Neptunium - Knowledge

3035:), therefore correctly assigned the new 6.75-day half-life activity they observed to the new isotope U. They confirmed that this isotope was also a beta emitter and must hence decay to the unknown nuclide 93. They attempted to isolate this nuclide by carrying it with its supposed lighter congener rhenium, but no beta or alpha decay was observed from the rhenium-containing fraction: Nishina and Kimura thus correctly speculated that the half-life of 93, like that of Pa, was very long and hence its activity would be so weak as to be unmeasurable by their equipment, thus concluding the last and closest unsuccessful search for transuranic elements. 2792: 2463: 3044: 2230: 1375: 6053: 2931:, including manganese and rhenium. Thorium, protactinium, and uranium, with their dominant oxidation states of +4, +5, and +6 respectively, fooled scientists into thinking they belonged below hafnium, tantalum, and tungsten, rather than below the lanthanide series, which was at the time viewed as a fluke, and whose members all have dominant +3 states; neptunium, on the other hand, has a much rarer, more unstable +7 state, with +4 and +5 being the most stable. Upon finding that 3068:

this, McMillan did observe two new beta decay half-lives in the uranium trioxide target itself, which meant that whatever was producing the radioactivity had not violently repelled each other like normal fission products. He quickly realized that one of the half-lives closely matched the known 23-minute decay period of uranium-239, but the other half-life of 2.3 days was unknown. McMillan took the results of his experiment to chemist and fellow Berkeley professor

1431: 1770: 3386: 2702:, the element exhibits much greater mobility than the other actinides, largely due to its ability to readily form aqueous solutions with various other elements. In one study comparing the diffusion rates of neptunium(V), plutonium(IV), and americium(III) in sandstone and limestone, neptunium penetrated more than ten times as well as the other elements. Np(V) will also react efficiently in pH levels greater than 5.5 if there are no 4626:. However, as the full extent of the reactions that occur between neptunium and oxygen has yet to be researched, it is not certain which of these claims is accurate. Although neptunium oxides have not been produced with neptunium in oxidation states as high as those possible with the adjacent actinide uranium, neptunium oxides are more stable at lower oxidation states. This behavior is illustrated by the fact that NpO 2679:(half-life 396 days) would have decayed to less than one-billionth (10) its original concentration over the intervening decades. An additional very small amount of neptunium, produced by neutron irradiation of natural uranium in nuclear reactor cooling water, is released when the water is discharged into rivers or lakes. The concentration of Np in seawater is approximately 6.5 × 10 5788:. The first two were first produced by heating arsenic and neptunium hydride in a vacuum-sealed tube for about a week. Later, NpAs was also made by confining neptunium metal and arsenic in a vacuum tube, separating them with a quartz membrane, and heating them to just below neptunium's melting point of 639 °C, which is slightly higher than the arsenic's sublimation point of 615 °C. Np 2569: 4364:, the neptunyl ion, shows a light pink or reddish color in an acidic solution and yellow-green otherwise. It is a strong Lewis acid and is the main neptunium ion encountered in solutions of pH 3–4. Though stable in acidic solutions, it is quite easily reduced to the Np(V) ion, and it is not as stable as the homologous hexavalent ions of its neighbours uranium and plutonium (the 2910:(element 91) was quickly tested and disproved, Noddack's proposal that the uranium had been shattered into two or more much smaller fragments was simply ignored by most because existing nuclear theory did not include a way for this to be possible. Fermi and his team maintained that they were in fact synthesizing a new element, but the issue remained unresolved for several years. 3349:, reported the confirmation of element 93 in Berlin. Hahn's group did not pursue element 94, likely because they were discouraged by McMillan and Abelson's lack of success in isolating it. Since they had access to the stronger cyclotron at Paris at this point, Hahn's group would likely have been able to detect element 94 had they tried, albeit in tiny quantities (a few 2851:, Fermi realized that using neutrons, which have no electrical charge, would most likely produce even better results than the positively charged alpha particles. Accordingly, in March 1934 he began systematically subjecting all of the then-known elements to neutron bombardment to determine whether others could also be induced to radioactivity. 7375:), discovering that the critical mass of a bare sphere of neptunium-237 "ranges from kilogram weights in the high fifties to low sixties," showing that it "is about as good a bomb material as ." The United States Federal government made plans in March 2004 to move America's supply of separated neptunium to a nuclear-waste disposal site in 2979:, but the claim was discounted because the prevailing theory at the time was that if it existed at all, element 93 would not exist naturally. However, as neptunium does in fact occur in nature in trace amounts, as demonstrated when it was found in uranium ore in 1952, it is possible that Hulubei and Cauchois did in fact observe neptunium. 2726:. Np(V) does not bond as readily to soil particles in mildly acidic conditions as its fellow actinides americium and curium by nearly an order of magnitude. This behavior enables it to migrate rapidly through the soil while in solution without becoming fixed in place, contributing further to its mobility. Np(V) is also readily absorbed by 3669: 3093:, attempted again to determine what was producing the unknown half-life. In early 1940, McMillan realized that his 1939 experiment with Segrè had failed to test the chemical reactions of the radioactive source with sufficient rigor. In a new experiment, McMillan tried subjecting the unknown substance to HF in the presence of a 3110:. As a final step, McMillan and Abelson prepared a much larger sample of bombarded uranium that had a prominent 23-minute half-life from U and demonstrated conclusively that the unknown 2.3-day half-life increased in strength in concert with a decrease in the 23-minute activity through the following reaction: 3105:

from the university, visited Berkeley for a short vacation and McMillan asked the more able chemist to assist with the separation of the experiment's results. Abelson very quickly observed that whatever was producing the 2.3-day half-life did not have chemistry like any known element and was actually

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Neptunium's unique radioactive characteristics allowed it to be traced as it moved through various compounds in chemical reactions, at first this was the only method available to prove that its chemistry was different from other elements. As the first isotope of neptunium to be discovered has such a

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declassified the statement that neptunium-237 "can be used for a nuclear explosive device". It is not believed that an actual weapon has ever been constructed using neptunium. As of 2009, the world production of neptunium-237 by commercial power reactors was over 1000 critical masses a year, but to

3022:

with fast neutrons. However, while slow neutrons tend to induce neutron capture through a (n, γ) reaction, fast neutrons tend to induce a "knock-out" (n, 2n) reaction, where one neutron is added and two more are removed, resulting in the net loss of a neutron. Nishina and Kimura, having tested this

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in 1963. The total amount of neptunium released by these explosions and the few atmospheric tests that have been carried out since 1963 is estimated to be around 2500 kg. The overwhelming majority of this is composed of the long-lived isotopes Np and Np since even the moderately long-lived Np

2402:

ranging from +3 to +7 when forming chemical compounds, which can be simultaneously observed in solutions. It is the heaviest actinide that can lose all its valence electrons in a stable compound. The most stable state in solution is +5, but the valence +4 is preferred in solid neptunium compounds.

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in our solar system, which uranium is named after. McMillan and Abelson's success compared to Nishina and Kimura's near miss can be attributed to the favorable half-life of Np for radiochemical analysis and quick decay of U, in contrast to the slower decay of U and extremely long half-life of Np.

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that had recently been built at the university. The purpose was to separate the various fission products produced by the bombardment by exploiting the enormous force that the fragments gain from their mutual electrical repulsion after fissioning. Although he did not discover anything of note from

2620:

neptunium would have decayed in the distant past. After only about 80 million years, the concentration of even the longest-lived isotope, Np, would have been reduced to less than one-trillionth (10) of its original amount. Thus neptunium is present in nature only in negligible amounts produced as

2432:

radon; more commonly, only some of the valence electrons will be lost. The electron configuration for the tripositive ion Np is 5f, with the outermost 7s and 6d electrons lost first: this is exactly analogous to neptunium's lanthanide homolog promethium, and conforms to the trend set by the

2427:

instead of being as expected in the 5f subshell. This is because of the similarity of the electron energies of the 5f, 6d, and 7s subshells. In forming compounds and ions, all the valence electrons may be lost, leaving behind an inert core of inner electrons with the electron configuration of the

2922:

who were among the best radiochemists in the world at the time and supporters of Fermi's claim, but they all failed. Much later, it was determined that the main reason for this failure was because the predictions of element 93's chemical properties were based on a periodic table which lacked the

3376:

Much of the research into the properties of neptunium since then has been focused on understanding how to confine it as a portion of nuclear waste. Because it has isotopes with very long half-lives, it is of particular concern in the context of designing confinement facilities that can last for

3294:

This proved that the unknown radioactive source originated from the decay of uranium and, coupled with the previous observation that the source was different chemically from all known elements, proved beyond all doubt that a new element had been discovered. McMillan and Abelson published their

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Although the many different and unknown radioactive half-lives in the experiment's results showed that several nuclear reactions were occurring, Fermi's group could not prove that element 93 was being produced unless they could isolate it chemically. They and many other scientists attempted to

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thousands of years. It has found some limited uses as a radioactive tracer and a precursor for various nuclear reactions to produce useful plutonium isotopes. However, most of the neptunium that is produced as a reaction byproduct in nuclear power stations is considered to be a waste product.

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to attempt to isolate the source of the radioactivity. Both scientists began their work using the prevailing theory that element 93 would have similar chemistry to rhenium, but Segrè rapidly determined that McMillan's sample was not at all similar to rhenium. Instead, when he reacted it with

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at low temperatures. It does show a phase transition from face-centered cubic to orthorhombic at around 33–37 GPa, although it returns to its original phase when pressure is released. It remains stable under oxygen pressures up to 2.84 MPa and temperatures up to 400 °C.

