeguarding white interests irrespective of population figures. In that sense it is a complete negation of democracy. To us the term 'multi-racialism' implies that there are such basic insuperable differences between the various national groups here that the best course is to keep them permanently distinctive in a kind of democratic apartheid. That to us is racialism multiplied, which probably is what the term truly connotes. We aim, politically, at a government of the Africans by the Africans for Africans, with everybody who owes his only loyalty to Afrika and who is prepared to accept the democratic rule of an African majority being regarded as an African. We guarantee no
1960:
2707:
2850:
2173:
1843:"). This was followed by a major clean-up operation, known as "Shishita", during which NAT rounded up dozens of MK cadres and transferred them to Angola for detention and interrogation. In the so-called Shishita report of 1981, formally titled the "Report on subversive activities of police agents in our movement", NAT claimed to have uncovered an extensive spying ring and a plot to assassinate the ANC leadership. Although most of the confessions had been extracted under torture, with several people dying during interrogation, the confessed spies were executed in Angola in the years that followed.
1411:
1225:, Suppression of Communism Act, and Voters' Representation Act β whose repeal the ANC had demanded in a January 1952 ultimatum to the Prime Minister. Although the protests remained non-violent, the notion of "defiance" represented a rhetorical escalation from the ANC's earlier programme of "passive" resistance. Thousands of volunteers were trained to carry out acts of civil disobedience, and on one estimate 8,000 people were arrested over subsequent months. The campaign wound down in late 1952 and officially ended in 1953, when further repressive legislation was passed: the
1184:, known as the "Peopleβs Holiday", which led to the deaths of 18 people in clashes between protesters and the police. ANC support for the stay-away was not, however, unanimous β the Youth League, in particular, was concerned that the socialist or internationalist connotations of May Day were at odds with the Africanist position of the Programme of Action. There was broader support for the subsequent "Day of Protest", a stay-at-home on 26 June 1950 organised with the Indian Congress in protest of the May Day shootings and Suppression of Communism legislation.
356:
political rights, and Gumede was elected its president. However, in late 1929, the ANC overruled Gumede and declined to support the League's mass anti-pass demonstrations. The League collapsed shortly afterwards, and in April 1930 Gumede was voted out of his ANC office. Gumede's successor was Seme, who pursued the support of the traditionalist chiefs and moved ANC policy back to the right. The ANC under Seme has been described as being at "the nadir of influence". Relations with the CPSA soured when the ANC refused to support pass-burning demonstrations in
2124:
284:, concerned with protecting a moral and social order they correctly perceived to be under attack. Congress was intended to function first as a national forum to discuss the issues which affected 'the dark races of the subcontinent', and second as an organised pressure group. It planned to agitate for changes through 'peaceful propaganda', the election to legislative bodies of Congress sympathisers, through protests and enquiries, and finally, through 'passive action or continued movement' β a clear reference to the tactics which were being employed by
1458:, the police opened fire on an anti-pass demonstration organised by the PAC, killing 69 people and injuring 180 others. The PAC had organised its protest for that date in order to pre-empt the ANC's own anti-pass campaign, which was scheduled to begin later in March. In response to the massacre, the ANC declared a day of mourning and leaders publicly burned their passes in protest. The government declared a state of emergency and, on 8 April, both the ANC and the PAC were banned. They were not unbanned until February 1990, almost thirty years later.
2321:
198:, MK received a large influx of new recruits, who were used to escalate the armed struggle inside South Africa; ANC attacks, for the first time, killed large numbers of civilians. Yet even as the armed attacks continued, the ANC embarked upon secret talks about a possible negotiated settlement to end apartheid, beginning with a series of meetings with civil society and business leaders in the mid-1980s, and complemented by Mandela's own meetings with state officials during his imprisonment.
10284:
1199:
2375:
1433:. The Africanist bloc had generally opposed the Freedom Charter and the broader Congress Alliance, feeling that the influence of the latter had steered the ANC away from the African nationalism asserted in the 1949 Programme of Action, in favour of a new de facto policy of accommodating whites and communists. The complexity of the rationale for the bloc's opposition to multi-racialism is reflected in Sobukwe's opening address to the PAC's founding convention:
13010:
10931:
10172:
1023:
2881:, while dismissing the corruption charges against Zuma on a technicality, found that there was evidence of "political meddling" by Mbeki in Zuma's case. Nicholson's judgement was later overturned, but the Polokwane-elected NEC immediately called a special meeting and decided after 14 hours of debate that Mbeki should leave his office. The NEC, a party-political organ, had no legal authority to recall Mbeki directly, but the ANC-controlled
1888:
2649:
2664:. The deal is commonly associated with the large-scale corruption that is alleged to have taken place during and after the procurement process, and some critics have said that it was a defining moment or turning point for the ANC government, less than five years into its tenure. Arms Deal-related corruption allegations have provided a series of political scandals in the years since then, and in 2003 the ANC Chief Whip
441:
2520:
194:. Its exile was marked by an increasingly close alliance with the SACP, as well as by periods of significant unrest inside MK, including the Mkatashinga mutinies in 1983β84. Throughout these years, the ANC's central objective was the overthrow of apartheid, by means of the "Four Pillars": armed struggle; an internal underground; popular mobilisation; and international isolation of the apartheid regime. After the 1976
2928:
1253:. The new legislation made civil disobedience infeasible, and the ANC turned to other methods, including boycotts, demonstrations, and non-cooperation. The years following the Defiance Campaign were also notable for the ANC's renewed commitment to collaboration with other anti-apartheid groups. For example, in November 1952 in Johannesburg, the ANC and Indian Congress held a public meeting at which Tambo and
2060:
230:
1446:
Congress
Alliance. At the same time, Sobukwe argued that the role of a liberation movement was only to "show the light" to the masses, who by spontaneous action would "find their way", while the ANC leadership of the time tended towards a view on which it should take a more active role in directing and channeling the aspirations of the people. The ANC and PAC immediately became rivals.
2348:" in the violence. As early as 1990, the ANC's position was that the violence was "part of a deliberate attempt by the state and its allies to destabilise the ANC and to sow terror and chaos amongst our people". Such allegations have since been partially substantiated. Widespread ANC-IFP violence dissipated by 1996, although there were further localised conflicts in following years.
2543:(TRC), in 1995. In addition to testimony from individual members and leaders, the ANC made a detailed collective submission to the TRC. Providing evidence on the "just and irregular war for national liberation" it had conducted, the ANC, both in its submissions and in its oral testimony, acknowledged some abuses but emphasised that it had not intentionally sought to harm civilians.
2023:, which was staunchly opposed to the apartheid government, including in regional conflicts in Angola and Mozambique. Ellis has suggested that much of the Soviet support to the ANC came through the ANC's close relationship with the SACP, but, according to Vladimir Shubin, another historian, the ANC had βdirect accessβ to the Soviet leadership from the 1960s. In 1961, SACP leaders
1481:(SACP) β which included several ANC leaders, including Mandela and Sisulu β resolved that the Congress movement should reconsider its reliance on non-violence. In June 1961, Mandela presented a proposal to the ANC NEC, and then to the joint leadership of the Congress Alliance, which entailed a "turn to violence". Accordingly, later that year, a military body was formed, called
37:
396:, in 1943 the ANC's national conference signed the "African Claims" document. Notably, the document included demands for self-government and for black political rights, thus marking a shift in the ANC's objectives. Xuma proved willing to form tactical alliances with the CPSA β he chaired a joint CPSA-ANC anti-pass committee β and with the Indian Congresses (the
1126:
by younger people: the Tambos, Mandelas and so on... It was when those young people came into the ANC that there was transformation in so far as the ideology was concerned, because in the past the elderly people believed in demonstrations, reconciliation with the powers that be and so on. They weren't very much interested in action against the government.
1715:
1690:, his brother Ambrose, and at least one other member of the NEC. At a public gathering in 1975, Makiwane read out a statement which claimed that the SACP used the ANC as its "front organisation", and that a "non-African clique" had "hijacked the ANC" and was attempting "to substitute a class approach for the national approach to our struggle". The
2095:, continued secretly to engage with businessmen and government officials. However, the armed struggle continued, and within the ANC there was disagreement and perhaps uncertainty about the prudence of pursuing a peaceful settlement, a risky strategy if it alienated the ANC's constituency or resulted in a fruitless renouncement of armed struggle.
1778:. There was apparently some disagreement within the ANC (and within the ANC-MK-SACP bloc) as to whether MK attacks aimed to initiate an armed insurrection or only to weaken the apartheid government's position. Publicly, Tambo suggested the latter, telling the media in 1986 that the ANC's main objective was not "military victory but to force
2047:, including 36 million roubles for military supplies (including tens of thousands of guns), 12 million roubles for other supplies, and the rest for technical assistance and training. This financial and technical support continued well into 1990, with the relationship remaining close enough that Slovo and ANC Secretary-General
2959:
the nine provinces, with a significant jump in support in KwaZulu-Natal, Zuma's home province. However, the ANC conclusively lost the
Western Cape to the DA. This was due to its declining popularity among minority voters, especially coloured voters, who constitute a large proportion of the population of the Western Cape.
1871:. Cadres also objected to the conduct of Mbokodo. During the ensuing fights between the mutineers and loyalists, several MK members died, and others were arrested and detained in prison camps, some to be tried later by military tribunals. It has been called "the most shameful episode in the history of the ANC".
2924:, both of whom had been influential in the anti-apartheid struggle but had failed to gain election to the NEC at Polokwane. In the 2009 general elections, COPE won 7.42% of the national vote and 30 parliamentary seats, becoming the second largest opposition party less than six months after its establishment.
2139:
the Cold War, a growing economic crisis inside South Africa, mounting international pressure, and a sustained front of internal dissent. Unbanned, the ANC's exiled leaders were able to return to South Africa to establish overt structures and to participate in the negotiations. It had its new headquarters at
1741:
At last... the ANC has stopped blowing up walls. It's now doing the right thing. It can't make sense to continue blowing up pylons if we're going to get massacred for it and going to get hanged. It's not going to be possible for us to continue our action on the exclusive basis that no civilians shall
1727:
in South Africa saw thousands of students cross the borders to seek military training. According to one estimate, the ANC in exile expanded from 1,000 members in 1975 to 9,000 members in 1980, with most of the increase accounted for by new MK cadres. Most of the new recruits, beginning with the "June
1248:
ANC membership rose from around 7,000 to 100,000 over the course of the
Defiance Campaign. In late 1953, in response to this expansion β and anticipating further legal constraints on the ANC's activities β Mandela proposed a new organisational system, known as the "M Plan", under which branches would
1125:
t the time I first joined, the ANC was an organisation of teachers, intellectuals, clergymen β all the elite of
African society. Young people were not very much interested in the ANC. They felt it was an organisation of elderly people. As a result, the ANC never became progressive until it was joined
355:
from 1927, and in the same year announced that it planned to embark on a course of mass mobilisation, including by constructing local branch memberships. This did not fully materialise, but the ANC did support the CPSA-founded League of
African Rights, a body intended to agitate for various civil and
2588:
said that he was "taken aback" by this response, given that the findings had been based on the ANC's own "very substantial, full and frank submissions". Yet in a parliamentary debate on the report, the ANC argued that the TRC's findings acted "to delegitimise or criminalise a significant part of the
2228:
was elected secretary-general, reflecting the gradual merger that was taking place not only between the former wings of the ANC (that in exile, that underground, and that on Robben Island), but also between the ANC and other anti-apartheid groupings that had been influential inside the country while
1756:
MK guerrilla activity increased steadily over this period, with one estimate recording an increase from 23 incidents in 1977 to 136 incidents in 1985. By 1986, the most common type of incident was attacks on or clashes with the police, including black policemen; MK operatives also targeted community
1521:
resistance in the years prior to
Sharpeville, for separate reasons β especially to improve the ANC's international standing and to fulfil the demands of some of its constituents β and, controversially, have argued that ANC President Luthuli in fact remained staunchly opposed to the use of violence.
3070:
party (MK), named after the former armed wing of the ANC, was registered. The new party was launched in Soweto on 16 December 2023. At the launch South Africa's former
President Jacob Zuma said he could no longer vote or campaign for a Cyril Ramaphosa-led ANC, endorsing the newly registered party.
2458:
For the first time in the history of our country, we have under one roof, sharing the same vision and planning as equals, delegates from every sector of South
African society, including those who hold the highest offices in the land... we can proudly say to the founders: the country is in the hands
2364:
origin, risked her life so that we may know, and bring to justice, this assassin. The cold-blooded murder of Chris Hani has sent shock waves throughout the country and the world. Our grief and anger is tearing us apart... Any lack of discipline is trampling on the values that Chris Hani stood for.
2312:
and groups aligned to the ANC or to the UDF, which in turn was aligned to the ANC. Yet it is debatable how much control the ANC in exile had over its supporters inside South Africa during the 1980s. One historian argues that when Tambo encouraged South
Africans to render the country "ungovernable",
2196:
with addresses by Mandela and Tambo. This was the first official meeting between exiles, underground members, and formerly imprisoned members of the ANC, and it affirmed the composition of the NEC as elected at the 1985 Kabwe conference. Tambo had returned to South Africa from Lusaka the day before
2138:
unbanned the ANC and other illegal organisations and announced the beginning of formal negotiations for a peaceful settlement. Mandela was released shortly thereafter. These decisions by the apartheid regime have been attributed to a number of factors and combinations thereof, among them the end of
1915:
of MK. In 1987, NAT was put under the oversight of the President's Council, also known as the National Security Committee and chaired by Tambo, and the body previously known as "Political HQ" was replaced by the augmented Internal Political Committee, responsible for the ANC's political underground
1672:
The conference resolved to open membership of the ANC to non-blacks. Although the NEC remained open only to black members, the conference also established the powerful and multi-racial Revolutionary Council, on which MK and the SACP were well represented. The council, chaired by Tambo, oversaw both
2958:
In the 2009 elections, the ANC secured 65.9% of votes at the national level β still a comfortable win, but a loss of 15 seats from 2004 and the beginning of the gradual electoral decline ultimately undergone by the ANC between 2009 and 2018. At the provincial level, the ANC won control of eight of
2860:
By April 2007, it was clear that Mbeki intended to run for a third term as ANC President β although he was prohibited by the Constitution from standing again for the national presidency, the ANC has no such term limits internally. Some suspected that Mbeki intended to continue to exert substantial
2628:
of 1996, marked the end of the Government of National Unity. The ANC had campaigned for, and narrowly received, a two-thirds majority in the National Assembly, and it gained 14 additional seats. It performed markedly better in the Western Cape than it had in 1994, securing a plurality, but the NNP
1883:
James Stuart), to probe cadres' grievances. Its 1984 report, known as the Stuart report, found no evidence to substantiate rumours that enemy agents were responsible for the "disturbances", and made several recommendations for improving conditions in the camps. The report was not made public until
1833:
In 1980 and 1981, worsening relations between MK and the Zambian government β primarily due to a large undeclared weapons cache found by Zambian security forces on an ANC farm outside Lusaka β triggered a "panic" within the ANC leadership about poor discipline among MK members, first in Zambia and
1364:
and other economic sectors. According to Lodge, the ANC's endorsement of the charter reflected the changing character of its leadership and membership, who in 1955 were more likely to have legal, trade union, or non-professional backgrounds than the earlier generation of professional and religious
1088:
set about implementing apartheid, particularly through a series of laws which further restricted the civil, political, and economic rights and freedoms of non-white South Africans. This naturally wrought a significant shift in the agenda and approach of non-white political organisations, including
3085:
In 2024, the African National Congress (ANC) lost its parliamentary majority, although the ANC remained the largest party, receiving 40.18 percent of the vote. The Democratic Alliance (DA) received the second-highest number of votes (21.81 percent) followed by the new, Jacob Zuma-led, MK party
2726:
By 2002, there were widespread rumours of a rift between the ANC and the SACP, as well as tensions with the third Tripartite Alliance partner, COSATU, which held anti-privatisation protests in July of that year. At the centre of their disagreements was the economic policy of the Mbeki government,
2546:
In July 1996, Mandela fired Holomisa as deputy minister following his appearance before the commission; the next month, following internal disciplinary proceedings, he was expelled from the ANC for having brought the movement into disrepute. Holomisa had testified in May that that former Transkei
2070:
From the mid-1980s, mounting international and domestic pressure made the apartheid government's position appear increasingly unsustainable, and the attention of some ANC leaders turned to the prospect of negotiating with the South African government to end apartheid. From September 1985, the ANC
1445:
According to Lodge, another aspect of the disagreement concerned differing pictures of the ANC's role in mass mobilisation. The Africanists believed that a nationalist platform would be more effective at garnering a mass following than would the coalition of sectional interests represented by the
1342:
Suttner says of the charter, "Its strength lay at once in its being a statement of general freedoms found in most human rights documents and also in its speaking directly to the specific form of rights violation under apartheid." The content of the charter and the composition of the congress were
2560:
The TRC has grossly misdirected itself in its 'Findings on the Role of the African National Congress', through the pursuit of objectives which are contrary to the spirit and the intention of the Act under which it was established. These 'findings' show an extraordinary refusal on the part of the
2110:
of the NEC, secretly returned to South Africa after many years in exile. They also established a secret direct channel of communication between Tambo and Mandela, who, still imprisoned, was also in contact with the government on the ANC's behalf. When the police uncovered Vula in 1990, eight ANC
1493:
of the SACP. At this stage, MK was not yet an official ANC body, nor had it been directly established by the ANC NEC: it was considered an autonomous organisation, established and staffed by members of the SACP as well as the ANC. Importantly, this meant that MK membership was open to all races,
83:
Called the South African Native National Congress until 1923, the ANC was founded as a national discussion forum and organised pressure group, which sought to advance black South Africansβ rights at times using violent and other times diplomatic methods. Its early membership was a small, loosely
2576:
campaign during the 1980s and various bombings which harmed civilians; attacks on suspected collaborators or state witnesses; and the ill treatment, torture, and executions of ANC members in exile. It also assigned partial responsibility to the ANC for the political violence of the early 1990s,
2473:
in Bloemfontein, under the theme "From Resistance to Reconstruction and Nation-Building". Mandela was re-elected unopposed as ANC president, and Ramaphosa was re-elected unopposed as secretary-general. The composition of the rest of the top leadership changed, ushering in a younger generation β
1387:
included Mandela, Sisulu, Tambo, ANC President Luthuli, and most of the rest of the ANC's NEC. All the defendants were released or acquitted by 1961, but the protracted trial apparently led to the neglect of organisational and administrative duties by ANC leadership. However, the trial has been
2042:
In return, the organisation received substantial Soviet support. From 1962, ANC members identified as potential leaders were sent to the Soviet Union for academic and political training, and thousands of MK recruits were sent for basic and specialised military training in the Soviet Union over
1520:
The ANC's official rationale for initiating the armed struggle β that it had been an unavoidable and unanimous response to increased state repression β has since been complicated by historians. In particular, several have argued that some groups within the ANC had supported a strategy of armed
1351:
We, the People of South Africa, declare for all our country and the world to know: that South Africa belongs to all who live in it, black and white, and that no government can justly claim authority unless it is based on the will of all the people... And we pledge ourselves to strive together,
2530:
In the early 1990s, there was substantial media reporting on alleged abuses in MK camps in exile. The ANC set up two commissions of inquiry to investigate β the Skweyiya Commission, appointed in 1991, and the broader Motsuenyane Commission, appointed in 1993. Both reported substantial abuses,
1244:
found them guilty of βstatutory communismβ β it was clear that Moroka, for example, was not ideologically a communist β and suspended their sentences. However, Moroka had fallen out of favour with the ANC during the trial β he had pursued a separate legal defence and had publicly disowned the
2876:
Speculation abounded that Mbeki would resign from, or be pushed out from, the national presidency before the end of his term in April 2009. When the corruption charges against Zuma were reinstated, Mbeki was accused of orchestrating a political conspiracy. In September 2008, High Court Judge
1640:
of MK's "Luthuli Detachment" and was then in his mid-20s β they and five other cadres wrote a memorandum, known as the Hani memorandum, criticising the "wrong policies and personal failures" of the ANC leadership. The memorandum cited corruption, nepotism, and a misplaced focus on garnering
2620:
in December 1997. Mandela had since at least February 1995 made it clear that he intended to retire in 1999, and Mbeki was understood to be his preferred successor, with Mandela emphasising in the press that Mbeki had already assumed substantial responsibilities and was already "a de facto
2428:
still more narrowly. The result in KwaZulu-Natal came to be known as "negotiated", in the infamous phrase of an electoral officer β despite allegations of foul play, the ANC opted to accept the IFP's victory, probably in order to avert further violence in the province. In line with the
1667:
ur movement must reject all manifestations of militarism which separates armed people's struggle from its political context... The primacy of the political leadership is unchallenged and supreme and all revolutionary formations and levels (whether armed or not) are subordinate to this
2270:, we have to break down and destroy the old order. We have to make apartheid unworkable and our country ungovernable. The accomplishment of these tasks will create the situation for us to overthrow the apartheid regime and for power to pass into the hands of the people as a whole.
151:. This was one of two significant splits in the ANC on the basis of its racial policies β in 1975, the so-called Gang of Eight was expelled for objecting to the ANC's 1969 decision to open its membership to all races. The second major shift came when in March 1960, following the
2169:(COSATU). Like the SACP, COSATU had already been aligned to the ANC in prior years β in 1987, two years after it was founded, it and many of its affiliates had adopted the Freedom Charter. The membership and leadership of all three bodies also already overlapped significantly.
2201:
and the people of Zambia for hosting the ANC in exile. The conference also resolved that it would consider suspending negotiations if the state did not release all political prisoners, allow the return of all exiles, and repeal all repressive legislation before 30 April 1991.
2359:
Tonight I am reaching out to every single South African, black and white, from the very depths of my being. A white man, full of prejudice and hate, came to our country and committed a deed so foul that our whole nation now teeters on the brink of disaster. A white woman, of
2355:, who was by then an extremely popular figure in the ANC and an NEC member, led to an outbreak of violence. In an unprecedented televised address to the nation, Mandela delivered a plea for calm, which some remember as having prevented the spread of the unrest. Mandela said:
1685:
After 1969, a dissident Africanist faction, known as the "Gang of Eight" or "Group of Eight", objected to the influence given at Morogoro to non-Africans and the SACP. As their objections became more boisterous, they were expelled from the ANC in 1975. The group included
1352:
sparing neither strength nor courage, until the democratic changes here set out have been won... Let all who love their people and their country now say, as we say here: 'THESE FREEDOMS WE WILL FIGHT FOR, SIDE BY SIDE, THROUGHOUT OUR LIVES, UNTIL WE HAVE WON OUR LIBERTY.'
2830:, political prosecutions, and the ANC's relationship to its Tripartite Alliance partners. Allegations abounded that ANC politicians on both sides were abusing their state offices in service of the rivalry β in October 2005, for example, top Zuma-aligned officials in the
1817:
The ANC's national intelligence and security department (commonly known as NAT) had greatly expanded during the post-1976 influx of recruits, among whom the ANC worried there might be state agents and whom NAT screened. The security wing of NAT became known as Mbokodo
1761:
politicians, and attacked infrastructure instalments using landmines, limpet mines, and grenades. The ANC had maintained that any civilian casualties would be regrettable and unintended, but a number of civilians were killed in these attacks, including in the 1983
2687:
for corruption. In 2008, the ANC-controlled Parliament disbanded the unit, a decision which faced severe criticism and which at least some commentators have linked to its investigations into ANC politicians, especially in relation to the Arms Deal. In 2011, the
1979:
classified the ANC as a terrorist organisation, noting that, though it publicly denied targeting civilians, it had been responsible for civilian deaths. Neither the ANC nor Mandela were removed from the U.S. terror watch list until 2008. U.K. Prime Minister
2826:), he retained the ANC deputy presidency, after a brief suspension during the rape trial. An intense rivalry developed between him and Mbeki, with internal factions developing around each. Key points of contention between the two groups reportedly included
2043:
subsequent decades. Between 1979 and 1989, at Tambo's request came to Angola to lead training programmes at the MK camps. According to the Russian government, between 1963 and 1990, the Soviet Union provided the ANC with assistance worth about 61 million
1322:
proposed a national convention which would represent all groups of South African society and could "draw up a Freedom Charter for the democratic South Africa of the future". The next month, the ANC national conference endorsed this proposal, and the
1537:
operations", a position endorsed by the ANC's national conference in October 1962. Yet sabotage attacks, not guerrilla warfare, remained the primary activity of MK, with about 200 such attacks taking place between December 1961 and December 1964.
2788:, the ANC gained 13 seats in the National Assembly. It retained its plurality in both KwaZulu-Natal and the Western Cape, as well as its majority in the other provinces. In the Western Cape, it formed a coalition with the NNP to exclude the new
2633:
formed a coalition, blocking ANC control of the province. The ANC likewise gained a plurality in KwaZulu-Natal and became the senior party in a provincial coalition with the IFP, and it comfortably retained control of the other seven provinces.
