2804:. However, no separation of Church and State took place, and all Hungarians were mandated to belong to religious bodies that collected their own taxes and retained control over aspects of civilian lives, like birth registrations and marriage. The Pesth community board suggested forming a united representative organization for all Jews. The Orthodox viewed this proposal with great suspicion, believing it to be a Neolog conspiracy; the term itself entered Orthodox discourse at that time. Eventually, the traditionalists seceded from the founding Congress of the new organ and formed a separate one, which was formally recognized in 1871. Most liberal communities, which were prone to elect like-minded rabbis, joined the first. The majority of the religiously conservative ones affiliated with the Orthodox. Some of both chose to remain independent, under the label "Status Quo". Many congregations split, polarized between progressive and traditional elements, to form two or even three new ones, each selecting a different affiliation. The liberal body, formed at the 1868 Congress in Pesth, was named the National Jewish Bureau. Its members were henceforth known colloquially as "Neologs" or "Congressionals".
3183:
status of an "accepted faith", legally recognized and subsidized by government funds, for installing chief rabbis as members of the Upper House of
Parliament and against Antisemitism – in the 1890s, 1920s and 1930s, respectively – were led by the Congressionals. Pesth remained their stronghold: in 1880, its Neolog community numbered some 64,000 (as opposed to a few thousands of Orthodox in the city) out of 238,947 country-wide. In 1930, the congregation had 172,933 members, 59.2% of the Bureau's general membership. Tensions between the official, statewide leadership and the Budapest communal functionaries were sharp, as the latter virtually dominated Neolog politics. In 1932, after encountering strong resistance, the Pesth community president Samu Stern was elected Chairman of the Bureau, uniting both posts.
3139:
20:
3095:
3075:
3232:. With the emigration of virtually all Orthodox, the Neologs remained the vast majority. After the fall of the Iron Curtain, communal independence was restored. In 1989, the Federation of Jewish Communities (MAZSIHISZ) was founded as a non-fractional body. It became de facto Neolog after the small Orthodox minority seceded in 1994. As of 2022, there were 42 synagogues affiliated with the movement operating in Hungary. Of 15,695 Jews who chose to donate part of their income to one of the fractions, 11,885 (75.7%) gave theirs to the Neolog. While
3115:
3159:
5440:
2659:
5454:
2599:, the weight of intellectual rabbis in the Hungary was low; the communities' dignitaries were those who led the acceptance of the new ritual, and they were content with what German progressive Jews condemned as "cosmetic changes". The Neologs had theologians who applied critical analysis to the study of Judaism and sought to modify it on the basis of scientific research. Of those, the most prominent was Rabbi
2539:
2588:. In 1830, the Pesth quorum turned to a fully functional synagogue, and from there the new rite spread to other large cities. The Viennese Rite, wrote Michael Silber, was the key factor in what would be known as "Neology" in Hungary – the designation itself was late, and was first used by the local Orthodox by the end of the 1860s, during the Congress controversy. They borrowed it from Rabbi
2514:
unconditional and that the changes they instituted were made for their own sake. However, there was a clear correlation between the levels of education and acculturation and support for change. At that time, the assimilated Jews had long since ceased to uphold traditional religious rules such as
Sabbath observance and the requirement for
2786:, a belief in the Messiah, and for doubting the integrity of Scripture. The Neologs, on the other hand, rallied behind Graetz, stating the incident proved that Hildesheimer was rejecting modern Biblical research. By the 1860s, constant conflict between conservative and liberal elements was prevalent in many communities.
2966:). The Neolog leadership adopted a careful line in matters of faith and practice. Leopold Löw, who became increasingly independent in the 1860s, slid toward Geiger's positions and even boycotted the Congress, demonstrating sympathy for the Orthodox. He became estranged from the lay establishment of the Bureau.
3040:. Judah Schweizer, who surveyed the religious positions of the Neolog rabbis throughout the years, concluded they rarely voiced their opinion. While congregations introduced synagogue organs, played by a non-Jew on the Sabbath, and mixed choirs, traditional liturgy was upheld; only few communities abolished
3060:. Schweitzer concluded that while the Neolog rabbis were extremely moderate in their approach, they had little influence over the congregants of the Bureau communities, who were inclined toward full assimilation and religiously lax, at best. Prominent rabbinical authorities among the Neologs included also
2708:
The
Austrians closed the Association but refrained from enforcing the constitution, which was severely opposed by the Orthodox. A network of German-language schools was set in many communities, and it switched to Hungarian in 1860, greatly increasing the acculturation of the Jews. By the time of the
2781:
Hildesheimer, who was bothered that public opinion did not perceive a difference between both groups in regards to observance, used the Graetz controversy to prove the existence of a dogmatic chasm. He had hundreds of rabbis sign a petition against the historian, denouncing him for violating one of
2693:
Jacob Katz viewed the constitution as an important testimony to the "emerging Neolog tendency": while it opposed any changes in the laws of religion pertaining to
Sabbath and the holidays, marriage and divorce, dietary regulations etc., it also refused to apply any coercion to enforce them, whether
2630:
approach Löw
Schawbb – Rabbi of the largest Neolog center, Pesth, and Leopold's father-in-law – and request to add his signature to a petition against the conferences assembled by Geiger and his colleagues. Leopold Löw supported Frankel's failed attempt to convene a counter-conference in Dresden.
3182:
Hungary. The majority of these communities were located in the north and west of the kingdom, in the economically developed areas. The
Neologs, throughout history, were more affluent, urbanized and integrated than the Orthodox, and had more political clout. The campaigns for granting Judaism the
2685:
In 1851, the victorious
Austrians requested Jewish leaders to propose means to govern itself. The authorities did not favor Horn's extreme measures, but were not keen on the Orthodox either. Eventually, a committee chaired by Löw drafted a general constitution, which mandated the forming of a
2953:
The functionaries who headed the Bureau sought to minimize differences with the
Orthodox. They hoped, among others, to refute the opposing party's claim that they constituted a separate religion. The Hungarian government accepted their stance and recognized the communal associations only as
2513:
among them – insisted that
Emancipation would be granted only after Jews abandoned the customs that set them apart from society so that they could fully integrate. As in Germany, both moderate and extreme religious reformers in Hungary opposed this demand, claiming civil rights should be
2686:
seminary as the only certified institute for training rabbis, sought to apply the aesthetic modifications practiced in Pesth across the country and aimed at creating schools for public education at the communities. The committee defined the
Association as "a cult, similar to
2943:
3048:. The Neolog rabbis also opposed legitimizing intermarriage when they were enabled in Hungary in 1896, after civil unions were authorized. They conducted marriage and divorce according to traditional standards. During the Second World War, when the government banned
2759:, launched constant tirades against the "Pest of Neo-Orthodoxy", castigating the Eisenstadt rabbi for merely presenting a shallow facade of modernity. His school, which introduced secular studies, was condemned as a "Polish yeshiva under a different name".
2638:, hub of Frankel's Positive-Historical School, were sought after by the liberal congregations in Hungary for the rabbi's office. The Neologs' main efforts were directed at establishing an institution along similar lines in their country. One such graduate,
3204:
ones; the 12 Orthodox refused to join and formed a union of their own. In Romania, the 23 Neolog communities and 7 of the 11 local Status Quo communities united to form the "Western Rite Union of Transylvania and Banat". In 1922, the Neolog community of
2970:, in his 1907 history of the Reform movement, wrote on the different factions in Hungarian Jewry: "religiously they are practically on the same footing. Religious Reform as conceived in Germany and realized in the United States is unknown." The 1911
2603:, who was also instrumental in promoting the cause of Emancipation and in the adoption of Hungarian language and national identification among the Jews; he was the first to preach in that language, doing so from 1844. But even he shared the views of
3177:
In 1896, there were 539 communities affiliated with the Neolog Bureau, 179 of which were mother congregations and the rest smaller ones, subordinated to one of the former. In 1944, prior to the deportation to the death camps, there were 167 such in
3715:
3194:, the 29 Neolog and 31 Status Quo congregations united to form a single federation in 1926, named "Jeschurun" from 1928. In Yugoslavia, the 70 Neolog communities constituted the majority of the Federation of Jewish Religious Congregations (
2755:. While the Neologs did not perceive the "Old Orthodoxy" of Moses Sofer's disciples as a potent competitor for the loyalty of the educated Jews, Hildesheimer signaled a different approach. Neolog publications, especially Löw's
2503:
in 1825, especially after virtually all limitations on Jewish settlement were removed in 1840, the Kingdom's Jews underwent rapid urbanization and acculturation, and many began to assimilate. A gradual linguistic shift from
2508:
to German took place, and later to Hungarian. The pressures that motivated German Jews to seek aesthetic changes in their synagogues a generation earlier began to manifest themselves. In addition, the local Liberals –
2525:, Neolog Judaism "developed as a means of fulfilling Magyar social assimilationist expectations that were rooted in the reform era". She noted that there was no equivalent of Neolog Judaism in other countries.