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than the true metals. Some allotropes of the other actinides also exhibit similar behaviour, though to a lesser degree. The densities of different isotopes of neptunium in the alpha phase are expected to be observably different: α-Np should have density 20.303 g/cm; α-Np, density

4502:

and uranium and more stable than those after it such as plutonium and americium. This phenomenon is because the stability of an ion increases as the ratio of atomic number to the radius of the ion increases. Thus actinides higher on the periodic table will more readily undergo

2241:

structure, resembling a highly distorted body-centered cubic structure. Each neptunium atom is coordinated to four others and the Np–Np bond lengths are 260 pm. It is the densest of all the actinides and the fifth-densest of all naturally occurring elements, behind only

5820:

was produced in 1971 by placing equal quantities of both elements in a vacuum tube, heating them to the melting point of antimony, and then heating it further to 1000 °C for sixteen days. This procedure also produced trace amounts of an additional antimonide compound

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While the question of whether Fermi's experiment had produced element 93 was stalemated, two additional claims of the discovery of the element appeared, although unlike Fermi, they both claimed to have observed it in nature. The first of these claims was by Czech engineer

3903: 2390:. This occurrence in neptunium compounds is somewhat surprising because they often exhibit strong magnetism, which usually destroys superconductivity. The alloy has a tetragonal structure with a superconductivity transition temperature of −268.3 °C (4.9 K). 3447: 3910:

When it is in an aqueous solution, neptunium can exist in any of its five possible oxidation states (+3 to +7) and each of these show a characteristic color. The stability of each oxidation state is strongly dependent on various factors, such as the presence of

3365:, forming weighable amounts of neptunium became a realistic endeavor. Its half-life was initially determined to be about 3 million years (later revised to 2.144 million years), confirming the predictions of Nishina and Kimura of a very long half-life. 2990:

in November 1938 "for his demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation, and for his related discovery of nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons". A month later, the almost totally unexpected discovery of

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in 1932, most scientists did not seriously consider the possibility of elements heavier than uranium. While nuclear theory at the time did not explicitly prohibit their existence, there was little evidence to suggest that they did. However, the discovery of

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short half-life, McMillan and Abelson were unable to prepare a sample that was large enough to perform chemical analysis of the new element using the technology that was then available. However, after the discovery of the long-lived Np isotope in 1942 by

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Neptunium(III) hydroxide is quite stable in acidic solutions and in environments that lack oxygen, but it will rapidly oxidize to the IV state in the presence of air. It is not soluble in water. Np(IV) hydroxides exist mainly as the electrically neutral

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gas at around 750 °C in a quartz capillary tube. Later, it was produced by reacting different mixtures of nitrogen and hydrogen with neptunium metal at various temperatures. It has also been produced by the reduction of neptunium dioxide with

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in the early 1870s, it showed a " — " in place after uranium similar to several other places for then-undiscovered elements. Other subsequent tables of known elements, including a 1913 publication of the known radioactive isotopes by

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containment in that long time span, an extraction and transmutation of neptunium after spent fuel reprocessing could help to minimize the contamination of the environment if the nuclear waste could be mobilized after several thousand years.

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with various alkali or alkaline earth oxides in an environment of flowing oxygen. Many of the resulting compounds also have an equivalent compound that substitutes uranium for neptunium. Some compounds that have been characterized include

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Most methods that separate neptunium ions exploit the differing chemical behaviour of the differing oxidation states of neptunium (from +3 to +6 or sometimes even +7) in solution. Among the methods that are or have been used are: solvent

5224:

can be produced by reacting neptunium oxides with anhydrous hydrogen fluoride at various temperatures. Neptunium also forms a wide variety of fluoride compounds with various elements. Some of these that have been characterized include

3085:. Since these elements comprise a large percentage of fission products, Segrè and McMillan decided that the half-life must have been simply another fission product, titling the paper "An Unsuccessful Search for Transuranium Elements". 7306: 2875:

of 93. Fermi was initially reluctant to publicize such a claim, but after his team observed several unknown half-lives in the uranium bombardment products that did not match those of any known isotope, he published a paper entitled

2011:. Neptunium metal is similar to uranium in terms of physical workability. When exposed to air at normal temperatures, it forms a thin oxide layer. This reaction proceeds more rapidly as the temperature increases. Neptunium melts at 3787:

separated from spent nuclear fuel. Many separation methods have been used to separate out the neptunium, operating on small and large scales. The small-scale purification operations have the goals of preparing pure neptunium as a

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O, formed at 600 K). Complex nitrate compounds are also known: the experimenters who produced them in 1986 and 1987 obtained single crystals by slow evaporation of the Np(IV) solution at ambient temperature in concentrated

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The vast majority of the neptunium that currently exists on Earth was produced artificially in nuclear reactions. Neptunium-237 is the most commonly synthesized isotope due to it being the only one that both can be produced via

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Early research into the element was somewhat limited because most of the nuclear physicists and chemists in the United States at the time were focused on the massive effort to research the properties of plutonium as part of the

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of a neutron into a proton, thus moving the resulting isotope one place up the periodic table. When Fermi's team bombarded uranium, they observed this behavior as well, which strongly suggested that the resulting isotope had an

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However, as more information about fission became available, the possibility that the fragments of nuclear fission could still have been present in the target became more remote. McMillan and several scientists, including

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Due to the presence of valence 5f electrons, neptunium and its alloys exhibit a very interesting magnetic behavior, like many other actinides. These can range from the itinerant band-like character characteristic of the

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By weight, neptunium-237 discharges are about 5% as great as plutonium discharges and about 0.05% of spent nuclear fuel discharges. However, even this fraction still amounts to more than fifty tons per year globally.

3330:), but the quantities involved in McMillan and Abelson's original experiment were too small to isolate and identify plutonium along with neptunium. The discovery of plutonium had to wait until the end of 1940, when 2565:. This decay chain had long been extinct on Earth due to the short half-lives of all of its isotopes above bismuth-209, but is now being resurrected thanks to artificial production of neptunium on the tonne scale. 6715:

Since 1967, when neptunium(VII) was discovered, some coordination compounds with neptunium in the +7 oxidation state have been prepared and studied. The first reported such compound was initially characterized as

2897:

was not well understood at the time. This and Fermi's accidental discovery three months later that nuclear reactions could be induced by slow neutrons cast further doubt in the minds of many scientists, notably

6244:, and they behave chemically identically: all three compounds are insensitive to water or dilute bases but are sensitive to air, reacting quickly to form oxides, and are only slightly soluble in benzene and 4498:

The oxides and hydroxides of neptunium are closely related to its ions. In general, Np hydroxides at various oxidation levels are less stable than the actinides before it on the periodic table such as

5469:

at around 1000 °C, is the most well-studied and three allotropic forms are known. The α form exists up to around 1230 °C, the β up to 1530 °C, and the γ form, which can also exist as Np

5397:

compounds have also attracted interest because of their presence in the fuel of several advanced nuclear reactor designs, although the latter group has not had nearly as much research as the former.

4211:). It is quite unstable to hydrolysis in acidic aqueous solutions at pH 1 and above, forming NpOH. In basic solutions, Np tends to hydrolyze to form the neutral neptunium(IV) hydroxide (Np(OH) 2282:

structure and has Np–Np bond length of 297 pm. The γ form becomes less stable with increased pressure, though the melting point of neptunium also increases with pressure. The β-Np/γ-Np/liquid

3664:{\displaystyle {\begin{cases}{\ce {^{235}_{92}U + ^{1}_{0}n -> ^{236m}_{92}U -> ^{236}_{92}U + \gamma}}\\{\ce {^{236}_{92}U + ^{1}_{0}n -> ^{237}_{92}U -> ^{237}_{93}Np}}\end{cases}}} 2588:. Calculated values of the critical masses of neptunium-235, -236, and -237 respectively are 66.2 kg, 6.79 kg, and 63.6 kg: the neptunium-236 value is even lower than that of 6784:

known in solution involve the element in the +4, +5, and +6 oxidation states: only a few studies have been done on neptunium(III) and (VII) coordination complexes. For the former, NpX and

5135:). This volatility has attracted a large amount of interest to the compound in an attempt to devise a simple method for extracting neptunium from spent nuclear power station fuel rods. NpF 2927:. This arrangement placed protactinium below tantalum, uranium below tungsten, and further suggested that element 93, at that point referred to as eka-rhenium, should be similar to the 6112:) could not be obtained. Tetravalent neptunium cyclopentadienyl, a reddish-brown complex, was synthesized in 1968 by reacting neptunium(IV) chloride with potassium cyclopentadienide: 4980:

have been the most extensively researched, largely because of their potential use in separating the element from nuclear waste products. Four binary neptunium fluoride compounds, Np

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put an end to the possibility that Fermi had discovered element 93 because most of the unknown half-lives that had been observed by Fermi's team were rapidly identified as those of

11324:

Sanchez, Rene G.; Loaiza, David J.; Kimpland, Robert H.; Hayes, David K.; Cappiello, Charlene C.; Myers, William L.; Jaegers, Peter J.; Clement, Steven D.; Butterfield, Kenneth B.

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solution: the strength of interaction between the two cations follows the order Fe > In > Sc > Ga > Al. The neptunyl and uranyl ions can also form a complex together.