2885:
would have had the authority to do so. Mbeki decided to accede and resign in order to avoid a protracted and high-profile battle in Parliament. About a third of his cabinet also resigned, in protest of the NEC's decision. Mbeki was replaced by
2571:
The TRC's five-volume report, published in 1998, recognised the ANC as a major victim of gross human rights abuses during apartheid, but also as a perpetrator of the same. Specifically, the TRC highlighted three categories of ANC actions: its
2981:, the ANC again secured a majority of the votes, but a notably reduced majority. In 2016, the DA was able to take control over several key municipalities, including Johannesburg and Pretoria. The ANC also lost votes to the newly established
7366:
5427:
1910:
These changes at Kabwe followed an organisational restructuring in 1983, which had replaced the Revolutionary Council with the Politico-Military Council, established various Regional Politico-Military Committees, and formalised the
1546:
After its banning in April 1960, the ANC was driven underground. In the following years, many of its leaders were banned or arrested, including Mandela in 1962 and much of the rest of MK's top leadership in 1963 during the raid on
2792:(DA). In the aftermath of the elections, the NNP, which had performed very poorly β and which had in 2000 attempted a failed merger with the DA β announced that it would disband and that its members would join the ANC during the
308:
campaign and supported striking municipal workers and mineworkers. The pass laws were a consistent target of the Congress over its first few decades, as those laws were gradually extended and entrenched, such as through the 1923
2224:, the ANC elected a new NEC and top leadership. Tambo had stepped down after 24 years as president following a stroke; Mandela was elected to replace him, and Sisulu was elected his deputy. Notably, influential trade unionist
2071:
hosted in Lusaka and Harare several formal deputations from South African civil and labour groups, presumably with an eye to building partnerships and discussing aspects of a potential settlement. These groups included the
1173:
and called for the use of grassroots and mass mobilisation techniques β such as strikes, stay-aways, and boycotts β which in the past had been used successfully by other groups, such as the CPSA, but not by the ANC itself.
1838:
abuse, drunk driving, and a general element of ill discipline, as when in 1981 a group of MK members refused to transfer from Zambia to Angola because they perceived the Angolan camps as a place of punishment ("the ANC's
1528:
attacks, beginning on 16 December 1961 with a wave of bombings against government installations which were (at the instruction of the High Command) unoccupied. In May 1962, a memorandum co-authored by Mandela, Tambo, and
2621:
President". The conference was reportedly preceded by significant political manoeuvring and compromise-brokering, in an effort by the top leadership to ensure that Mandela's succession did not lead to internal conflict.
1587:. Tambo, who had been directed to set up the external mission in March 1960, thus became the ANC's de facto leader, and when Luthuli died in 1967 he became acting ANC President. From 1963, MK training was organised in
369:
A just and permanent peace will be possible only if the claims of all classes, colours and races for sharing and for full participation in the educational, political and economic activities are granted and recognised.
5497:
408:. On 9 March 1947, the ANC signed a co-operation agreement, the so-called "Three Doctors' Pact", with the Indian Congresses. By that year, the ANC had swelled to a record 5,517 members, more than half of them in the
5835:
3044:
In 2019, ANC won parliamentary election, but with a reduced majority. The ANC received 58% of the vote, ahead of the Democratic Alliance (DA) with 21%. The radical left-wing Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF), led by
2659:
In December 1999, following several years of planning and negotiations during the Mandela presidency, the ANC-led government signed R30-billion in defence procurement contracts, under what is commonly known as the
1722:
From the mid-1970s, conditions for an armed struggle improved: Angola and Mozambique achieved independence in 1975, allowing the ANC to set up facilities considerably closer to the home front, and, from 1976, the
1631:
with joint Rhodesian and South African security forces, a majority of the MK operatives involved were killed or imprisoned. When two veterans of the Wankie campaign returned from prison in Botswana β one of them
1619:, the MK rank-and-file reportedly grew frustrated with the paucity of its operational activity inside South Africa. In 1967 and 1968, MK launched the Wankie and Sipolilo campaigns, both joint campaigns with the
2411:
were held between 26 and 29 April 1994. As widely expected, the ANC, running alongside its Tripartite Alliance partners, won comfortably, gaining 62.65% of the national vote and 252 of the 400 seats in the new
1938:
position and calling for the ANC to revise the strategy underlying its armed struggle. They argued that the armed struggle should aim to elicit mass participation in overthrowing apartheid and bringing about a
2441:
and first democratically elected president, and Mbeki was his deputy. The National Party installed De Klerk as a second deputy president, having narrowly achieved the requisite 20% share of the national vote.
1993:
We draw immense satisfaction and inspiration from the fact that the Soviet Union is resolved to contribute everything within its possibilities and, within the context of our own requests, to assist the ANC,
1874:
Between the mutiny at Viana and a second only months later at the Pango camp, the ANC appointed the Commission of Inquiry into Recent Developments in the People's Republic of Angola, chaired by MK commissar
3190:
In July 2024, South Africa's and ANCΒ΄s former President Jacob Zuma was expelled from the African National Congress (ANC), because of campaigning for a rival party (MK party) in the 29 May general election.
1494:
during a period in which ANC membership remained open only to black Africans. This non-racial membership policy remained in place after the ANC had formally recognised MK as its armed wing in October 1962.
1343:
both explicitly multi-racial, even as the individual groups present were separated along racial lines. Famously, part of it reads (with a crucial phrase later included in the preamble to the post-apartheid
2589:
struggle of our people for liberation". A popular ANC talking point was that seeking to equate the actions of the ANC with the actions of the apartheid state was an acceptable form of βmoral equivalence".
348:. For another example of decentralisation, membership was officially open only to black men (with women allowed to join only from 1943), but the practice appears to have been different at the local level.
4202:
2335:
The political violence worsened during the transition to democracy between 1990 and 1994, with as many as 14,000 or 15,000 people killed during that period. Significant confrontations included the 1992
4545:
1998:
and the peoples of our region to achieve these objectives... the Soviet Union is acting neither out of consideration of selfish interest nor with a desire to establish a so-called sphere of influence.
6737:
5902:
4314:
8890:
2486:. The conference endorsed a substantive restructuring of the organisation for the post-apartheid era, and it reaffirmed several central policies, including the 1992 Ready to Govern policy, the 1994
7869:
5022:
1579:). Thus from around 1963, the ANC effectively abandoned much of even its underground presence inside South Africa and operated almost entirely from its external mission, with headquarters first in
7358:
1165:. At the ANC's 38th National Conference in December 1949 in Bloemfontein, in a "remarkable putsch", the Youth League successfully campaigned for the replacement of incumbent ANC President Xuma by
8508:
6184:
1245:
Defiance Campaign and the ANC's objective of racial equality. In December 1952, Luthuli, who had risen to prominence during the Defiance Campaign, beat Moroka in a vote to become ANC President.
1169:, as well as for the instalment of Sisulu as Secretary-General and for six seats on the ANC NEC. The League tabled a broad and systematic Programme of Action. The Programme explicitly advocated
143:
At the turn of the decade, a series of significant events in quick succession changed the course of the movement. First, in 1959, a group of dissidents broke away from the ANC to form the rival
1822:), and by 1980 Tambo was concerned that it was suppressing ideological disagreement and alienating the rank-and-file. There were later widespread allegations that dissident MK cadres had faced
8159:
6706:
5409:
2478:
won the national chairmanship in a landslide. The expanded NEC contained several figures from the internal struggle against apartheid β the candidate who received the most votes was former
7830:
7626:
5804:
5129:
1499:
It was only when all else had failed, when all channels of peaceful protest had been barred to us, that the decision was made to embark on violent forms of political struggle, and to form
1396:, who were also charged). Mandela later joked that the detention of the defendants in communal cells enabled "the largest and longest unbanned meeting of the Congress Alliance in years".
8686:
280:
These were men who retained close ties with the African aristocracy, the rural chieftaincy, who, while anxious to promote the general advancement and 'upliftment of the race', were also
2584:
When it received advance notice of the TRC's findings, the ANC sought to interdict the report's publication, and many of its leaders subsequently rejected the findings. TRC Chairperson
5864:
256:
hymns were sung at the founding meeting. The Congress's membership at this early stage has been described as comprising an "elite" of black South African society, especially including
3544:
3093:
support for the ruling ANC party significantly declined, the ANC lost the parliamentary majority that it had held since the inaugural post-apartheid election in 1994, which required
1742:
be killed. That is implicit in our idea of intensifying the struggle... People are very resentful and feel they want to hurt... They somehow felt the ANC had been denying them this.
1217:, inspired by a 1946β48 resistance campaign organised by the Indian Congresses and in turn inspired by campaigns led by Gandhi earlier in the century. This joint campaign became the
7098:
7991:
10037:
9574:
1240:
In July 1952, 20 or 21 non-white leaders of the campaign, including Mandela, Sisulu, and ANC President Moroka, were charged with violating the Suppression of Communism Act. Judge
6888:
2313:
he was "trying to place the ANC at the head of an unfolding social revolution". On the practice of necklacing, which received international condemnation, ANC Secretary-General
344:. Such influences had additional scope to operate locally in the early Congress, which was significantly decentralised: the national organisation met only once annually, at the
7336:
3025:
In February 2018, Cyril Ramaphosa was elected as the new president of South Africa, following resignation of Jacob Zuma to finish Zumaβs term until general elections in 2019.
12819:
7565:
304:
intervention in South Africa to protect the rights of black South Africans. Thereafter, however, its posture changed slightly: in 1919 and 1920, it became involved in an anti-
6992:
5487:
2728:
10032:
8584:"The road to the Mangaung (Bloemfontein) National Elective Conference of the African National Congress in December 2012: A political challenge to the Jacob Zuma presidency?"
8560:
5451:
4445:
3200:
2810:
Although both Mbeki and Zuma were reappointed after the 2004 election, on 14 June 2005 Mbeki removed Zuma from his post as deputy president. This followed the conviction of
1098:
5827:
7405:
7306:
4047:
2908:
In response to Polokwane and to Mbeki's "recall", a group of pro-Mbeki ANC members broke away and in November 2008 announced the foundation of a new political party, the
10967:
10027:
6245:
6959:
17:
7687:
1477:
Following the Sharpeville massacre, the ANC abandoned its policy of exclusively non-violent resistance. In December 1960, the reconstituted CPSA underground, now the
11597:
10210:
10010:
10004:
9998:
9992:
9986:
9980:
9974:
9968:
3060:
3009:
2862:
2805:
2736:
2613:
2470:
2451:
2217:
2211:
2102:, through which the ANC would seek to re-establish an armed underground and political leadership inside South Africa. Through Operation Vula, ANC leaders, including
7534:
2869:, in December 2007, Zuma won the ANC presidency, and a slate of Zuma-aligned candidates won other top leadership positions. No fewer than eleven members of Mbeki's
8128:
1094:
412:. This represented a larger and more informal following than the ANC had had in the past, attracted in particular by large mass meetings it had begun to organise.
4859:
10888:
8189:
6675:
4183:
2861:
influence over the government through his ANC office. Zuma, with the support of the SACP and COSATU, emerged as a challenger to Mbeki in the run-up to the ANC's
405:
6614:
2890:, who had been elected ANC deputy president at Polokwane. Motlanthe led what was viewed as an interim or caretaker administration while Zuma campaigned for the
3394:
2909:
2903:
1691:
4537:
12386:
6729:
5882:
4306:
7899:
1257:
called for the establishment of an anti-apartheid organisation open to whites and able to coordinate with the Congresses. This led to the foundation of the
9952:
8219:
7861:
6440:
3524:
2551:, then an ANC cabinet minister, had accepted a "gift" of R50,000 in 1987 in relation to the Transkei government's decision to grant a gambling monopoly to
345:
206:
5014:
2985:, which became South Africa's third biggest party. Congress of the People (COPE) lost almost all of its support and managed to receive 0,67% of the vote.
1867:), the revolt was triggered by cadres' demand that they be sent to fight the apartheid state in South Africa, rather than to fight further battles in the
1339:, a document based on demands articulated during a process of mass participation and which became a fundamental document for the anti-apartheid struggle.
10893:
9632:
8849:
2317:
said in 1986, "Whatever the people decide to use to eliminate those enemy elements is their decision. If they decide to use necklacings, we support it."
1700:, under the title "The Enemy Hidden Under the Same Colour", comparing the group to the Africanist faction which had broken away to form the PAC in 1959.
1687:
9112:
8500:
7929:
6176:
11844:
11548:
9090:
8476:
4414:
2540:
2514:
7246:
6151:
2735:. Relatedly, the ANC and SACP complained that they were being marginalised by Mbeki's increasingly centralised administration. Nonetheless, the ANC's
2561:
Commission to locate itself in the context of the circumstances which related to the struggle against apartheid, both within and outside the country.
13034:
12989:
12923:
8454:
8280:
1975:
condemned acts of "calculated terror" by elements of the ANC, which he said were "creating the conditions for racial war". Two years later, the U.S.
7808:
7778:
6644:
6206:
12996:
10531:
8249:
6926:
6059:
2796:
period. This followed a 2002 cooperation agreement between the ANC and NNP, which had seen two NNP members appointed as national deputy ministers.
2292:", which had played a significant role in heightening the internal pressure on the regime to begin negotiations, had also led to the rise of local
1405:
551:
8151:
7960:
7014:
6698:
4821:
1141:
While the state was introducing formal apartheid, the ANC was itself changing by virtue of the rise of a younger generation of activists from the
508:
12491:
11764:
11555:
10960:
10426:
8757:
8726:
8663:
7838:
7748:
7618:
5531:
5118:
2365:
Those who commit such acts serve only the interests of the assassins, and desecrate his memory... We will not be provoked into any rash actions.
11262:
8633:
5796:
12805:
12784:
12645:
11562:
10470:
8422:
6332:
5061:
4336:
2743:
in 2002 proceeded without contest, although in an address to delegates Mbeki was scathing about the detrimental influence of "ultra-leftists".
2084:
8927:
7052:
4077:
2814:
on corruption charges, with the court finding that Shaik had made corrupt payments to Zuma in relation to the Arms Deal. Zuma was replaced by
2192:
In December 1990 in Johannesburg, the ANC held a third national consultative conference, its first inside the country, followed by a rally in
384:
However, amid a surge of trade union activity in the 1940s, the ANC experienced a revival and moderate radicalisation under President-General
12407:
11757:
10574:
10203:
10052:
5856:
2865:. This resulted in the party's first contested presidential election since that which had deposed Moroka in 1952. At the conference, held in
2254:
2112:
518:
333:
202:
10263:
7595:
3552:
1971:
For much of its time in exile, the ANC was treated with hostility by the United States and United Kingdom. In a 1986 speech, U.S. President
1615:
In its early years of exile, while MK focused on training its recruits and re-establishing an organisational structure under the command of
12323:
12239:
11694:
11673:
10515:
10295:
9138:
6028:
4933:
3786:
2176:
1108:
During the 1950s, while the ANC intensified its domestic programme of protest action, it also began calling in the international arena for
503:
9030:
12777:
11643:
11604:
10042:
9161:
8696:
7983:
7276:
7177:
2831:
2754:, became overt supporters of Zuma in his burgeoning rivalry with Mbeki. Further criticisms from the left targeted the Mbeki government's
2555:. Deputy President Mbeki argued that Holomisa should not have made the allegation public without discussing it with the ANC beforehand.
2434:
8399:
7718:
13014:
12456:
11812:
11433:
10953:
8603:
7657:
6896:
6309:
5739:
2531:
especially by NAT. In 1993, while accepting the findings of the Motsuenyane Commission, the ANC repeated an earlier call by NEC member
1775:
1425:
In April 1959, in an escalation of longstanding ideological tensions, a group of young Africanists broke away from the ANC to form the
163:(MK), which was to become the ANC's military wing. Announcing the beginning of an armed struggle against apartheid, MK embarked upon a
5603:
12840:
12701:
12624:
11914:
10873:
10382:
8891:"Economic Freedom Fighters became South Africa's third largest political party in just 10 years. What's behind its electoral success"
7328:
4817:
Further submissions and responses by the African National Congress to questions raised by the Commission for Truth and Reconciliation
4152:
2284:
Political violence inside South Africa, often involving ANC supporters, had escalated throughout the 1980s. The campaign to make the
1602:
453:
7557:
1097:
on several ANC members and leaders, limiting their political activity and freedom of movement. Eleven of the 27 members of the 1952
12770:
12505:
11837:
10868:
10507:
10196:
6984:
2612:, Mbeki was elected national president, with Zuma as his deputy. Mbeki had ascended to the ANC presidency, unopposed, at the ANC's
2503:
2491:
2487:
2197:
the conference began β after over three decades in exile β and the conference endorsed a message of gratitude to Zambian President
2080:
1109:
608:
8964:
8552:
5773:
4437:
4234:
1641:
international support over fighting on the home (South African) front; and it specifically named Modise and ANC Secretary-General
12763:
12610:
12568:
12316:
12197:
11780:
11315:
11253:
10564:
10390:
9625:
8787:
8361:
3138:
3094:
2746:
The rift in the Tripartite Alliance worsened later in Mbeki's presidency, especially once SACP and COSATU's general secretaries,
1620:
1249:
be divided into "cells", each centred around a single street and headed by a steward. It was most effectively implemented in the
993:
1177:
Thus from 1950 the ANC began to participate more consistently in mass-based action. In 1950, the ANC, under Moroka, supported a
360:
in 1930, and the (short-lived) Independent ANC was formed in a split by dissidents from the left-leaning region that is now the
321:, developed only years earlier in South Africa, the Congress protested the pass laws through a (somewhat sporadic) programme of
182:. It remained in exile until it was unbanned in 1990. For most of this period, the ANC was led by Tambo, headquartered first in
104:, that the ANC became a mass-based organisation. In 1952, the ANC's membership swelled during the uncharacteristically militant
12861:
12826:
12344:
11541:
10686:
10337:
10154:
10047:
8997:
7389:
7298:
5093:
4039:
3050:
2978:
2839:
2230:
2166:
2076:
1142:
909:
658:
643:
6237:
1383:, with the text of the Freedom Charter considered important evidence for the charges. The initial defendants in the resulting
12735:
12302:
11396:
10691:
9583:
9563:
9548:
9533:
9509:
9491:
9476:
9461:
9446:
9431:
9413:
9398:
9374:
9356:
9332:
9317:
9302:
9287:
9272:
9257:
9239:
9221:
8538:
8347:
8091:
7399:
7142:
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6948:
6396:
6145:
5971:
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5055:
4520:
4377:
4278:
4196:
4135:
3966:
3918:
3852:
3720:
3121:
with the support of the parties who then formed part of the GNU. A further six parties subsequently joined the GNU to form a
1331:, in June 1955. The alliance of the groups present at the congress, which endured long afterwards, later became known as the
8097:
7428:
7215:
7148:
6402:
5977:
5935:
4383:
4284:
3924:
3858:
3726:
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12742:
12652:
12274:
10464:
9049:
8818:
8312:
7679:
6102:
2689:
683:
463:
5356:"Nuclear terrorism in Africa: The ANC's Operation Mac and the attack on the Koeberg Nuclear Power Station in South Africa"
13039:
12888:
12833:
12749:
12596:
12260:
11823:
11490:
11460:
10552:
7526:
3090:
3080:
3039:
2974:
2968:
2953:
2891:
2785:
2779:
2609:
2603:
2430:
2408:
2402:
2036:
1925:
1258:
1066:
1052:
563:
468:
210:
8120:
7131:
Fullard, Madeleine; Rousseau, Nicky (2003). "An imperfect past: The Truth and Reconciliation Commission in transition".
5252:
155:, the ANC was banned, marking the beginning of a period of escalating state repression. Forced underground, the ANC and
12847:
12812:
12756:
12281:
12246:
11935:
11384:
11373:
10802:
10487:
10432:
10176:
9618:
6667:
6083:"The Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU) and the Tripartite Alliance : a marriage of (in)convenience?"
3148:
3098:
3067:
2789:
2701:
1090:
1026:
593:
8181:
2245:. When the UDF formally disbanded the next month, the ANC was to absorb still more of its former leaders and members.
1503:. We did so not because we desired such a course, but solely because the Government had left us with no other choice.
12631:
12498:
12477:
12435:
11977:
11650:
10935:
10918:
10611:
10482:
8946:
8427:
6606:
3164:
2417:
2413:
1976:
1426:
1158:
668:
638:
144:
8908:
5642:"The Soviet Union/Russian Federation's Relations with South Africa, with Special Reference to the Period since 1980"
1789:
engaged in a number of raids and bombings on ANC bases in the countries neighbouring South Africa, such as the 1981
12561:
12400:
11569:
11483:
11426:
10626:
10458:
10119:
9597:
8045:
6584:
3648:
3110:
1674:
983:
613:
137:
7504:
6801:
6525:
5449:
Cleveland, Todd (2005). ""We Still Want the Truth": The ANC's Angolan Detention Camps and Post-Apartheid Memory".
5332:
2706:
2039:. Tambo himself visited Moscow in April 1963, and in subsequent years the ANC sent regular delegations to Moscow.
1984:
also called the ANC a terrorist organisation in 1987, although the ANC continued to maintain its London office in
1732:
oil refinery complex, causing damage estimated at R66 million. Likewise, a 1982 special operations bombing of the
12791:
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12351:
12337:
12309:
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11520:
10903:
10476:
10327:
7891:
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5208:
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2051:
were reportedly in Moscow when the South African government announced Mandela's release and the ANC's unbanning.
1599:, "it is no exaggeration to say that the ANC was in danger of extinction inside South Africa" during this period.
1361:
973:
598:
493:
337:
11729:
10238:
8211:
2165:
was established in mid-1990, comprising the ANC (recognised as the Alliance leader), the SACP, and the powerful
1959:
12540:
12449:
12204:
11963:
10357:
4898:"After Morogoro: the continuing crisis in the African National Congress (of South Africa) in Zambia, 1969β1971"
4762:
Suttner, Raymond (2010). "'The Road to Freedom is via the Cross' 'Just Means' in Chief Albert Luthuli's Life".
4740:
3489:
3184:
2680:
1947:
within the ANC in 1981 β the ideology of which was anonymously condemned as "economistic and workerist" in the
1572:
1388:
interpreted as cementing the ties among Congress Alliance members (and with several communist leaders, such as
663:
8841:
300:
calls "the politics of petitioning". For example, in 1914 and 1919, it sent delegations to Britain to request
12694:
12680:
12603:
12484:
12442:
12421:
12295:
11858:
11504:
11226:
10268:
10159:
10089:
9116:
7921:
7800:
7211:
Dis-placing Race: The South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) and Interpretations of Violence
2870:
2819:
2793:
1733:
1478:
1324:
1303:
1073:
816:
693:
678:
653:
156:
97:
11736:
9602:
8486:
4406:
2827:
2437:, intended to function as a transitional power-sharing mechanism. Mandela became South Africa's first black
1233:, while the Criminal Law Amendment Act punished civil disobedience with a three-year prison sentence and/or
12958:
12902:
12728:
12617:
12589:
12526:
12218:
12076:
10502:
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10332:
10273:
10233:
7238:
6125:
3019:
2878:
2391:
1344:
958:
573:
11743:
8446:
8272:
6637:"A Cruel Attempt to Kill Progress: Chris Hani assassination must not be allowed to derail S. Africa talks"
1659:
In response to the Hani memorandum and other signs of "crisis" in the MK ranks, Tambo called the landmark
12895:
12798:
12673:
12582:
12428:
11787:
10908:
10878:
10795:
10716:
7770:
6636:
2352:
2289:
1944:
1786:
1241:
831:
673:
618:
528:
523:
8241:
6918:
6051:
12365:
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11794:
11750:
11527:
11405:
11304:
10848:
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10621:
10372:
10352:
10342:
9698:
9680:
7952:
7022:
6214:
4815:
3242:
3224:
3172:
2882:
2345:
2140:
1771:
533:
214:
8749:
8718:
8655:
7740:
6429:"The Microdynamics of Conflict Escalation : The Case of ANC-IFP Fighting in South Africa in 1990"
6272:"Political Mobilisation and Rise of the Culture of Violence in South Africa Exploring the Root Causes"
5704:"Whose Liberation? A Partly-Forgotten Left Critique of ANC Strategy and Its Contemporary Implications"
5523:
2849:
861:
296:
The Congress did indeed have moderate objectives and methods during its early years, engaging in what
12909:
12547:
12379:
12372:
12330:
12044:
11991:
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3144:
3118:
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2759:
2523:
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1934:
and three others were suspended from the ANC on the basis of papers they had published, supporting a
1596:
781:
628:
623:
603:
578:
558:
397:
310:
218:
65:
10283:
6340:
5045:
4344:
3187:, although the UAT withdrew on 12 July 2024 after it did not receive any positions in the Cabinet.
2416:. It also won control of all nine provinces but two: the National Party, later reconstituted as the
1356:
In addition to its claims to civil and political equality, the charter incorporated demands for the
12721:
11984:
11636:
10883:
10858:
10646:
10526:
10443:
10347:
10219:
8432:
7044:
4069:
2843:
2676:
968:
588:
4182:
Crawford, N.; Klotz, A. (28 January 1999). "Appendix: Chronology of Sanctions Against Apartheid".
1533:
referred to the MK sabotage attacks as "the first phase of a comprehensive plan for the waging of
791:
12358:
12253:
12120:
11970:
11851:
11583:
11366:
11276:
10898:
10728:
9903:
9686:
9668:
7587:
4705:"Albert Luthuli's private struggle: how an icon of peace came to accept sabotage in South Africa"
3504:
3484:
3442:
3230:
3212:
3056:
In May 2019, Cyril Ramaphosa was sworn in for a new five-year term as South Africa's president.
3022:. Zuma was forced to step down as the leader of the party because of the corruption allegations.
2661:
2643:
2314:
2048:
1940:
1226:
1045:
998:
766:
352:
265:
10248:
9139:"Statement by President Cyril Ramaphosa on the appointment of members of the national executive"
3758:
2035:
to outline the party's plans to launch an armed struggle, and secured the support of the ruling
1379:
In December 1956, 156 prominent figures in the Congress Alliance were arrested and charged with
1076:, which would not be voted out for the next 46 years. The party had campaigned on a platform of
11928:
11893:
11095:
10671:
10400:
10258:
3160:
2815:
1623:. The campaigns, which aimed to infiltrate MK cadres back into South Africa through Zambia and
698:
389:
249:
7268:
7171:
3759:"The African National Congress in South Africa, 1976β1983: Guerrilla War and armed propaganda"
1410:
328:
The 1920s were notable in South Africa for what has been characterised as intensive growth in
12463:
12393:
12288:
12183:
12037:
11687:
11467:
11380:
11175:
10995:
10843:
10828:
10636:
10542:
10317:
8383:
8080:
Gevisser, Mark (2007). "Thabo Mbeki, Jacob Zuma, and the Future of the South African Dream".