2678:, headed the Pesth Reform Association, where he abolished circumcision and moved the Sabbath to Sunday. Löw and Schwabb condemned him sharply, and demanded the authorities close down the Association – now headed by
2770:. The affair occurred at a time in which the rift between the modern Orthodox in Germany and Zecharia Frankel's Positive-Historical School was widening. While many still regarded him as an ally, his 1859 treatise
2728:, the Orthodox leadership was quick in declaring its support of Magyar nationalism; by the turn of the century, most Hungarian Jews, regardless of affiliation, viewed themselves as "Magyars of Israelite faith".
2405:
in the 19th century. This was their main feature, and they were largely the representative body of urban, assimilated middle- and upper-class Jews. Religiously, the Neolog rabbinate was influenced primarily by
3008:) in the early 1930s. They held services inspired by Einhorn's 1848 group in private homes, which included prayers in Hungarian. The local congregation never allowed them to formally organize. In 1932, when
3027:
was founded along the lines of its Breslau archetype. The large majority of rabbis who served in Congressional communities were graduates of the seminary. The main figures in its early years were scholars
2414:
evolved as well, although the formal rabbinical leadership had little sway over the largely assimilationist communal establishment and congregants. Their rift with the traditionalist and conservative
2522:
3224:, all communal organizations were merged into the unified National Deputation of Hungarian Jews (MIOK). The Budapest Seminary remained the only rabbinic institute in the
2705:. He also requested that the government insure that only conservative rabbis be appointed, and that they will be granted jurisdiction to deal with "heretical elements".
1045:
2496:, and, as well, had but meager following in his country. The rural character and social seclusion of the Jews in the kingdom offered little incentive for his endeavor.
2592:
in Frankfurt, who applied it to denote all religious reformers. The term "Neologs" remained in common use only in Hungary, and became identified with that movement.
2986:, no bareheaded praying and not even confirmation of boys and girls. As to the contents of the prayers themselves, they are the same as the Orthodox have." When
1623:
1278:
973:
3068:, Leopold's son, who was one of only two rabbis to be given permanent seat in the Hungarian Upper House of Parliament, alongside the Orthodox Koppel Reich.
1165:
3002:
from 1883 to 1918. Another attempt for more radical innovations was made by the Pesth layman Ernő Naményi, who founded the Isaiah Religious Association (
2373:
2584:
was held inside rather than under the sky. An all-male choir accompanied prayers, and the rabbi delivered his sermon in the vernacular, dressed in a
137:
4944:
1160:
3053:
5334:
1408:
2998:. The only Hungarian rabbi in the decades to come who administered some of the ritual changes proposed by Geiger was Ede Neumann, who served in
3138:
3325:
Nethaniel Katzburg. "ההנהגה המרכזית של הקהילות בהונגריה, 1870—1939" [Central Authority in the Hungarian Jewish Community, 1870–1939].
2783:
4017:
1662:
5294:
647:
610:
3812:
3114:
3262:
Michael K. Silber. "The Historical Experience of German Jewry and its Impact on Haskalah and Reform in Hungary". In Jacob Katz, ed.,
2775:
1586:
3841:
2682:, who arrived to replace Horn after the latter fled the country – and similar groups that sprung up at the time of the revolution.
2647:
1609:
2468:
was an early proponent of religious modification; from the publication of his 1803 book "Emeq ha-Shave" and onwards, he dismissed
5340:
3584:
Kinga Froimovich. "Who Were They? Characteristics of the Religious Trends of Hungarian Jewry on the Eve of their Extermination".
959:
3615:
O vládním návrhu zákona (tisk 220), jímž se doplňuje organisace náboženské společnosti židovské v zemích České a Moravskoslezské
4440:
3894:
3074:
2643:
2635:
2366:
1536:
1471:
1353:
3656:
Die Entwicklung der israelitischen Kultusgemeinden Güssing, Rechnitz und Stadtschlaining in der 2. Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts
4435:
3306:
3024:
2971:
2946:
657:
3094:
1095:
4344:
2701:, representing the Orthodox, opposed public education and wished that Jewish children continue to be privately tutored in
4455:
4450:
3874:
3785:
3013:
2801:
2401:. Socially, the liberal and modernist Neologs had been more inclined toward integration into Hungarian society since the
1363:
1180:
1170:
410:
2480:
principles and sought to remove what he regarded as superstitious or primitive elements, like spitting in the prayer of
5267:
4144:
2596:
1759:
1709:
1674:
1368:
1233:
1100:
4295:
4149:
3772:
3748:
3701:
3677:
3555:
3534:
3509:
3488:
3424:
3386:
3356:
3284:
2724:
in the northeast, even more conservative and barely acculturated, remained Yiddish-speaking. However, after the 1867
2359:
1451:
1413:
1388:
1308:
1293:
1140:
1080:
1035:
3158:
4204:
4112:
1744:
1726:
1632:
1526:
1378:
1373:
1298:
1263:
1130:
5369:
4563:
2262:
2161:
1716:
1699:
1652:
1551:
1461:
1398:
1348:
1328:
1323:
1243:
1217:
1192:
1070:
1060:
1050:
1030:
1025:
4245:
3805:
3571:, 1997. pp. 167–171. Schweizer wrote he used "Conservative" deliberately, to stress the Neologs' affinity with
3221:
2762:
The Neologs and Hildesheimer often came to public dispute, with the most important taking place in 1863, after
2445:
1735:
1721:
1689:
1669:
1637:
1581:
1556:
1531:
1511:
1501:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1456:
1446:
1441:
1418:
1333:
1318:
1238:
1197:
1150:
1145:
1065:
1010:
5346:
4667:
3186:
In the territories ceded in 1920, the communal separation of Hungarian Jewry remained legally sanctioned. In
2156:
1694:
1679:
1642:
1604:
1576:
1566:
1561:
1546:
1541:
1521:
1506:
1491:
1466:
1432:
1403:
1303:
1288:
1212:
1202:
1120:
1090:
1015:
1001:
5409:
5277:
5272:
4460:
4445:
4209:
4164:
3909:
2450:
In the early 19th century, when the first attempts to reform Judaism under the influence of Enlightenment (
2432:. The Neologs remained organizationally independent in those territories ceded under the terms of the 1920
1764:
1684:
1647:
1571:
1516:
1383:
1358:
1283:
1258:
1248:
1187:
1110:
1105:
1085:
1075:
1055:
1040:
933:
637:
401:
396:
3467:
5485:
5374:
5359:
4240:
4100:
3614:
2725:
2608:
1754:
1749:
1704:
1657:
1343:
1313:
1273:
1268:
1125:
431:
5328:
5222:
4873:
4767:
4475:
4408:
3969:
3859:
3601:
2228:
2073:
1781:
1175:
371:
361:
97:
2995:
2979:
24:
5444:
5384:
5282:
5262:
5132:
5057:
4917:
4784:
4470:
4430:
3798:
3277:
ha-Ḳeraʿ she-lo nitʼaḥah : perishat ha-Ortodoḳsim mi-kelal ha-ḳehilot be-Hungaryah uve-Germanyah
2795:
2671:
2419:
2342:
2035:
1886:
1827:
718:
5364:
5195:
4494:
4369:
2045:
2025:
1135:
615:
156:
3716:"Közlemény a 2022. évben szja 1%-os felajánlásban részesült technikai számos kedvezményezettekről"
5480:
5317:
5306:
4900:
4821:
4526:
4425:
4364:
4250:
4223:
2983:
2732:
2186:
2176:
2141:
2020:
2010:
1793:
964:
906:
740:
419:
376:
91:
5353:
5323:
4386:
3349:
Schechter's Disciples: How Solomon Schechter's Students Created Conservative Judaism, 1902–1946
3101:
2305:
2040:
1954:
1020:
572:
191:
161:
5379:
5300:
5082:
4789:
4672:
4413:
4403:
4396:
4381:
4267:
2750:
2679:
2589:
2567:
2196:
2191:
2136:
1924:
839:
567:
554:
449:
166:
3020:, they "were all Conservative and hence opposed in principle to Liberal or Reform Judaism".