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of neptunium, because its five oxidation states all exhibit their own distinctive chemical behavior, and the coordination chemistry of the actinides is heavily influenced by the

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and also has a half-life long enough to allow weighable quantities to be easily isolated. It is by far the most common isotope to be utilized in chemical studies of the element.

3116: 6526: 2278:β-neptunium takes on a distorted tetragonal close-packed structure. Four atoms of neptunium make up a unit cell, and the Np–Np bond lengths are 276 pm. γ-neptunium has a 5856:(tentative) have been reported, but have not characterized in detail despite the high importance and utility of actinide carbides as advanced nuclear reactor fuel. NpC is a 5393:

compounds have been well studied primarily as part of research into their electronic and magnetic properties and their interactions in the natural environment. Pnictide and

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Keller, C.; Kock, L.; Walter, K. H. (1965). "Die reaktion der oxide der transurane mit alkalioxiden—I: Ternäre oxide der sechswertigen transurane mit lithium und natrium".

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Neptunium does not have a biological role, as it has a short half-life and occurs only in small traces naturally. Animal tests show it to be absorbed poorly (~1%) via the

4549:

solution, it does not react significantly for a period of months, although a higher molar concentration of 3.0 M will result in it reacting to the solid hydroxide NpO

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Drobyshevskii, Y. V.; Serik, V. F.; Sokolov, V. B.; Tul'skii, M. N. (1978). "Synthesis and some properties of neptunium oxide tetrafluoride and neptunium pentafluoride".

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with the HF, an action that definitively ruled out the possibility that the unknown substance was a rare-earth metal. Shortly after this, Abelson, who had received his

2663:: in these minerals, the ratio of neptunium-237 to uranium is less than or equal to about 10 to 1. Additionally, Np must also occur as an intermediate decay product of 10062:

Carnall, W. T.; Neufeldt, S. J.; Walker, A. (1965). "Reactions in Molten Salt Solutions. I. Uranate and Neptunate Formation in Molten Lithium Nitrate-Sodium Nitrate".

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was initially subject to several studies that claimed to produce it with mutually contradictory methods, it was eventually prepared successfully by heating neptunium

3704:

Heavier isotopes of neptunium decay quickly, and lighter isotopes of neptunium cannot be produced by neutron capture, so chemical separation of neptunium from cooled

9486:

Burney, G. A; Harbour, R. M; Subcommittee On Radiochemistry, National Research Council (U.S.); Technical Information Center, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (1974).

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Winterberg, Friedwardt; Herrmann, Günter; Fodor, Igor; Wolfenstein, Lincoln; Singer, Mark E. (1996). "More on How Nazi Germany Failed to Develop the Atomic Bomb".

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isotopes have half-lives that are less than 4.5 days, and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 50 minutes. This element also has at least four

6455:, which is isostructural with the analogous uranium(IV) coordination compound. Other Np(IV) coordination compounds are known, some involving other metals such as 4903:

O to various temperature thresholds and further heating will also cause these compounds to exhibit different neptunium allotropes. The lithium neptunate oxides Li

3712:, are produced through neutron irradiation of Np and U respectively, while the longer-lived lighter isotopes Np and Np are produced through irradiation of U with 5620:. All of these have only been obtained by heating neptunium hydride and selenium metal to various temperatures in a vacuum for an extended period of time and Np 8555:

Wallner, A.; Faestermann, T.; Feige, J.; Feldstein, C.; Knie, K.; Korschinek, G.; Kutschera, W.; Ofan, A.; Paul, M.; Quinto, F.; Rugel, G.; Steier, P. (2015).

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and dripping pure fluorine on it in a specially prepared apparatus. Additional methods that have successfully produced neptunium hexafluoride include reacting

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more similar to uranium than a rare-earth metal. This discovery finally allowed the source to be isolated and later, in 1945, led to the classification of the

7200: 9353:

Clark, David L.; Hecker, Siegfried S.; Jarvinen, Gordon D.; Neu, Mary P. (2006). "Neptunium". In Morss, Lester R.; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean (eds.).

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After several months of work, Fermi's group had tentatively determined that lighter elements would disperse the energy of the captured neutron by emitting a

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Dabos, S.; Dufour, C.; Benedict, U.; Spirlet, J. C.; et al. (1986). "High-pressure X-ray diffraction on neptunium compounds: Recent results for NpAs".

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Lee, J.; Mardon, P.; Pearce, J.; Hall, R. (1959). "Some physical properties of neptunium metal II: A study of the allotropic transformations in neptunium".

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Yoshida, Zenko; Johnson, Stephen G.; Kimura, Takaumi; Krsul, John R. (2006). "Neptunium". In Morss, Lester R.; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean (eds.).

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have been characterized, both aqueous and solid and at various oxidation states of neptunium (IV through VI have been observed). Additionally, neptunium

5964:) increases. The hydrides require extreme care in handling as they decompose in a vacuum at 300 °C to form finely divided neptunium metal, which is 2670:

Most neptunium (and plutonium) now encountered in the environment is due to atmospheric nuclear explosions that took place between the detonation of the

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Pu in nature in 1951 definitively established its natural occurrence. In 1952, Np was identified and isolated from concentrates of uranium ore from the

2600:

has never been built: uranium and plutonium have lower critical masses than Np and Np, and Np is difficult to purify as it is not found in quantity in

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Dunlap, B. D.; Brodsky, M. B.; Shenoy, G. K.; Kalvius, G. M. (1970). "Hyperfine interactions and anisotropic lattice vibrations of Np in α-Np metal".

11814: 7741:

Dabos, S.; Dufour, C.; Benedict, U.; Pagès, M. (1987). "Bulk modulus and P–V relationship up to 52 GPa of neptunium metal at room temperature".

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in 1974, based on the assumption that the 7s electrons would ionize before 5f and 6d; more recent measurements have refined this to 6.2657 eV.

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Few neptunium(III) coordination compounds are known, because Np(III) is readily oxidized by atmospheric oxygen while in aqueous solution. However,

3011: 6316:

can reduce Np(IV) to Np(III), stabilizing the lower oxidation state and forming various sparingly soluble Np(III) coordination complexes, such as

4954:

have been characterized with various production methods. Neptunium has also been observed to form ternary oxides with many additional elements in

4105:. Not as much work has been done to characterize neptunium in basic solutions. Np and Np can easily be reduced and oxidized to each other, as can 2944: 2893:

Several theoretical objections to the claims of Fermi's paper were quickly raised; in particular, the exact process that took place when an atom

11046:

Burlet, P.; Bourdarot, F.; Rossat-Mignod, J.; Sanchez, J. P.; et al. (1992). "Neutron diffraction study of the magnetic ordering in NpBi".

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Thevenin, T.; Jove, J.; Pages, M. (1985). "Crystal chemistry and Np mossbauer investigations on neptunium oxide chalcogenides NpOS and NpOSe".

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Nikonov, M. V.; Bessonov, A. A.; Krot, N. N.; Perminov, V. P. (1994). "Synthesis and characterization of Np(VI, VII) mixed-valence compound".

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compounds have not been nearly as well studied as its oxides, a fairly large number have been successfully characterized. Of these, neptunium

13117: 6280:

have been prepared, and solvated triiodide complexes of neptunium are a precursor to many organoneptunium and inorganic neptunium compounds.

1804: 9320:

Seaborg, G. T. (1994). "Ch. 118. Origin of the actinide concept". In K. A. Gschneidner, Jr.; L, Eyring; G. R. Choppin; G. H. Landet (eds.).

8696:"Die radioaktiven Umwandlungen und das periodische System der Elemente (Radioactive Transformations and the Periodic Table of the Elements)" 11615: 10849:

Damien, D.; Wojakowski, A. (1975). "Preparation et parametres de maille des monoseleniures et monotellurures de neptunium et d'americium".

9354: 9139: 8222:. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida, 2003; Section 10, Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics; Ionization Potentials of Atoms and Atomic Ions. 4553:

OH almost immediately. Np(VI) hydroxide is more reactive but it is still fairly stable in acidic solutions. It will form the compound NpO

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methods. Currently, commercial reprocessing plants use the Purex process, involving the solvent extraction of uranium and plutonium with

1795: 2046:. Some claims of a fourth allotrope have been made, but they are so far not proven. This multiplicity of allotropes is common among the 6974:

Analogously to its neighbours, uranium and plutonium, the order of the neptunium ions in terms of complex formation ability is Np >

2839:

to begin a series of experiments involving neutron bombardment. Although the Joliot-Curies' experiment involved bombarding a sample of

5561:

S have also been produced, although the latter three have not been well studied. NpOS was first prepared in 1985 by vacuum sealing NpO

10152:, die erste kristalline verbindung mit siebenwertigem neptunium; zur frage der existenz von siebenwertigem plutonium und americium". 6530: 3373:. Research into the element did continue as a minor part of the project and the first bulk sample of neptunium was isolated in 1944. 11411:

Rodriguez, C; Baxter, A.; McEachern, D.; Fikani, M.; et al. (2003). "Deep-Burn: making nuclear waste transmutation practical".

5741:. The first has a face centered cubic structure and is prepared by converting neptunium metal to a powder and then reacting it with 11303: 11011:

Aldred, A. T.; Dunlap, B. D.; Harvey, A. R.; Lam, D. J.; et al. (1974). "Magnetic properties of the neptunium monopnictides".