7710:
3156:
3102:
2873:, as well as several other stalwarts of the movement, failed to gain re-election to the NEC.
2823:
2421:
2328:
2309:
2111:
leaders were charged with terrorism, causing a major scandal at an early phase of the formal
1763:
1748:
1070:
963:
953:
648:
568:
513:
401:
322:
289:
245:
45:
8583:
7649:
2770:
nationalist party, no longer representative of the interests of the poor and working class.
12211:
12097:
11865:
11801:
11534:
11297:
11290:
11242:
11025:
10788:
10134:
10104:
9692:
9016:"ANC conference: South Africa's President Cyril Ramaphosa defies scandal to win party vote"
6475:
5591:
5559:
3494:
3236:
2714:
2341:
2324:
2266:
Our own tasks are very clear. To bring about the kind of society that is visualised in the
1827:
1568:
1513:
1455:
930:
731:
688:
538:
478:
409:
273:
201:
The ANC was unbanned on 2 February 1990, and its leaders returned to South Africa to begin
175:
152:
6889:"Political Report of the NEC, to the 49th National Conference by President Nelson Mandela"
4160:
2172:
2087:. Also in 1985, the ANC met with a group of prominent businessmen, led by the chairman of
1489:). Mandela was its first commander-in-chief and its High Command also included Sisulu and
1157:
and was known for its "Africanist" ideology, closely resembling that later adopted by the
1089:
the ANC. Of immediate significance to the ANC (and to the CPSA, which was banned) was the
8:
12666:
12638:
12512:
12030:
12023:
11956:
11921:
11872:
11352:
11159:
10781:
10661:
10606:
10584:
10312:
10253:
10144:
9962:
6428:
5657:
5492:
5178:
4661:
2683:, which also, in a highly politicised trial, prosecuted the National Police Commissioner
2578:
2536:
2162:
2156:
1767:
1660:
1654:
1170:
1008:
329:
77:
8871:
6479:
5766:"The U.S. Government Had Nelson Mandela on Terrorist Watch Lists Until 2008. Here's Why"
5372:
5355:
2539:
during apartheid. The ANC-led Government of National Unity established such a body, the
2300:. ANC-aligned groups sometimes executed opponents and suspected collaborators, often by
11359:
10760:
10734:
9704:
8691:
8353:
8037:
7496:
7488:
6869:
6793:
6576:
6517:
6509:
6301:
5765:
5731:
5669:
5595:
5587:
5468:
5316:
5200:
4984:
4925:
4852:
Houston, Gregory; Ralinala, Rendani Moses (2004). "The Wankie and Sipolilo Campaigns".
4779:
4732:
4673:
4267:
Lodge, Tom (1983). "The creation of a mass movement: strikes and defiance, 1950-1952".
4228:
4021:
3640:
3248:
3168:
3152:
3106:
2838:, an Mbeki ally. There were some disputes on the branch level during the run-up to the
2577:
especially through its role in arming self-defence units without establishing adequate
2337:
2088:
1384:
1374:
1230:
1214:
1162:
1081:
1038:
473:
424:
385:
376:
129:
109:
8779:
8357:
8335:
3059:
In December 2022, President Cyril Ramaphosa was re-elected as the ANC's leader in the
716:
240:
The organisation was founded as the South African Native National Congress (SANNC) in
12944:
12930:
12267:
12083:
11907:
11497:
11087:
11017:
10833:
10753:
10109:
10084:
9915:
9805:
9579:
9559:
9544:
9529:
9505:
9487:
9472:
9457:
9442:
9427:
9409:
9406:
The ANC's War Against Apartheid: Umkhonto We Sizwe and the Liberation of South Africa
9394:
9370:
9352:
9328:
9313:
9298:
9283:
9268:
9253:
9235:
9217:
8595:
8534:
8391:
8343:
8087:
8029:
7500:
7480:
7395:
7138:
7090:
7080:
6861:
6785:
6568:
6501:
6392:
6305:
6293:
6276:
6141:
6020:
5967:
5927:
5894:
5735:
5723:
5661:
5599:
5579:
5472:
5417:
5377:
5324:
5308:
5192:
5051:
4988:
4976:
4929:
4917:
4853:
4783:
4736:
4724:
4665:
4617:
4516:
4491:
4373:
4274:
4192:
4131:
4013:
3972:
3962:
3914:
3848:
3778:
3716:
3632:
3628:
3499:
3454:
3345:
2887:
2008:
1981:
1912:
1868:
1790:
1709:
1696:
1576:
1534:
1500:
1482:
1472:
1332:
1313:
1218:
1193:
919:
633:
160:
133:
105:
10945:
10243:
9424:
Comrades Against Apartheid: The ANC & the South African Communist Party in Exile
9362:
6873:
6521:
6355:
5241:"The other armies: A brief historical overview of Umkhonto We Sizwe (MK), 1961-1994"
5087:
12868:
12232:
11942:
11722:
11412:
11167:
11135:
11071:
10863:
10722:
10559:
10438:
9569:
9367:
The Founders: The Origins of the ANC and the Struggle for Democracy in South Africa
8018:"COSATU, the SACP and the ANC post-Polokwane: Looking Left but does it Feel Right?"
7472:
6851:
6777:
6560:
6549:"Reassessing transition violence: voices from South Africa's township wars, 1990-4"
6491:
6483:
6367:
6285:
6133:
6094:
6012:
5715:
5653:
5571:
5460:
5367:
5300:
5182:
5174:
4968:
4909:
4771:
4716:
4657:
4607:
4597:
4483:
4003:
3770:
3624:
2994:
2921:
2474:
notably, Sisulu declined to stand for re-election and was replaced by Mbeki, while
2459:
of the people; the tree of liberty is firmly rooted in the soil of the motherland!
2305:
1931:
1855:, Angola, unrest broke out on such a scale that it is generally characterised as a
1802:
1798:
1794:
1628:
871:
821:
751:
393:
9391:
Spear of the Nation: Umkhonto weSizwe: South Africaβs Liberation Army, 1960sβ1990s
2755:
2123:
12190:
12104:
11998:
11666:
11590:
11511:
11235:
11119:
11111:
11103:
11079:
10823:
10709:
10676:
10631:
10592:
10521:
10094:
9909:
9873:
9811:
9763:
9746:
9674:
9186:
9068:
9015:
8982:
8081:
7440:
7209:
7132:
6386:
5961:
5868:
5828:"Margaret Thatcher branded ANC 'terrorist' while urging Nelson Mandela's release"
4775:
4510:
4367:
4268:
4125:
3908:
3842:
3710:
3514:
3448:
3412:
3351:
3303:
3290:
3218:
3122:
3114:
3053:(ANCYL) from 2008 until his expulsion from the ANC in 2012, came third with 11%.
3015:
2751:
2344:. It was during this period that ANC leaders began to implicate a state-aligned "
2267:
2225:
2180:
1894:, President of the ANC in exile, was known for his conciliatory leadership style.
1724:
1592:
1548:
1438:
1418:
1357:
1336:
1309:
1271:
1222:
988:
978:
488:
297:
195:
148:
125:
41:
8810:
8302:
6082:
5575:
2912:(COPE). They were led by former Defence Minister (and two-term ANC chairperson)
1736:
was reported to cost the state between R20 million and R100 million in damages.
12937:
12659:
12533:
12176:
12090:
11773:
11715:
11708:
11701:
11419:
11345:
11191:
11151:
10641:
10448:
10362:
10129:
10124:
9933:
9921:
9861:
9823:
9781:
9769:
9728:
9716:
9265:
The ANC and Black Workers in South Africa, 1912-1992: An Annotated Bibliography
9162:"United Africans Transformation withdraws from GNU after not getting positions"
6856:
6839:
6371:
3472:
3460:
3400:
3363:
3321:
3309:
3272:
3260:
2913:
2747:
2483:
2378:
2297:
2242:
2238:
2198:
2135:
2127:
2107:
2099:
1876:
1694:
of the SACP published a statement on the group's expulsion in its journal, the
1559:, and several others were sentenced to life imprisonment during the subsequent
1552:
1509:
1430:
1414:
1319:
1254:
1202:
1146:
1116:
called for sanctions. The next year, a group of ANC members went into exile in
1113:
851:
841:
811:
796:
776:
771:
761:
736:
314:
285:
261:
113:
112:, towards which the ANC had been led by a new generation of leaders, including
6781:
6487:
6137:
6016:
5304:
4913:
4720:
4487:
4008:
3991:
3774:
2320:
1421:
police station, where he turned himself in for refusing to carry his passbook.
213:, which marked the end of apartheid, the ANC became the majority party in the
205:. Following his release, Mandela was elected president of the ANC at its 48th
13028:
12854:
12575:
11680:
11659:
11629:
11622:
11331:
10666:
10651:
10453:
10415:
10367:
10114:
10099:
10057:
9927:
9885:
9787:
9497:
9245:
8599:
8395:
8033:
7484:
7388:
Booysen, Susan (2011). "State institutions as sites of struggle in ANC war".
6865:
6789:
6572:
6505:
6297:
6289:
6024:
5898:
5727:
5719:
5665:
5583:
5464:
5381:
5312:
5240:
5196:
4980:
4921:
4728:
4669:
4621:
4495:
4017:
3976:
3782:
3636:
3519:
3466:
3424:
3327:
3046:
2931:
2835:
2811:
2763:
2732:
2684:
2652:
2548:
2425:
2276:
2234:
2144:
1988:, which it occupied from 1978 to 1994 and which is now marked with a plaque.
1972:
1964:
1852:
1588:
1564:
1560:
1154:
1102:
1093:
of 1950, whose notoriously broad definition of communism was used to justify
1003:
876:
826:
498:
483:
253:
171:
147:, objecting to the ANC's new programme of multi-racialism as embodied in the
121:
10616:
9610:
7862:"South Africa Constitutional Court Says Hawks Crime Unit Creation 'Invalid'"
7094:
6000:
4897:
4814:
African National Congress (1997). "Appendix: ANC structures and personnel".
4471:
4307:"38th National Conference: Programme Of Action: Statement of Policy Adopted"
2098:
In this context, in 1986 Tambo sanctioned the initiation of the clandestine
40:
The 1914 South African Native National Congress delegation to Britain (L-R:
12519:
12128:
11949:
11900:
11063:
10977:
10853:
10188:
9891:
9879:
9867:
9846:
9817:
9775:
9722:
9710:
9067:
Chothia, Farouk; Kupemba, Danai Kesta; Plett-Usher, Barbra (14 June 2024).
6564:
6271:
6098:
5703:
5328:
4602:
4589:
3509:
3430:
3418:
3406:
3388:
3357:
3315:
3266:
3254:
2998:
2935:
2740:
2669:
2665:
2625:
2585:
2143:
in Johannesburg, until in 1997 it relocated to its current headquarters at
2044:
2024:
2020:
1530:
1250:
1166:
1150:
904:
866:
856:
846:
746:
361:
357:
281:
257:
241:
191:
117:
85:
73:
69:
9349:
The ANC's Early Years: Nation, Class and Place in South Africa Before 1940
12112:
11055:
10774:
9840:
9793:
9734:
9091:"South Africa's National Assembly re-elects Cyril Ramaphosa as president"
7476:
7074:
6126:"The trade union movement and the Tripartite Alliance: a tangled history"
3376:
3333:
3278:
3180:
2767:
2710:
2552:
2532:
2374:
2293:
2103:
2092:
2063:
2028:
1903:
Owing to the mutinies, the ANC's second consultative conference, held in
1891:
1556:
1198:
1085:
806:
801:
786:
721:
269:
93:
88:
and educated, religious professionals, and it was staunchly loyal to the
57:
9575:
After the Party: Corruption, the ANC and South Africa's Uncertain Future
8041:
8017:
6580:
6548:
5560:"Mkatashinga: Narratives of the Mutiny in ANC Camps in Angola (1983/84)"
5289:"State of Exile: The African National Congress of South Africa, 1976-86"
3644:
3612:
2420:(NNP), narrowly won the Western Cape; and Inkatha, by then known as the
170:
By 1965, pursuant to the imprisonment of many of its top leaders in the
12687:
12225:
11338:
11283:
11143:
11127:
9897:
9852:
9799:
9740:
9227:
8998:"Cyril Ramaphosa hails 'new era' as he begins South African presidency"
8501:"Local government minister dismisses claims of failed service delivery"
8481:
7492:
7460:
6985:"49th National Conference: National Executive Committee Voting Results"
6797:
6765:
6699:"Chris Hani's Assassination Put South Africa On the Brink of Civil War"
6513:
6463:
5320:
5288:
4972:
3613:"The African National Congress centenary: a long and difficult journey"
3436:
3382:
3339:
3284:
3176:
2853:
2475:
2361:
2301:
1935:
1642:
1633:
1616:
1595:
camp, one of its four Tanzanian military bases. According to historian
1393:
914:
881:
756:
741:
726:
583:
318:
49:
5673:
5641:
5204:
5162:
4956:
4677:
4645:
4612:
4025:
2766:. By 2006, both the SACP and COSATU had accused the ANC of becoming a
2692:
ruled that the disbanding of the Scorpions had been unconstitutional.
221:. The ANC has retained control of the national government since then.
12146:
12137:
12068:
11474:
11451:
11440:
10767:
10656:
10410:
10063:
9526:
The African National Congress and the Regeneration of Political Power
8340:
The African National Congress and the Regeneration of Political Power
7461:"South Africa's 1999 Election: Consolidating a Dominant Party System"
7391:
The African National Congress and the Regeneration of Political Power
6496:
6356:"Probing the roots of political violence in KwaZulu-Natal since 1979"
5187:
5015:"Report On The Strategy And Tactics Of The African National Congress"
3958:
2866:
2573:
1985:
1880:
1806:
1758:
1645:
as culprits. All seven signatories to the memorandum were suspended.
1637:
1490:
1389:
1213:
Franchise Action Council began planning for a joint campaign of mass
1210:
1181:
1077:
935:
899:
836:
432:
341:
305:
301:
233:
101:
89:
53:
4704:
1575:
until his death in 1967 (though he was permitted to accept his 1960
12916:
12414:
12059:
11183:
11040:
9295:
The ANC and the Liberation Struggle: A Critical Political Biography
8656:"52nd National Conference: National Executive Committee as elected"
8307:
5963:
Shades of Difference: Mac Maharaj and the Struggle for South Africa
2617:
2479:
2304:. There were also violent clashes, especially in the Transvaal and
2285:
2016:
1919:
1887:
1860:
1779:
1624:
1580:
1525:
1328:
1234:
183:
164:
7359:"1997 Conference, leadership dynamics and Presidential transition"
3143:
Finally, the Government of National Unity (GNU) was formed by the
2469:
In December 1994, newly appointed to government, the ANC held its
2229:
the ANC was in exile. Also elected to the NEC were leaders of the
1834:
then also in Angola. Concerns included drug smuggling, car theft,
1677:, until it was replaced by the Politico-Military Council in 1983.
229:
11324:
9556:
Precarious Power: Compliance and Discontent under Ramaphosaβs ANC
9280:
One Hundred Years of the ANC: Debating Liberation Histories Today
5414:
One Hundred Years of the ANC: Debating Liberation Histories Today
4124:
Lodge, Tom (1983). "African political organisations, 1953-1960".
3545:"#ANC107: A brief history of Africa's oldest liberation movement"
2917:
2648:
2519:
2150:
2004:
1840:
1823:
1524:
The launch of MK was marked by the inauguration of a campaign of
1399:
1380:
1221:, launched on 26 June 1952. It targeted six laws β including the
1178:
440:
9502:
Inside Quatro: Uncovering the Exile History of the ANC and SWAPO
8928:"Cyril Ramaphosa chosen to lead South Africa's ruling ANC party"
5797:"US government considered Nelson Mandela a terrorist until 2008"
2927:
1120:
and launched the British "Boycott South Africa" movement there.
217:
and most of the provincial governments, and Mandela was elected
12051:
11207:
10986:
8152:"The Polokwane Decade Is Over: 'Comrades, Comrades: Sit Down!'"
4590:"The Turn to Sabotage by The Congress Movement in South Africa"
2221:
2193:
2032:
1856:
1584:
1117:
925:
187:
3109:(PA), agreed to form a coalition which they referred to as a '
3028:
2672:. The ANC itself has been accused of profiting from the deal.
2059:
11199:
6005:
International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence
5452:
Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East
3201:
National Executive Committee of the African National Congress
3095:
negotiations between parties on the formation of a government
2296:(so-called self-defence units and self-protection units) and
1995:
1904:
1835:
1729:
1714:
244:
on 8 January 1912, in the aftermath of the foundation of the
179:
9325:
Unity in Diversity: 100 Years of ANC Leadership, (1912-2012)
8876:
Thinking Faith: The online journal of the Jesuits in Britain
7619:"Two and a half cheers for the Arms Deal terms of reference"
2183:
became a prominent ANC figure after the latter was unbanned.
6464:"The Historical Significance of South Africa's Third Force"
5410:"Shishita: A Crisis in the ANC in Exile in Zambia, 1980β81"
3132:
2497:
1466:
9454:
The Lusaka Years: The ANC in Exile in Zambia, 1963 to 1994
9187:"South Africa's ex-President Jacob Zuma expelled from ANC"
9050:"South Africa elections final results: What happens next?"
7076:
Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report
6730:"Address to the nation following the murder of Chris Hani"
2897:
1101:(NEC) were banned; and by 1955, 42 ANC leaders, including
36:
9066:
8965:"MPs elect Cyril Ramaphosa as new South Africa president"
8947:"Cyril Ramaphosa elected as leader of South Africa's ANC"
8889:
Prevost, Gary Francis; Mtimka, Ongama (10 October 2023).
8022:
Labour, Capital and Society / Travail, capital et sociΓ©tΓ©
7169:
4813:
4512:
Long Walk to Freedom: The Autobiography of Nelson Mandela
3061:
55th National Conference of the African National Congress
3010:
54th National Conference of the African National Congress
2806:
52nd National Conference of the African National Congress
2535:
for the establishment of a commission to investigate all
2452:
49th National Conference of the African National Congress
2212:
48th National Conference of the African National Congress
332:, including the growing popularity of bodies such as the
8420:
6388:
People's War: New light on the struggle for South Africa
4961:
Transformation: Critical Perspectives on Southern Africa
4538:"Opening Address at the Africanist Inaugural Convention"
2846:, but the ANC ultimately performed well in the election.
2385:
9031:"uMkhonto Wesizwe: What we know about Zuma's new party"
8983:"South Africa election: ANC wins with reduced majority"
8719:"South African unions pledge to rally support for Zuma"
7214:. Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation.
2592:
1680:
1441:, because we think in terms of individuals, not groups.
7831:"The ANC's political thuggery will lead to its demise"
7429:"The ANC's 50th Conference: A House of Many Mansions?"
7299:"Minister fired after allegations to Truth Commission"
2904:
Congress of the People (South African political party)
2508:
2091:; and ANC representatives, especially Tambo's protΓ©gΓ©
2066:
led the ANC's secret "talks about talks" in the 1980s.
10975:
5928:"How Operation Vula Became an Underground within ANC"
5089:
The Unbreakable Thread: Non-racialism in South Africa
4230:
The Unbreakable Thread: Non-racialism in South Africa
2655:, one of the four frigates procured in the Arms Deal.
1591:, and by 1965 MK activities were concentrated at its
1292:
The Doors of Learning And of Culture Shall Be Opened!
72:
since 1994. The ANC was founded on 8 January 1912 in
9131:
9083:
8909:"SA elections results: from the polls to Parliament"
7173:
Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission
6177:"National Consultative Conference 1990: Resolutions"
6124:
Buhlungu, Sakhela; Ellis, Stephen (1 January 2013).
3525:
National Conference of the African National Congress
2942:
2721:
1809:, were targeted for assassination during the 1980s.
1571:. Luthuli remained banned and under house arrest in
9069:"ANC and DA agree on South Africa unity government"
7269:"Holomisa says his expulsion from ANC is confirmed"
2464:β Mandela's political report to the 49th Conference
1541:
1327:was held, with the cooperation of other groups, in
1161:and emphasising indigenous leadership and national
340:(CPSA) β a growing number of Congress members were
9541:Dominance and Decline: The ANC in the Time of Zuma
4957:"The 'Hani Memorandum' β introduced and annotated"
2019:divide, the ANC had a close relationship with the
1718:List of major attacks attributed to MK, 1980β1983.
1284:The Land Shall Be Shared Among Those Who Work It!
351:The ANC, having been renamed in 1923, was led by
13026:
10532:People Against Suffering, Oppression and Poverty
9310:South Africa Belongs to Us: A History of the ANC
7984:"Mbeki & the left: the souring of relations"
7079:. Vol. 2. Cape Town: The Commission. 1999.
3907:Lodge, Tom (1983). "Black protest before 1950".
2187:
1920:1985: Expulsion of the Marxist Workers' Tendency
1406:History of the Pan Africanist Congress of Azania
415:
388:. In response to the publication in 1941 of the
11765:Storming of the Kempton Park World Trade Centre
10427:Congress of Traditional Leaders of South Africa
8182:"Labour leaders slam Harare's 'Hitler tactics'"
7130:
6838:Southall, Roger; Daniel, John (1 August 2009).
5448:
5044:Maloka, Eddy (2002). "The Morogoro Aftermath".
4851:
4703:Vinson, Robert Trent; Carton, Benedict (2018).
2842:, which were also preceded by service delivery
1429:(PAC), under the leadership of the charismatic
1282:The People Shall Share in the Country's Wealth!
1264:
1209:In 1951, the ANC, the Indian Congress, and the
96:. It was in the early 1950s, shortly after the
8553:"Polokwane and Mangaung: Shades of difference"
8423:"Alliance cracks widen as Zuma goes for broke"
7329:"Mandela says he will not stand a second term"
6837:
6766:"'Negotiated Elections' in South Africa, 1994"
4858:. Vol. 1. Zebra Press. pp. 435β492.
2731:(GEAR) programme, which leftists perceived as
2151:1990: Formalisation of the Tripartite Alliance
2085:National African Federated Chamber of Commerce
1454:On 21 March 1960, in what became known as the
1400:1959: Breakaway of the Pan Africanist Congress
379:, foreword to the 1943 African Claims document
276:(Treasurer), of whom historian Tom Lodge says:
10961:
10204:
9640:
9626:
9439:External Mission: The ANC in Exile, 1960-1990
8888:
7527:"Arms deal a turning point for SA: activists"
6123:
4185:How Sanctions Work: Lessons from South Africa
4181:
3712:External Mission: The ANC in Exile, 1960-1990
2675:Arms Deal corruption was investigated by the
2369:
2255:Negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa
1187:
1046:
10218:
8421:Terreblanche, Christelle (16 October 2005).
8336:"Aluta continua, from Polokwane to Mangaung"
7981:
7588:"De Lille weighs in on arms deal court case"
7275:. Department of Justice. 30 September 1996.
7134:State of the Nation: South Africa, 2003-2004
5959:
5488:"Torture Allegations Bedevil ANC Leadership"
5047:The South African Communist Party, 1963-1990
4702:
3955:South Africa: The Rise and Fall of Apartheid
3953:Clark, Nancy L.; Worger, William H. (2016).
3014:Jacob Zuma was replaced as ANC president by
2624:The 1999 elections, conducted under the new
2075:, the Soweto Parents' Crisis Committee, the
2003:β Tambo in 1986, following a meeting at the
1673:political and military aspects of the ANC's
1648:
1294:There Shall Be Houses, Security And Comfort!
1280:All National Groups Shall Have Equal Rights!
1136:
190:, and primarily supported by Sweden and the
10471:South African Liberal Students' Association
9484:Umkhonto we Sizwe: The ANCβs Armed Struggle
9323:Schoeman, Renier; Swanepoel, Daryl (2012).
8872:"South African elections 2009: an analysis"
8477:"ANC poll rebels 'have as good as resigned"
7680:"ID leader alleges more graft in arms deal"
7650:"ANC's apartheid-era hero jailed for fraud"
5883:"Thabo Mbeki and the Afrikaners, 1986-2004"
5416:, Wits University Press, pp. 233β254,
5163:"Mbokodo: Security in ANC Camps, 1961-1990"
4372:. Oxford University Press, UK. p. 54.
3952:
3029:2018βpresent: Presidency of Cyril Ramaphosa
2834:had been suspended for illegally spying on
2054:
1461:
10968:
10954:
10211:
10197:
9633:
9619:
8273:"Mbeki fires deputy in corruption scandal"
7860:Wild, Franz; Cohen, Mike (17 March 2011).
7711:"BAE faces corruption claims around world"
6696:
6426:
6081:Twala, Chitja; Kompi, Buti (1 June 2012).
6080:
5085:
4438:"Jacob Zuma, the James Moroka of our time"
4227:Frederikse, Julie (2015). "Class of '44".
4226:
4153:"Building the Academic Boycott in Britain"
2526:'s testimony to the TRC was controversial.
2445:
2205:
1954:
1080:, an explicit policy of institutionalised
1053:
1039:
406:Asiatic Land Tenure and Representation Act
336:and, after its establishment in 1921, the
68:(ANC) has been the governing party of the
18:President of the African National Congress
9113:"GNU now comprises ten political parties"
8695:. Polokwane, South Africa. Archived from
8684:
8588:Southern Journal for Contemporary History
8342:, Wits University Press, pp. 33β84,
7859:
6855:
6495:
5998:
5442:
5407:
5371:
5186:
4954:
4895:
4611:
4601:
4469:
4270:Black Politics in South Africa Since 1945
4127:Black Politics in South Africa Since 1945
4007:
3910:Black Politics in South Africa Since 1945
2118:
1951:β and were permanently expelled in 1985.