2642:, became a Neolog activist and rabbi; afterwards, he immigrated overseas and co-founded the
5414:
5404:
4907:
3879:
3572:
3437:
3233:
2956:
2500:
2429:
2411:
2267:
2219:
1959:
1817:
630:
495:
484:
442:
8:
5062:
5030:
4956:
4865:
4811:
4418:
4218:
3952:
3917:
3191:
2736:
2402:
2320:
2015:
693:
560:
463:
456:
386:
274:
149:
19:
5394:
5389:
5200:
4922:
4799:
4794:
4779:
4749:
4702:
4625:
4531:
4391:
3964:
3869:
3836:
3330:
3229:
3081:
2807:
The table presents the communal affiliation of Hungarian Jews (from 1920, only in post-
2767:
2698:
2469:
2457:
2390:
2171:
2121:
2068:
2063:
1977:
1847:
1115:
944:
703:
623:
477:
43:
4677:
4553:
3029:
5178:
5109:
4991:
4976:
4759:
4630:
4595:
3884:
3768:
3744:
3697:
3673:
3567:
Judah Schweizer. "Conservative Rabbis in Assimilated Jewish Communities in Hungary".
3551:
3530:
3505:
3484:
3420:
3382:
3352:
3302:
3280:
3179:
2808:
2604:
2433:
2407:
2315:
2257:
2237:
2054:
1614:
1253:
713:
584:
514:
391:
304:
171:
5244:
5212:
5173:
5144:
5127:
5077:
4878:
4687:
4620:
4573:
4521:
4489:
4480:
4465:
4339:
4314:
4290:
4174:
4105:
4022:
3889:
3689:
3165:
3121:
2991:
2975:
2721:
2663:
2415:
2285:
2166:
2126:
2090:
1788:
1338:
849:
605:
509:
424:
314:
106:
2720:
in the northwest of the Kingdom were more inclined toward the German culture. The
5154:
5149:
4961:
4888:
4721:
4692:
4615:
4605:
4568:
4543:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4334:
4329:
4319:
4304:
4095:
4012:
3979:
3937:
3927:
2967:
2763:
2717:
2709:
official schism in 1868–1871, most of the young were already graduates of these.
2675:
2639:
2627:
2247:
2206:
2201:
2181:
2103:
2097:
2030:
1982:
1822:
1803:
954:
683:
595:
578:
122:
3213:
not to join the newly created Association of Autonomous Orthodox Congregations.
3061:
5458:
5433:
5254:
5161:
5119:
5099:
5087:
5067:
4981:
4971:
4932:
4912:
4883:
4855:
4850:
4816:
4726:
4650:
4640:
4578:
4376:
4324:
4235:
4230:
3992:
3987:
3922:
3851:
3513:
3037:
3033:
2619:
2615:
2572:
2515:
2485:
2398:
2347:
2146:
2001:
1881:
1860:
1837:
1832:
1810:
1798:
1393:
874:
808:
773:
751:
688:
526:
504:
366:
345:
321:
87:
69:
3655:
3016:, she met several lay leaders but no Neolog rabbi attended for, as written by
2600:
2543:
5474:
5227:
5072:
4999:
4806:
4740:
4713:
4662:
4610:
4583:
4558:
4548:
4309:
4255:
4189:
4169:
4159:
4154:
4127:
4073:
4002:
3947:
3045:
3017:
2987:
2713:
2551:
2510:
2465:
2295:
2290:
1496:
1423:
949:
798:
793:
788:
778:
756:
708:
470:
309:
214:
176:
127:
5207:
5004:
4966:
4927:
4516:
4260:
4199:
4179:
4139:
4122:
4090:
4078:
4039:
3957:
3932:
3228:. The most prominent Neolog leader under Communism was its director, Rabbi
3225:
3009:
2461:
2325:
2151:
1992:
1987:
1945:
1898:
992:
859:
844:
803:
768:
381:
223:
3125:
2397:, "Neolog faction") are one of the two large communal organizations among
5217:
4732:
4657:
4635:
4538:
4132:
4061:
4056:
4044:
4034:
2999:
2994:
took place in 1873, his family had to hold it at home rather than in the
2559:
2489:
2310:
2252:
1917:
823:
818:
813:
783:
3334:
5311:
5018:
4600:
4194:
3942:
3864:
3417:
In the Land of Hagar: the Jews of Hungary, History, Society and Culture
3210:
2744:
2623:
1968:
982:
911:
869:
698:
678:
237:
144:
64:
2960:), stressing that all three belonged "one and the same denomination" (
5232:
4697:
4588:
4499:
4117:
4051:
3217:
3049:
3041:
2650:
in its early days arrived from Hungary and were linked with Neology.
2493:
2131:
2116:
1206:
1154:
916:
864:
854:
535:
531:
521:
436:
196:
32:
4068:
3765:
The Face of Survival: Jewish Life in Eastern Europe Past and Present
3598:
The Jews of Czechoslovakia: Historical Studies and Surveys, Volume 2
2646:. Later on, a considerable number of the rabbis affiliated with the
884:
4951:
4893:
4838:
4833:
4504:
3790:
3237:
3206:
3201:
3187:
3105:
2687:
2658:
2577:
2452:
2424:
2420:
institutionalized following the 1868–1869 Hungarian Jewish Congress
2300:
1910:
1842:
673:
181:
132:
28:
3502:
Response to Modernity: A History of the Reform Movement in Judaism
5166:
5050:
5045:
5035:
5023:
4843:
4828:
4772:
4707:
4682:
4645:
4509:
4184:
4083:
4007:
3899:
3825:
3266:(New Brunswick and Oxford: Transaction Books, 1987), pp. 107–157.
3169:
3149:
3129:
2740:
2731:
In 1851, a new challenge appeared before Löw and his circle. The
2585:
2581:
2505:
2276:
2242:
2111:
1905:
894:
889:
761:
652:
547:
543:
539:
288:
283:
260:
242:
117:
112:
102:
80:
55:
3741:
The Conservative Movement in Judaism: Dilemmas and Opportunities
3145:
5237:
5104:
5040:
3085:
3065:
3057:
3056:, declaring an animal slaughtered after such treatment was not
2813:
2702:
2563:
2555:
2481:
2477:
1936:
1931:
1891:
1876:
987:
879:
299:
265:
251:
186:
2712:
In the cultural sphere, the Neolog elements tended to embrace
5188:
5183:
5137:
5092:
5013:
5008:
4272:
4027:
3997:
3629:
People and Polity: the Organizational Dynamics of World Jewry
2538:
2473:
899:
328:
232:
201:
5287:
3821:
3548:
Apprentice in Budapest: Memories of a World That Is No More
3052:
on animal rights' grounds, the Neolog rabbinate refused to
2942:
2484:. In 1818, Chorin was one of the few rabbis who backed the
2476:, authored guidelines for modernizing Judaism according to
51:
3642:
Contribuția evreilor din România la cultură și civilizație
2800:
In 1867, full emancipation was granted to the Jews in the
2580:
was set in the front of the hall, as in churches, and the
2488:. He drew the ire of Hungarian Orthodoxy headed by Rabbi
2436:, and are still the largest group among Hungary's Jews.
3220:, most Hungarian Jews perished. Subsequently, in the
2766:
was sued for dismissing the traditional concept of a
3301:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. p. 8.
3195:
2778:") was severely condemned by Samson Raphael Hirsch.
2748:
2570:
to introduce aesthetic change without breaching the
1915:
1896:
319:
3569:
Proceedings of the World Congress of Jewish Studies
2674:, Ede Horn, a disciple of the radical German rabbi
3696:, Volume 2. Associated University Presses (1984).
3694:My World as a Jew: The Memoirs of Israel Goldstein
3279:. Zalman Shazar Center for Jewish History (1995).
2622:found barely any support in Hungary. In 1845, the
3618:. Protocols of the Czechoslovak Parliament, 1936.
3379:The Jews of Hungary: History, Culture, Psychology
3329:(in Hebrew). Historical Society of Israel: 1–12.