2612:

The longest-lived isotope of neptunium, Np, has a half-life of 2.14 million years, which is more than 2,000 times shorter than the

1516: 9620: 4681:

Neptunium also forms a large number of oxide compounds with a wide variety of elements, although the neptunate oxides formed with

4515:

and its mild solubility in water is not affected at all by the pH of the solution. This suggests that the other Np(IV) hydroxide,

2835:

in late 1933 opened up an entirely new method of researching the elements and inspired a small group of Italian scientists led by

2505:(Np) to 244.068 u (Np), though Np has not yet been reported. Most of the isotopes that are lighter than the most stable one, Np, 2267: 1463: 11770: 7864: 9817:

Kato, Y.; Kimura, T.; Yoshida, Z.; Nitani, N. (1996). "Solid-Liquid Phase-Equilibria Of Np(VI) And Of U(VI) Under Controlled CO

4176:, it is quickly oxidized to Np(IV) unless strong reducing agents are also present. Nevertheless, it is the second-least easily 2031:

of the element. If accurate, this would give neptunium the largest liquid range of any element (3535 K passes between its

10179:

Awasthi, S. K.; Martinot, L.; Fuger, J.; Duyckaerts, G. (1971). "Preparation and Characterisation of some Np(VII) Compounds".

2766:; although uptake by the latter is most pronounced in mildly acidic conditions. It also exhibits a strong tendency to bind to 11807: 11728: 11636: 11604: 11585: 11564: 11533: 11372: 10312:, (1947) Report MDDC-1332, United States Atomic Energy Commission - Argonne National Laboratory, Declassified: July 18, 1947. 9714: 9514: 9375: 7784: 7707: 7506: 10719:

Charvillat, J. P.; Benedict, U.; Damien, D.; Novion, D.; et al. (1976). "Neptunium". In Muller, W.; Linder, R. (eds.).

8164: 2372:, so as to recycle long-lived waste isotopes such as neptunium-237 into shorter-lived isotopes more useful as nuclear fuel. 2019:, a property the metal shares with the neighboring element plutonium (which has melting point 639.4 °C), is due to the 11778: 2572:

This nickel-clad neptunium sphere was used to experimentally determine the critical mass of Np at Los Alamos National Lab.

9875:

Fahey, J. A.; Turcotte, R. P.; Chikalla, T. D. (1976). "Decomposition, stoichiometry and structure of neptunium oxides".

2486:

of 2.14 million years, Np with a half-life of 154,000 years, and Np with a half-life of 396.1 days. All of the remaining

1542: 7002:

and solvents used.) The stability sequence for Np(IV), Np(V), and Np(VI) complexes with monovalent inorganic ligands is

4569:

pressures. Np(VII) has not been well-studied and no neutral hydroxides have been reported. It probably exists mostly as

10801:

Supplement to Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry - Moscow Symposium - On the Chemistry of Transuranium Elements

8458:

Thompson, Roy C. (1982). "Neptunium: The Neglected Actinide: A Review of the Biological and Environmental Literature".

8399: 8330: 4999:, have been reported. The first two are fairly stable and were first prepared in 1947 through the following reactions: 3060: 9762:"Solubility of the redox-sensitive radionuclides Tc and Np under reducing conditions in neutral to alkaline solutions" 4243:. It is a stable ion and is the most common form of neptunium in aqueous solutions. Unlike its neighboring homologues 13110: 11681: 11667: 11514: 9927: 6895:). A great many complexes for the other neptunium oxidation states are known: the inorganic ligands involved are the 1133: 93: 10246:

Mefod'eva, M. P.; Krot, N. N.; Smirnova, T. V.; Gel'man, A. D. (1969). "Oxalate Compounds of Hexavalent Neptunium".

3418:. About 85.5% of the excited U nuclei undergo fission, but the remainder decay to the ground state of U by emitting 11800: 11081:

De Novion, C. H.; Lorenzelli, R. (1968). "Proprietes electroniques du monocarbure et du mononitrure de neptunium".

8255: 5640:

Se, are formed with similar methods by replacing the neptunium hydride with neptunium dioxide. The known neptunium

3792:

of metallic neptunium and its compounds, and also to isolate and preconcentrate neptunium in samples for analysis.

3006:

Perhaps the closest of all attempts to produce the missing element 93 was that conducted by the Japanese physicist

2537:(emission of Mg to form Tl). All of the known isotopes except one that are heavier than this decay exclusively via 1908:

reactors. While neptunium itself has no commercial uses at present, it is used as a precursor for the formation of

11447: 10734:

Peacock, R. D.; Edelstein, N. (1997). "High pressure X-ray diffraction experiments on NpS and PuS up to 60 GPa".

6313: 5143:

and gaseous fluorine at very high temperatures and the first bulk quantities were obtained in 1958 by heating NpF

2986:, were still reluctant to accept that Fermi had actually produced a new element, he was nevertheless awarded the 2675: 1788: 10914:

Olson, W. M.; Mulford R. N. R. (1966). "The melting point and decomposition pressure of neptunium mononitride".

9542: 13391: 7360: 7187: 5758: 4180:

neptunium ion in water, forming the NpOH ion. Np is the predominant neptunium ion in solutions of pH 4–5.

4013: 1913: 6768:

in aqueous solution. This compound forms dark green prismatic crystals with maximum edge length 0.15–0.4

3047:

The 60-inch cyclotron at the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, in August 1939

13446: 10265:

Hoekstra, H. R.; Gebert, E. (1977). "Some ternary oxides of neptunium and plutonium with the alkali metals".

6233: 5714: 3305:

on May 27, 1940. They did not propose a name for the element in the paper, but they soon decided on the name

3275:{\displaystyle {\ce {{^{238}_{92}U}+{^{1}_{0}n}->{^{239}_{92}U}->{^{239}_{93}Np}->{^{239}_{94}Pu}}}} 3056: 1897: 7574: 5165:

and by reacting several different neptunium oxide and fluoride compounds with anhydrous hydrogen fluorides.

13103: 11746: 2655:

and emitting a neutron. The half-life of Np is very short, although the detection of its much longer-lived

2027:

of neptunium is not empirically known and the usually given value of 4174 °C is extrapolated from the

1969: 1888:

Although many false claims of its discovery were made over the years, the element was first synthesized by

9594: 2906:, that the experiment was creating element 93. While von Grosse's claim that Fermi was actually producing 13436: 6935:. Many organic ligands are known to be able to be used in neptunium coordination complexes: they include 5857: 5797: 1411: 10232: 9981:

Benedict, U.; Dabos, S.; Dufour, C.; Spirelet, J. C. (1986). "Neptunium compounds under high pressure".

9782:

Neck, V.; Kim, J. I.; Kanellakopulos, B. (1992). "Solubility and hydrolysis behaviour of neptunium(V)".

8977: 5992:

at 1100 °C, though neptunium(IV) phosphate has so far remained elusive. The series of compounds NpM

3775:

Recovering uranium and plutonium from spent nuclear fuel for reuse is one of the major processes of the

2935:

and the other transuranic elements also have dominant +3 and +4 states, along with the discovery of the

13441: 13426: 9168:"The discoveries of uranium 237 and symmetric fission — From the archival papers of Nishina and Kimura" 9070: 7958: 7423: 5725:(PuN) and has a melting point of 2830 °C under a nitrogen pressure of around 1 MPa. Two neptunium 3833: 2832: 2730:, which because of the element's radioactivity is a consideration that must be addressed when building 1781: 1093: 10814:

Thevenin, T.; Pages, M. (1982). "Crystallographic and magnetic studies of a new neptunium selenide: Np

5980:

have been investigated for potential use in immobilizing nuclear waste. Neptunium pyrophosphate (α-NpP

4610:, though some studies have stated that only the first two of these exist, suggesting that claims of Np 11764: 11723:

Eric Scerri, A Very Short Introduction to the Periodic Table, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2011,

10941:

Blaise, A.; Damien, D.; Suski, W. (1981). "Electrical resistivity of neptunium mono and diarsenide".

7352: 6064:

due to neptunium's scarcity and radioactivity. The most well known organoneptunium compounds are the

3809: 3098: 2522: 11753: 9427: 7867:. United States Naval Research Laboratory Center for Computational Materials Science. Archived from 6060:

A few organoneptunium compounds are known and chemically characterized, although not as many as for

3456: 1602: 11332: 9406: 8557:"Abundance of live Pu in deep-sea reservoirs on Earth points to rarity of actinide nucleosynthesis" 5935: 4854:. Also, a considerable number of hexavalent neptunium oxides are formed by reacting solid-state NpO 4654:

with a lattice size of 418×658×409 picometres. It is relatively unstable and decomposes to NpO

3422:. Further neutron capture forms U which has a half-life of 7 days and quickly decays to Np through 2526: 1201: 6525:

The coordination chemistry of neptunium(V) has been extensively researched due to the presence of

5303:

at around 500 °C. Other neptunium chloride compounds have also been reported, including NpOCl

13271: 13217: 13171: 13163: 10377: 3957: 3837: 3326:

It was also realized that the beta decay of Np must produce an isotope of element 94 (now called

2593: 1073: 11642: 10245: 9381: 9147: 9092: 8999: 8077:

T. D. Matsuda; Y. Hagal; D. Aoki; H. Sakai; Y. Homma; N. Tateiwa; E. Yamamoto; Y. Onuki (2009).

5517:

and pure sulfur to 500 °C. All of the neptunium sulfides except for the β and γ forms of Np

4689:

have been by far the most studied. Ternary neptunium oxides are generally formed by reacting NpO

2433:

other actinides with their 5f electron configurations in the tripositive state. The first

13372: 13237: 13227: 13155: 8970:"The Twilight of the Naturally-Occurring Elements: Moldavium (Ml), Sequanium (Sq) and Dor (Do)" 8784: 7528:"Reduction chemistry of neptunium cyclopentadienide complexes: from structure to understanding" 7080: 6301: 6289: 6276:)·2THF, which is isostructural to the corresponding plutonium compound. In addition, neptunium 6061: 5128: 5116: 4967: 4955: 4542:

is very stable, it can only form a hydroxide in high acidity levels. When placed in a 0.1

4464:, this is a simplification and the real structure is probably closer to a hydroxo species like 3999: 3797: 3392:, showing the Purex process and the likely oxidation state of neptunium in the process solution 2987: 2848: 2416: 2353: 1904:

of uranium in nuclear reactors. The vast majority is generated as a by-product in conventional

1617: 1100: 1085: 1060: 9567:

Cabell, M. J.; Slee, L. J. (1962). "The ratio of neutron capture to fission for uranium-235".