1898:
1368:
27:Aspect of South African political history
13035:History of the African National Congress
11838:Reconstruction and Development Programme
8550:
8381:
8118:
8079:
8011:
8009:
7458:
7236:
6238:"Address to the Nation on Radio Freedom"
5999:Henderson, Robert D. (1 December 1997).
5701:
5238:
5119:"The Enemy Hidden Under the Same Colour"
3133:Government of National Unity (GNU) 2024-
3086:(14.58 percent) and EFF (9.52 percent).
3074:
3033:
2962:
2947:
2926:
2848:
2773:
2705:
2647:
2597:
2518:
2504:Reconstruction and Development Programme
2498:Reconstruction and Development Programme
2488:Reconstruction and Development Programme
2396:
2373:
2319:
2171:
2122:
2081:National Union of South African Students
2058:
1967:at van Agt's official residence in 1981.
1958:
1886:
1713:
1627:, were considerable failures. Following
1610:
1601:
1467:1961: Establishment of Umkhonto we Sizwe
1409:
1197:
1153:. The League had been formed in 1944 by
228:
35:
11434:1946 African Mine Workers' Union strike
8333:
8270:
8212:"Mbeki hails NNP's 'historic' ANC move"
8149:
8121:"ANC, SACP, Cosatu: Who moved my Left?"
8075:
8073:
8071:
8069:
8067:
8065:
8063:
7950:
7708:
7647:
7616:
7555:
7387:
7207:
7045:"49th National Conference: Resolutions"
6886:
6763:
6727:
6668:"Apartheid Foe Hani Slain in S. Africa"
6384:
6330:
5825:
5794:
5353:
4761:
4587:
4535:
4508:
4119:
4117:
4115:
3989:
3763:Journal of Contemporary African Studies
3610:
3542:
3139:2024 South African government formation
2898:Breakaway of the Congress of the People
2856:ascended to the ANC presidency in 2007.
2799:
1859:. Known as Mkatashinga (derived from a
1846:
1776:Johannesburg Magistrate's Court bombing
994:Music in the movement against apartheid
404:), who at the time were protesting the
248:and not long before the passage of the
14:
13027:
11915:2012 Western Cape farm workers' strike
10155:Congress of South African Trade Unions
9654:
9159:
9060:
8780:"Motlanthe: South Africa's safe hands"
8015:
7922:"Mbeki: ANC has no problems with SACP"
7892:"Mbeki in new rift with SA communists"
7454:
7452:
7450:
7363:Nelson Mandela: The Presidential Years
7203:
7201:
7199:
7197:
7195:
7126:
7124:
7122:
7120:
7118:
7116:
6833:
6831:
6829:
6827:
6825:
6823:
6821:
6819:
6759:
6757:
6755:
6665:
6546:
6422:
6420:
6269:
6265:
6263:
6171:
6169:
6049:
5955:
5953:
5938:from the original on 25 September 2021
5922:
5920:
5763:
5759:
5757:
5697:
5695:
5639:
5635:
5633:
5631:
5629:
5627:
5625:
5623:
5621:
5557:
5553:
5551:
5549:
5517:
5515:
5485:
5403:
5401:
5399:
5397:
5395:
5393:
5391:
5234:
5232:
5230:
5228:
5226:
5156:
5154:
5152:
5150:
5086:Frederikse, Julie (2015). "The Lull".
5043:
4809:
4807:
4805:
4803:
4801:
4799:
4797:
4795:
4793:
4583:
4465:
4463:
4407:"The ANC should charge and expel Zuma"
4262:
4260:
4258:
4256:
4254:
4252:
4113:
4111:
4109:
4107:
4105:
4103:
4101:
4099:
4097:
4095:
3902:
3900:
3898:
3896:
3840:
3836:
3834:
3832:
3830:
3828:
3826:
3824:
3606:
3604:
3602:
3600:
3598:
3596:
3594:
3592:
3590:
3588:
3586:
3584:
3582:
3051:African National Congress Youth League
2988:
2979:2016 South African municipal elections
2167:Congress of South African Trade Unions
2077:Congress of South African Trade Unions
236:, the founding President of the SANNC.
10949:
10192:
9614:
9486:. Penguin Random House South Africa.
9278:Lissoni, Arianna; Soske, Jon (2012).
9252:. Penguin Random House South Africa.
9250:100 Years of Struggle - Mandela's ANC
9105:
9029:Njilo, Nonkululeko (9 January 2024).
9028:
8995:
8925:
8852:from the original on 10 December 2021
8839:
8821:from the original on 10 December 2021
8808:
8790:from the original on 28 December 2014
8760:from the original on 10 December 2021
8747:
8729:from the original on 10 December 2021
8685:Wolmarans, Riaan (18 December 2007).
8636:from the original on 10 December 2021
8581:
8563:from the original on 10 December 2021
8551:Munusamy, Ranjeni (1 November 2012).
8511:from the original on 29 December 2021
8457:from the original on 28 December 2021
8402:from the original on 10 December 2021
8364:from the original on 10 December 2021
8283:from the original on 22 December 2021
8252:from the original on 28 December 2021
8222:from the original on 28 December 2021
8192:from the original on 29 December 2021
8162:from the original on 10 December 2021
8131:from the original on 29 December 2021
8100:from the original on 28 December 2021
8048:from the original on 29 December 2021
8006:
7963:from the original on 10 December 2021
7932:from the original on 29 December 2021
7902:from the original on 31 December 2021
7853:
7801:"Battle over future of the Scorpions"
7781:from the original on 13 December 2021
7751:from the original on 13 December 2021
7721:from the original on 28 December 2021
7690:from the original on 20 December 2021
7660:from the original on 20 December 2021
7629:from the original on 23 December 2021
7598:from the original on 21 December 2021
7568:from the original on 20 December 2021
7537:from the original on 20 December 2021
7507:from the original on 29 December 2021
7426:
7408:from the original on 28 December 2021
7369:from the original on 11 December 2021
7309:from the original on 31 December 2021
7218:from the original on 31 December 2021
7151:from the original on 31 December 2021
7101:from the original on 29 December 2021
7055:from the original on 11 December 2021
6929:from the original on 11 December 2021
6804:from the original on 28 December 2021
6740:from the original on 28 December 2021
6709:from the original on 28 December 2021
6647:from the original on 28 December 2021
6617:from the original on 28 December 2021
6587:from the original on 28 December 2021
6528:from the original on 29 November 2021
6461:
6443:from the original on 31 December 2021
6405:from the original on 31 December 2021
6353:
6312:from the original on 31 December 2021
6248:from the original on 28 December 2021
6235:
6187:from the original on 28 December 2021
6154:from the original on 28 December 2021
6105:from the original on 31 December 2021
6062:from the original on 28 December 2021
6031:from the original on 31 December 2021
5980:from the original on 31 December 2021
5905:from the original on 27 December 2021
5880:
5838:from the original on 27 December 2021
5807:from the original on 27 December 2021
5776:from the original on 27 December 2021
5742:from the original on 31 December 2021
5680:from the original on 27 December 2021
5606:from the original on 27 December 2021
5534:from the original on 27 December 2021
5521:
5500:from the original on 31 December 2021
5430:from the original on 31 December 2021
5335:from the original on 27 December 2021
5286:
5282:
5280:
5278:
5276:
5274:
5272:
5270:
5211:from the original on 27 December 2021
5160:
5135:from the original on 27 December 2021
5113:
5111:
5096:from the original on 26 November 2021
5081:
5079:
5064:from the original on 27 December 2021
5025:from the original on 27 December 2021
4936:from the original on 31 December 2021
4891:
4889:
4887:
4885:
4883:
4881:
4879:
4877:
4862:from the original on 31 December 2021
4855:The Road to Democracy in South Africa
4847:
4845:
4843:
4841:
4839:
4824:from the original on 14 December 2021
4743:from the original on 31 December 2021
4684:from the original on 26 December 2021
4643:
4639:
4637:
4635:
4633:
4631:
4581:
4579:
4577:
4575:
4573:
4571:
4569:
4567:
4565:
4563:
4548:from the original on 28 December 2021
4448:from the original on 28 December 2021
4417:from the original on 28 December 2021
4386:from the original on 31 December 2021
4365:
4317:from the original on 27 December 2021
4287:from the original on 31 December 2021
4266:
4237:from the original on 26 November 2021
4208:from the original on 28 December 2021
4123:
4080:from the original on 27 December 2021
4050:from the original on 27 December 2021
3996:The Journal of Modern African Studies
3992:"The Mahatma Gandhi and South Africa"
3927:from the original on 31 December 2021
3906:
3894:
3892:
3890:
3888:
3886:
3884:
3882:
3880:
3878:
3876:
3861:from the original on 31 December 2021
3822:
3820:
3818:
3816:
3814:
3812:
3810:
3808:
3806:
3804:
3789:from the original on 31 December 2021
3756:
3729:from the original on 31 December 2021
3708:
3704:
3702:
3700:
3698:
3696:
3694:
3692:
3690:
3688:
3686:
3651:from the original on 27 December 2021
3580:
3578:
3576:
3574:
3572:
3570:
3568:
3566:
3564:
3562:
2729:Growth, Employment and Redistribution
2386:1994β99: Presidency of Nelson Mandela
2259:
1110:sanctions against the apartheid state
10465:People Against Gangsterism and Drugs
9605:The African National Congress at 100
8666:from the original on 4 December 2021
8606:from the original on 8 December 2021
8327:
8150:Du Toit, Pieter (11 December 2017).
8143:
8119:Munusamy, Ranjeni (22 August 2013).
8060:
7811:from the original on 8 February 2012
7793:
7763:
7672:
7641:
7617:Grootes, Stephen (28 October 2011).
7558:"SA's 'original sin': the arms deal"
7420:
7321:
7237:Laurence, Patrick (31 August 1996).
7015:"Amendments to the ANC Constitution"
6995:from the original on 4 December 2021
6941:
6887:Mandela, Nelson (17 December 1994).
6840:"The South African Election of 2009"
6697:Simanowitz, Stefan (11 April 2013).
5992:
5708:Journal of Asian and African Studies
5702:Friedman, Steven (1 February 2012).
5658:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a007713
5179:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a098712
5050:. Africa Institute of South Africa.
4896:Macmillan, Hugh (1 September 2009).
4662:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a098442
4435:
4329:
4150:
3948:
3946:
3944:
3942:
3752:
3750:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3684:
3682:
3680:
3678:
3676:
3674:
3672:
3670:
3668:
3666:
3543:Daniels, Lou-Anne (8 January 2019).
3369:
3296:
3003:
2593:1999β2008: Presidency of Thabo Mbeki
2381:casts his vote in the 1994 election.
2134:On 2 February 1990, State President
1851:In December 1983, at the MK camp in
1812:
1681:1975: Expulsion of the Gang of Eight
1621:Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army
1563:, with still others joining them on
1296:There Shall Be Peace And Friendship!
1084:. Upon his election, Prime Minister
128:, which β along with the subsequent
11845:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
11491:Coloured-vote constitutional crisis
10553:Western Cape Anti-Eviction Campaign
8840:Johns, Lynnette (26 October 2008).
8382:Gevisser, Mark (12 December 2007).
8303:"Jacob Zuma's ANC duties suspended"
7702:
7610:
7447:
7381:
7351:
7279:from the original on 20 August 2021
7192:
7180:from the original on 16 August 2020
7176:. Pretoria: Department of Justice.
7113:
6911:
6816:
6770:Review of African Political Economy
6752:
6468:Journal of Southern African Studies
6417:
6333:"South Africa: The Lost Generation"
6331:Macleod, Scott (18 February 1991).
6270:Pandey, Vimal Nayan (1 July 2012).
6260:
6199:
6166:
6050:De Wet, Phillip (15 October 2015).
5950:
5917:
5795:Windrem, Robert (7 December 2013).
5754:
5692:
5618:
5546:
5512:
5479:
5388:
5255:from the original on 4 October 2018
5223:
5147:
4820:. Pretoria: Department of Justice.
4790:
4460:
4404:
4249:
4092:
3129:in the 400 seat parliament (72%).
3091:2024 South African general election
3081:2024 South African general election
3040:2019 South African general election
2975:2014 South African general election
2969:2014 South African general election
2954:2009 South African general election
2780:2004 South African general election
2762:, whose government was then led by
2604:1999 South African general election
2541:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
2515:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
2509:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
2403:1994 South African general election
2037:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
1926:Marxist Workers Tendency of the ANC
1703:
1288:All Shall Enjoy Equal Human Rights!
1259:South African Congress of Democrats
469:Coloured vote constitutional crisis
24:
10488:Zabalaza Anarchist Communist Front
10433:Congress of South African Students
10282:
9858:Horatio L. Bud-M'belle (1919β1923)
9200:
9047:
8842:"Hundreds burn ANC cards in Paarl"
8809:Plaut, Martin (16 December 2008).
7994:from the original on 16 April 2021
7951:Carroll, Rory (16 December 2002).
7339:from the original on 14 April 2018
7239:"ANC expels former Transkei ruler"
7170:African National Congress (1996).
6052:"Shell House sold to pay ANC debt"
6001:"Operation Vula against apartheid"
5960:O'Malley, Padraig (1 April 2008).
5826:McSmith, Andy (10 December 2013).
5764:Waxman, Olivia B. (18 July 2018).
5522:Ellis, Stephen (6 November 2009).
5267:
5108:
5076:
4874:
4836:
4628:
4588:Stevens, Simon (1 November 2019).
4560:
4343:. 15 December 1952. Archived from
3873:
3801:
3559:
2702:HIV/AIDS denialism in South Africa
2695:
1318:At an ANC meeting in August 1953,
1286:All Shall Be Equal Before The Law!
1112:. In 1958 in Ghana, ANC President
100:βs adoption of a formal policy of
25:
13051:
12997:Pan Africanist Congress of Azania
12632:South African Party (Cape Colony)
9591:
8926:Burke, Jason (18 December 2017).
8485:. 20 January 2006. Archived from
8315:from the original on 7 April 2008
7872:from the original on 8 March 2012
7837:. 24 October 2008. Archived from
7556:Marrian, Natasha (15 July 2021).
6965:from the original on 9 April 2018
6728:Mandela, Nelson (13 April 1993).
6678:from the original on 23 July 2019
6207:"Report of the Secretary-General"
5092:. South African History Archive.
4995:from the original on 10 June 2021
4509:Mandela, Nelson (11 March 2008).
4470:Bernstein, Hilda (1 April 1987).
3939:
3741:
3663:
3165:Pan Africanist Congress of Azania
2943:2009β18: Presidency of Jacob Zuma
2722:Strain in the Tripartite Alliance
1290:There Shall Be Work And Security!
1229:enabled the government to call a
13009:
13008:
10930:
10929:
10723:"Dubul' ibhunu" (Shoot the Boer)
10459:Lesbian and Gay Equality Project
10171:
10170:
10120:Solomon Mahlangu Freedom College
9369:. University Press of Kentucky.
9179:
9153:
9041:
9022:
9008:
8989:
8975:
8957:
8944:
8938:
8919:
8901:
8882:
8864:
8833:
8802:
8772:
8748:Mbeki, Thabo (31 October 2008).
8741:
8711:
8678:
8648:
8626:"ANC elections: No race in 2002"
8618:
8575:
8544:
8523:
8493:
8469:
8439:
8414:
8375:
8295:
8271:Vasagar, Jeevan (14 June 2005).
8264:
8242:"NNP deputy ministers appointed"
8234:
8204:
8174:
8112:
7975:
7944:
7914:
7884:
7823:
7741:"Scorpions 'not part of police'"
7733:
7249:from the original on 10 May 2021
6919:"Bloemfontein: ANC Taking Stock"
6607:"10 days that shook our country"
6087:Journal for Contemporary History
5524:"When the ANC refuses to listen"
5486:Taylor, Paul (26 October 1992).
4764:South African Historical Journal
4536:Sobukwe, Robert (4 April 1959).
4436:Diko, Yonela (10 January 2018).
4405:Mde, Vukani (15 February 2018).
4233:. South African History Online.
4151:Rose, Hilary (5 December 2004).
4040:"African Claims in South Africa"
3957:(3rd ed.). Abingdon, Oxon:
3629:10.1111/j.1468-2346.2012.01098.x
3097:. On 14 June 2024, the ANC, the
2130:left prison on 11 February 1990.
1675:internal anti-apartheid struggle
1542:Founding of the external mission
1449:
1022:
1021:
984:Internal resistance to apartheid
439:
12646:South African Party (1977β1980)
12639:South African Party (1911β1934)
12555:Progressive Party (Cape Colony)
12352:Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners
10477:South African Students Congress
10038:Provincial Executive Committees
9598:Historical documents of the ANC
9482:Simpson, Thula (1 March 2016).
9160:Ludidi, Velani (12 July 2024).
8531:Thabo Mbeki: The Dream Deferred
8529:Gevisser, Mark (2007). "Home".
8083:Thabo Mbeki: The Dream Deferred
7648:Carroll, Rory (20 March 2003).
7580:
7549:
7519:
7291:
7261:
7230:
7163:
7137:. HSRC Press. pp. 78β104.
7067:
7037:
7007:
6977:
6880:
6721:
6690:
6659:
6629:
6599:
6540:
6455:
6385:Jeffrey, Anthea (15 May 2019).
6378:
6354:Ntuli, H. S. (1 October 2016).
6347:
6324:
6229:
6117:
6074:
6043:
5874:
5850:
5819:
5788:
5373:10.17159/2309-8392/2015/V60N2A3
5347:
5037:
5007:
4948:
4755:
4696:
4529:
4502:
4429:
4398:
4359:
4299:
4273:. Ravan Press. pp. 33β66.
4220:
4175:
4144:
4130:. Ravan Press. pp. 67β90.
4062:
2248:
2027:(also a senior ANC member) and
1963:Tambo and Dutch Prime Minister
1801:. Several ANC members, such as
494:Church Street, Pretoria bombing
338:Communist Party of South Africa
11964:2019 service delivery protests
11950:#FeesMustFall student protests
11695:1983 constitutional referendum
10391:South Africa political parties
8582:Twala, Chitja (30 June 2012).
8447:"New ANC spy vs spy bombshell"
7709:Carroll, Rory (14 June 2003).
6666:Taylor, Paul (11 April 1993).
6427:Van Baalen, Sebastian (2014).
6236:Tambo, Oliver (22 July 1985).
4709:The Journal of African History
4515:. Little, Brown. p. 149.
4032:
3983:
3913:. Ravan Press. pp. 1β32.
3551:. South Africa. Archived from
3536:
3437:Philemon Pearce Dumasile Nokwe
2681:National Prosecuting Authority
2490:(RDP), and the Health Plan on
334:International Socialist League
290:South African Indian community
260:and professionals educated at
13:
1:
12422:Johannesburg Reform Committee
11651:IsraelβSouth Africa Agreement
11044:
11029:
11006:
10999:
10627:(Don't) touch me on my studio
10483:South African Wine Initiative
10160:South African Communist Party
9312:. Zimbabwe Publishing House.
9232:The African National Congress
7021:. 24 May 2008. Archived from
3530:
3205:
3194:
3125:of ten parties, with jointly
2668:pleaded guilty to fraud in a
2433:, the ANC formed a coalition
2327:, the longstanding leader of
2188:1990: Johannesburg conference
2113:negotiations to end apartheid
1734:Koeberg nuclear power station
1479:South African Communist Party
1362:South Africa's mineral wealth
1270:Section headings of the 1955
416:Early opposition to apartheid
157:South African Communist Party
12077:Black Consciousness Movement
11831:Government of National Unity
10575:Unemployed Peoples' Movement
10421:Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging
10033:National Executive Committee
9408:. Indiana University Press.
8996:Burke, Jason (25 May 2019).
7953:"All is not well at the ANC"
6391:. Jonathan Ball Publishers.
6242:South African History Online
5564:Journal of Global Faultlines
5126:South African History Online
4776:10.1080/02582473.2010.519939
4542:South African History Online
4044:South African History Online
3111:Government of National Unity
3020:2017 ANC national conference
2934:, the ANC's headquarters in
2832:National Intelligence Agency
2637:
2435:Government of National Unity
2392:Presidency of Nelson Mandela
2308:, between groups aligned to
1747:β ANC statement on the 1983
1335:. The congress ratified the
1265:1955: Congress of the People
1131:β Dan Tloome, ANC NEC member
1099:National Executive Committee
1091:Suppression of Communism Act
959:Apartheid in popular culture
264:. Its founding leaders were
7:
11788:Saint James Church massacre
11674:Weapons of mass destruction
10803:No Land! No House! No Vote!
10717:No Land! No House! No Vote!
9441:. Oxford University Press.
8687:"Zuma is new ANC President"
7459:Lanegran, Kimberly (2001).
7208:Fullard, Madeleine (2004).
5592:10.13169/jglobfaul.6.1.0090
5576:10.13169/jglobfaul.6.1.0090
3715:. Oxford University Press.
3478:
2353:assassination of Chris Hani
1930:In 1979, eminent historian
1787:South African Defence Force
1782:to the negotiating table".
529:Saint James Church massacre
524:Assassination of Chris Hani
10:
13056:
13040:History by political party
11528:1957 Alexandra bus boycott
11406:South West Africa campaign
11305:Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814
11270:French Huguenot settlement
10028:National Working Committee
9699:Zacharias Richard Mahabane
9681:Zacharias Richard Mahabane
9404:Davis, Stephen R. (2018).
9293:McKinley, Dale T. (1997).
9115:. Algoa FM. Archived from
7982:O'Malley, Padraig (2008).
6949:"ANC shuffles its leaders"
6857:10.1177/000203970904400206
5857:A-Z of Islington's Plaques
5354:Van Wyk, Jo-Ansie (2015).
3990:Du Toit, Brian M. (1996).
3243:Zacharias Richard Mahabane
3225:Zacharias Richard Mahabane
3198:
3173:United Democratic Movement
3136:
3113:' (GNU), led by the ANC's
3078:
3049:, former president of the
3037:
3007:
2992:
2966:
2951:
2901:
2820:his own corruption charges
2803:
2777:
2760:foreign policy on Zimbabwe
2699:
2641:
2601:
2512:
2501:
2449:
2409:first democratic elections
2400:
2389:
2370:Government of South Africa
2252:
2209:
2154:
1923:
1913:military command structure
1707:
1652:
1470:
1403:
1372:
1307:
1301:
1191:
1188:1952β53: Defiance Campaign
534:1994 Bophuthatswana crisis
224:
178:, the ANC was forced into
13006:
12983:African National Congress
12972:
12878:
12711:
12443:Liberal Party (1953β1968)
12166:
12157:
12015:
11811:
11781:1992 apartheid referendum
11450:
11395:
11314:
11252:
11225:
11218:
10984:
10927:
10816:
10743:
10701:
10600:
10583:
10570:Treatment Action Campaign
10548:Landless Peoples Movement
10516:South Africa trade unions
10501:
10398:
10381:
10305:
10294:
10280:
10226:
10168:
10143:
10073:
10020:
9951:
9833:
9756:
9661:
9650:
9643:African National Congress
9467:Shubin, Vladimir (2008).
9422:; Sechaba, Tsepo (1992).
9393:. Ohio University Press.
7771:"Scorpions support grows"
7394:. Wits University Press.
7049:African National Congress
7019:African National Congress
6989:African National Congress
6893:African National Congress
6782:10.1080/03056249408704075
6488:10.1080/03057079808708577
6181:African National Congress
6138:10.1163/9789004214606_013
6130:COSAtu's Contested Legacy
6017:10.1080/08850609708435358
5640:Shubin, Vladimir (1996).
5305:10.1080/01436598708419960
5019:African National Congress
4914:10.1080/02533950903076386
4721:10.1017/S0021853717000718
4488:10.1080/01436598708419993
4311:African National Congress
4074:African National Congress
4009:10.1017/S0022278X00055816
3775:10.1080/02589008308729424
3611:Suttner, Raymond (2012).
3467:Elias Sekgobelo Magashule
3340:Jacob Gedleyihlekisa Zuma
3322:Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela
3310:Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela
3285:Jacob Gedleyihlekisa Zuma
3273:Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela
3145:African National Congress
3119:President of South Africa
2983:Economic Freedom Fighters
2492:national health insurance
2275:β ANC President Tambo on
2073:Progressive Federal Party
2015:On the other side of the
1945:Marxist Workers' Tendency
1884:almost ten years later.
1649:1969: Morogoro conference
1137:1949: Youth League putsch
782:Winnie Madikizela-Mandela
398:Transvaal Indian Congress
311:Natives (Urban Areas) Act
288:and his followers in the
209:in 1991. Pursuant to the
132:β cemented its so-called
124:. In 1955, it signed the
84:centralised coalition of
66:African National Congress
12436:Labour Party (1969β1994)
12429:Labour Party (1910β1958)
11985:2020 Phala Phala Robbery
11943:#RhodesMustFall protests
11542:1960 republic referendum
10889:Political assassinations
10565:Social Justice Coalition
10527:Mandela Park Backyarders
10220:Politics of South Africa
9452:Macmillan, Hugh (2013).
9212:Butler, Anthony (2012).
6764:Szeftel, Morris (1994).
6290:10.1177/0975087814411153
5720:10.1177/0021909611429436
5465:10.1215/1089201X-25-1-63
5408:MacMillan, Hugh (2012),
5245:Military History Journal
5239:Williams, Rocky (2000).
4955:Macmillan, Hugh (2009).
4369:Mandela: A Critical Life
3841:Butler, Anthony (2012).
3455:Kgalema Petrus Motlanthe
3449:Matamela Cyril Ramaphosa
3425:Walter Max Ulyate Sisulu
3364:Paul Shipokosa Mashatile
3352:Matamela Cyril Ramaphosa
3346:Kgalema Petrus Motlanthe
3328:Walter Max Ulyate Sisulu
3291:Matamela Cyril Ramaphosa
2863:52nd National Conference
2737:51st National Conference
2614:50th National Conference
2471:49th National Conference
2218:48th National Conference
2055:Preliminary negotiations
1785:During this period, the
1751:, which killed 19 people
1606:Southern Africa in 1973.