2554:Jewish community, Gabriel Ullmann, established a
5472:
3236:regards them as a fraternal, "non-Orthodox but
3003:
2974:' Year Book noted with disappointment: "in the
2961:
3324:
3806:
3631:. Wayne State University Press, 1989. p. 374.
3299:Mapping Jewish Loyalties in Interwar Slovakia
3296:
2367:
3404:The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion
5295:Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation
3672:. Verlag für Geschichte und Politik, 1987.
3529:. Central European University Press, 1999.
3481:Theodor Herzl: From Assimilation to Zionism
3442:YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe
3264:Toward Modernity: The European Jewish Model
2607:, whom he considered his mentor along with
2456:) were made, they had little impact in the
611:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire
3813:
3799:
3527:Jewish Budapest: Monuments, Rites, History
2410:'s Positive-Historical School, from which
2374:
2360:
3842:Index of Jewish history-related articles
3406:. Oxford University Press, 2011. p. 533.
2941:
2657:
2648:United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism
2537:
18:
5341:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
3978:
3504:. Wayne State University Press (1995).
3457:. Macmillan, 1907. OCLC 173452. p. 396.
3381:. Wayne State University Press (1996).
3197:Савез јеврејских вероисповедних општина
3054:allow electric shock during the process
2690:", and had the government disperse it.
5473:
3713:
3240:" movement, the two are unaffiliated.
2747:, bringing with him the philosophy of
2644:Jewish Theological Seminary of America
2636:Jewish Theological Seminary of Breslau
2566:. This style was carefully crafted by
3794:
3739:Daniel J. Elazar, Rela Mintz Geffen.
3025:Budapest University of Jewish Studies
2972:Central Conference of American Rabbis
2947:Budapest University of Jewish Studies
3820:
3767:, Valentine Mitchell, London, 1992,
3200:) founded in 1919, together with 38
3525:Kinga Frojimovics, Géza Komoróczy.
3483:. Indiana University Press (1993).
3320:
3318:
3258:
3256:
3254:
3252:
3144:The 1869 Neolog Great Synagogue of
3014:World Union for Progressive Judaism
2653:
2550:In 1827, a young lay leader of the
13:
5288:YIVO Institute for Jewish Research
5268:American Jewish Historical Society
3786:The Synagogue Triangle of Budapest
3757:
3012:visited Budapest on behalf of the
2784:Maimonides' 13 principles of faith
14:
5497:
3779:
3644:, Editura Hasefer (2004). p. 733.
2618:and the other German pioneers of
402:Historical population comparisons
5452:
5439:
5438:
3315:
3249:
3157:
3137:
3113:
3093:
3073:
2982:, there are no mixed choirs, no
1046:Democratic Republic of the Congo
960:Historical population by country
16:Jewish denomination from Hungary
3733:
3707:
3683:
3662:
3647:
3634:
3621:
3607:
3591:
3578:
3561:
3540:
3519:
3494:
3473:
3460:
3447:
3430:
3297:Klein-Pejšová, Rebekah (2015).
2558:that practiced the rite of the
5360:Relations with other religions
3455:The Reform Movement in Judaism
3409:
3392:
3371:
3362:
3341:
3290:
3269:
2528:
2446:History of the Jews in Hungary
1:
5347:Encyclopedia of the Holocaust
3243:
2937:
2533:
2499:With the commencement of the
2439:
617:Christianity and Judaism
5278:Leo Baeck Institute New York
5273:American Sephardi Federation
3714:Vámhivatal, Nemzeti Adó-és.
7:
4101:Constantinopolitan Karaites
3670:Geschichte des Burgenlandes
3419:. Beth Hatefutsoth (2002).
3222:Hungarian People's Republic
2749:
2726:Austro-Hungarian Compromise
2626:could still recommend that
2609:Solomon Judah Loeb Rapoport
1916:
1897:
1624:Latin America and Caribbean
320:
10:
5502:
5329:National Library of Israel
3970:Zionism, race and genetics
3720:Nemzeti Adó- és Vámhivatal
3602:Jewish Publication Society
3550:. Lexington Books (2000),
2820:Congressionals/Neologs (%)
2793:
2694:by legal or social means.
2443:
2229:Jewish political movements
1926:Conversion to Judaism
5427:
5283:Yeshiva University Museum
5263:Center for Jewish History
5253:
5118:
4990:
4864:
4758:
4289:
3908:
3850:
3832:
3588:(35), 2007. pp. 144, 147.
3196:
3005:Ézsaiás Vallásos Társaság
3004:
2796:Schism in Hungarian Jewry
2789:
632:Hinduism and Judaism
3875:Ancient Israel and Judah
2802:newly autonomous Hungary
458:Temple in Jerusalem
151:Bar and bat mitzvah
4251:North African Sephardim
4224:Jewish tribes of Arabia
2996:Dohány Street Synagogue
2980:Budapest reform temples
2829:Hungarian Jews (total)
2823:Autonomous Orthodox (%)
420:Twelve Tribes of Israel
25:Dohány Street Synagogue
5354:Holocaust Encyclopedia
5324:Jewish Virtual Library
2962:
2955:
2950:
2667:
2547:
2394:
36:
5301:Encyclopaedia Judaica
5083:Sefer Raziel HaMalakh
4268:Sephardic Bnei Anusim
4018:Udmurt and Tatar Jews
3627:Daniel Judah Elazar.
2945:
2751:Torah im Derech Eretz
2743:to serve as rabbi of
2716:, while the Orthodox
2661:
2590:Samson Raphael Hirsch
2568:Isaac Noah Mannheimer
2541:
2523:Rebekah Klein-Pejšová
1166:São Tomé and Príncipe
1161:Republic of the Congo
555:Second Temple Judaism
426:Kingdom of Judah
397:Modern historiography
22:
3880:Second Temple period
3743:. SUNY Press, 2012.
3573:Conservative Judaism
3466:CCAR Yearbook 1911,
3436:Michael K. Silber. "
3402:. In: Adele Berlin.
3234:Conservative Judaism
3209:was the only one in
2501:Hungarian Reform Era
2422:, and they became a
2412:Conservative Judaism
2268:World Agudath Israel
1409:United Arab Emirates
496:Second Temple period
486:Babylonian captivity
5318:Jewish Encyclopedia
5063:Hekhalot literature
4874:Religious movements
4409:Judeo-Tripolitanian
3351:. ProQuest (2008).
3192:Carpathian Ruthenia
2737:Azriel Hildesheimer
2403:Era of Emancipation
561:Hellenistic Judaism
139:Land of Israel
98:Principles of faith
5486:Judaism in Hungary
5459:Judaism portal
5395:Jews and Halloween
5390:Jews and Christmas
4780:Rabbinic authority
4532:Judaeo-Piedmontese
3965:Xueta Christianity
3870:Origins of Judaism
3837:Outline of Judaism
3586:Yad Vashem Studies
3479:Jacques Kornberg.
3347:Michael R. Cohen.
3230:Alexander Scheiber
3082:Subotica Synagogue
2963:vallásfelekezethez
2951:
2699:Meir Eisenstaedter
2668:
2595:As opposed to the
2548:
2516:Jewish-cooked food
2470:Practical Kabbalah
2458:Kingdom of Hungary
2122:Jewish Koine Greek
1664:Dominican Republic
945:Judaism by country
624:Jews and Christmas
479:Assyrian captivity
37:
5468:
5467:
5434:extinct languages
5335:YIVO Encyclopedia
5110:Hebrew literature
5078:Sefer HaEtz Chaim
4918:Reconstructionist
4596:Judaeo-Portuguese
4285:
4284:
4241:Eastern Sephardim
3885:Synagogal Judaism
3453:David Philipson.