4728:

O at 400 °C for 16 hours in a quartz tube and flowing oxygen. Alkali neptunate compounds

4188:

Np(IV) or Np is pale yellow-green in acidic solutions, where it exists as hydrated complexes (

1132: 13353: 13303: 13285: 13247: 13179: 11118:

The Chemical Thermodynamics of Actinide Elements and Compounds, part 6. The Actinide Carbides

10219: 9706: 9414: 7439: 7316: 6037: 5641: 5155: 4686: 3985: 3789: 2840: 2824: 2648: 2632: 2457: 2404: 2403:

Neptunium metal is very reactive. Ions of neptunium are prone to hydrolysis and formation of

2020: 1535: 9761: 6712:, where M represents a monovalent cation and An is either uranium, neptunium, or plutonium. 2828: 2513:

although a sizable number, most notably Np and Np, also exhibit various levels of decay via

1943:

production. This isotope, and the isotope neptunium-239, are also found in trace amounts in

13146: 11843: 11704: 11552: 11472:"Metabolism and gastrointestinal absorption of neptunium and protactinium in adult baboons" 11420: 11247: 11090: 11055: 11020: 10985: 10950: 10743: 10691: 10517: 10349: 9955: 9453: 9292: 9232: 9179: 9104: 9022: 8934: 8888: 8822: 8756: 8578: 8530: 8514: 8467: 8391: 8299: 8179: 8098: 7991: 7927: 7825: 7746: 7637: 7356:

extract the isotope from irradiated fuel elements would be a major industrial undertaking.

7340: 7007: 6880: 6781: 5875: 5284: 5120: 4161: 3924: 2434: 2320: 1453: 11692: 11388: 9834: 8810: 8670: 2778:

content. The behavior provides an additional aid in the element's observed high mobility.

8: 13261: 13192: 13126: 8111: 8078: 7301:{\displaystyle {\ce {^{237}_{93}Np + ^{1}_{0}n -> ^{238}_{93}Np -> ^{238}_{94}Pu}}} 6036:

have been investigated to achieve a better understanding of the behavior of neptunium in

5927: 5628:

is only known to exist in the γ allotrope at relatively high temperatures. Two neptunium

5148: 4588: 4543: 3971: 3892: 3865: 3858: 2955:

for the element, but after being analyzed it turned out that the sample was a mixture of

2644: 2542: 2530: 2424: 2279: 2116: 1901: 1874: 1838: 1509: 1486: 1211: 11708: 11556: 11424: 11251: 11094: 11059: 11024: 10989: 10954: 10747: 10695: 10521: 10353: 9959: 9457: 9296: 9236: 9183: 9108: 8938: 8892: 8826: 8760: 8582: 8534: 8471: 8183: 8102: 7995: 7931: 7829: 7750: 7641: 7446:

at Yucca Mountain in 10,000 years. As it is unclear what happens to the non-reprocessed

6625:(which is unstable, usually becoming Np(IV)) to such complicated compounds as the green 2462: 13431: 13421: 13197: 13140: 11545: 10500:

Kleinschmidt, P. D.; Lau, K. H.; Hildenbrand, D. L. (1992). "Sublimation studies of NpO

10336:

Kleinschmidt, P. D.; Lau, K. H.; Hildenbrand, D. L. (1992). "Sublimation studies of NpF

10008:

Fahey, J. A. (1986). "Neptunium". In Katz, J. J.; Seaborg, G. T.; Morss, L. R. (eds.).

9855: 9838: 9799: 9200: 9167: 9120: 8607: 8568: 8556: 8483: 8368: 7591: 7552: 7527: 7404: 7312: 6069: 4546: 4280: 3880: 3776: 3709: 3705: 2899: 2624: 2617: 2601: 1774: 1711: 1398: 1193: 1187: 11623:. Vol. 3 (3rd ed.). Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer. pp. 699–812. 11432: 11045: 10486: 10088: 7442:. Due to its long half-life, neptunium will become the major contributor of the total 7408: 5545:

are also isostructural with the equivalent plutonium sulfide. The oxysulfides NpOS, Np

5088:

is much more difficult to form and most known preparation methods involve reacting NpF

13187: 12694: 11724: 11677: 11663: 11632: 11600: 11581: 11560: 11529: 11510: 11475: 11368: 11102: 11067: 10997: 10962: 10835: 10785: 10680:"Crystal chemical studies of the tf-series of elements. X. Sulfides and ox\-sulfides" 10660: 10560: 10468: 10419:

Malm, J. G.; Weinstock, B.; Weaver, E. (1958). "The Preparation and Properties of NpF

10278: 10192: 10165: 10130: 10048: 9994: 9967: 9923: 9888: 9842: 9710: 9580: 9510: 9371: 9205: 8950: 8612: 8594: 8491: 8395: 8326: 8134: 8003: 7959:"Evaluation of nuclear criticality safety data and limits for actinides in transport" 7868: 7837: 7780: 7758: 7703: 7696: 7557: 7502: 6534: 5950: 5722: 5710: 5351: 5081: 4930:

A large number of additional alkali and alkaline neptunium oxide compounds such as Cs

4637:

is very stable over a large range of pressures and temperatures and does not undergo

4490:; water quickly reduces this to Np(VI). Its hydrolysis products are uncharacterized. 3844: 3370: 3102: 3090: 3074: 2791: 2506: 2376: 2183: 2051: 1893: 1870: 1582: 1573: 1525: 1405: 1330: 1320: 721: 9803: 9759: 8542: 8351:

Weiss, Peter (2 July 2009). "Neptunium nukes?: Little-studied metal goes critical".

8165:"Ground Levels and Ionization Potentials for Lanthanide and Actinide Atoms and Ions" 7526:

Dutkiewicz, Michał S.; Apostolidis, Christos; Walter, Olaf; Arnold, Polly L (2017).

5684:

Te is isostructural to the equivalent uranium and plutonium compounds. No neptunium−

3063:

decided to run an experiment bombarding uranium using the powerful 60-inch (1.52 m)

2229: 12758: 12463: 12292: 12121: 12040: 11959: 11932: 11895: 11890: 11885: 11787: 11712: 11624: 11428: 11356: 11259: 11255: 11098: 11063: 11028: 10993: 10958: 10923: 10896: 10831: 10781: 10751: 10699: 10652: 10643:

Fried, S.; Davidson, N. R. (1948). "The preparation of solid neptunium compounds".

10556: 10525: 10482: 10436: 10357: 10292:

Tabuteau, A.; Pagès, M. (1985). "Neptunium". In Freeman, A. J.; Keller, C. (eds.).

10274: 10188: 10161: 10126: 10071: 10044: 9990: 9963: 9884: 9830: 9791: 9698: 9576: 9461: 9363: 9300: 9240: 9195: 9187: 9124: 9112: 9034: 8942: 8896: 8830: 8764: 8707: 8602: 8586: 8538: 8475: 8360: 8318: 8187: 8106: 7999: 7935: 7833: 7754: 7645: 7606: 7547: 7539: 7368: 7190:

for spacecraft and military applications. Np will capture a neutron to form Np and

6805: 6065: 5466: 5462: 4638: 4475: 4449: 4445: 4165: 4070: 4030: 3744: 3427: 3350: 3342: 3331: 3000: 2947:

in 1934 when he extracted a small amount of material from the wash water of heated

2807: 2795: 2680: 2656: 2613: 2562: 2554: 2510: 2502: 2420: 2300: 2063: 2023:

of the 5f and 6d orbitals and the formation of directional bonds in the metal. The

1921: 1854: 1816: 1730: 1701: 1683: 1642: 1634: 1423: 1078: 50: 11446:

J. I. Friese; E. C. Buck; B. K. McNamara; B. D. Hanson; et al. (2003-01-06).

9946:

Richter K.; Sari C. (1987). "Phase relationships in the neptunium-oxygen system".

8946: 6434:

Many neptunium(IV) coordination compounds have been reported, the first one being

5988:), a green solid, has been produced in the reaction between neptunium dioxide and 2584:

being about 60 kg, only about 10 kg more than that of the commonly used

11880: 11875: 11870: 11865: 11860: 11855: 11850: 11782: 11760: 11575: 11504: 11010: 10718: 10469:

Eller, P. G.; Asprey, L. B.; Kinkead, S. A.; Swanson, B. I.; et al. (1998).