1462:Exile and armed struggle
1278:The People Shall Govern!
969:Cape Qualified Franchise
70:Republic of South Africa
12881:terrorist organisations
11971:2019 Johannesburg riots
11584:Constructive engagement
11549:International isolation
11367:Witwatersrand Gold Rush
10729:One Settler, One Bullet
9904:Alfred Baphethuxolo Nzo
9687:Josiah Tshangana Gumede
9669:John Langalibalele Dube
9554:Booysen, Susan (2021).
9539:Booysen, Susan (2015).
9524:Booysen, Susan (2011).
9469:ANC: A View from Moscow
9437:Ellis, Stephen (2013).
9093:. Reuters. 14 June 2024
8811:"How ANC came to split"
8630:The Mail & Guardian
8384:"South Africa Grows Up"
8334:Booysen, Susan (2011),
6462:Ellis, Stephen (1998).
6056:The Mail & Guardian
5867:22 October 2014 at the
5558:Zantsi, Luvuyo (2019).
5528:The Mail & Guardian
5161:Ellis, Stephen (1994).
4644:Ellis, Stephen (1991).
4411:The Mail & Guardian
3709:Ellis, Stephen (2013).
3505:Anti-Apartheid Movement
3485:History of South Africa
3443:Alfred Baphethuxolo Nzo
3231:Josiah Tshangana Gumede
3213:John Langalibalele Dube
2818:. Though he soon faced
2679:, an elite unit of the
2644:South African Arms Deal
2446:Bloemfontein conference
2231:United Democratic Front
2206:1991: Durban conference
1955:International relations
1828:detention without trial
1514:statement from the dock
1427:Pan Africanist Congress
1159:Pan Africanist Congress
999:Nostalgia for apartheid
313:. Possibly inspired by
145:Pan Africanist Congress
11894:Attack on Kennedy Road
11505:Congress of the People
11096:South African Republic
10687:Anti-Chinese sentiment
10672:White monopoly capital
10538:Poor People's Alliance
10288:
10090:Congress of the People
9389:Cherry, Janet (2012).
9308:Meli, Francis (1988).
9267:. H. Zell Publishers.
8358:10.18772/12011115423.5
8016:Pillay, Devan (2008).
7433:Southern Africa Report
6213:. 1994. Archived from
3304:Walter Benson Rubusana
3219:Sefako Mapogo Makgatho
2939:
2910:Congress of the People
2857:
2816:Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka
2718:
2656:
2563:
2527:
2461:
2382:
2367:
2332:
2272:
2184:
2131:
2119:Return to South Africa
2067:
2000:
1968:
1899:1985: Kabwe conference
1895:
1830:, and even execution.
1744:
1719:
1670:
1607:
1505:
1443:
1422:
1369:1956β61: Treason Trial
1354:
1325:Congress of the People
1304:Congress of the People
1299:
1206:
1128:
974:Disinvestment campaign
699:State Security Council
372:
294:
237:
61:
12464:Natal Indian Congress
12184:Afrikaner Broederbond
12038:Afrikaner nationalism
11824:1994 general election
11795:Bophuthatswana crisis
11688:Church Street bombing
11468:Apartheid legislation
11461:1948 general election
11381:South Africa Act 1909
11176:Union of South Africa
10996:Kingdom of Mapungubwe
10976:Political history of
10874:Legacies of apartheid
10735:"Each One, Teach One"
10692:Anti-Indian sentiment
10637:Proudly South African
10543:Abahlali baseMjondolo
10318:Afrikaner nationalism
10286:
8786:. 25 September 2008.
8489:on 27 September 2007.
7988:The O'Malley Archives
6547:Kynoch, Gary (2013).
6433:Pax et Bellum Journal
5881:Brits, J. P. (2008).
5293:Third World Quarterly
4476:Third World Quarterly
4472:"The freedom charter"
4070:"Three Doctors' Pact"
3617:International Affairs
3461:Samson Gwede Mantashe
3431:Oliver Reginald Tambo
3316:Oliver Reginald Tambo
3267:Oliver Reginald Tambo
3157:Inkatha Freedom Party
3103:Inkatha Freedom Party
3075:2024 general election
3066:On 7 September 2023,
3034:2019 general election
2963:2014 general election
2948:2009 general election
2930:
2852:
2822:(and from December a
2786:2004 general election
2774:2004 general election
2709:
2651:
2610:1999 general election
2598:1999 general election
2566:β ANC statement, 1998
2558:
2522:
2456:
2422:Inkatha Freedom Party
2397:1994 general election
2377:
2357:
2323:
2264:
2216:In July 1991, at its
2175:
2126:
2062:
1991:
1962:
1916:inside South Africa.
1890:
1764:Church Street bombing
1749:Church Street bombing
1739:
1717:
1665:
1611:1969: Hani memorandum
1605:
1497:
1435:
1413:
1349:
1275:
1201:
1123:
1071:Afrikaner nationalist
1069:brought to power the
1067:1948 general election
964:Apartheid legislation
954:Afrikaner nationalism
514:Cape Town peace march
504:Trojan Horse Incident
464:1948 general election
402:Natal Indian Congress
367:
278:
246:Union of South Africa
232:
39:
12098:Greater South Africa
11936:2014 platinum strike
11802:Shell House massacre
11730:Transkei coup d'Γ©tat
11535:Sharpeville massacre
11298:Battle of Blaauwberg
11291:Battle of Muizenberg
11243:Battle of Salt River
11026:Mthethwa Paramountcy
10894:Political repression
10789:Long Walk to Freedom
10287:Flag of South Africa
10146:Allied organisations
10135:Shell House massacre
10105:Little Rivonia Trial
10053:ANC Veterans' League
9954:National Conferences
9693:Pixley ka Isaka Seme
9518:Post-apartheid years
9347:Limb, Peter (2010).
9263:Limb, Peter (1993).
8725:. 29 December 2007.
8505:The New Humanitarian
7807:. 10 February 2008.
7533:. 27 February 2014.
7477:10.1353/at.2001.0035
7335:. 16 February 1995.
6958:. 21 December 1994.
6925:. 13 December 1994.
6613:. 24 February 2011.
6565:10.1093/afraf/adt014
6360:Gender and Behaviour
6183:. 16 December 1990.
4603:10.1093/pastj/gtz030
4313:. 17 December 1949.
3495:Separate development
3473:Fikile April Mbalula
3334:Thabo Mvuyelwa Mbeki
3279:Thabo Mvuyelwa Mbeki
3237:Pixley ka Isaka Seme
2840:2006 local elections
2800:Polokwane conference
2715:World Economic Forum
2690:Constitutional Court
2431:interim Constitution
2342:Shell House massacre
2325:Mangosuthu Buthelezi
1941:socialist revolution
1847:1983β84: Mkatashinga
1629:armed confrontations
1569:Little Rivonia trial
1456:Sharpeville massacre
1145:, including Sisulu,
862:Eugène Terre'Blanche
732:Mangosuthu Buthelezi
539:Shell House massacre
509:Khotso House bombing
479:Sharpeville massacre
274:Pixley ka Isaka Seme
176:Little Rivonia Trial
153:Sharpeville massacre
12990:Democratic Alliance
12167:Civic and political
12031:Afrikaner Calvinism
12024:African nationalism
11873:African Renaissance
11563:UNSC Resolution 591
11484:Internal resistance
11385:National Convention
11353:Transvaal Civil War
11277:KhoikhoiβDutch Wars
11160:Orange River Colony
10884:Phala Phala robbery
10782:I Write What I Like
10607:African Renaissance
10333:Black consciousness
10313:African nationalism
10021:Structure and wings
9214:The Idea of the ANC
9018:. 19 December 2022.
8750:"Letter to the ANC"
8699:on 19 December 2007
8692:Mail & Guardian
8453:. 23 October 2005.
8435:on 13 October 2006.
8311:. 7 December 2005.
8248:. 4 November 2002.
8188:. 5 November 2004.
7805:Mail & Guardian
7686:. 9 November 2007.
7439:(2). Archived from
7427:Lodge, Tom (1998).
6899:on 22 February 2017
6480:1998JSAfS..24..261E
6372:10520/EJC-59f91d677
6343:on 17 October 2007.
5493:The Washington Post
5287:Lodge, Tom (1987).
4366:Lodge, Tom (2006).
4347:on 13 February 2009
4337:"Death the Leveler"
3844:The Idea of the ANC
3757:Lodge, Tom (1983).
3419:James Arthur Calata
3358:David Dabede Mabuza
3261:Albert John Luthuli
3149:Democratic Alliance
3117:who was re-elected
3099:Democratic Alliance
2989:Corruption scandals
2977:, and later in the
2790:Democratic Alliance
2579:command-and-control
2537:human rights abuses
2351:In April 1993, the
2163:Tripartite Alliance
2157:Tripartite Alliance
1772:Magoo's Bar bombing
1768:Amanzimtoti bombing
1661:Morogoro Conference
1655:Morogoro Conference
1636:, who had been the
1551:. Mandela, Sisulu,
1487:Spear of the Nation
1205:burns his passbook.
1171:African nationalism
1105:, had been banned.
1009:Sullivan Principles
346:national conference
330:class consciousness
215:national government
207:National Conference
203:formal negotiations
86:traditional leaders
78:liberation movement
11737:Ciskei coup d'Γ©tat
11556:UN Resolution 1761
11521:Women's March 1956
11374:South African Wars
11360:Mineral Revolution
10289:
10043:ANC Women's League
9705:Alfred Bitini Xuma
9048:Haddad, Mohammed.
8428:Independent Online
8388:The New York Times
5932:Sunday Independent
4973:10.1353/trn.0.0026
4646:"The ANC in Exile"
4594:Past & Present
3555:on 8 January 2019.
3549:Independent Online
3413:Elijah H. Mdolomba
3389:R. V. Selope Thema
3249:Alfred Bitini Xuma
3169:Freedom Front Plus
3153:Patriotic Alliance
3107:Patriotic Alliance
2940:
2867:Polokwane, Limpopo
2858:
2719:
2657:
2528:
2418:New National Party
2383:
2338:Boipatong massacre
2333:
2260:Political violence
2185:
2132:
2068:
1969:
1943:. They formed the
1896:
1820:the Grinding Stone
1720:
1608:
1581:Morogoro, Tanzania
1423:
1375:1956 Treason Trial
1231:state of emergency
1215:civil disobedience
1207:
1163:self-determination
1082:racial segregation
594:Conservative Party
474:1956 Treason Trial
386:Alfred Bitini Xuma
323:passive resistance
238:
219:national president
184:Morogoro, Tanzania
110:civil disobedience
76:and is the oldest
62:
13022:
13021:
12975:political parties
12968:
12967:
12945:Orde van die Dood
12562:Progressive Party
12268:Congress Alliance
12084:Cape Independence
12016:Political culture
12011:
12010:
11978:COVID-19 pandemic
11908:Marikana massacre
11744:Venda coup d'Γ©tat
11498:Defiance Campaign
11088:Orange Free State
11018:Dutch Cape Colony
10943:
10942:
10834:Cape Independence
10812:
10811:
10754:African Communist
10710:Amandla Ngawethu!
10612:Alternative media
10601:Political culture
10593:South African law
10497:
10496:
10383:Political parties
10186:
10185:
10110:uMkhonto we Sizwe
10085:Defiance Campaign
9947:
9946:
9943:
9942:
9916:Kgalema Motlanthe
9834:Secretary-General
9806:Kgalema Motlanthe
9584:978-1-84467-356-8
9570:Feinstein, Andrew
9564:978-1-77614-647-5
9549:978-1-86814-885-1
9534:978-1-86814-781-6
9510:978-1-77009-776-6
9492:978-1-77022-842-9
9477:978-1-77009-631-8
9462:978-1-4314-0987-7
9447:978-0-19-933061-4
9432:978-0-85255-353-4
9414:978-0-253-03228-7
9399:978-0-8214-4443-6
9375:978-0-8131-4314-9
9357:978-1-86888-882-5
9333:978-0-620-51866-6
9318:978-0-85255-331-2
9303:978-0-7453-1282-8
9288:978-1-86814-848-6
9273:978-1-873836-95-8
9258:978-0-14-352913-2
9240:978-0-7509-2193-0
9222:978-1-4314-0578-7
9206:General histories
8539:978-1-86842-301-9
8533:. Jonathan Ball.
8349:978-1-86814-542-3
8218:. 4 August 2004.
8093:978-1-86842-301-9
8086:. Jonathan Ball.
7401:978-1-77614-166-1
7144:978-0-7969-2024-9
7086:978-0-333-77615-5
6923:Los Angeles Times
6643:. 19 April 1993.
6641:Los Angeles Times
6398:978-1-86842-997-4
6277:Insight on Africa
6147:978-90-04-21460-6
5973:978-0-14-023224-0
5934:. 29 April 2007.
5861:Islington Council
5423:978-1-86814-600-0
5299:(1): 1, 282β310.
5057:978-0-7983-0155-8
5021:. 26 April 1969.
4522:978-0-7595-2104-9
4379:978-0-19-280568-3
4280:978-0-86975-152-7
4198:978-1-4039-1591-7
4163:on 1 October 2006
4157:Palestina Dossier
4137:978-0-86975-152-7
3968:978-1-138-12444-8
3920:978-0-86975-152-7
3854:978-1-4314-0578-7
3722:978-0-19-933061-4
3500:Africa Hinterland
3401:T. D. Mweli Skota
3395:H. L. Bud M'belle
3370:Secretary-General
3297:Deputy Presidents
3255:James Sebe Moroka
3004:Nasrec conference
2888:Kgalema Motlanthe
2414:National Assembly
2009:Mikhail Gorbachev
1982:Margaret Thatcher
1949:African Communist
1869:Angolan Civil War
1865:exhausted soldier
1813:1980β81: Shishita
1710:UMkhonto we Sizwe
1697:African Communist
1692:Central Committee
1688:Tennyson Makiwane
1577:Nobel Peace Prize
1501:Umkhonto we Sizwe
1483:Umkhonto we Sizwe
1473:UMkhonto we Sizwe
1417:leads a march to
1333:Congress Alliance
1314:Congress Alliance
1227:Public Safety Act
1219:Defiance Campaign
1194:Defiance Campaign
1063:
1062:
920:South-West Africa
272:(Secretary), and
161:Umkhonto we Sizwe
134:Congress Alliance
106:Defiance Campaign
16:(Redirected from
13047:
13012:
13011:
12999:
12992:
12985:
12961:
12954:
12947:
12940:
12933:
12926:
12919:
12912:
12905:
12898:
12891:
12879:Paramilitary and
12871:
12869:Umkosi Wezintaba
12864:
12857:
12850:
12843:
12836:
12829:
12822:
12815:
12808:
12801:
12794:
12787:
12780:
12773:
12766:
12759:
12752:
12745:
12738:
12731:
12724:
12714:social movements
12712:Trade unions and
12704:
12697:
12690:
12683:
12676:
12669:
12662:
12655:
12648:
12641:
12634:
12627:
12620:
12613:
12606:
12599:
12592:
12585:
12578:
12571:
12564:
12557:
12550:
12543:
12536:
12529:
12522:
12515:
12508:
12501:
12494:
12487:
12480:
12473:
12466:
12459:
12452:
12445:
12438:
12431:
12424:
12417:
12410:
12403:
12396:
12389:
12382:
12375:
12368:
12361:
12354:
12347:
12340:
12333:
12326:
12319:
12312:
12305:
12298:
12291:
12284:
12277:
12270:
12263:
12256:
12249:
12242:
12235:
12233:Boerestaat Party
12228:
12221:
12214:
12207:
12200:
12193:
12186:
12179:
12164:
12163:
12150:
12141:
12132:
12123:
12116:
12107:
12100:
12093:
12086:
12079:
12072:
12063:
12054:
12047:
12040:
12033:
12026:
12004:
11994:
11987:
11980:
11973:
11966:
11959:
11952:
11945:
11938:
11931:
11924:
11917:
11910:
11903:
11896:
11889:
11882:
11875:
11868:
11861:
11854:
11847:
11840:
11833:
11826:
11804:
11797:
11790:
11783:
11776:
11767:
11760:
11753:
11746:
11739:
11732:
11725:
11723:Dakar Conference
11718:
11711:
11704:
11697:
11690:
11683:
11676:
11669:
11662:
11653:
11646:
11644:Israeli alliance
11639:
11632:
11625:
11614:
11607:
11600:
11598:Sporting boycott
11593:
11586:
11579:
11572:
11570:Academic boycott
11565:
11558:
11551:
11544:
11537:
11530:
11523:
11514:
11507:
11500:
11493:
11486:
11477:
11470:
11463:
11443:
11436:
11429:
11427:Great Depression
11422:
11415:
11413:Maritz rebellion
11408:
11388:
11376:
11369:
11362:
11355:
11348:
11341:
11334:
11327:
11307:
11300:
11293:
11286:
11279:
11272:
11265:
11263:Dutch settlement
11245:
11238:
11236:Bantu migrations
11223:
11222:
11211:
11203:
11195:
11187:
11179:
11171:
11168:Transvaal Colony
11163:
11155:
11147:
11139:
11136:Nieuwe Republiek
11131:
11123:
11115:
11107:
11099:
11091:
11083:
11075:
11072:Natalia Republic
11067:
11059:
11051:
11049:
11046:
11041:Ndwandwe Kingdom
11036:
11034:
11031:
11021:
11013:
11011:
11008:
11004:
11001:
10970:
10963:
10956:
10947:
10946:
10933:
10932:
10869:Land occupations
10864:Labour brokering
10796:Molotov Cocktail
10699:
10698:
10560:Reclaim the City
10508:Social movements
10439:Earthlife Africa
10338:Environmentalism
10303:
10302:
10213:
10206:
10199:
10190:
10189:
10179:
10174:
10173:
10147:
10077:
10048:ANC Youth League
9955:
9757:Deputy President
9659:
9658:
9652:
9651:
9644:
9635:
9628:
9621:
9612:
9611:
9504:. Jacana Media.
9471:. Jacana Media.
9426:. James Currey.
9216:. Jacana Media.
9195:
9194:
9183:
9177:
9176:
9174:
9172:
9157:
9151:
9150:
9148:
9146:
9135:
9129:
9128:
9126:
9124:
9109:
9103:
9102:
9100:
9098:
9087:
9081:
9080:
9078:
9076:
9064:
9058:
9057:
9045:
9039:
9038:
9026:
9020:
9019:
9012:
9006:
9005:
8993:
8987:
8986:
8979:
8973:
8972:
8961:
8955:
8954:
8942:
8936:
8935:
8923:
8917:
8916:
8905:
8899:
8898:
8895:The Conversation
8886:
8880:
8879:
8868:
8862:
8861:
8859:
8857:
8837:
8831:
8830:
8828:
8826:
8806:
8800:
8799:
8797:
8795:
8776:
8770:
8769:
8767:
8765:
8745:
8739:
8738:
8736:
8734:
8715:
8709:
8708:
8706:
8704:
8682:
8676:
8675:
8673:
8671:
8652:
8646:
8645:
8643:
8641:
8632:. 29 June 2001.
8622:
8616:
8615:
8613:
8611:
8579:
8573:
8572:
8570:
8568:
8548:
8542:
8527:
8521:
8520:
8518:
8516:
8507:. 14 June 2007.
8497:
8491:
8490:
8473:
8467:
8466:
8464:
8462:
8443:
8437:
8436:
8431:. Archived from
8418:
8412:
8411:
8409:
8407:
8379:
8373:
8372:
8371:
8369:
8331:
8325:
8324:
8322:
8320:
8299:
8293:
8292:
8290:
8288:
8268:
8262:
8261:
8259:
8257:
8238:
8232:
8231:
8229:
8227:
8208:
8202:
8201:
8199:
8197:
8178:
8172:
8171:
8169:
8167:
8147:
8141:
8140:
8138:
8136:
8116:
8110:
8109:
8107:
8105:
8077:
8058:
8057:
8055:
8053:
8013:
8004:
8003:
8001:
7999:
7979:
7973:
7972:
7970:
7968:
7948:
7942:
7941:
7939:
7937:
7928:. 25 July 2002.
7918:
7912:
7911:
7909:
7907:
7898:. 25 July 2002.
7888:
7882:
7881:
7879:
7877:
7857:
7851:
7850:
7848:
7846:
7827:
7821:
7820:
7818:
7816:
7797:
7791:
7790:
7788:
7786:
7767:
7761:
7760:
7758:
7756:
7737:
7731:
7730:
7728:
7726:
7706:
7700:
7699:
7697:
7695:
7676:
7670:
7669:
7667:
7665:
7645:
7639:
7638:
7636:
7634:
7614:
7608:
7607:
7605:
7603:
7594:. 12 June 2019.
7584:
7578:
7577:
7575:
7573:
7553:
7547:
7546:
7544:
7542:
7523:
7517:
7516:
7514:
7512:
7456:
7445:
7444:
7443:on 14 July 2014.
7424:
7418:
7417:
7415:
7413:
7385:
7379:
7378:
7376:
7374:
7355:
7349:
7348:
7346:
7344:
7325:
7319:
7318:
7316:
7314:
7305:. 27 July 1996.
7295:
7289:
7288:
7286:
7284:
7265:
7259:
7258:
7256:
7254:
7234:
7228:
7227:
7225:
7223:
7205:
7190:
7189:
7187:
7185:
7167:
7161:
7160:
7158:
7156:
7128:
7111:
7110:
7108:
7106:
7071:
7065:
7064:
7062:
7060:
7041:
7035:
7034:
7032:
7030:
7011:
7005:
7004:
7002:
7000:
6981:
6975:
6974:
6972:
6970:
6964:
6953:
6945:
6939:
6938:
6936:
6934:
6915:
6909:
6908:
6906:
6904:
6895:. Archived from
6884:
6878:
6877:
6859:
6835:
6814:
6813:
6811:
6809:
6761:
6750:
6749:
6747:
6745:
6725:
6719:
6718:
6716:
6714:
6694:
6688:
6687:
6685:
6683:
6663:
6657:
6656:
6654:
6652:
6633:
6627:
6626:
6624:
6622:
6603:
6597:
6596:
6594:
6592:
6559:(447): 283β303.
6544:
6538:
6537:
6535:
6533:
6499:
6459:
6453:
6452:
6450:
6448:
6424:
6415:
6414:
6412:
6410:
6382:
6376:
6375:
6366:(2): 7254β7262.
6351:
6345:
6344:
6339:. Archived from
6328:
6322:
6321:
6319:
6317:
6267:
6258:
6257:
6255:
6253:
6233:
6227:
6226:
6224:
6222:
6203:
6197:
6196:
6194:
6192:
6173:
6164:
6163:
6161:
6159:
6121:
6115:
6114:
6112:
6110:
6078:
6072:
6071:
6069:
6067:
6047:
6041:
6040:
6038:
6036:
5996:
5990:
5989:
5987:
5985:
5957:
5948:
5947:
5945:
5943:
5924:
5915:
5914:
5912:
5910:
5878:
5872:
5854:
5848:
5847:
5845:
5843:
5823:
5817:
5816:
5814:
5812:
5792:
5786:
5785:
5783:
5781:
5761:
5752:
5751:
5749:
5747:
5699:
5690:
5689:
5687:
5685:
5637:
5616:
5615:
5613:
5611:
5555:
5544:
5543:
5541:
5539:
5519:
5510:
5509:
5507:
5505:
5483:
5477:
5476:
5446:
5440:
5438:
5437:
5435:
5405:
5386:
5385:
5375:
5351:
5345:
5344:
5342:
5340:
5284:
5265:
5264:
5262:
5260:
5236:
5221:
5220:
5218:
5216:
5190:
5173:(371): 279β298.
5158:
5145:
5144:
5142:
5140:
5134:
5123:
5115:
5106:
5105:
5103:
5101:
5083:
5074:
5073:
5071:
5069:
5041:
5035:
5034:
5032:
5030:
5011:
5005:
5004:
5002:
5000:
4952:
4946:
4945:
4943:
4941:
4893:
4872:
4871:
4869:
4867:
4849:
4834:
4833:
4831:
4829:
4811:
4788:
4787:
4759:
4753:
4752:
4750:
4748:
4700:
4694:
4693:
4691:
4689:
4656:(360): 439β447.
4641:
4626:
4625:
4615:
4605:
4596:(245): 221β255.
4585:
4558:
4557:
4555:
4553:
4533:
4527:
4526:
4506:
4500:
4499:
4467:
4458:
4457:
4455:
4453:
4433:
4427:
4426:
4424:
4422:
4402:
4396:
4395:
4393:
4391:
4363:
4357:
4356:
4354:
4352:
4333:
4327:
4326:
4324:
4322:
4303:
4297:
4296:
4294:
4292:
4264:
4247:
4246:
4244:
4242:
4224:
4218:
4217:
4215:
4213:
4207:
4190:
4179:
4173:
4172:
4170:
4168:
4159:. Archived from
4148:
4142:
4141:
4121:
4090:
4089:
4087:
4085:
4076:. 9 March 1947.
4066:
4060:
4059:
4057:
4055:
4036:
4030:
4029:
4011:
3987:
3981:
3980:
3950:
3937:
3936:
3934:
3932:
3904:
3871:
3870:
3868:
3866:
3847:. Jacana Media.
3838:
3799:
3798:
3796:
3794:
3769:(1β2): 153β180.