3308:978-0-253-01562-4
3102:Trenčín Synagogue
2935:
2934:
2772:Darche ha-Mischna
2634:Graduates of the
2605:Zecharias Frankel
2434:Treaty of Trianon
2408:Zecharias Frankel
2384:
2383:
2333:
2332:
2081:
2080:
1828:Reconstructionist
1772:
1771:
924:
923:
731:
730:
568:Jewish–Roman wars
516:Hasmonean dynasty
432:Kingdom of Israel
336:
335:
5493:
5457:
5456:
5455:
5442:
5441:
4574:Judeo-Golpaygani
4175:Palestinian Jews
4150:Alexandrian Jews
4106:Crimean Karaites
4023:Unterlander Jews
3976:
3975:
3890:Rabbinic Judaism
3815:
3808:
3801:
3792:
3791:
3752:
3737:
3731:
3730:
3728:
3727:
3711:
3705:
3690:Israel Goldstein
3687:
3681:
3666:
3660:
3651:
3645:
3638:
3632:
3625:
3619:
3611:
3605:
3595:
3589:
3582:
3576:
3565:
3559:
3546:Patai, Raphael,
3544:
3538:
3523:
3517:
3498:
3492:
3477:
3471:
3464:
3458:
3451:
3445:
3434:
3428:
3413:
3407:
3396:
3390:
3375:
3369:
3366:
3360:
3345:
3339:
3338:
3322:
3313:
3312:
3294:
3288:
3273:
3267:
3260:
3199:
3198:
3166:Szeged Synagogue
3161:
3141:
3122:Fabric Synagogue
3117:
3097:
3077:
3050:ritual slaughter
3007:
3006:
2965:
2814:
2768:personal Messiah
2754:
2722:Unterlander Jews
2664:Szeged Synagogue
2662:The hall of the
2654:Religious strife
2474:Book of Radiance
2376:
2369:
2362:
2225:
2224:
2106:
1927:
1921:
1902:
1866:
1865:
1813:
1760:New Zealand
1712:
1675:El Salvador
1665:
1597:Northern America
1589:
1183:
939:
938:
850:Crimean Karaites
746:
745:
724:
722:
643:
641:
633:
627:
618:
606:Rabbinic Judaism
587:
581:
575:
563:
551:
517:
510:Maccabean Revolt
487:
480:
474:
466:
459:
453:
445:
427:
351:
350:
325:
220:
219:
152:
140:
39:
38:
5501:
5500:
5496:
5495:
5494:
5492:
5491:
5490:
5471:
5470:
5469:
5464:
5453:
5451:
5423:
5249:
5114:
4986:
4860:
4754:
4569:Judeo-Borujerdi
4544:Judeo-Malayalam
4490:Judeo-Aragonese
4461:Lishanid Noshan
4293:
4281:
4013:Oberlander Jews
3974:
3904:
3846:
3828:
3819:
3782:
3760:
3758:Further reading
3755:
3751:. pp. 133, 174.
3738:
3734:
3725:
3723:
3712:
3708:
3688:
3684:
3667:
3663:
3652:
3648:
3639:
3635:
3626:
3622:
3612:
3608:
3604:, 1971. p. 352.
3596:
3592:
3583:
3579:
3566:
3562:
3545:
3541:
3524:
3520:
3500:Michael Meyer.
3499:
3495:
3478:
3474:
3465:
3461:
3452:
3448:
3435:
3431:
3414:
3410:
3398:Gabriel Sivan.
3397:
3393:
3389:. pp. 337, 359.
3377:Raphael Patai.
3376:
3372:
3367:
3363:
3346:
3342:
3323:
3316:
3309:
3295:
3291:
3274:
3270:
3261:
3250:
3246:
3173:
3162:
3153:
3142:
3133:
3118:
3109:
3098:
3089:
3078:
3030:Moses Löb Bloch
2968:David Philipson
2940:
2922:106,130 (79.3%)
2908:156,418 (36.1%)
2905:269,034 (62.1%)
2891:134,972 (30.4%)
2888:292,155 (65.7%)
2874:146,192 (30.9%)
2871:300,026 (63.4%)
2857:472,373 (51.9%)
2854:392,063 (43.1%)
2840:350,456 (56.1%)
2837:238,947 (38.2%)
2798:
2792:
2764:Heinrich Graetz
2733:Modern Orthodox
2718:Oberlander Jews
2676:Samuel Holdheim
2672:1848 Revolution
2656:
2640:Alexander Kohut
2628:Jacob Ettlinger
2536:
2531:
2448:
2442:
2399:Hungarian Jewry
2395:neológ irányzat
2380:
2335:
2334:
2222:
2212:
2211:
2202:Judeo-Malayalam
2182:Judaeo-Georgian
2102:
2093:
2083:
2082:
1983:Yiddish theatre
1925:
1863:
1853:
1852:
1811:
1784:
1774:
1773:
1710:
1663:
1587:
1181:
965:Genetic studies
936:
926:
925:
743:
733:
732:
720:
719:
639:
638:
631:
621:
616:
598:and Middle Ages
596:Rabbinic period
583:
577:
570:
558:
529:
515:
485:
478:
469:
461:
457:
448:
443:in Judaism
440:
425:
348:
338:
337:
217:
207:
206:
150:
138:
83:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5499:
5489:
5488:
5483:
5481:Neolog Judaism
5466:
5465:
5463:
5462:
5448:
5428:
5425:
5424:
5422:
5421:
5420:
5419:
5418:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5401:non-Christian
5399:
5398:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5357:
5350:
5343:
5338:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5297:
5292:
5291:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5259:
5257:
5251:
5250:
5248:
5247:
5242:
5241:
5240:
5235:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5204:
5203:
5193:
5192:
5191:
5186:
5176:
5171:
5170:
5169:
5159:
5158:
5157:
5147:
5142:
5141:
5140:
5135:
5124:
5122:
5116:
5115:
5113:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5100:Shulchan Aruch
5097:
5096:
5095:
5090:
5088:Sefer Yetzirah
5085:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5068:Pardes Rimonim
5065:
5058:Kabbalah texts
5055:
5054:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5028:
5027:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5002:
4996:
4994:
4988:
4987:
4985:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4948:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4936:
4935:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4904:
4903:
4898:
4897:
4896:
4891:
4870:
4868:
4862:
4861:
4859:
4858:
4853:
4851:Land of Israel
4848:
4847:
4846:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4825:
4824:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4803:
4802:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4776:
4775:
4764:
4762:
4756:
4755:
4753:
4752:
4747:
4746:
4745:
4744:
4743:
4738:
4737:
4736:
4729:
4727:Judeo-Alsatian
4719:
4718:
4717:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4654:
4653:
4648:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4592:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4579:Judeo-Hamedani
4576:
4571:
4566:
4556:
4554:Judaeo-Occitan
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4535:
4534:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4513:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4495:Jewish English
4492:
4487:
4486:
4485:
4484:
4483:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4426:Judaeo-Aramaic
4423:
4422:
4421:
4416:
4414:Judeo-Tunisian
4411:
4406:
4404:Judeo-Moroccan
4401:
4400:
4399:
4397:Judeo-Baghdadi
4384:
4379:
4374:
4373:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4301:
4299:
4287:
4286:
4283:
4282:
4280:
4279:
4278:
4277:
4276:
4275:
4265:
4264:
4263:
4253:
4248:
4246:Livornese Jews
4243:
4233:
4228:
4227:
4226:
4216:
4215:
4214:
4213:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4137:
4136:
4135:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4109:
4108:
4103:
4093:
4088:
4087:
4086:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4065:
4064:
4059:
4049:
4048:
4047:
4042:
4032:
4031:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3993:Afrikaner-Jode
3984:
3982:
3973:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3961:
3960:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3914:
3912:
3906:
3905:
3903:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3856:
3854:
3848:
3847:
3845:
3844:
3839:
3833:
3830:
3829:
3818:
3817:
3810:
3803:
3795:
3789:
3788:
3781:
3780:External links
3778:
3777:
3776:
3763:Michael Riff,
3759:
3756:
3754:
3753:
3732:
3722:(in Hungarian)
3706:
3682:
3668:August Ernst.
3661:
3653:Gert Polster.
3646:
3633:
3620:
3606:
3590:
3577:
3560:
3539:
3518:
3514:hu:Neumann Ede
3493:
3472:
3459:
3446:
3429:
3427:. pp. 108–110.