10178: 9917: 9504: 9487: 9409:. Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, University of California. LBL-13492, DE82 004551. 9362:. Vol. 3 (3rd ed.). Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer. p. 814. 9324:. Vol. 18 – Lanthanides/Actinides: Chemistry. Elsevier. pp. 4–6, 10–14. 8510: 8195: 7460: 7152: 6809: 6149: 6085: 6052: 5989: 5718: 4693:

with the oxide of another element or by precipitating from an alkaline solution.

3912: 3829: 3419: 3403: 3301: 3107: 3078: 2992: 2968: 2928: 2924: 2894: 2699: 2640: 2639:. Np and Np are the most common of these isotopes; they are directly formed from 2399: 1948: 1936: 1866: 1820: 1363: 1300: 11445: 9760:

Trygve E Eriksen; Pierre Ndalamba; Daqing Cui; Jordi Bruno; et al. (1993).

7463:. When injected it concentrates in the bones, from which it is slowly released. 3069: 2818:

Up to and after the discovery of the final component of the atomic nucleus, the

2627:

amounts of the neptunium isotopes neptunium-237 and -239 are found naturally as

11823: 11775: 11741: 11360: 10544: 10499: 10335: 10308: 7610: 7427: 7396: 7344: 7320: 5754: 5573:, and pure sulfur in a quartz tube and heating it to 900 °C for one week. 4674:

to 300–350 °C for 2–3 hours or by heating it under a layer of water in an

4566: 3916: 3872: 3851: 3817: 3784: 3094: 3052: 3007: 2859: 2844: 2812: 2803: 2706:

present and in these conditions it has also been observed to readily bond with

2652: 2514: 2123: 2028: 1985: 1889: 1521: 1415: 1221: 1127: 1065: 126: 11448:"Existing Evidence for the Fate of Neptunium in the Yucca Mountain Repository" 11284: 10755: 10704: 10679: 10598: 10397: 9980: 9795: 9305: 9280: 7650: 7625: 7327:, useful as a tracer to determine plutonium concentration in the environment. 7111:. The divalent ligands are more strongly complexing than the monovalent ones. 6812:

solutions, respectively: for the latter, 1970 experiments discovered that the

5192:, have been reported, although none of them have been extensively studied. NpO 3027:

and successfully produced the known Th and its long-lived beta decay daughter

2580:; only neptunium-237's fissionability has been experimentally shown, with the 2419: 5f 6d 7s. This differs from the configuration expected by the 13415: 12917: 11716: 10975: 8834: 8711: 8598: 8322: 7467: 7443: 7435: 7364: 7348: 7324: 7183: 7179: 7175: 7169: 6072:

compounds and their derivatives. The trivalent cyclopentadienyl compound Np(C

5939: 5526: 5501:

at 500 °C or by reacting sulfur and neptunium hydride at 650 °C. Np

3876: 3693: 3358: 3335: 3043: 2964: 2872: 2731: 2664: 2660: 2628: 2589: 2581: 2538: 2534: 2498: 2335: 2287: 2263: 2036: 2032: 2024: 2016: 2004: 1977: 1909: 1905: 1878: 1831: 1827: 1753: 1689: 1607: 1381: 1374: 1349: 1161: 1147: 1042: 891: 11628: 11032: 9367: 9244: 9172:

Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B: Physical and Biological Sciences

4823:

at temperatures of 400–600 °C for 15–30 hours. Some of these include Ba

4372:

ions). It hydrolyzes in basic solutions to form the oxo and hydroxo ions NpO

3708:

gives nearly pure Np. The short-lived heavier isotopes Np and Np, useful as

2604:

and is nearly impossible to separate in any significant quantities from Np.

12971: 12800: 12505: 11905: 11838: 10664: 9209: 8954: 8616: 7665: 7561: 7466:

Finely divided neptunium metal presents a fire hazard because neptunium is

7411:

includes about 3% neptunium after 20 years, and about 15% after 100 years.

6928: 6005: 4682: 3821: 3028: 2972: 2919: 2907: 2836: 2759: 2715: 2671: 2518: 2479: 2444: 2324: 2283: 2238: 2106: 2055: 1849:

in the Solar System, which uranium is named after. A neptunium atom has 93

1478: 933: 800: 574: 9874: 9223:

Segrè, Emilio (1939). "An Unsuccessful Search for Transuranium Elements".

8495: 7982:

Stephens, D. R. (1966). "Phase diagram and compressibility of neptunium".

7939: 5409:

compounds have been characterized, including the pure sulfide compounds Np

3385: 2667:, which has been detected in meteorite dust in marine sediments on Earth. 2356:. Investigations are underway regarding alloys of neptunium with uranium, 2315:. This stems from 5f-orbital hybridization with the orbitals of the metal 13321: 13025: 12989: 12980: 12890: 12872: 12863: 11900: 11688: 11115: 10409:

Florin, A. E. (1943) Report MUC-GTS-2165, Declassified: January 23, 1946.

8806: 7372: 7336: 7052: 7030: 6948: 6916: 6515: 6297: 6277: 6241: 6205: 6041: 5762: 5629: 3780: 3697: 3689: 3682: 3415: 3411: 3362: 3346: 3097:, something he had not done before. This reaction resulted in the sample 3082: 3032: 3019: 3015: 2996: 2948: 2903: 2738:

to Np(IV) in a relatively short period of time. Np(V) is also reduced by

2636: 2597: 2585: 2558: 2487: 2471: 2139: 1675: 1648: 1628: 1312: 975: 947: 940: 870: 856: 849: 116: 10927: 10900: 10656: 10440: 10075: 9191: 9038: 8315:

Transuranium Elements, in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry

5870:≤ 0.96). It may be obtained from the reaction of neptunium hydride with 5358:

at 350 °C and the former in an almost identical procedure but with

1166:

4447 K (4174 °C, 7545 °F)

32: 13034: 12962: 12935: 12908: 12568: 12550: 12523: 12354: 12345: 12084: 10061: 9816: 9093:"Disintegration of Uranium by Neutrons: a New Type of Nuclear Reaction" 8590: 8487: 8372: 7543: 7447: 7191: 6940: 6769: 6519: 6040:

and the environment, where it may come into contact with carbonate and

5965: 5813: 5730: 4651: 4504: 4240: 4177: 4169: 3801: 3426:. During beta decay, the excited U emits an electron, while the atomic 3423: 2983: 2867: 2862:

and heavier elements would generally accomplish the same by emitting a

2739: 2491: 2312: 2111: 2059: 2000: 1997: 1952: 1917: 1001: 982: 926: 905: 884: 623: 609: 588: 460: 453: 254: 13095: 11479: 11471: 10454:

Fried, S. (1954). "Neptunium". In Seaborg, G. T.; Katz, J. J. (eds.).

9465: 8293: 8191: 6998:. (The relative order of the middle two neptunium ions depends on the 5874:

at 1400 °C or by heating the constituent elements together in an

4630:

can be produced by simply burning neptunium salts of oxyacids in air.

4033:

solutions, the neptunium(III) to neptunium(VII) ions exist as Np, Np,

3532: 2690:

Once released in the surface environment, in contact with atmospheric

1900:

in 1940. Since then, most neptunium has been and still is produced by

13043: 13016: 13007: 12854: 12836: 12827: 12604: 12514: 12487: 12435: 12381: 12363: 12327: 12307: 12246: 12183: 12127: 12066: 12055: 11974: 11925: 11915: 11910: 10529: 10471:"Reaction of Dioxygen Difluoride with Neptunium Oxides and Fluorides" 10361: 10089:

Morss, L. R.; Appelman, E. H.; Gerz, R. R.; Martin-Rovet, D. (1994).

9116: 8901: 8876: 8769: 8744: 8238: 7470:; small grains will ignite spontaneously in air at room temperature. 7400: 7258: 7124: 7066: 6964: 6960: 6944: 6932: 6924: 6754:

O in 1968, but was suggested in 1973 to actually have the formula ·2H

6589: 6237: 6173: 6157: 6033: 6017: 5977: 5757:

at 740 °C in a vacuum and then allowing any extra phosphorus to

5742: 5726: 5645: 5390: 5386: 5169: 4729: 3825: 3805: 3748: 3721: 3614: 3519: 3389: 3327: 3285: 3228: 3180: 3064: 2976: 2932: 2915: 2863: 2763: 2747: 2719: 2703: 2695: 2525:

of mass number 237, decays almost exclusively by alpha emission into

2483: 2429: 2380: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2339: 2328: 2271: 2259: 2187: 2043: 2008: 1993: 1973: 1940: 1862: 1587: 1473: 1355: 1026: 989: 968: 961: 842: 828: 821: 651: 581: 560: 523: 481: 467: 439: 421: 377: 328: 284: 240: 231: 171: 11285:"Restricted Data Declassification Decisions from 1946 until Present" 11235: 10470: 10090: 9781: 8695: 8479: 8364: 8076: 8056: 7271: 6248:. Other known neptunium cyclooctatetraenyl derivatives include Np(RC 5529:

with the equivalent uranium sulfide and several, including NpS, α−Np

4474:. Np(VII) was first prepared in basic solution in 1967. In strongly 3779:. As it has a long half-life of just over 2 million years, the 3627: 3241: 3193: 2529:, with very rare (occurring only about once in trillions of decays) 12998: 12899: 12782: 12764: 12739: 12730: 12703: 12676: 12640: 12631: 12613: 12541: 12532: 12426: 12298: 12264: 12174: 12165: 12156: 12147: 12102: 12021: 12003: 11938: 10799:

Damien, D.; Berger, R. (1976). Spitsyn, V. I.; Katz, J. J. (eds.).