3754:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3734:
3706:
3661:
3660:
3658:
3656:
3608:
3557:
3556:
3540:
3068:uMkhonto Wesizwe
2995:Zondo Commission
2828:cadre deployment
2631:Democratic Party
2567:
2465:
2280:
2011:
1977:State Department
1932:Martin Legassick
1803:Dulcie September
1799:raid on Gaborone
1757:councillors and
1752:
1704:Armed resistance
1567:pursuant to the
1516:
1329:Kliptown, Soweto
1143:ANC Youth League
1132:
1055:
1048:
1041:
1025:
1024:
822:Albertina Sisulu
817:Benjamin Moloise
752:Arthur Goldreich
443:
420:
419:
394:Atlantic Charter
380:
250:Natives Land Act
21:
13055:
13054:
13050:
13049:
13048:
13046:
13045:
13044:
13025:
13024:
13023:
13018:
13002:
12995:
12988:
12981:
12974:
12964:
12957:
12950:
12943:
12936:
12929:
12922:
12915:
12908:
12901:
12894:
12887:
12880:
12874:
12867:
12860:
12853:
12846:
12839:
12832:
12825:
12818:
12811:
12804:
12797:
12790:
12783:
12776:
12769:
12762:
12755:
12748:
12741:
12734:
12727:
12720:
12713:
12707:
12700:
12693:
12686:
12679:
12672:
12665:
12658:
12651:
12644:
12637:
12630:
12623:
12616:
12609:
12602:
12595:
12588:
12581:
12574:
12567:
12560:
12553:
12546:
12539:
12532:
12525:
12518:
12511:
12504:
12497:
12490:
12483:
12476:
12469:
12462:
12455:
12448:
12441:
12434:
12427:
12420:
12413:
12406:
12399:
12392:
12385:
12380:HNP (Herstigte)
12378:
12373:HNP (Herenigde)
12371:
12364:
12357:
12350:
12343:
12336:
12329:
12322:
12315:
12308:
12301:
12294:
12287:
12280:
12273:
12266:
12259:
12252:
12245:
12238:
12231:
12224:
12217:
12210:
12203:
12196:
12191:Afrikaner Party
12189:
12182:
12175:
12168:
12159:
12153:
12144:
12135:
12126:
12119:
12110:
12105:Honorary whites
12103:
12096:
12089:
12082:
12075:
12066:
12057:
12050:
12043:
12036:
12029:
12022:
12007:
11997:
11990:
11983:
11976:
11969:
11962:
11955:
11948:
11941:
11934:
11927:
11920:
11913:
11906:
11899:
11892:
11885:
11878:
11871:
11866:Soweto bombings
11864:
11857:
11850:
11843:
11836:
11829:
11822:
11814:
11807:
11800:
11793:
11786:
11779:
11772:
11763:
11756:
11749:
11742:
11735:
11728:
11721:
11714:
11707:
11700:
11693:
11686:
11679:
11672:
11667:Soweto Uprising
11665:
11658:
11649:
11642:
11635:
11628:
11621:
11610:
11603:
11596:
11591:Tar Baby Option
11589:
11582:
11575:
11568:
11561:
11554:
11547:
11540:
11533:
11526:
11519:
11512:Freedom Charter
11510:
11503:
11496:
11489:
11482:
11473:
11466:
11459:
11446:
11439:
11432:
11425:
11418:
11411:
11404:
11391:
11379:
11372:
11365:
11358:
11351:
11344:
11337:
11330:
11323:
11310:
11303:
11296:
11289:
11282:
11275:
11268:
11261:
11248:
11241:
11234:
11214:
11206:
11198:
11190:
11182:
11174:
11166:
11158:
11150:
11142:
11134:
11126:
11118:
11112:Griqualand West
11110:
11104:Griqualand East
11102:
11094:
11086:
11078:
11070:
11062:
11054:
11047:
11039:
11032:
11024:
11016:
11009:
11002:
10994:
10980:
10974:
10944:
10939:
10923:
10904:Sexual violence
10824:Corrective rape
10808:
10745:
10739:
10697:
10677:Ungovernability
10632:Freedom Charter
10596:
10579:
10522:Equal Education
10506:
10493:
10402:
10394:
10377:
10297:
10290:
10278:
10222:
10217:
10187:
10182:
10177:
10164:
10145:
10139:
10095:Freedom Charter
10075:
10069:
10016:
9953:
9939:
9910:Cyril Ramaphosa
9874:Elijah Mdolomba
9829:
9812:Cyril Ramaphosa
9764:Walter Rubusana
9752:
9747:Cyril Ramaphosa
9675:Sefako Makgatho
9646:
9642:
9639:
9594:
9589:
9515:
9380:
9363:Odendaal, AndrΓ©
9351:. Unisa Press.
9338:
9297:. Pluto Press.
9203:
9201:Further reading
9198:
9185:
9184:
9180:
9170:
9168:
9158:
9154:
9144:
9142:
9137:
9136:
9132:
9122:
9120:
9119:on 23 June 2024
9111:
9110:
9106:
9096:
9094:
9089:
9088:
9084:
9074:
9072:
9065:
9061:
9046:
9042:
9027:
9023:
9014:
9013:
9009:
8994:
8990:
8981:
8980:
8976:
8963:
8962:
8958:
8943:
8939:
8924:
8920:
8907:
8906:
8902:
8887:
8883:
8870:
8869:
8865:
8855:
8853:
8838:
8834:
8824:
8822:
8807:
8803:
8793:
8791:
8778:
8777:
8773:
8763:
8761:
8746:
8742:
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8717:
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8712:
8702:
8700:
8683:
8679:
8669:
8667:
8654:
8653:
8649:
8639:
8637:
8624:
8623:
8619:
8609:
8607:
8580:
8576:
8566:
8564:
8549:
8545:
8528:
8524:
8514:
8512:
8499:
8498:
8494:
8475:
8474:
8470:
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8458:
8445:
8444:
8440:
8419:
8415:
8405:
8403:
8380:
8376:
8367:
8365:
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8328:
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8300:
8296:
8286:
8284:
8269:
8265:
8255:
8253:
8240:
8239:
8235:
8225:
8223:
8210:
8209:
8205:
8195:
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8180:
8179:
8175:
8165:
8163:
8148:
8144:
8134:
8132:
8117:
8113:
8103:
8101:
8094:
8078:
8061:
8051:
8049:
8014:
8007:
7997:
7995:
7980:
7976:
7966:
7964:
7949:
7945:
7935:
7933:
7920:
7919:
7915:
7905:
7903:
7896:The Irish Times
7890:
7889:
7885:
7875:
7873:
7858:
7854:
7844:
7842:
7841:on 4 March 2012
7829:
7828:
7824:
7814:
7812:
7799:
7798:
7794:
7784:
7782:
7777:. 21 May 2008.
7769:
7768:
7764:
7754:
7752:
7739:
7738:
7734:
7724:
7722:
7707:
7703:
7693:
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7678:
7677:
7673:
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7646:
7642:
7632:
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7586:
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7571:
7569:
7554:
7550:
7540:
7538:
7525:
7524:
7520:
7510:
7508:
7457:
7448:
7425:
7421:
7411:
7409:
7402:
7386:
7382:
7372:
7370:
7357:
7356:
7352:
7342:
7340:
7333:The Independent
7327:
7326:
7322:
7312:
7310:
7303:The Irish Times
7297:
7296:
7292:
7282:
7280:
7267:
7266:
7262:
7252:
7250:
7243:The Irish Times
7235:
7231:
7221:
7219:
7206:
7193:
7183:
7181:
7168:
7164:
7154:
7152:
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7013:
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6912:
6902:
6900:
6885:
6881:
6844:Africa Spectrum
6836:
6817:
6807:
6805:
6776:(61): 457β470.
6762:
6753:
6743:
6741:
6726:
6722:
6712:
6710:
6695:
6691:
6681:
6679:
6672:Washington Post
6664:
6660:
6650:
6648:
6635:
6634:
6630:
6620:
6618:
6605:
6604:
6600:
6590:
6588:
6553:African Affairs
6545:
6541:
6531:
6529:
6460:
6456:
6446:
6444:
6425:
6418:
6408:
6406:
6399:
6383:
6379:
6352:
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6329:
6325:
6315:
6313:
6268:
6261:
6251:
6249:
6234:
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6218:
6205:
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6190:
6188:
6175:
6174:
6167:
6157:
6155:
6148:
6122:
6118:
6108:
6106:
6099:10520/EJC133152
6079:
6075:
6065:
6063:
6048:
6044:
6034:
6032:
5997:
5993:
5983:
5981:
5974:
5958:
5951:
5941:
5939:
5926:
5925:
5918:
5908:
5906:
5879:
5875:
5869:Wayback Machine
5855:
5851:
5841:
5839:
5832:The Independent
5824:
5820:
5810:
5808:
5793:
5789:
5779:
5777:
5762:
5755:
5745:
5743:
5700:
5693:
5683:
5681:
5646:African Affairs
5638:
5619:
5609:
5607:
5556:
5547:
5537:
5535:
5520:
5513:
5503:
5501:
5484:
5480:
5447:
5443:
5433:
5431:
5424:
5406:
5389:
5352:
5348:
5338:
5336:
5285:
5268:
5258:
5256:
5237:
5224:
5214:
5212:
5167:African Affairs
5159:
5148:
5138:
5136:
5132:
5121:
5117:
5116:
5109:
5099:
5097:
5084:
5077:
5067:
5065:
5058:
5042:
5038:
5028:
5026:
5013:
5012:
5008:
4998:
4996:
4953:
4949:
4939:
4937:
4902:Social Dynamics
4894:
4875:
4865:
4863:
4850:
4837:
4827:
4825:
4812:
4791:
4760:
4756:
4746:
4744:
4701:
4697:
4687:
4685:
4650:African Affairs
4642:
4629:
4586:
4561:
4551:
4549:
4534:
4530:
4523:
4507:
4503:
4468:
4461:
4451:
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4403:
4399:
4389:
4387:
4380:
4364:
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4348:
4335:
4334:
4330:
4320:
4318:
4305:
4304:
4300:
4290:
4288:
4281:
4265:
4250:
4240:
4238:
4225:
4221:
4211:
4209:
4205:
4199:
4188:
4180:
4176:
4166:
4164:
4149:
4145:
4138:
4122:
4093:
4083:
4081:
4068:
4067:
4063:
4053:
4051:
4038:
4037:
4033:
3988:
3984:
3969:
3951:
3940:
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3921:
3905:
3874:
3864:
3862:
3855:
3839:
3802:
3792:
3790:
3755:
3742:
3732:
3730:
3723:
3707:
3664:
3654:
3652:
3609:
3560:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3490:Security Branch
3481:
3372:
3299:
3208:
3203:
3197:
3141:
3135:
3123:grand coalition
3115:Cyril Ramaphosa
3089:Because in the
3083:
3077:
3042:
3036:
3031:
3016:Cyril Ramaphosa
3012:
3006:
3001:
2991:
2971:
2965:
2956:
2950:
2945:
2906:
2900:
2879:Chris Nicholson
2808:
2802:
2782:
2776:
2756:HIV/AIDS policy
2752:Zwelinzima Vavi
2727:especially the
2724:
2704:
2698:
2696:HIV/AIDS policy
2646:
2640:
2606:
2600:
2595:
2569:
2565:
2517:
2511:
2506:
2500:
2467:
2463:
2454:
2448:
2407:South Africa's
2405:
2399:
2394:
2388:
2372:
2298:kangaroo courts
2282:
2274:
2268:Freedom Charter
2262:
2257:
2251:
2233:(UDF), such as
2226:Cyril Ramaphosa
2214:
2208:
2190:
2181:Cyril Ramaphosa
2159:
2153:
2121:
2057:
2013:
2002:
1957:
1928:
1922:
1901:
1849:
1815:
1774:, and the 1987
1754:
1746:
1725:Soweto uprising
1712:
1706:
1683:
1657:
1651:
1613:
1583:, and later in
1549:Liliesleaf farm
1544:
1518:
1507:
1475:
1469:
1464:
1452:
1439:minority rights
1408:
1402:
1377:
1371:
1358:nationalisation
1337:Freedom Charter
1316:
1310:Freedom Charter
1306:
1300:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1274:
1272:Freedom Charter
1267:
1223:Group Areas Act
1196:
1190:
1139:
1134:
1130:
1059:
1014:
1013:
989:Kairos Document
979:Freedom Charter
949:
941:
940:
924:
895:
887:
886:
717:Vernon BerrangΓ©
712:
704:
703:
664:Security Branch
554:
544:
543:
489:Soweto uprising
459:
458:
418:
382:
374:
298:Raymond Suttner
262:mission schools
227:
196:Soweto uprising
159:(SACP) founded
149:Freedom Charter
126:Freedom Charter
94:First World War
46:Thomas Mapikela
42:Walter Rubusana
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
13053:
13043:
13042:
13037:
13020:
13019:
13007:
13004:
13003:
13001:
13000:
12993:
12986:
12978:
12976:
12970:
12969:
12966:
12965:
12963:
12962:
12955:
12948:
12941:
12938:Ossewabrandwag
12934:
12927:
12920:
12913:
12906:
12899:
12892:
12884:
12882:
12876:
12875:
12873:
12872:
12865:
12858:
12851:
12844:
12837:
12830:
12823:
12816:
12809:
12802:
12795:
12788:
12781:
12774:
12767:
12760:
12753:
12746:
12739:
12732:
12725:
12717:
12715:
12709:
12708:
12706:
12705:
12698:
12691:
12684:
12681:Unionist Party
12677:
12670:
12663:
12660:Torch Commando
12656:
12649:
12642:
12635:
12628:
12621:
12614:
12607:
12600:
12593:
12586:
12579:
12572:
12565:
12558:
12551:
12544:
12537:
12534:Orde Boerevolk
12530:
12523:
12516:
12509:
12502:
12495:
12488:
12481:
12474:
12467:
12460:
12453:
12446:
12439:
12432:
12425:
12418:
12411:
12404:
12397:
12390:
12383:
12376:
12369:
12362:
12355:
12348:
12341:
12334:
12327:
12320:
12313:
12310:DP (1989β2000)
12306:
12303:DP (1973β1977)
12299:
12296:Dominion Party
12292:
12285:
12278:
12271:
12264:
12257:
12250:
12243:
12236:
12229:
12222:
12215:
12208:
12201:
12194:
12187:
12180:
12177:Afrikaner Bond
12172:
12170:
12161:
12155:
12154:
12152:
12151:
12142:
12133:
12124:
12117:
12108:
12101:
12094:
12091:Day of the Vow
12087:
12080:
12073:
12064:
12055:
12048:
12041:
12034:
12027:
12019:
12017:
12013:
12012:
12009:
12008:
12006:
12005:
11995:
11988:
11981:
11974:
11967:
11960:
11953:
11946:
11939:
11932:
11925:
11918:
11911:
11904:
11897:
11890:
11883:
11876:
11869:
11862:
11859:Floor crossing
11855:
11848:
11841:
11834:
11827:
11819:
11817:
11809:
11808:
11806:
11805:
11798:
11791:
11784:
11777:
11774:Bisho massacre
11770:
11769:
11768:
11754:
11747:
11740:
11733:
11726:
11719:
11716:Operation Vula
11712:
11709:Rubicon speech
11705:
11702:Langa massacre
11698:
11691:
11684:
11677:
11670:
11663:
11656:
11655:
11654:
11640:
11633:
11626:
11619:
11618:
11617:
11616:
11615:
11608:
11594:
11587:
11580:
11573:
11566:
11559:
11545:
11538:
11531:
11524:
11517:
11516:
11515:
11501:
11494:
11487:
11480:
11479:
11478:
11464:
11456:
11454:
11448:
11447:
11445:
11444:
11437:
11430:
11423:
11420:Rand Rebellion
11416:
11409:
11401:
11399:
11393:
11392:
11390:
11389:
11377:
11370:
11363:
11356:
11349:
11346:Boer Republics
11342:
11335:
11328:
11320:
11318:
11312:
11311:
11309:
11308:
11301:
11294:
11287:
11280:
11273:
11266:
11258:
11256:
11250:
11249:
11247:
11246:
11239:
11231:
11229:
11220:
11216:
11215:
11213:
11212:
11204:
11196:
11192:Bophuthatswana
11188:
11180:
11172:
11164:
11156:
11152:Klein Vrystaat
11148:
11140:
11132:
11124:
11116:
11108:
11100:
11092:
11084:
11076:
11068:
11060:
11052:
11037:
11022:
11014:
10991:
10989:
10982:
10981:
10973:
10972:
10965:
10958:
10950:
10941:
10940:
10928:
10925:
10924:
10922:
10921:
10916:
10911:
10906:
10901:
10896:
10891:
10886:
10881:
10876:
10871:
10866:
10861:
10856:
10851:
10846:
10841:
10836:
10831:
10826:
10820:
10818:
10814:
10813:
10810:
10809:
10807:
10806:
10799:
10792:
10785:
10778:
10771:
10764:
10757:
10749:
10747:
10741:
10740:
10738:
10737:
10732:
10725:
10720:
10713:
10705:
10703:
10696:
10695:
10694:
10689:
10679:
10674:
10669:
10664:
10659:
10654:
10652:Tenderpreneurs
10649:
10644:
10642:Rainbow nation
10639:
10634:
10629:
10624:
10619:
10614:
10609:
10604:
10602:
10598:
10597:
10589:
10587:
10581:
10580:
10578:
10577:
10572:
10567:
10562:
10557:
10556:
10555:
10550:
10545:
10535:
10529:
10524:
10512:
10510:
10499:
10498:
10495:
10494:
10492:
10491:
10485:
10480:
10474:
10468:
10462:
10456:
10451:
10449:Khanya College
10446:
10441:
10436:
10430:
10424:
10418:
10413:
10407:
10405:
10396:
10395:
10387:
10385:
10379:
10378:
10376:
10375:
10370:
10365:
10363:Pan-Africanism
10360:
10358:Libertarianism
10355:
10350:
10345:
10340:
10335:
10330:
10325:
10320:
10315:
10309:
10307:
10300:
10292:
10291:
10281:
10279:
10277:
10276:
10271:
10266:
10261:
10256:
10251:
10246:
10241:
10236:
10230:
10228:
10224:
10223:
10216:
10215:
10208:
10201:
10193:
10184:
10183:
10169:
10166:
10165:
10163:
10162:
10157:
10151:
10149:
10141:
10140:
10138:
10137:
10132:
10130:Bisho massacre
10127:
10125:Operation Vula
10122:
10117:
10112:
10107:
10102:
10097:
10092:
10087:
10081:
10079:
10071:
10070:
10068:
10067:
10060:
10055:
10050:
10045:
10040:
10035:
10030:
10024:
10022:
10018:
10017:
10015:
10014:
10008:
10002:
9996:
9990:
9984:
9978:
9972:
9966:
9959:
9957:
9949:
9948:
9945:
9944:
9941:
9940:
9938:
9937:
9936:(2022βpresent)
9934:Fikile Mbalula
9931:
9925:
9922:Gwede Mantashe
9919:
9913:
9907:
9901:
9895:
9889:
9883:
9877:
9871:
9865:
9862:TD Mweli Skota
9859:
9856:
9850:
9844:
9837:
9835:
9831:
9830:
9828:
9827:
9826:(2022βpresent)
9824:Paul Mashatile
9821:
9815:
9809:
9803:
9797:
9791:
9785:
9782:Nelson Mandela
9779:
9773:
9770:Nelson Mandela
9767:
9760:
9758:
9754:
9753:
9751:
9750:
9749:(2017βpresent)
9744:
9738:
9732:
9729:Nelson Mandela
9726:
9720:
9717:Albert Luthuli
9714:
9708:
9702:
9696:
9690:
9684:
9678:
9672:
9665:
9663:
9656:
9648:
9647:
9638:
9637:
9630:
9623:
9615:
9609:
9608:
9600:
9593:
9592:External links
9590:
9588:
9587:
9567:
9552:
9537:
9521:
9514:
9513:
9498:Trewhela, Paul
9495:
9480:
9465:
9450:
9435:
9420:Ellis, Stephen
9417:
9402:
9386:
9379:
9378:
9360:
9344:
9337:
9336:
9321:
9306:
9291:
9276:
9261:
9246:Holland, Heidi
9243:
9225:
9209:
9202:
9199:
9197:
9196:
9178:
9166:Daily Maverick
9152:
9141:. 30 June 2024
9130:
9104:
9082:
9059:
9040:
9035:Daily Maverick
9021:
9007:
8988:
8974:
8956:
8937:
8918:
8900:
8881:
8863:
8832:
8801:
8771:
8740:
8710:
8677:
8647:
8617:
8594:(1): 213β231.
8574:
8557:Daily Maverick
8543:
8522:
8492:
8468:
8438:
8413:
8374:
8348:
8326:
8294:
8263:
8233:
8203:
8173:
8142:
8125:Daily Maverick
8111:
8092:
8059:
8005:
7974:
7943:
7913:
7883:
7852:
7822:
7792:
7762:
7747:. 7 May 2008.
7732:
7701:
7671:
7640:
7623:Daily Maverick
7609:
7579:
7548:
7518:
7446:
7419:
7400:
7380:
7350:
7320:
7290:
7260:
7229:
7191:
7162:
7143:
7112:
7085:
7066:
7036:
7025:on 24 May 2008
7006:
6976:
6940:
6910:
6879:
6850:(2): 111β124.
6815:
6751:
6720:
6689:
6658:
6628:
6598:
6539:
6474:(2): 261β299.
6454:
6416:
6397:
6377:
6346:
6323:
6284:(2): 137β152.
6259:
6228:
6217:on 24 May 2008
6198:
6165:
6146:
6116:
6093:(1): 171β190.
6073:
6042:
6011:(4): 418β455.
5991:
5972:
5949:
5916:
5873:
5849:
5818:
5787:
5753:
5691:
5617:
5545:
5511:
5478:
5441:
5422:
5387:
5346:
5266:
5222:
5146:
5107:
5075:
5056:
5036:
5006:
4967:(1): 106β129.
4947:
4908:(2): 295β311.
4873:
4835:
4789:
4770:(4): 693β715.
4754:
4695:
4627:
4559:
4528:
4521:
4501:
4482:(2): 672β677.
4459:
4442:Daily Maverick
4428:
4397:
4378:
4358:
4328:
4298:
4279:
4248:
4219:
4197:
4174:
4143:
4136:
4091:
4061:
4031:
4002:(4): 643β660.
3982:
3967:
3938:
3919:
3872:
3853:
3800:
3740:
3721:
3662:
3623:(4): 719β738.