3408:
3391:
3370:
3361:
3340:
3314:
3307:
3289:
3268:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3175:
3174:
3163:
3156:
3154:
3143:
3136:
3134:
3119:
3112:
3110:
3099:
3092:
3090:
3079:
3072:
3038:Wilhelm Bacher
3034:David Kaufmann
2939:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2929:
2926:
2925:23,451 (17.5%)
2923:
2920:
2916:
2915:
2912:
2909:
2906:
2903:
2899:
2898:
2895:
2892:
2889:
2886:
2882:
2881:
2878:
2875:
2872:
2869:
2865:
2864:
2861:
2858:
2855:
2852:
2848:
2847:
2844:
2841:
2838:
2835:
2831:
2830:
2827:
2826:Status Quo (%)
2824:
2821:
2818:
2794:Main article:
2791:
2788:
2774:("Ways of the
2655:
2652:
2620:Reform Judaism
2616:Abraham Geiger
2582:wedding canopy
2573:Shulchan Aruch
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2486:Hamburg Temple
2444:Main article:
2441:
2438:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2378:
2371:
2364:
2356:
2353:
2352:
2351:
2350:
2345:
2337:
2336:
2331:
2330:
2329:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2280:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2271:
2270:
2265:
2263:Territorialism
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2232:
2231:
2223:
2218:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2147:Judaeo-Spanish
2144:
2142:Judaeo-Iranian
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2108:
2107:
2094:
2089:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2079:
2078:
2077:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2058:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2049:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2005:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1996:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1972:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1963:
1962:
1957:
1949:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1940:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1922:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1871:
1870:
1864:
1859:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1808:
1807:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1785:
1780:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1770:
1769:
1768:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1739:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1730:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1627:
1626:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1599:
1598:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1588:United Kingdom
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1436:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1427:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1228:
1227:
1223:
1222:
1221:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1021:Bilad-el-Sudan
1018:
1013:
1005:
1004:
998:
997:
996:
995:
990:
985:
977:
976:
974:Land of Israel
970:
969:
968:
967:
962:
957:
952:
947:
937:
932:
931:
928:
927:
922:
921:
920:
919:
914:
909:
904:
903:
902:
897:
892:
887:
882:
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
847:
842:
834:
833:
832:Related groups
829:
828:
827:
826:
821:
816:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
765:
764:
759:
744:
739:
738:
735:
734:
729:
728:
727:
726:
716:
711:
706:
701:
696:
691:
689:Jewish atheism
686:
681:
676:
668:
667:
663:
662:
661:
660:
655:
650:
645:
640:Islamic–Jewish
635:
628:
613:
608:
600:
599:
592:
591:
590:
589:
565:
552:
524:
519:
512:
507:
505:Yehud Medinata
499:
498:
492:
491:
490:
489:
482:
475:
467:
454:
446:
434:
429:
422:
414:
413:
411:Ancient Israel
407:
406:
405:
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
367:Land of Israel
364:
356:
355:
349:
344:
343:
340:
339:
334:
333:
332:
331:
326:
322:Shulchan Aruch
317:
312:
307:
302:
294:
293:
292:
291:
286:
278:
277:
271:
270:
269:
268:
263:
255:
254:
248:
247:
246:
245:
240:
235:
227:
226:
218:
213:
212:
209:
208:
205:
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
174:
169:
164:
159:
154:
147:
142:
135:
130:
125:
120:
115:
110:
100:
95:
88:God in Judaism
84:
79:
78:
75:
74:
73:
72:
67:
59:
58:
48:
47:
31:, the largest
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5498:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5478:
5476:
5461:
5460:
5449:
5447:
5446:
5437:
5436:
5435:
5431:
5426:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5402:
5400:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5385:Protestantism
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5367:
5366:
5363:
5362:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5355:
5351:
5349:
5348:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5336:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5319:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5302:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5265:
5264:
5261:
5260:
5258:
5256:
5252:
5246:
5243:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5230:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5202:
5199:
5198:
5197:
5194:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5181:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5168:
5165:
5164:
5163:
5160:
5156:
5153:
5152:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5130:
5129:
5126:
5125:
5123:
5121:
5117:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5073:Sefer HaBahir
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5060:
5059:
5056:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5033:
5032:
5029:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5011:
5010:
5006:
5003:
5001:
5000:Sifrei Kodesh
4998:
4997:
4995:
4993:
4989:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4934:
4931:
4930:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4902:
4899:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4886:
4885:
4882:
4881:
4880:
4877:
4876:
4875:
4872:
4871:
4869:
4867:
4863:
4857:
4856:Who is a Jew?
4854:
4852:
4849:
4845:
4842:
4841:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4823:
4820:
4819:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4801:
4798:
4797:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4785:Chosen people
4783:
4781:
4778:
4774:
4771:
4770:
4769:
4766:
4765:
4763:
4761:
4757:
4751:
4748:
4742:
4741:Scots-Yiddish
4739:
4735:
4734:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4724:
4723:
4720:
4716:
4715:
4714:Klezmer-loshn
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4695:
4694:
4691:
4690:
4689:
4686:
4685:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4643:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4584:Judeo-Shirazi
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4561:
4560:
4559:Judeo-Persian
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4549:Judeo-Marathi
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4533:
4530:
4529:
4528:
4527:Judeo-Italian
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4497:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4482:
4479:
4478:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4428:
4427:
4424:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4398:
4395:
4394:
4393:
4390:
4389:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4382:Judeo-Amazigh
4380:
4378:
4375:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4307:
4306:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4292:
4288:
4274:
4271:
4270:
4269:
4266:
4262:
4259:
4258:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4238:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4225:
4222:
4221:
4220:
4217:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4205:Hadhrami Jews
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4192:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4170:Mountain Jews
4168:
4166:
4165:Egyptian Jews
4163:
4161:
4160:Bukharan Jews
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4142:
4141:
4138:
4134:
4131:
4130:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4098:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4085:
4082:
4081:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4054:
4053:
4050:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4037:
4036:
4033:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3990:
3989:
3986:
3985:
3983:
3981:
3977:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3959:
3956:
3955:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3948:Lists of Jews
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3915:
3913:
3911:
3907:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3853:
3849:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3834:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3816:
3811:
3809:
3804:
3802:
3797:
3796:
3793:
3787:
3784:
3783:
3774:
3773:0-85303-220-3
3770:
3766:
3762:
3761:
3750:
3749:9780791492024
3746:
3742:
3736:
3721:
3717:
3710:
3703:
3702:9780845347805
3699:
3695:
3691:
3686:
3679:
3678:9783702802608
3675:
3671:
3665:
3658:
3657:
3650:
3643:
3640:Hary Kuller.
3637:
3630:
3624:
3617:
3616:
3610:
3603:
3599:
3594:
3587:
3581:
3574:
3570:
3564:
3557:
3556:0-7391-0210-9
3553:
3549:
3543:
3536:
3535:9789639116375
3532:
3528:
3522:
3515:
3511:
3510:9780814325551
3507:
3503:
3497:
3490:
3489:9780253112590
3486:
3482:
3476:
3469:
3463:
3456:
3450:
3443:
3439:
3433:
3426:
3425:9789650511579
3422:
3418:
3415:Anna Szalai.