8573: 7590:

Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021).

7419: 7144: 7132: 7048: 7003: 6956: 6797: 6220:, was synthesized in 1970 by reacting neptunium(IV) chloride with K 6021: 5912: 5879: 5871: 5817: 5769: 5701: 5685: 5581: 5577: 5275:, have been characterized. Although several attempts to obtain NpCl 5265: 5261: 4981: 4977: 4820: 4751: 4671: 4369: 4239:

is green-blue in aqueous solution, in which it behaves as a strong

3717: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2882: 2798:'s table of 1871, with an empty space at the position after uranium 2751: 2743: 2727: 2723: 2711: 2550: 2304: 2247: 2047: 1834: 954: 877: 786: 772: 756: 749: 728: 707: 679: 672: 658: 602: 595: 516: 414: 391: 321: 314: 307: 300: 268: 208: 194: 146: 11453:. Pacific northwest national laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy 10418: 10205: 9443: 7779:. Chemistry of transition elements. Vol. 3. Moscow: Academy. 5761:

away. The compound is non-reactive with water but will react with

4958:

3 through 7, although these compounds are much less well studied.

2647:

of uranium-238, naturally neutron-induced fission of uranium-235,

2323:

destabilized and extends outwards. For example, pure neptunium is

2270:, and its metallic physical properties are closer to those of the 13080: 13075: 13070: 13065: 12953: 12944: 12926: 12881: 12809: 12791: 12721: 12667: 12649: 12622: 12595: 12577: 12559: 12469: 12399: 12372: 12336: 12318: 12282: 12273: 12255: 12237: 12136: 12075: 11965: 11920: 11792: 11410: 8745:"Possible Production of Elements of Atomic Number Higher than 92" 7525: 7395:

Neptunium accumulates in commercial household ionization-chamber

7148: 7128: 7094: 7034: 6968: 6952: 6936: 6920: 6912: 6908: 6825: 6801: 6265: 6261: 6245: 6145: 6029: 6025: 6009: 5916: 5837: 5830: 5773: 5705: 5697: 5406: 5394: 5340: 5336: 4808: 4740: 4694: 4675: 4499: 3740: 3736: 3727:

Artificial Np metal is usually isolated through a reaction of NpF

3678: 3431: 3310: 3024: 2936: 2819: 2767: 2698:

fairly quickly, usually to the +4 or +5 state. Regardless of its

2577: 2546: 2308: 2251: 2243: 1989: 1944: 1932: 1925: 1858: 1842: 1505: 1174: 1018: 919: 912: 898: 863: 807: 793: 742: 700: 686: 665: 644: 630: 616: 546: 495: 474: 446: 432: 405: 398: 384: 370: 291: 247: 164: 8554: 8163:

Martin, W. C.; Hagan, Lucy; Reader, Joseph; Sugan, Jack (1974).

7964:. Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire. p. 15 7387:

Np is used in devices for detecting high-energy (MeV) neutrons.

4895:. These can be obtained by heating different combinations of NpO 4137:

Np(III) or Np exists as hydrated complexes in acidic solutions,

3414:

atom captures a neutron, it is converted to an excited state of

2494:, with the most stable being Np with a half-life of 22.5 hours. 1156: (639±3 °C, 1182±5 °F) 12845: 12773: 12658: 12586: 12496: 12478: 12444: 12408: 12390: 12219: 12210: 12201: 12093: 12046: 12012: 11994: 11949: 10034: 9021:

Peppard, D. F.; Mason, G. W.; Gray, P. R.; Mech, J. F. (1952).

7577:, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 81st edition, CRC press. 7575:

Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds

7431: 7376: 7136: 6999: 6900: 6896: 6485: 6456: 6189: 6153: 6101: 6013: 5841: 5704:) was first prepared in 1953 by reacting neptunium hydride and 5410: 5367: 5363: 5288: 4973: 4839: 4365: 4173: 3928: 3732: 3713: 3435: 3314: 2878:

Possible Production of Elements of Atomic Number Higher than 92

2855: 2707: 2691: 2687:: this concentration is between 0.1% and 1% that of plutonium. 2576:

The isotopes neptunium-235, -236, and -237 are predicted to be

2541:. The lone exception, Np, exhibits a rare (>0.12%) decay by 2316: 2255: 2003:. Neptunium is a hard metal, having a bulk modulus of 118 1850: 1846: 1430: 1153: 835: 779: 693: 637: 567: 553: 530: 502: 488: 356: 349: 342: 261: 224: 201: 187: 155: 11355: 11080: 8150:Общая и неорганическая химия (General and Inorganic Chemistry) 7499:

Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements

6673:. Extensive study has been performed on compounds of the form 5942:

with the corresponding plutonium hydrides, although unlike PuH

5119:

is extremely volatile, as are its adjacent actinide compounds

2482:

have been characterized, with the most stable being Np with a

13059: 12748: 12453: 12111: 11985: 11599:(25th Anniversary ed.). New York: Simon & Schuster. 11120:. Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency. pp. 49–51. 10940: 10771: 10633:

Marcon, J. P. (1967) C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 265 Series C 235.

7415: 6904: 6188:. Other Np(IV) cyclopentadienyl compounds are known for many 4812: 4562: 3813: 2735: 2684: 2553:-205, unlike most other common heavy nuclei which decay into 2058:, uranium, and plutonium do not have clear analogs among the 1981: 1140: 1106: 763: 537: 275: 180: 68: 13295: 10913: 5477:, at higher temperatures. NpS can be produced by reacting Np 5283:

is produced by reducing neptunium dioxide with hydrogen and

2568: 12712: 12685: 12228: 12192: 12030: 10733: 10542: 8508: 7319:. Irradiating neptunium-237 with electron beams, provoking 7140: 7108: 5915:

in a similar manner to its neighbor plutonium, forming the

5676:

Te are formed by similar procedures to the selenides and Np

5359: 4160:. It is a dark blue-purple and is analogous to its lighter 3931:, and even the concentration of neptunium in the solution. 3902: 3657: 2775: 2771: 2755: 2545:

in addition to beta emission. Np eventually decays to form

2369: 1882: 735: 714: 363: 335: 215: 77: 74: 65: 56: 11771:

NLM Hazardous Substances Databank – Neptunium, Radioactive

11672:

Lester R. Morss, Norman M. Edelstein, Jean Fuger (Hrsg.):

10296:. Vol. 3. Amsterdam: North-Holland. pp. 184–241. 7917: 12417: 11832: 11236:"Review of recent advances of radioisotope power systems" 10264: 10012:. Vol. 1. New York: Chapman & Hall. p. 456. 7407:. With a half-life of 432 years, the americium-241 in an 7178:

production, where it is irradiated with neutrons to form

5380: 4815:. Additional compounds have been produced by reacting NpO 4073:

solutions, they exist as the oxides and hydroxides Np(OH)

3051:

As research on nuclear fission progressed in early 1939,

2346: 509: 11788:

C&EN: It's Elemental: The Periodic Table – Neptunium

11674:

The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements

11617:

The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements

10848: 10642: 9356:

The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements

8785:

Artificial radioactivity produced by neutron bombardment

7904:

Hindman J. C. 1968, "Neptunium", in C. A. Hampel (ed.),

7740: 7163: 2474:

of neptunium-237, commonly called the "neptunium series"

9919:

Nuclear and Radiation Chemistry - Transuranium elements

5882:

electrode. It reacts with excess carbon to form pure Np

3920: 11526:

Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements

11323: 11116:

Holley, C. E. Jr.; Rand, M. H.; Storms, E. K. (1984).

10294:

Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of the Actinides

10143: 9352: 9278: 8548: 8385: 8162: 8079:"Transport properties of neptunium superconductor NpPd 6595:

Neptunium(VI) compounds range from the simple oxalate

5200:

is a pinkish solid and can be prepared by reacting NpO

2815:, also show an empty place after uranium, element 92. 10813: 10576:

Gmelin Handbuck der Anorganischen Chemie, Suppl. Work

8386:

Jukka Lehto; Xiaolin Hou (2011). "15.15: Neptunium".

7624:

McMillan, Edwin; Abelson, Philip Hauge (1940-06-15).

7203: 6533:

ions. Some known such compounds include the neptunyl

6529:

in the solid state, which had been already known for

5796:

is prepared by a similar procedure using iodine as a

4587:

Three anhydrous neptunium oxides have been reported,

3450: 3119: 2734:

storage facilities. When absorbed in concrete, it is

94: 71: 53: 10887:

Sheft, I.; Fried, S. (1953). "Neptunium Compounds".