3558:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3528:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3480:
3477:
3476:
3475:
3471:2022βpresent:
3469:
3463:
3457:
3451:
3445:
3439:
3433:
3427:
3421:
3415:
3409:
3403:
3397:
3391:
3385:
3379:
3371:
3368:
3367:
3366:
3362:2022βpresent:
3360:
3354:
3348:
3342:
3336:
3330:
3324:
3318:
3312:
3306:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3293:
3289:2017βpresent:
3287:
3281:
3275:
3269:
3263:
3257:
3251:
3245:
3239:
3233:
3227:
3221:
3215:
3207:
3204:
3199:Main article:
3196:
3193:
3137:Main article:
3134:
3131:
3105:(IFP) and the
3079:Main article:
3076:
3073:
3038:Main article:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3008:Main article:
3005:
3002:
2990:
2987:
2967:Main article:
2964:
2961:
2952:Main article:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2902:Main article:
2899:
2896:
2892:2009 elections
2804:Main article:
2801:
2798:
2794:floor crossing
2778:Main article:
2775:
2772:
2748:Blade Nzimande
2723:
2720:
2697:
2694:
2642:Main article:
2639:
2636:
2602:Main article:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2557:
2524:Winnie Mandela
2513:Main article:
2510:
2507:
2502:Main article:
2499:
2496:
2484:Bantu Holomisa
2455:
2450:Main article:
2447:
2444:
2401:Main article:
2398:
2395:
2387:
2384:
2379:Nelson Mandela
2371:
2368:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2253:Main article:
2250:
2247:
2243:Cheryl Carolus
2210:Main article:
2207:
2204:
2199:Kenneth Kaunda
2189:
2186:
2155:Main article:
2152:
2149:
2136:F. W. De Klerk
2128:Nelson Mandela
2120:
2117:
2108:Ronnie Kasrils
2100:Operation Vula
2089:Anglo American
2056:
2053:
1990:
1956:
1953:
1921:
1918:
1900:
1897:
1877:Hermanus Loots
1848:
1845:
1814:
1811:
1795:raid on Maputo
1791:raid on Maputo
1738:
1705:
1702:
1682:
1679:
1653:Main article:
1650:
1647:
1612:
1609:
1585:Lusaka, Zambia
1553:Ahmed Kathrada
1543:
1540:
1510:Nelson Mandela
1496:
1471:Main article:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1451:
1448:
1431:Robert Sobukwe
1415:Robert Sobukwe
1401:
1398:
1373:Main article:
1370:
1367:
1320:Z. K. Matthews
1302:Main article:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1255:Yusuf Cachalia
1203:Nelson Mandela
1192:Main article:
1189:
1186:
1147:Nelson Mandela
1138:
1135:
1122:
1114:Albert Luthuli
1095:banning orders
1074:National Party
1061:
1060:
1058:
1057:
1050:
1043:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1029:
1016:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
966:
961:
956:
950:
948:Related topics
947:
946:
943:
942:
939:
938:
933:
928:
922:
917:
912:
907:
902:
896:
893:
892:
889:
888:
885:
884:
879:
874:
872:H. F. Verwoerd
869:
864:
859:
854:
852:Adelaide Tambo
849:
844:
842:Robert Sobukwe
839:
834:
832:J. G. Strijdom
829:
824:
819:
814:
812:Raymond Mhlaba
809:
804:
799:
797:Nelson Mandela
794:
789:
784:
779:
777:Albert Luthuli
774:
772:Ahmed Kathrada
769:
764:
762:Bantu Holomisa
759:
754:
749:
744:
739:
737:F. W. de Klerk
734:
729:
724:
719:
713:
710:
709:
706:
705:
702:
701:
696:
691:
686:
681:
676:
671:
666:
661:
656:
654:National Party
651:
646:
641:
636:
631:
626:
621:
616:
611:
606:
601:
596:
591:
586:
581:
576:
571:
566:
561:
555:
550:
549:
546:
545:
542:
541:
536:
531:
526:
521:
516:
511:
506:
501:
496:
491:
486:
481:
476:
471:
466:
460:
457:
456:
450:
449:
448:
445:
444:
436:
435:
429:
428:
417:
414:
366:
317:'s concept of
315:Mahatma Gandhi
226:
223:
211:1994 elections
188:Lusaka, Zambia
186:, and then in
138:anti-apartheid
114:Nelson Mandela
98:National Party
32:
31:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
13052:
13041:
13038:
13036:
13033:
13032:
13030:
13017:
13016:
13005:
12998:
12994:
12991:
12987:
12984:
12980:
12979:
12977:
12971:
12960:
12956:
12953:
12949:
12946:
12942:
12939:
12935:
12932:
12928:
12925:
12921:
12918:
12914:
12911:
12907:
12904:
12900:
12897:
12893:
12890:
12886:
12885:
12883:
12877:
12870:
12866:
12863:
12859:
12856:
12855:Die Spoorbund
12852:
12849:
12845:
12842:
12838:
12835:
12831:
12828:
12824:
12821:
12817:
12814:
12810:
12807:
12803:
12800:
12796:
12793:
12789:
12786:
12782:
12779:
12775:
12772:
12768:
12765:
12761:
12758:
12754:
12751:
12747:
12744:
12740:
12737:
12733:
12730:
12726:
12723:
12719:
12718:
12716:
12710:
12703:
12699:
12696:
12695:Workers Party
12692:
12689:
12685:
12682:
12678:
12675:
12671:
12668:
12664:
12661:
12657:
12654:
12650:
12647:
12643:
12640:
12636:
12633:
12629:
12626:
12622:
12619:
12615:
12612:
12608:
12605:
12601:
12598:
12594:
12591:
12587:
12584:
12580:
12577:
12576:Radio Freedom
12573:
12570:
12566:
12563:
12559:
12556:
12552:
12549:
12545:
12542:
12538:
12535:
12531:
12528:
12527:Oranjewerkers
12524:
12521:
12517:
12514:
12510:
12507:
12503:
12500:
12496:
12493:
12489:
12486:
12482:
12479:
12475:
12472:
12468:
12465:
12461:
12458:
12454:
12451:
12447:
12444:
12440:
12437:
12433:
12430:
12426:
12423:
12419:
12416:
12412:
12409:
12405:
12402:
12398:
12395:
12391:
12388:
12384:
12381:
12377:
12374:
12370:
12367:
12363:
12360:
12356:
12353:
12349:
12346:
12342:
12339:
12335:
12332:
12328:
12325:
12321:
12318:
12314:
12311:
12307:
12304:
12300:
12297:
12293:
12290:
12286:
12283:
12279:
12276:
12272:
12269:
12265:
12262:
12258:
12255:
12251:
12248:
12244:
12241:
12237:
12234:
12230:
12227:
12223:
12220:
12216:
12213:
12209:
12206:
12202:
12199:
12195:
12192:
12188:
12185:
12181:
12178:
12174:
12173:
12171:
12169:organisations
12165:
12162:
12160:organisations
12156:
12149:
12148:
12143:
12140:
12139:
12134:
12131:
12130:
12125:
12122:
12118:
12115:
12114:
12109:
12106:
12102:
12099:
12095:
12092:
12088:
12085:
12081:
12078:
12074:
12071:
12070:
12065:
12062:
12061:
12056:
12053:
12049:
12046:
12042:
12039:
12035:
12032:
12028:
12025:
12021:
12020:
12018:
12014:
12003:
12001:
11996:
11993:
11989:
11986:
11982:
11979:
11975:
11972:
11968:
11965:
11961:
11958:
11957:Tshwane riots
11954:
11951:
11947:
11944:
11940:
11937:
11933:
11930:
11926:
11923:
11919:
11916:
11912:
11909:
11905:
11902:
11898:
11895:
11891:
11888:
11884:
11881:
11877:
11874:
11870:
11867:
11863:
11860:
11856:
11853:
11849:
11846:
11842:
11839:
11835:
11832:
11828:
11825:
11821:
11820:
11818:
11816:
11810:
11803:
11799:
11796:
11792:
11789:
11785:
11782:
11778:
11775:
11771:
11766:
11762:
11761:
11759:
11755:
11752:
11748:
11745:
11741:
11738:
11734:
11731:
11727:
11724:
11720:
11717:
11713:
11710:
11706:
11703:
11699:
11696:
11692:
11689:
11685:
11682:
11681:Project Coast
11678:
11675:
11671:
11668:
11664:
11661:
11660:Mafeje affair
11657:
11652:
11648:
11647:
11645:
11641:
11638:
11634:
11631:
11630:Durban Moment
11627:
11624:
11623:Rivonia Trial
11620:
11613:
11609:
11606:
11602:
11601:
11599:
11595:
11592:
11588:
11585:
11581:
11578:
11577:Disinvestment
11574:
11571:
11567:
11564:
11560:
11557:
11553:
11552:
11550:
11546:
11543:
11539:
11536:
11532:
11529:
11525:
11522:
11518:
11513:
11509:
11508:
11506:
11502:
11499:
11495:
11492:
11488:
11485:
11481:
11476:
11472:
11471:
11469:
11465:
11462:
11458:
11457:
11455:
11453:
11449:
11442:
11438:
11435:
11431:
11428:
11424:
11421:
11417:
11414:
11410:
11407:
11403:
11402:
11400:
11398:
11394:
11386:
11382:
11378:
11375:
11371:
11368:
11364:
11361:
11357:
11354:
11350:
11347:
11343:
11340:
11336:
11333:
11332:1820 Settlers
11329:
11326:
11322:
11321:
11319:
11317:
11313:
11306:
11302:
11299:
11295:
11292:
11288:
11285:
11281:
11278:
11274:
11271:
11267:
11264:
11260:
11259:
11257:
11255:
11251:
11244:
11240:
11237:
11233:
11232:
11230:
11228:
11224:
11221:
11217:
11209:
11205:
11201:
11197:
11193:
11189:
11185:
11181:
11177:
11173:
11169:
11165:
11161:
11157:
11153:
11149:
11145:
11141:
11137:
11133:
11129:
11125:
11121:
11117:
11113:
11109:
11105:
11101:
11097:
11093:
11089:
11085:
11081:
11077:
11073:
11069:
11065:
11061:
11057:
11053:
11042:
11038:
11027:
11023:
11019:
11015:
10997:
10993:
10992:
10990:
10988:
10983:
10979:
10971:
10966:
10964:
10959:
10957:
10952:
10951:
10948:
10938:
10937:
10926:
10920:
10917:
10915:
10912:
10910:
10907:
10905:
10902:
10900:
10897:
10895:
10892:
10890:
10887:
10885:
10882:
10880:
10877:
10875:
10872:
10870:
10867:
10865:
10862:
10860:
10857:
10855:
10852:
10850:
10847:
10845:
10842:
10840:
10837:
10835:
10832:
10830:
10827:
10825:
10822:
10821:
10819:
10815:
10805:
10804:
10800:
10798:
10797:
10793:
10791:
10790:
10786:
10784:
10783:
10779:
10777:
10776:
10772:
10770:
10769:
10765:
10763:
10762:
10758:
10756:
10755:
10751:
10750:
10748:
10742:
10736:
10733:
10730:
10726:
10724:
10721:
10718:
10714:
10711:
10707:
10706:
10704:
10700:
10693:
10690:
10688:
10685:
10684:
10683:
10680:
10678:
10675:
10673:
10670:
10668:
10667:UnFreedom Day
10665:
10663:
10660:
10658:
10655:
10653:
10650:
10648:
10645:
10643:
10640:
10638:
10635:
10633:
10630:
10628:
10625:
10623:
10620:
10618:
10615:
10613:
10610:
10608:
10605:
10603:
10599:
10595:
10594:
10588:
10586:
10582:
10576:
10573:
10571:
10568:
10566:
10563:
10561:
10558:
10554:
10551:
10549:
10546:
10544:
10541:
10540:
10539:
10536:
10533:
10530:
10528:
10525:
10523:
10520:
10519:
10518:
10517:
10511:
10509:
10504:
10500:
10489:
10486:
10484:
10481:
10478:
10475:
10472:
10469:
10466:
10463:
10460:
10457:
10455:
10454:Koeberg Alert
10452:
10450:
10447:
10445:
10442:
10440:
10437:
10434:
10431:
10428:
10425:
10422:
10419:
10417:
10416:Afrikanerbond
10414:
10412:
10409:
10408:
10406:
10404:
10403:organisations
10397:
10393:
10392:
10386:
10384:
10380:
10374:
10371:
10369:
10368:Non-racialism
10366:
10364:
10361:
10359:
10356:
10354:
10351:
10349:
10346:
10344:
10341:
10339:
10336:
10334:
10331:
10329:
10326:
10324:
10321:
10319:
10316:
10314:
10311:
10310:
10308:
10304:
10301:
10299:
10293:
10285:
10275:
10272:
10270:
10269:Northern Cape
10267:
10265:
10262:
10260:
10257:
10255:
10252:
10250:
10249:KwaZulu-Natal
10247:
10245:
10242:
10240:
10237:
10235:
10232:
10231:
10229:
10225:
10221:
10214:
10209:
10207:
10202:
10200:
10195:
10194:
10191:
10181:
10180:
10167:
10161:
10158:
10156:
10153:
10152:
10150:
10148:
10142:
10136:
10133:
10131:
10128:
10126:
10123:
10121:
10118:
10116:
10115:Radio Freedom
10113:
10111:
10108:
10106:
10103:
10101:
10100:Rivonia Trial
10098:
10096:
10093:
10091:
10088:
10086:
10083:
10082:
10080:
10078:
10072:
10066:
10065:
10061:
10059:
10058:Luthuli House
10056:
10054:
10051:
10049:
10046:
10044:
10041:
10039:
10036:
10034:
10031:
10029:
10026:
10025:
10023:
10019:
10012:
10009:
10006:
10003:
10000:
9997:
9994:
9991:
9988:
9985:
9982:
9979:
9976:
9973:
9970:
9967:
9964:
9961:
9960:
9958:
9956:
9950:
9935:
9932:
9929:
9928:Ace Magashule
9926:
9923:
9920:
9917:
9914:
9911:
9908:
9905:
9902:
9899:
9896:
9893:
9890:
9887:
9886:Walter Sisulu
9884:
9881:
9878:
9875:
9872:
9869:
9866:
9863:
9860:
9857:
9854:
9851:
9848:
9845:
9842:
9839:
9838:
9836:
9832:
9825:
9822:
9819:
9816:
9813:
9810:
9807:
9804:
9801:
9798:
9795:
9792:
9789:
9788:Walter Sisulu
9786:
9783:
9780:
9777:
9774:
9771:
9768:
9765:
9762:
9761:
9759:
9755:
9748:
9745:
9742:
9739:
9736:
9733:
9730:
9727:
9724:
9721:
9718:
9715:
9712:
9709:
9706:
9703:
9700:
9697:
9694:
9691:
9688:
9685:
9682:
9679:
9676:
9673:
9670:
9667:
9666:
9664:
9660:
9657:
9653:
9649:
9645:
9636:
9631:
9629:
9624:
9622:
9617:
9616:
9613:
9607:
9606:
9601:
9599:
9596:
9595:
9585:
9581:
9577:
9576:
9571:
9568:
9565:
9561:
9558:. NYU Press.
9557:
9553:
9550:
9546:
9543:. NYU Press.
9542:
9538:
9535:
9531:
9528:. NYU Press.
9527:
9523:
9522:
9520:
9519:
9511:
9507:
9503:
9499:
9496:
9493:
9489:
9485:
9481:
9478:
9474:
9470:
9466:
9463:
9459:
9455:
9451:
9448:
9444:
9440:
9436:
9433:
9429:
9425:
9421:
9418:
9415:
9411:
9407:
9403:
9400:
9396:
9392:
9388:
9387:
9385:
9384:
9376:
9372:
9368:
9364:
9361:
9358:
9354:
9350:
9346:
9345:
9343:
9342:
9334:
9330:
9326:
9322:
9319:
9315:
9311:
9307:
9304:
9300:
9296:
9292:
9289:
9285:
9282:. NYU Press.
9281:
9277:
9274:
9270:
9266:
9262:
9259:
9255:
9251:
9247:
9244:
9241:
9237:
9233:
9229:
9226:
9223:
9219:
9215:
9211:
9210:
9208:
9207:
9192:
9188:
9182:
9167:
9163:
9156:
9140:
9134:
9118:
9114:
9108:
9092:
9086:
9070:
9063:
9055:
9051:
9044:
9036:
9032:
9025:
9017:
9011:
9003:
8999:
8992:
8985:. 9 May 2019.
8984:
8978:
8970:
8966:
8960:
8952:
8948:
8941:
8933:
8929:
8922:
8914:
8910:
8904:
8896:
8892:
8885:
8877:
8873:
8867:
8851:
8847:
8843:
8836:
8820:
8816:
8812:
8805:
8789:
8785:
8781:
8775:
8759:
8755:
8751:
8744:
8728:
8724:
8720:
8714:
8698:
8694:
8693:
8688:
8681:
8665:
8661:
8657:
8651:
8635:
8631:
8627:
8621:
8605:
8601:
8597:
8593:
8589:
8585:
8578:
8562:
8558:
8554:
8547:
8540:
8536:
8532:
8526:
8510:
8506:
8502:
8496:
8488:
8484:
8483:
8478:
8472:
8456:
8452:
8448:
8442:
8434:
8430:
8429:
8424:
8417:
8401:
8397:
8393:
8389:
8385:
8378:
8363:
8359:
8355:
8351:
8345:
8341:
8337:
8330:
8314:
8310:
8309:
8304:
8298:
8282:
8278:
8274:
8267:
8251:
8247:
8243:
8237:
8221:
8217:
8213:
8207:
8191:
8187:
8183:
8177:
8161:
8157:
8153:
8146:
8130:
8126:
8122:
8115:
8099:
8095:
8089:
8085:
8084:
8076:
8074:
8072:
8070:
8068:
8066:
8064:
8047:
8043:
8039:
8035:
8031:
8027:
8023:
8019:
8012:
8010:
7993:
7989:
7985:
7978:
7962:
7958:
7954:
7947:
7931:
7927:
7923:
7917:
7901:
7897:
7893:
7887:
7871:
7867:
7863:
7856:
7840:
7836:
7832:
7826:
7810:
7806:
7802:
7796:
7780:
7776:
7772:
7766:
7750:
7746:
7742:
7736:
7720:
7716:
7712:
7705:
7689:
7685:
7681:
7675:
7659:
7655:
7651:
7644:
7628:
7624:
7620:
7613:
7597:
7593:
7589:
7583:
7567:
7563:
7559:
7552:
7536:
7532:
7528:
7522:
7506:
7502:
7498:
7494:
7490:
7486:
7482:
7478:
7474:
7471:(2): 81β102.
7470:
7466:
7462:
7455:
7453:
7451:
7442:
7438:
7434:
7430:
7423:
7407:
7403:
7397:
7393:
7392:
7384:
7368:
7364:
7360:
7354:
7338:
7334:
7330:
7324:
7308:
7304:
7300:
7294:
7278:
7274:
7270:
7264:
7248:
7244:
7240:
7233:
7217:
7213:
7212:
7204:
7202:
7200:
7198:
7196:
7179:
7175:
7174:
7166:
7150:
7146:
7140:
7136:
7135:
7127:
7125:
7123:
7121:
7119:
7117:
7100:
7096:
7092:
7088:
7082:
7078:
7077:
7070:
7054:
7050:
7046:
7040:
7024:
7020:
7016:
7010:
6994:
6990:
6986:
6980:
6961:
6957:
6950:
6944:
6928:
6924:
6920:
6914:
6898:
6894:
6890:
6883:
6875:
6871:
6867:
6863:
6858:
6853:
6849:
6845:
6841:
6834:
6832:
6830:
6828:
6826:
6824:
6822:
6820:
6803:
6799:
6795:
6791:
6787:
6783:
6779:
6775:
6771:
6767:
6760:
6758:
6756:
6739:
6735:
6731:
6724:
6708:
6704:
6700:
6693:
6677:
6673:
6669:
6662:
6646:
6642:
6638:
6632:
6616:
6612:
6608:
6602:
6586:
6582:
6578:
6574:
6570:
6566:
6562:
6558:
6554:
6550:
6543:
6527:
6523:
6519:
6515:
6511:
6507:
6503:
6498:
6493:
6489:
6485:
6481:
6477:
6473:
6469:
6465:
6458:
6442:
6438:
6434:
6430:
6423:
6421:
6404:
6400:
6394:
6390:
6389:
6381:
6373:
6369:
6365:
6361:
6357:
6350:
6342:
6338:
6334:
6327:
6311:
6307:
6303:
6299:
6295:
6291:
6287:
6283:
6279:
6278:
6273:
6266:
6264:
6247:
6243:
6239:
6232:
6216:
6212:
6208:
6202:
6186:
6182:
6178:
6172:
6170:
6153:
6149:
6143:
6139:
6135:
6131:
6127:
6120:
6104:
6100:
6096:
6092:
6088:
6084:
6077:
6061:
6057:
6053:
6046:
6030:
6026:
6022:
6018:
6014:
6010:
6006:
6002:
5995:
5979:
5975:
5969:
5965:
5964:
5956:
5954:
5937:
5933:
5929:
5923:
5921:
5904:
5900:
5896:
5892:
5888:
5884:
5877:
5870:
5866:
5862:
5858:
5853:
5837:
5833:
5829:
5822:
5806:
5802:
5798:
5791:
5775:
5771:
5767:
5760:
5758:
5741:
5737:
5733:
5729:
5725:
5721:
5717:
5713:
5709:
5705:
5698:
5696:
5679:
5675:
5671:
5667:
5663:
5659:
5655:
5652:(378): 5β30.
5651:
5647:
5643:
5636:
5634:
5632:
5630:
5628:
5626:
5624:
5622:
5605:
5601:
5597:
5593:
5589:
5585:
5581:
5577:
5573:
5570:(1): 90β101.
5569:
5565:
5561:
5554:
5552:
5550:
5533:
5529:
5525:
5518:
5516:
5499:
5495:
5494:
5489:
5482:
5474:
5470:
5466:
5462:
5458:
5454:
5453:
5445:
5429:
5425:
5419:
5415:
5411:
5404:
5402:
5400:
5398:
5396:
5394:
5392:
5383:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5365:
5361:
5357:
5350:
5334:
5330:
5326:
5322:
5318:
5314:
5310:
5306:
5302:
5298:
5294:
5290:
5283:
5281:
5279:
5277:
5275:
5273:
5271:
5254:
5250:
5246:
5242:
5235:
5233:
5231:
5229:
5227:
5210:
5206:
5202:
5198:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5180:
5176:
5172:
5168:
5164:
5157:
5155:
5153:
5151:
5131:
5127:
5120:
5114:
5112:
5095:
5091:
5090:
5082:
5080:
5063:
5059:
5053:
5049:
5048:
5040:
5024:
5020:
5016:
5010:
4994:
4990:
4986:
4982:
4978:
4974:
4970:
4966:
4962:
4958:
4951:
4935:
4931:
4927:
4923:
4919:
4915:
4911:
4907:
4903:
4899:
4892:
4890:
4888:
4886:
4884:
4882:
4880:
4878:
4861:
4857:
4856:
4848:
4846:
4844:
4842:
4840:
4823:
4819:
4818:
4810:
4808:
4806:
4804:
4802:
4800:
4798:
4796:
4794:
4785:
4781:
4777:
4773:
4769:
4765:
4758:
4742:
4738:
4734:
4730:
4726:
4722:
4718:
4714:
4710:
4706:
4699:
4683:
4679:
4675:
4671:
4667:
4663:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4647:
4640:
4638:
4636:
4634:
4632:
4623:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4595:
4591:
4584:
4582:
4580:
4578:
4576:
4574:
4572:
4570:
4568:
4566:
4564:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4532:
4524:
4518:
4514:
4513:
4505:
4497:
4493:
4489:
4485:
4481:
4477:
4473:
4466:
4464:
4447:
4443:
4439:
4432:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4401:
4385:
4381:
4375:
4371:
4370:
4362:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4332:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4302:
4286:
4282:
4276:
4272:
4271:
4263:
4261:
4259:
4257:
4255:
4253:
4236:
4232:
4231:
4223:
4204:
4200:
4194:
4187:
4186:
4178:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4147:
4139:
4133:
4129:
4128:
4120:
4118:
4116:
4114:
4112:
4110:
4108:
4106:
4104:
4102:
4100:
4098:
4096:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4065:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4035:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3986:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3949:
3947:
3945:
3943:
3926:
3922:
3916:
3912:
3911:
3903:
3901:
3899:
3897:
3895:
3893:
3891:
3889:
3887:
3885:
3883:
3881:
3879:
3877:
3860:
3856:
3850:
3846:
3845:
3837:
3835:
3833:
3831:
3829:
3827:
3825:
3823:
3821:
3819:
3817:
3815:
3813:
3811:
3809:
3807:
3805:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3753:
3751:
3749:
3747:
3745:
3728:
3724:
3718:
3714:
3713:
3705:
3703:
3701:
3699:
3697:
3695:
3693:
3691:
3689:
3687:
3685:
3683:
3681:
3679:
3677:
3675:
3673:
3671:
3669:
3667:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3607:
3605:
3603:
3601:
3599:
3597:
3595:
3593:
3591:
3589:
3587:
3585:
3583:
3581:
3579:
3577:
3575:
3573:
3571:
3569:
3567:
3565:
3563:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3539:
3535:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3520:Radio Freedom
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3482:
3474:
3470:
3468:
3464:
3462:
3458:
3456:
3452:
3450:
3446:
3444:
3440:
3438:
3434:
3432:
3428:
3426:
3422:
3420:
3416:
3414:
3410:
3408:
3404:
3402:
3398:
3396:
3392:
3390:
3386:
3384:
3380:
3378:
3374:
3373:
3365:
3361:
3359:
3355:
3353:
3349:
3347:
3343:
3341:
3337:
3335:
3331:
3329:
3325:
3323:
3319:
3317:
3313:
3311:
3307:
3305:
3301:
3300:
3292:
3288:
3286:
3282:
3280:
3276:
3274:
3270:
3268:
3264:
3262:
3258:
3256:
3252:
3250:
3246:
3244:
3240:
3238:
3234:
3232:
3228:
3226:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3214:
3210:
3209:
3202:
3192:
3188:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3140:
3130:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3072:
3069:
3064:
3062:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3048:
3047:Julius Malema
3041:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3017:
3011:
3000:
2996:
2986:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2970:
2960:
2955:
2937:
2933:
2932:Luthuli House
2929:
2925:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2914:Terror Lekota
2911:
2905:
2895:
2893:
2889:
2884:
2880:
2874:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2836:Saki Macozoma
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2812:Schabir Shaik
2807:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2781:
2771:
2769:
2765:
2764:Robert Mugabe
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2744:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2703:
2693:
2691:
2686:
2685:Jackie Selebi
2682:
2678:
2673:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2654:
2653:SAS Spioenkop
2650:
2645:
2635:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2605:
2590:
2587:
2582:
2580:
2575:
2568:
2562:
2556:
2554:
2550:
2549:Stella Sigcau
2544:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2525:
2521:
2516:
2505:
2495:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2472:
2466:
2460:
2453:
2443:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2427:
2426:KwaZulu-Natal
2423:
2419:
2415:
2410:
2404:
2393:
2380:
2376:
2366:
2363:
2356:
2354:
2349:
2347:
2343:
2340:and the 1994
2339:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2316:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2281:
2278:
2277:Radio Freedom
2271:
2269:
2256:
2246:
2244:
2240:
2239:Terror Lekota
2236:
2235:Trevor Manuel
2232:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2213:
2203:
2200:
2195:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2158:
2148:
2146:
2145:Luthuli House
2142:
2137:
2129:
2125:
2116:
2114:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2065:
2061:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2012:
2010:
2006:
1999:
1997:
1989:
1987:
1983:
1978:
1974:
1973:Ronald Reagan
1966:
1965:Dries van Agt
1961:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1937:
1933:
1927:
1917:
1914:
1908:
1906:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1882:
1878:
1872:
1870:
1866:
1863:word meaning
1862:
1858:
1854:
1844:
1842:
1837:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1810:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1783:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1753:
1750:
1743:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1726:
1716:
1711:
1701:
1699:
1698:
1693:
1689:
1678:
1676:
1669:
1664:
1662:
1656:
1646:
1644:
1639:
1635:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1604:
1600:
1598:
1597:Stephen Ellis
1594:
1590:
1589:Dar es Salaam
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1565:Robben Island
1562:
1561:Rivonia trial
1558:
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130:Treason Trial
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12973:Histories of
12674:United Party
12583:Reform Party
12520:Orangia Unie
12145:
12136:
12129:Swart gevaar
12127:
12111:
12067:
12058:
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11901:Blikkiesdorp
11227:Pre-colonial
11080:Natal Colony
11064:Zulu Kingdom
10978:South Africa
10934:
10854:Gupta family
10849:Farm attacks
10801:
10794:
10787:
10780:
10773:
10766:
10759:
10752:
10590:
10513:
10503:Trade unions
10429:(CONTRALESA)
10388:
10274:Western Cape
10234:Eastern Cape
10175:
10074:
10062:
9892:Oliver Tambo
9880:James Calata
9868:E. J. Khaile
9847:Selope Thema
9818:David Mabuza
9776:Oliver Tambo
9723:Oliver Tambo
9711:James Moroka
9604:
9603:Web dossier
9573:
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9327:. BM Books.