3412:
3405:
3401:
3395:
3388:
3387:9780814325612
3384:
3380:
3374:
3365:
3358:
3357:9780549517795
3354:
3350:
3344:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3321:
3319:
3310:
3304:
3300:
3293:
3286:
3285:9789652270948
3282:
3278:
3272:
3265:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3253:
3248:
3241:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3214:
3212:
3208:
3203:
3193:
3189:
3184:
3181:
3171:
3167:
3160:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3140:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3116:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3096:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3076:
3071:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3046:Av HaRachamim
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3026:
3023:In 1877, the
3021:
3019:
3018:Raphael Patai
3015:
3011:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2988:Theodor Herzl
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2958:
2954:"fractions" (
2948:
2944:
2930:
2927:
2924:
2921:
2918:
2917:
2913:
2910:
2907:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2896:
2894:17,440 (3.9%)
2893:
2890:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2879:
2877:27,092 (5.7%)
2876:
2873:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2862:
2860:45,155 (5.0%)
2859:
2856:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2845:
2843:35,334 (5.7%)
2842:
2839:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2828:
2825:
2822:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2805:
2803:
2797:
2787:
2785:
2779:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2760:
2758:
2753:
2752:
2746:
2742:
2739:arrived from
2738:
2734:
2729:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2714:Magyarization
2710:
2706:
2704:
2700:
2695:
2691:
2689:
2683:
2681:
2680:David Einhorn
2677:
2673:
2665:
2660:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2632:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2614:The ideas of
2612:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2597:German states
2593:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2574:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2556:prayer quorum
2553:
2545:
2540:
2526:
2524:
2521:According to
2519:
2517:
2512:
2511:Lajos Kossuth
2507:
2502:
2497:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2454:
2447:
2437:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2426:
2421:
2417:
2416:Orthodox Jews
2413:
2409:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2377:
2372:
2370:
2365:
2363:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2354:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2339:
2338:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2282:
2281:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2215:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2187:Judeo-Aramaic
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2177:Judeo-Italian
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2157:Ghardaïa Sign
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2105:
2101:
2100:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2092:
2087:
2086:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2060:
2059:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2007:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1856:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1809:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1783:
1782:Denominations
1778:
1777:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1741:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1733:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1629:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1610:United States
1608:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1438:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1224:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1096:Guinea-Bissau
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1007:
1006:
1003:
1000:
999:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
980:
979:
978:
975:
972:
971:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
950:Lists of Jews
948:
946:
943:
942:
941:
940:
935:
930:
929:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
877:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
837:
836:
835:
831:
830:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
763:
760:
758:
755:
754:
753:
750:
749:
748:
747:
742:
737:
736:
725:
717:
715:
712:
710:
709:The Holocaust
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
671:
670:
669:
665:
664:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
636:
634:
629:
625:
619:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
603:
602:
601:
597:
594:
593:
586:
580:
574:
569:
566:
562:
556:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
502:
501:
500:
497:
494:
493:
488:
483:
481:
476:
472:
468:
465:
460:
455:
451:
447:
444:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
423:
421:
418:
417:
416:
415:
412:
409:
408:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
359:
358:
357:
353:
352:
347:
342:
341:
330:
327:
324:
323:
318:
316:
313:
311:
310:Mishneh Torah
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
297:
296:
295:
290:
287:
285:
282:
281:
280:
279:
276:
273:
272:
267:
264:
262:
259:
258:
257:
256:
253:
250:
249:
244:
241:
239:
236:
234:
231:
230:
229:
228:
225:
222:
221:
216:
211:
210:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
148:
146:
143:
141:
136:
134:
131:
129:
126:
124:
121:
119:
116:
114:
111:
108:
104:
101:
99:
96:
93:
89:
86:
85:
82:
77:
76:
71:
70:Who is a Jew?
68:
66:
63:
62:
61:
60:
57:
53:
50:
49:
45:
41:
40:
34:
30:
26:
21:
5450:
5443:
5429:
5352:
5345:
5333:
5316:
5299:
5133:perspectives
4967:Samaritanism
4939:
4928:Neo-Hasidism
4908:Conservative
4822:Names of God
4731:
4712:
4522:Judaeo-Greek
4517:Judeo-Gascon
4456:Lishán Didán
4451:Lishana Deni
4419:Judeo-Yemeni
4387:Judeo-Arabic
4261:Meshuchrarim
4180:Persian Jews
4113:Kurdish Jews
4091:Kaifeng Jews
4040:Beta Abraham
4003:Galitzianers
3958:Antisemitism
3933:Israeli Jews
3918:Assimilation
3764:
3740:
3735:
3724:. Retrieved
3719:
3709:
3693:
3685:
3669:
3664:
3654:
3649:
3641:
3636:
3628:
3623:
3613:
3609:
3597:
3593:
3585:
3580:
3568:
3563:
3547:
3542:
3526:
3521:
3501:
3496:
3480:
3475:
3462:
3454:
3449:
3441:
3438:Löw, Leopold
3432:
3416:
3411:
3403:
3399:
3394:
3378:
3373:
3368:Katz, 51–57.
3364:
3348:
3343:
3326:
3298:
3292:
3287:. pp. 42–47.
3276:
3275:Jacob Katz.
3271:
3263:
3226:Eastern Bloc
3215:
3185:
3176:
3062:Immanuel Löw
3022:
3010:Lily Montagu
2992:confirmation
2952:
2928:4,281 (3.2%)
2911:7,653 (1.8%)
2811:territory).
2806:
2799:
2780:
2771:
2761:
2757:Ben Chananja
2756:
2730:
2711:
2707:
2696:
2692:
2684:
2669:
2633:
2613:
2594:
2571:
2549:
2520:
2498:
2462:Aaron Chorin
2451:
2449:
2430:denomination
2423:
2386:
2385:
2326:Post-Zionism
2197:Judeo-Berber
2192:Judeo-Arabic
2152:Judeo-Gascon
1899:Pidyon haben
1818:Conservative
1364:Saudi Arabia
1182:South Africa
1171:Sierra Leone
993:Israeli Jews
907:Mosaic Arabs
860:Kaifeng Jews
721:Arab–Israeli
694:Emancipation
573:Great Revolt
382:Anti-Judaism
377:Antisemitism
372:Name "Judea"
167:Baal teshuva
5375:Catholicism
4957:Hellenistic
4795:Eschatology
4733:Lachoudisch
4658:Lotegorisch
4636:Lachoudisch
4626:Koiné Greek
4539:Judeo-Latin
4476:Palestinian
4370:Palestinian
4219:Mustaʿravim
4145:Afghan Jews
4133:Berber Jews
4057:Bene Israel
4045:Falash Mura
4035:Beta Israel
3953:Persecution
3895:Middle Ages
3512:. See also
3216:During the
3164:The Neolog
3120:The Neolog
3100:The Neolog
3080:The Neolog
3000:Nagykanizsa
2984:family pews
2670:During the
2601:Leopold Löw
2560:Stadttempel
2544:Leopold Löw
2529:Coalescence
2490:Moses Sofer
2321:Revisionist
2311:Neo-Zionism
1918:Zeved habat
1711:Puerto Rico
1537:Netherlands
1369:South Korea
1354:Philippines
1234:Afghanistan
1101:Ivory Coast
875:Crypto-Jews
840:Bnei Anusim
819:Bene Israel
784:Beta Israel
741:Communities
648:Middle Ages
387:Persecution
162:Bereavement
23:The Neolog
5475:Categories
5370:Anabaptism
5312:Jew (word)
5179:Leadership
4992:Literature
4977:Secularism
4923:Humanistic
4790:Conversion
4760:Philosophy
4601:Judeo-Urdu
4365:Babylonian
4210:Saada Jews
4195:Adeni Jews
3988:Ashkenazim
3943:Samaritans
3910:Population
3865:Israelites
3726:2023-06-29
3327:Zion/ ציון
3244:References
3211:Burgenland
2938:After 1871
2745:Eisenstadt
2624:Ksav Sofer
2534:Influences
2440:Background
2306:Maximalism
2258:Secularism
2238:Autonomism
2055:Literature
1848:Humanistic
1452:Azerbaijan
1414:Uzbekistan
1389:Tajikistan
1309:Kyrgyzstan
1294:Kazakhstan
1141:Mozambique
1116:Madagascar
1036:Cape Verde
988:New Yishuv
983:Old Yishuv
934:Population
912:Subbotniks
870:Samaritans
809:Romanyotim
752:Ashkenazim
699:Old Yishuv
679:Sabbateans
666:Modern era
658:Golden Age
585:Bar Kokhba
305:Beit Yosef
172:Philosophy
35:in Europe.
5432:indicate
5380:Mormonism
5365:Christian
5245:Symbolism
5233:Synagogue
5213:Mythology
5174:Education
5145:Astronomy
5128:Astrology
4945:relations
4750:Zarphatic
4698:Galitzish
4500:Yeshivish
4377:Catalanic
4340:Samaritan
4315:Ashkenazi
4296:Diasporic
4291:Languages
4236:Sephardim
4231:Romaniote
4118:Krymchaks
4052:Desi Jews
3928:Buddhists
3704:. p. 128.
3680:. p. 244.
3558:. p. 393.
3537:. p. 268.
3218:Holocaust
3126:Timișoara
3042:Kol Nidre
2494:Pressburg
2428:separate
2391:Hungarian
2316:Religious
2172:Zarphatic
2162:Bukharian
2132:Judeo-Tat
2117:Yeshivish
2091:Languages
2046:Sephardic
2036:Israelite
2026:Ethiopian
2016:Ashkenazi
1955:Religious
1745:Australia
1727:Venezuela
1633:Argentina
1615:Greenland
1527:Lithuania
1379:Sri Lanka
1374:Singapore
1299:Kurdistan
1264:Indonesia
1254:Hong Kong
1207:Abayudaya
1131:Mauritius
865:Igbo Jews
855:Krymchaks
774:Sephardim
642:relations
536:Sadducees
532:Pharisees
522:Sanhedrin
437:Jerusalem
197:Synagogue
65:Etymology
33:synagogue
5445:Category
5415:Hinduism
5405:Buddhism
5307:Genetics
5223:Politics
5196:Marriage
5155:Holidays
5150:Calendar
5031:Rabbinic
5007:/Hebrew
4952:Haymanot
4879:Orthodox
4866:Branches
4839:Kabbalah
4834:Haskalah
4812:Holiness
4688:dialects
4668:Shassagh
4631:Krymchak
4611:Kayliñña
4505:Yinglish
4481:Galilean
4471:Talmudic
4466:Biblical
4441:Betanure
4360:Biblical
4355:Mishnaic
4350:Medieval
4335:Tiberian
4330:Yemenite
4320:Sephardi
4256:Paradesi
4200:Ḥabbanim
4190:Teimanim
4155:Baghdadi
4128:Maghrebi
4096:Karaites
4074:Gruzínim
4062:Kochinim
3980:Diaspora
3938:Karaites
3923:Atheists
3860:Timeline
3491:. p. 14.