9324:
9309:
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9213:
9205:
9204:
9190:
9181:
9169:. Retrieved
9165:
9155:
9143:. Retrieved
9133:
9121:. Retrieved
9117:the original
9107:
9095:. Retrieved
9085:
9073:. Retrieved
9062:
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9010:
9002:The Observer
9001:
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8968:
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8945:Essa, Azad.
8940:
8932:The Guardian
8931:
8921:
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8903:
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8875:
8866:
8854:. Retrieved
8845:
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8823:. Retrieved
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8783:
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8762:. Retrieved
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8731:. Retrieved
8722:
8713:
8701:. Retrieved
8697:the original
8690:
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8668:. Retrieved
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8638:. Retrieved
8629:
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8608:. Retrieved
8591:
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8565:. Retrieved
8556:
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8480:
8471:
8459:. Retrieved
8450:
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8433:the original
8426:
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8377:
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8329:
8317:. Retrieved
8306:
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8277:the Guardian
8276:
8266:
8254:. Retrieved
8245:
8236:
8224:. Retrieved
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8185:
8176:
8164:. Retrieved
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8114:
8102:. Retrieved
8082:
8050:. Retrieved
8025:
8021:
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7987:
7977:
7965:. Retrieved
7957:the Guardian
7956:
7946:
7934:. Retrieved
7925:
7916:
7904:. Retrieved
7895:
7886:
7874:. Retrieved
7865:
7855:
7845:28 September
7843:. Retrieved
7839:the original
7834:
7825:
7815:28 September
7813:. Retrieved
7804:
7795:
7783:. Retrieved
7774:
7765:
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7744:
7735:
7723:. Retrieved
7715:the Guardian
7714:
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7692:. Retrieved
7683:
7674:
7662:. Retrieved
7654:the Guardian
7653:
7643:
7631:. Retrieved
7622:
7612:
7600:. Retrieved
7591:
7582:
7570:. Retrieved
7562:Business Day
7561:
7551:
7539:. Retrieved
7530:
7521:
7509:. Retrieved
7468:
7465:Africa Today
7464:
7441:the original
7436:
7432:
7422:
7410:. Retrieved
7390:
7383:
7371:. Retrieved
7362:
7353:
7341:. Retrieved
7332:
7323:
7311:. Retrieved
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7165:
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7103:. Retrieved
7075:
7069:
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7048:
7039:
7027:. Retrieved
7023:the original
7018:
7009:
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6988:
6979:
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6955:
6943:
6931:. Retrieved
6922:
6913:
6901:. Retrieved
6897:the original
6892:
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6773:
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6742:. Retrieved
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6711:. Retrieved
6702:
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6680:. Retrieved
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6619:. Retrieved
6610:
6601:
6589:. Retrieved
6556:
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6542:
6530:. Retrieved
6471:
6467:
6457:
6445:. Retrieved
6439:(1): 14β20.
6436:
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6380:
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6341:the original
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6326:
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6281:
6275:
6250:. Retrieved
6241:
6231:
6219:. Retrieved
6215:the original
6210:
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6180:
6156:. Retrieved
6129:
6119:
6107:. Retrieved
6090:
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6076:
6064:. Retrieved
6055:
6045:
6033:. Retrieved
6008:
6004:
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5982:. Retrieved
5962:
5940:. Retrieved
5931:
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5893:(2): 33β69.
5890:
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5860:
5852:
5840:. Retrieved
5831:
5821:
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5800:
5790:
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5769:
5744:. Retrieved
5714:(1): 18β32.
5711:
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5645:
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5567:
5563:
5536:. Retrieved
5527:
5502:. Retrieved
5491:
5481:
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5456:
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5432:, retrieved
5413:
5366:(2): 51β67.
5363:
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5292:
5257:. Retrieved
5248:
5244:
5213:. Retrieved
5170:
5166:
5137:. Retrieved
5125:
5098:. Retrieved
5088:
5066:. Retrieved
5046:
5039:
5027:. Retrieved
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5009:
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4964:
4960:
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4938:. Retrieved
4905:
4901:
4864:. Retrieved
4854:
4826:. Retrieved
4816:
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4757:
4745:. Retrieved
4712:
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4653:
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4550:. Retrieved
4541:
4531:
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4479:
4475:
4450:. Retrieved
4441:
4431:
4419:. Retrieved
4410:
4400:
4388:. Retrieved
4368:
4361:
4349:. Retrieved
4345:the original
4340:
4331:
4319:. Retrieved
4310:
4301:
4289:. Retrieved
4269:
4239:. Retrieved
4229:
4222:
4210:. Retrieved
4191:. Springer.
4184:
4177:
4165:. Retrieved
4161:the original
4156:
4146:
4126:
4082:. Retrieved
4073:
4064:
4052:. Retrieved
4043:
4034:
3999:
3995:
3985:
3954:
3929:. Retrieved
3909:
3863:. Retrieved
3843:
3791:. Retrieved
3766:
3762:
3731:. Retrieved
3711:
3653:. Retrieved
3620:
3616:
3553:the original
3548:
3538:
3510:Henri Curiel
3407:E. J. Khaile
3189:
3142:
3088:
3084:
3065:
3058:
3055:
3043:
3024:
3013:
2999:Gupta family
2972:
2957:
2936:Johannesburg
2907:
2875:
2859:
2809:
2783:
2745:
2741:Stellenbosch
2725:
2674:
2670:plea bargain
2666:Tony Yengeni
2658:
2626:Constitution
2623:
2607:
2586:Desmond Tutu
2583:
2581:structures.
2570:
2564:
2559:
2545:
2529:
2468:
2462:
2457:
2406:
2358:
2350:
2334:
2290:ungovernable
2283:
2279:in July 1985
2273:
2265:
2249:Negotiations
2215:
2191:
2160:
2133:
2097:
2069:
2041:
2025:Moses Kotane
2021:Soviet Union
2014:
2001:
1992:
1970:
1948:
1929:
1909:
1902:
1873:
1864:
1850:
1832:
1819:
1816:
1784:
1755:
1745:
1740:
1721:
1695:
1684:
1671:
1666:
1658:
1614:
1545:
1531:Robert Resha
1523:
1519:
1506:
1498:
1486:
1476:
1453:
1444:
1436:
1424:
1378:
1355:
1350:
1345:Constitution
1341:
1317:
1277:
1276:
1251:Eastern Cape
1247:
1242:Franz Rumpff
1239:
1208:
1176:
1167:James Moroka
1151:Oliver Tambo
1140:
1129:
1124:
1107:
1064:
905:District Six
867:Desmond Tutu
857:Oliver Tambo
847:Helen Suzman
747:Bram Fischer
383:
373:
368:
362:Western Cape
358:Johannesburg
350:
327:
295:
279:
242:Bloemfontein
239:
200:
192:Soviet Union
169:
142:
118:Oliver Tambo
82:
74:Bloemfontein
63:
33:
12113:Rooi gevaar
11992:2021 unrest
11922:Nkandlagate
11751:Third Force
11612:Rugby union
11210:(1981β1994)
11202:(1979β1994)
11194:(1977β1994)
11186:(1976β1994)
11178:(1910β1961)
11170:(1902β1910)
11162:(1902β1910)
11154:(1886β1891)
11146:(1885β1887)
11138:(1884β1888)
11130:(1882β1885)
11122:(1882β1883)
11114:(1870β1873)
11106:(1861β1879)
11098:(1856β1902)
11090:(1854β1902)
11082:(1843β1910)
11074:(1839β1843)
11066:(1816β1897)
11058:(1795β1910)
11056:Cape Colony
11048: 1780
11033: 1780
11020:(1652β1806)
11010: 1220
11003: 1075
10919:Third Force
10909:Shack fires
10746:periodicals
10227:By province
9930:(2017β2022)
9924:(2007β2017)
9918:(1997β2007)
9912:(1991β1997)
9906:(1969β1991)
9900:(1958β1969)
9894:(1955β1958)
9888:(1949β1955)
9882:(1936β1949)
9876:(1930β1936)
9870:(1927β1930)
9864:(1923β1927)
9855:(1917β1919)
9849:(1915β1917)
9843:(1912β1915)
9841:Sol Plaatje
9820:(2017β2022)
9814:(2012β2017)
9808:(2007β2012)
9802:(1997β2007)
9796:(1994β1997)
9794:Thabo Mbeki
9790:(1991β1994)
9784:(1985β1991)
9778:(1958β1985)
9772:(1952β1958)
9766:(1912β1936)
9743:(2007β2017)
9737:(1997β2007)
9735:Thabo Mbeki
9731:(1991β1997)
9725:(1967β1991)
9719:(1952β1967)
9713:(1949β1952)
9707:(1940β1949)
9701:(1937β1940)
9695:(1930β1936)
9689:(1927β1930)
9683:(1924β1927)
9677:(1917β1924)
9671:(1912β1917)
9383:Exile years
9341:Early years
9228:Dubow, Saul
9191:www.bbc.com
8640:10 December
8610:28 December
8515:29 December
8461:28 December
8287:28 December
8256:28 December
8226:28 December
8196:29 December
8156:HuffPost UK
8135:29 December
8104:28 December
8052:29 December
8028:(2): 4β37.
7998:29 December
7967:29 December
7936:29 December
7906:29 December
7876:30 November
7835:Politicsweb
7785:13 December
7755:13 December
7694:20 December
7664:20 December
7633:23 December
7602:21 December
7572:20 December
7541:20 December
7511:28 December
7412:28 December
7373:10 December
7343:11 December
7313:29 December
7283:29 December
7253:29 December
7222:30 December
7184:29 December
7155:30 December
7105:29 December
7059:11 December
7029:11 December
6969:11 December
6933:11 December
6903:21 February
6808:28 December
6744:28 December
6713:28 December
6682:28 December
6651:28 December
6621:28 December
6591:28 December
6532:28 December
6447:28 December
6409:28 December
6316:28 December
6252:28 December
6191:28 December
6158:28 December
6132:: 259β282.
6109:28 December
6066:28 December
6035:27 December
5984:27 December
5966:. Penguin.
5942:26 December
5909:27 December
5842:27 December
5811:27 December
5780:27 December
5746:27 December
5684:27 December
5610:27 December
5538:27 December
5504:27 December
5434:27 December
5339:27 December
5259:27 December
5215:27 December
5139:27 December
5100:27 December
5068:27 December
5029:27 December
4999:27 December
4940:26 December
4866:27 December
4828:26 December
4747:27 December
4688:26 December
4552:28 December
4452:28 December
4421:28 December
4390:28 December
4321:27 December
4291:27 December
4241:27 December
4212:28 December
4084:27 December
4054:27 December
3931:27 December
3865:27 December
3793:27 December
3733:27 December
3655:27 December
3465:2017β2022:
3459:2007β2017:
3453:1997β2007:
3447:1991β1997:
3441:1969β1991:
3435:1958β1969:
3429:1955β1958:
3423:1949β1955:
3417:1936β1949:
3411:1930β1936:
3405:1927β1930:
3399:1923β1927:
3393:1919β1923:
3387:1917β1919:
3381:1915β1917:
3377:Sol Plaatje
3375:1912β1915:
3356:2017β2022:
3350:2012β2017:
3344:2007β2012:
3338:1997β2007:
3332:1994β1997:
3326:1991β1994:
3320:1985β1991:
3314:1958β1985:
3308:1952β1958:
3302:1912β1936:
3283:2007β2017:
3277:1997β2007:
3271:1991β1997:
3265:1967β1991:
3259:1952β1967:
3253:1949β1952:
3247:1940β1949:
3241:1937β1940:
3235:1930β1936:
3229:1927β1930:
3223:1924β1927:
3217:1917β1924:
3211:1912β1917:
3183:(Rise) and
3181:Rise Mzansi
2922:Sam Shilowa
2916:and former
2824:rape charge
2711:Thabo Mbeki
2553:Sol Kerzner
2547:politician
2533:Kader Asmal
2482:politician
2424:(IFP), won
2346:third force
2141:Shell House
2104:Mac Maharaj
2093:Thabo Mbeki
2064:Thabo Mbeki
2029:Yusuf Dadoo
1892:O. R. Tambo
1797:, and 1985
1770:, the 1986
1766:, the 1985
1668:leadership.
1557:Govan Mbeki
1086:D. F. Malan
807:Thabo Mbeki
802:Govan Mbeki
792:D. F. Malan
787:Mac Maharaj
722:P. W. Botha
649:Broederbond
377:Alfred Xuma
270:Sol Plaatje
136:with other
92:during the
80:in Africa.
58:Sol Plaatje
13029:Categories
12924:Greyshirts
12688:Volksparty
12226:Black Sash
11887:Xenophobia
11880:Travelgate
11637:Border War
11441:Bantustans
11339:Great Trek
11284:Xhosa Wars
11144:Upingtonia
11128:Stellaland
10682:Xenophobia
10622:Corruption
10373:Trotskyism
10353:Liberalism
10343:Federalism
10306:Ideologies
10264:North West
10259:Mpumalanga
10239:Free State
9898:Duma Nokwe
9853:Saul Msane
9800:Jacob Zuma
9741:Jacob Zuma
9456:. Jacana.
9234:. Sutton.
9071:. BBC News
9054:Al Jazeera
8969:Al Jazeera
8951:Al Jazeera
8913:ISS Africa
8856:9 December
8825:9 December
8794:9 December
8764:9 December
8733:9 December
8670:9 December
8567:9 December
8482:Cape Argus
8406:9 December
8368:9 December
8319:14 October
8166:9 December
6999:4 December
6221:4 December
4613:1814/75043
4167:14 October
3531:References
3383:Saul Msane
3206:Presidents
3195:Leadership
3177:Al Jama-ah
3161:Good Party
3101:(DA), the
2993:See also:
2883:Parliament
2854:Jacob Zuma
2733:neoliberal
2700:See also:
2476:Jacob Zuma
2390:See also:
2315:Alfred Nzo
2302:necklacing
2294:vigilantes
2083:, and the
2049:Alfred Nzo
1936:Trotskyist
1924:See also:
1881:code-named
1708:See also:
1643:Duma Nokwe
1634:Chris Hani
1617:Joe Modise
1404:See also:
1394:Ruth First
1347:of 1996):
1308:See also:
915:Sophiatown
882:Jacob Zuma
767:Joel Joffe
757:Chris Hani
742:Ruth First
727:Steve Biko
584:Black Sash
342:socialists
319:satyagraha
167:campaign.
50:Saul Msane
12147:Volkstaat
12138:Uitlander
12069:Boerehaat
12045:Anarchism
11852:Arms Deal
11815:apartheid
11475:Pass laws
11452:Apartheid
11397:1910β1948
11316:1815β1910
11254:1652β1815
10914:Terrorism
10844:e-tolling
10839:Elections
10768:ANC Today
10744:Books and
10657:Toyi-toyi
10444:Keep Left
10411:AfriForum
10401:political
10323:Anarchism
10298:movements
10296:Political
10064:ANC Today
9662:President
9578:. Verso.
8703:8 January
8600:2415-0509
8396:0362-4331
8034:0706-1706
7866:Bloomberg
7501:144367683
7485:0001-9887
6866:0002-0397
6790:0305-6244
6573:0001-9909
6506:0305-7070
6497:1887/9519
6306:152409003
6298:0975-0878
6025:0885-0607
5899:0018-229X
5736:144721483
5728:0021-9096
5666:0001-9909
5600:211652443
5584:2397-7825
5473:145148601
5382:0018-229X
5313:0143-6597
5197:0001-9909
5188:1887/9075
4989:154707097
4981:1726-1368
4930:143455223
4922:0253-3952
4784:145562749
4737:165881850
4729:0021-8537
4715:(1): 69.
4670:0001-9909
4622:0031-2746
4496:0143-6597
4351:1 October
4018:0022-278X
3977:883649263
3959:Routledge
3783:0258-9001
3637:0020-5850
3127:287 seats
2768:bourgeois
2677:Scorpions
2662:Arms Deal
2638:Arms Deal
2439:president
2362:Afrikaner
2286:townships
1986:Islington
1807:Joe Gqabi
1759:bantustan
1638:commissar
1535:guerrilla
1491:Joe Slovo
1390:Joe Slovo
1365:leaders.
1261:in 1953.
1182:stay-away
1078:apartheid
936:Vlakplaas
900:Bantustan
837:Joe Slovo
433:Apartheid
410:Transvaal
266:John Dube
234:John Dube
102:apartheid
54:John Dube
13015:Category
12917:Boeremag
12415:Jeugkrag
12366:Het Volk
12060:Baasskap
12002:incident
11605:Olympics
11184:Transkei
10987:polities
10985:Defunct
10936:Category
10899:Protests
10859:HIV/AIDS
10647:Renaming
10534:(PASSOP)
10348:Feminism
10328:Anti-war
10178:Category
9963:Morogoro
9572:(2009).
9500:(2009).
9365:(2013).
9248:(2012).
9230:(2000).
8850:Archived
8819:Archived
8788:Archived
8758:Archived
8727:Archived
8664:Archived
8634:Archived
8604:Archived
8561:Archived
8509:Archived
8455:Archived
8400:Archived
8362:archived
8313:Archived
8308:BBC News
8281:Archived
8250:Archived
8220:Archived
8190:Archived
8160:Archived
8129:Archived
8098:Archived
8046:Archived
8042:43158334
7992:Archived
7961:Archived
7930:Archived
7900:Archived
7870:Archived
7809:Archived
7779:Archived
7749:Archived
7719:Archived
7688:Archived
7658:Archived
7627:Archived
7596:Archived
7566:Archived
7535:Archived
7505:Archived
7406:Archived
7367:Archived
7337:Archived
7307:Archived
7277:Archived
7247:Archived
7216:Archived
7178:Archived
7149:Archived
7099:Archived
7095:40964716
7053:Archived
6993:Archived
6960:Archived
6956:Namibian
6927:Archived
6874:55994736
6802:Archived
6738:Archived
6707:Archived
6676:Archived
6645:Archived
6615:Archived
6585:Archived
6581:43817190
6526:Archived
6522:53870915
6441:Archived
6403:Archived
6310:Archived
6246:Archived
6185:Archived
6152:Archived
6103:Archived
6060:Archived
6029:Archived
5978:Archived
5936:Archived
5903:Archived
5887:Historia
5865:Archived
5836:Archived
5805:Archived
5801:NBC News
5774:Archived
5740:Archived
5678:Archived
5604:Archived
5532:Archived
5498:Archived
5428:archived
5360:Historia
5333:Archived
5329:12268882
5253:Archived
5209:Archived
5130:Archived
5128:. 1976.
5094:Archived
5062:Archived
5023:Archived
4993:Archived
4934:Archived
4860:Archived
4822:Archived
4741:Archived
4682:Archived
4546:Archived
4446:Archived
4415:Archived
4384:Archived
4315:Archived
4285:Archived
4235:Archived
4203:Archived
4078:Archived
4048:Archived
4046:. 1943.
3925:Archived
3859:Archived
3787:Archived
3727:Archived
3649:Archived
3645:23255615
3479:See also
3163:(Good),
2920:Premier
2844:protests
2758:and its
2717:in 2002.
2618:Mafikeng
2574:landmine
2480:Transkei
2031:visited
2017:Cold War
1861:Kimbundu
1780:Pretoria
1625:Rhodesia
1573:Zululand
1526:sabotage
1512:'s 1964
1235:flogging
1211:coloured
1027:Category
931:Sun City
425:a series
423:Part of
302:imperial
165:sabotage
140:groups.
12820:SAAPAWU
12158:Defunct
12121:Slavery
11325:Mfecane
10879:Lindela
10761:Amandla
10702:Slogans
10479:(SASCO)
10473:(SALSA)
10467:(PAGAD)
10435:(COSAS)
10254:Limpopo
10244:Gauteng
10076:History
9655:Leaders
9171:12 July
9097:14 June
9075:14 June
8723:Reuters
7725:15 July
7684:Sowetan
7493:4187413
6798:4006156
6611:Sowetan
6514:2637528
6476:Bibcode
5321:3991845
3515:Amandla
3175:(UDM),
3171:(FF+),
3167:(PAC),
3159:(IFP),
3147:(ANC),
3018:at the
2973:In the
2918:Gauteng
2871:cabinet
2784:In the
2713:at the
2608:In the
2329:Inkatha
2310:Inkatha
2179:leader
2045:roubles
2005:Kremlin
1841:Siberia
1824:torture
1793:, 1983
1419:Orlando
1381:treason
1179:May Day
225:Origins
12771:FOSATU
12625:SAYRCO
12597:SADECO
12513:Occupy
12052:Azania
12000:Lady R
11929:Racism
11758:CODESA
11219:Events
11208:Ciskei
11120:Goshen
11050:β1819)
11035:β1817)
10662:Ubuntu
10617:Azania
10490:(ZACF)
10461:(LGEP)
10399:Other
10013:(2022)
10007:(2017)
10001:(2012)
9995:(2007)
9989:(2002)
9983:(1997)
9977:(1994)
9971:(1991)
9965:(1969)
9582:
9562:
9547:
9532:
9508:
9490:
9475:
9460:
9445:
9430:
9412:
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9373:
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9331:
9316:
9301:
9286:
9271:
9256:
9238:
9220:
9145:7 July
9123:5 July
8598:
8537:
8394:
8356:
8346:
8246:News24
8090:
8040:
8032:
7926:News24
7745:News24
7499:
7491:
7483:
7398:
7141:
7093:
7083:
6872:
6864:
6796:
6788:
6734:Polity
6579:
6571:
6520:
6512:
6504:
6395:
6304:
6296:
6144:
6023:
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5734:
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4678:722941
4676:
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4026:161593
4024:
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3965:
3917:
3851:
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3643:
3635:
3155:(PA),
3151:(DA),
2241:, and
2222:Durban
2194:Soweto
2079:, the
2033:Moscow
1857:mutiny
1593:Kongwa
1149:, and
1118:London
926:Soweto
894:Places
711:People
659:COSATU
609:FOSATU
519:CODESA
454:Events
286:Gandhi
258:chiefs
120:, and
56:, and
12952:PAGAD
12848:SATUC
12841:SARHU
12827:SACTU
12806:NURHS
12764:FNETU
12750:CTSWU
12743:CNETU
12736:BLATU
12618:SAYCO
12506:NUSAS
12387:IDASA
12198:AITUP
11813:Post-
11200:Venda
10829:Crime
10817:Other
10423:(AWB)
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8038:JSTOR
7497:S2CID
7489:JSTOR
6963:(PDF)
6952:(PDF)
6870:S2CID
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6577:JSTOR
6518:S2CID
6510:JSTOR
6302:S2CID
5732:S2CID
5670:JSTOR
5596:S2CID
5588:JSTOR
5469:S2CID
5317:JSTOR
5251:(5).
5201:JSTOR
5133:(PDF)
5122:(PDF)
4985:S2CID
4926:S2CID
4780:S2CID
4733:S2CID
4674:JSTOR
4206:(PDF)
4189:(PDF)
4022:JSTOR
3641:JSTOR
2306:Natal
2007:with
1996:SWAPO
1905:Kabwe
1853:Viana
1836:dagga
1730:Sasol
1485:(MK,
180:exile
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12834:SAIF
12813:PAWE
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12757:FCWU
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12590:SABP
12541:PAVN
12275:COSG
12254:CTEG
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10775:Biko
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10514:see
10389:see
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10005:54th
9999:53rd
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9147:2024
9125:2024
9099:2024
9077:2024
8858:2021
8827:2021
8796:2021
8766:2021
8735:2021
8705:2018
8672:2021
8642:2021
8612:2021
8596:ISSN
8569:2021
8535:ISBN
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8463:2021
8408:2021
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8137:2021
8106:2021
8088:ISBN
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8030:ISSN
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7969:2021
7938:2021
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7847:2010
7817:2010
7787:2021
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7727:2021
7696:2021
7666:2021
7635:2021
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7574:2021
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7513:2021
7481:ISSN
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7315:2021
7285:2021
7273:SAPA
7255:2021
7224:2021
7186:2021
7157:2021
7139:ISBN
7107:2021
7091:OCLC
7081:ISBN
7061:2021
7031:2021
7001:2021
6971:2021
6935:2021
6905:2017
6862:ISSN
6810:2021
6786:ISSN
6746:2021
6715:2021
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6684:2021
6653:2021
6623:2021
6593:2021
6569:ISSN
6534:2021
6502:ISSN
6449:2021
6411:2021
6393:ISBN
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6318:2021
6294:ISSN
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6223:2021
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6160:2021
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6037:2021
6021:ISSN
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5968:ISBN
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5911:2021
5895:ISSN
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5813:2021
5782:2021
5770:Time
5748:2021
5724:ISSN
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5662:ISSN
5612:2021
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5436:2021
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4725:ISSN
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4618:ISSN
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4517:ISBN
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4214:2021
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2997:and
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2629:and
2161:The
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1392:and
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679:SAIC
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12910:BBB
12903:AWB
12896:ARM
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12785:IWW
12778:ICU
12729:BCM
12722:APF
12667:UFP
12569:PRP
12548:PFP
12499:NRP
12492:NPP
12478:NNP
12471:NLP
12457:NCP
12408:ISL
12359:GNP
12331:ECC
12324:DSM
12317:DPP
12289:DLF
12261:COD
12240:CDA
12219:BPC
12212:AVF
12205:APO
10585:Law
10505:and
8846:IOL
8815:BBC
8784:BBC
8754:IOL
8660:ANC
8451:IOL
8216:IOL
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7775:IOL
7531:IOL
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6778:doi
6561:doi
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5301:doi
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5175:doi
4969:doi
4910:doi
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4717:doi
4658:doi
4608:hdl
4598:doi
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3771:doi
3625:doi
3185:UAT
2739:in
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2220:in
2177:NUM
1360:of
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644:UDF
639:PAC
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589:CCB
579:BBB
574:AWB
569:IFP
559:ANC
108:of
13031::
12931:MK
12485:NP
12450:NA
12401:IP
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