3359:. p. 78.
3335:23559943
3238:halakhic
3207:Rechnitz
3202:Sephardi
3188:Slovakia
3106:Slovakia
2976:Szegedin
2957:irányzat
2931:133,862
2914:433,105
2897:444,567
2880:473,310
2863:909,591
2846:624,737
2735:founder
2688:Hasidism
2478:Talmudic
2472:and the
2460:. Rabbi
2453:Haskalah
2425:de facto
2343:Category
2301:Kahanism
2248:Feminism
2220:Politics
2104:Biblical
2074:American
2021:Bukharan
2011:American
1911:Shidduch
1887:Clothing
1843:Haymanot
1789:Orthodox
1717:Suriname
1700:Paraguay
1653:Colombia
1552:Portugal
1462:Bulgaria
1399:Thailand
1349:Pakistan
1329:Mongolia
1324:Malaysia
1244:Cambodia
1218:Zimbabwe
1193:Tanzania
1071:Eswatini
1061:Ethiopia
1051:Djibouti
1031:Cameroon
1026:Botswana
955:Diaspora
917:Noahides
890:Marranos
814:Cochinim
799:Bukharim
789:Gruzinim
779:Teimanim
769:Mizrahim
757:Galician
723:conflict
684:Hasidism
674:Haskalah
579:Diaspora
450:timeline
362:Timeline
275:Rabbinic
182:Kabbalah
157:Marriage
133:Tzedakah
123:Holidays
81:Religion
44:a series
42:Part of
29:Budapest
5430:Italics
5255:Studies
5201:Divorce
5167:Kashrut
5162:Cuisine
5120:Culture
5051:Midrash
5046:Tosefta
5036:Mishnah
5024:Ketuvim
5019:Nevi'im
4982:Schisms
4972:Science
4962:Karaite
4933:Renewal
4894:Litvaks
4889:Hasidic
4844:Sefirot
4829:Halakha
4800:Messiah
4773:Mitzvah
4768:Beliefs
4722:Western
4708:Poylish
4703:Litvish
4693:Eastern
4683:Yiddish
4678:Shuadit
4663:Qwareña
4651:Tetuani
4646:Haketia
4621:Knaanic
4616:Kivruli
4564:Bukhori
4510:Heblish
4446:Hulaulá
4436:Barzani
4392:Yahudic
4325:Mizrahi
4185:Urfalim
4140:Mizrahi
4084:Neofiti
4079:Italkim
4008:Lita'im
3900:Zionism
3852:History
3826:Judaism
3400:Neology
3180:Trianon
3170:Hungary
3150:Hungary
3130:Romania
2949:, 1902.
2809:Trianon
2776:Mishnha
2741:Prussia
2703:cheders
2586:cassock
2506:Yiddish
2387:Neologs
2286:General
2277:Zionism
2253:Leftism
2243:Bundism
2167:Knaanic
2127:Yevanic
2112:Yiddish
2069:Yiddish
2064:Israeli
2041:Mizrahi
2031:Israeli
2002:Cuisine
1978:Ancient
1960:Secular
1906:Kashrut
1882:Wedding
1869:Customs
1861:Culture
1838:Science
1833:Renewal
1823:Karaite
1804:Hasidic
1736:Oceania
1722:Uruguay
1690:Jamaica
1670:Ecuador
1638:Bolivia
1582:Ukraine
1557:Romania
1532:Moldova
1512:Hungary
1502:Germany
1497:Georgia
1487:Finland
1482:Estonia
1477:Denmark
1472:Czechia
1457:Belarus
1447:Austria
1442:Armenia
1419:Vietnam
1334:Myanmar
1319:Lebanon
1239:Bahrain
1198:Tunisia
1176:Somalia
1151:Nigeria
1146:Namibia
1136:Morocco
1066:Eritrea
1011:Algeria
895:Neofiti
804:Italkim
794:Juhurim
704:Zionism
653:Khazars
548:Sicarii
544:Zealots
540:Essenes
527:Schisms
392:Leaders
354:General
346:History
289:Tosefta
284:Midrash
261:Mishnah
243:Ketuvim
238:Nevi'im
187:Customs
118:Shabbat
113:Halakha
105: (
103:Mitzvot
90: (
56:Judaism
5238:Hazzan
5228:Prayer
5105:Siddur
5041:Talmud
5005:Tanakh
4940:Neolog
4913:Reform
4901:Modern
4884:Haredi
4807:Ethics
4673:Shassi
4641:Ladino
4606:Karaim
4589:Juhuri
4431:Targum
4345:Signed
4310:Modern
4305:Hebrew
4273:Xuetes
4069:Dönmeh
4028:Yekkes
3771:
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3676:
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3508:
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3468:p. 225
3423:
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3086:Serbia
3066:Szeged
3058:kosher
2790:Schism
2697:Rabbi
2576:; the
2564:Vienna
2542:Rabbi
2482:Aleinu
2348:Portal
2207:Domari
2137:Shassi
2098:Hebrew
1993:Humour
1937:Hiloni
1932:Aliyah
1892:Niddah
1877:Minyan
1812:Reform
1799:Haredi
1794:Modern
1695:Mexico
1680:Guyana
1643:Brazil
1605:Canada
1577:Sweden
1567:Serbia
1562:Russia
1547:Poland
1542:Norway
1522:Latvia
1507:Greece
1492:France
1467:Cyprus
1433:Europe
1404:Turkey
1394:Taiwan
1304:Kuwait
1289:Jordan
1279:Israel
1213:Zambia
1203:Uganda
1121:Malawi
1091:Guinea
1081:Gambia
1016:Angola
1002:Africa
885:Dönmeh
880:Anusim
824:Berber
762:Litvak
714:Israel
620:
557:
471:Second
439:
300:Targum
266:Gemara
252:Talmud
224:Tanakh
177:Ethics
128:Prayer
5410:Islam
5218:Names
5208:Music
5189:Rebbe
5184:Rabbi
5138:Monen
5093:Zohar
5014:Torah
5009:Bible
4123:Lemba
3998:Chuts
3331:JSTOR
2578:bimah
2552:Pesth
2296:Labor
2291:Green
1988:Dance
1946:Music
1765:Palau
1685:Haiti
1648:Chile
1572:Spain
1517:Italy
1424:Yemen
1384:Syria
1359:Qatar
1339:Nepal
1284:Japan
1259:India
1249:China
1188:Sudan
1111:Libya
1106:Kenya
1086:Ghana
1076:Gabon
1056:Egypt
1041:Benin
900:Xueta
845:Lemba
464:First
329:Zohar
233:Torah
215:Texts
202:Rabbi
192:Rites
92:names
3824:and
3822:Jews
3769:ISBN
3745:ISBN
3698:ISBN
3674:ISBN
3552:ISBN
3531:ISBN
3506:ISBN
3485:ISBN
3421:ISBN
3383:ISBN
3353:ISBN
3303:ISBN
3281:ISBN
3190:and
3146:Pécs
3036:and
2978:and
2919:1948
2902:1944
2885:1930
2868:1920
2851:1910
2834:1880
2817:Year
2466:Arad
2418:was
1755:Guam
1750:Fiji
1705:Peru
1658:Cuba
1344:Oman
1314:Laos
1274:Iraq
1269:Iran
1226:Asia
1155:Igbo
1126:Mali
145:Brit
54:and
52:Jews
4817:God
3440:".
3064:of
3044:or
2990:'s
2562:in
2492:of
2464:of
1969:Art
315:Tur
107:613
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