10798: 9322:

Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths

9020: 8974:

International Conference on the History of Chemistry

7865:"Crystal Lattice Structures: The αNp (Ac) Structure" 7589: 5096:

compounds with various other fluoride compounds. NpF

59: 11662:, Albert Stwertka, (Oxford University Press; 1998) 8997: 8294:C. M. Lederer; J. M. Hollander; I. Perlman (1968). 8220:

CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 84th Edition

8124: 8122: 7815: 7770: 7768: 5279:

have been made, they have not been successful. NpCl

3696:, which is produced through neutron irradiation of 2880:in June 1934. For element 93, he proposed the name 2643:by uranium-238 atoms. These neutrons come from the 2415:A neptunium atom has 93 electrons, arranged in the 1885:, which makes the handling of neptunium dangerous. 1869:, ranging from +3 to +7. Like all actinides, it is 80: 62: 11577:Chemical Thermodynamics of Neptunium and Plutonium 11544: 10886: 10677: 8509:Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; 7852:Chemical Thermodynamics of Neptunium and Plutonium 7698:The Elements, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 7695: 7454: 7403:of americium-241 initially present as a source of 7323:, also produces quite pure samples of the isotope 7300: 7107:. These follow the strengths of the corresponding 4618:are actually the result of mistaken analysis of Np 3663: 3274: 2275:20.389 g/cm; α-Np, density 20.476 g/cm. 9945: 9697: 8632:Environmental behavior of chromium and neptunium 7592:"The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" 5753:can be produced by reacting neptunium metal with 5373:has also been prepared by the same method as NpBr 3685:. This only happens with very energetic neutrons. 2971:, claimed to have discovered the new element via 2963:. The other claim, in 1938 by Romanian physicist 2866:. This latter behavior would later result in the 1861:when exposed to air. The element occurs in three 13413: 11306:. Berkeley laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy 11220: 11218: 11216: 11214: 11212: 11210: 11208: 10578:. Vol. 4. Weinheim, Germany: Verlag Chemie. 9404: 8119: 7774: 7765: 7670:American Elements: The Materials Science Company 7520: 7518: 7492: 7490: 7488: 7486: 7484: 7482: 5350:have also been produced; the latter by reacting 2742:if they are present on the surface of goethite, 1935:of neptunium, neptunium-237, is a by-product of 11331:. Japanese Atomic Energy Agency. Archived from 11233: 11198: 10206:Pagès, M.; Nectoux, F.; Freundlich, W. (1971). 9000:"Nouvelles recherches sur l'élément 93 naturel" 8453: 8451: 8449: 8447: 8437: 8435: 8433: 8431: 8236: 8128: 7623: 7524:Np(II), (III) and (IV) have been observed, see 7339:, and could theoretically be used as fuel in a 2621:intermediate decay products of other isotopes. 1448: = 666.3 pm (at 20 °C) 11271: 11269: 11196: 11194: 11192: 11190: 11188: 11186: 11184: 11182: 11180: 11178: 11168: 11166: 11164: 11162: 11160: 11158: 11156: 11154: 10868: 10866: 10864: 10620: 10618: 10616: 10322: 10320: 10318: 9941: 9939: 9746: 9634: 9632: 9630: 9502: 9319: 8700:Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft 8313:Koch, Lothar (2000). "Transuranium Elements". 8057:"Periodic Table Of Elements: LANL - Neptunium" 7367:using neptunium in combination with shells of 7194:with a half-life of just over two days to Pu. 7065:; the order for divalent inorganic ligands is 6044:aqueous solutions and form soluble complexes. 5216:with pure fluorine at around 330 °C. NpOF 5080:to various temperatures in mixtures of either 4283:except at very low pH and high concentration: 3031:(both occurring in the natural decay chain of 2939:, the actinide series was firmly established. 2786: 2710:. It has also been observed to bond well with 13111: 11808: 11205: 10882: 10880: 10878: 10767: 10765: 10373: 10371: 10291: 10021: 10019: 9902: 9900: 9898: 9744: 9742: 9740: 9738: 9736: 9734: 9732: 9730: 9728: 9726: 9681: 9679: 9669: 9667: 9665: 9663: 9661: 9659: 9657: 9655: 9653: 9528: 9526: 9090: 9023:"Occurrence of the (4n + 1) Series in Nature" 8925:Speter, M. (1934). "Bohemium - An Obituary". 8421: 8419: 8417: 8415: 8413: 8411: 8280: 8278: 8276: 8274: 8272: 8270: 8268: 8266: 8017: 8015: 8013: 7891: 7889: 7887: 7885: 7693: 7515: 7479: 7434:. This makes it and its predecessors such as 7418:conditions, neptunium-237 is the most mobile 6300:across the actinide series, analogous to the 5898:in a graphite crucible at 2660–2800 °C. 4919:can be obtained with similar reactions of NpO 4712:at 400 °C for 16 hours or by reacting Li 3081:present, it behaved much like members of the 2770:, an effect that is enhanced when in surface 2062:and are more similar to those of the 3d 1988:, it is located to the right of the actinide 1789: 1090: 11317: 11304:"Getting the Neptunium out of Nuclear Waste" 9693: 9691: 9641: 9481: 9479: 9477: 9475: 8444: 8428: 8147: 7727: 7725: 7723: 7721: 7719: 7585: 7583: 7174:An important use of Np is as a precursor in 5580:compounds that have been reported include Np 4319:It hydrolyzes in basic solutions to form NpO 2982:Although by 1938 some scientists, including 1373: 11687: 11266: 11175: 11151: 11142: 11124: 10861: 10613: 10582: 10315: 9936: 9922:. Krishna Prakashan Media. pp. 128–9. 9627: 9535: 8805: 8519:evaluation of nuclear and decay properties" 7953: 7951: 7949: 7743:Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 7501:. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. 6758:O based on the fact that Np(VII) occurs as 2592:. In particular, Np also has a low neutron 16:Chemical element with atomic number 93 (Np) 13118: 13104: 11815: 11801: 11528:. New York: Oxford University Press, USA. 11365:Experimental techniques in nuclear physics 11297: 11295: 11293: 11083:Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids 10875: 10803:. Oxford: Pergamon Press. pp. 109–16. 10762: 10549:Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry 10545:"Some reactions of neptunium hexafluoride" 10368: 10267:Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry 10037:Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry 10016: 9895: 9877:Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry 9723: 9676: 9650: 9569:Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry 9566: 9560: 9523: 9439: 9437: 8924: 8877:"A New Radioactive Element beyond Uranium" 8647: 8645: 8408: 8263: 8010: 7882: 7818:Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids 7438:candidates of interest for destruction by 7315:but would have to be separated from other 5493:can be prepared by the decomposition of Np 5485:and neptunium metal at 1600 °C and Np 5139:was first prepared in 1943 by reacting NpF 3886: 3321: 1796: 1782: 1550: 1543: 1508:, itself named after Roman god of the sea 1429: 31: 11754:Lab builds world's first neptunium sphere 11547:Otto Hahn: Achievement and Responsibility 10851:Radiochemical and Radioanalytical Letters 10703: 10208:Radiochemical and Radioanalytical Letters 9688: 9472: 9304: 9279:Mcmillan, Edwin; Abelson, Philip (1940). 9199: 9137: 8900: 8768: 8742: 8606: 8572: 8110: 7906:The encyclopedia of the chemical elements 7716: 7649: 7580: 7551: 7496: 7363:briefly produced the first known nuclear 6283: 4819:and water with solid alkali and alkaline 4761:are all produced by a similar reaction: 4452:in basic solution is frequently cited as 3508: 3014:in 1940, just before the outbreak of the 2886:(atomic symbol Ao) after the Greek name 2379:alloy has been discovered with formula Np 1468:1.220 µΩ⋅m (at 22 °C) 10889:Journal of the American Chemical Society 10645:Journal of the American Chemical Society 10115:by neutron and X-ray powder diffraction" 9161: 9159: 9157: 9027:Journal of the American Chemical Society 8457: 8346: 8344: 8342: 8051: 8049: 8047: 7981: 7946: 7390: 7311:Pu also exists in sizable quantities in 6804:) were obtained in 1966 in concentrated 6051: 5960:become greater as the hydrogen content ( 5833:compound, NpBi, has also been reported. 4527:, does not have a significant presence. 3901: 3384: 3042: 2790: 2750:. Np(IV) is less mobile and efficiently 2651:of nuclei, and light elements absorbing 2567: 2461: 2437:of neptunium was measured to be at most 2303:to the local moment behavior typical of 2228: 13125: 12915: 11660:Guide to the Elements – Revised Edition 11542: 11290: 10723:. Amsterdam: North-Holland. p. 79. 10396:Seaborg, G. T. and Brown, H. S. (1961) 10181:Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry Letters 10154:Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry Letters 9621:"Chemistry news, research and opinions" 9595:"Separated Neptunium 237 and Americium" 9434: 9274: 9272: 9014: 8967: 8961: 8654: 8642: 8638:. New York: Reinhold. pp. 569–576. 8388:Chemistry and Analysis of Radionuclides 8045: 8043: 8041: 8039: 8037: 8035: 8033: 8031: 8029: 8027: 7798: 7796: 6828:complexes in acidic solutions, such as 6296:(the greater-than-expected decrease in 6088:was obtained in 1972 from reacting Np(C 3783:Np is one of the major isotopes of the 3770: 3747:in kilogram amounts as a by-product in 3743:and is most often extracted from spent 13414: 12969: 12798: 12503: 11594: 11573: 11523: 11502: 11301: 11278: 10543:Peacock, R. D.; Edelstein, N. (1976). 10010:The Chemistry of the Actinide Elements 9909: 9615: 9613: 8976:. Lisbon. pp. 1–8. Archived from 8874: 8868: 8693: 8629: 8502: 8243:Nucleonica: Web Driven Nuclear Science 8232: 8230: 8228: 7844: 7777:Non-organic chemistry in three volumes 7666:"Neptunium (Np) | AMERICAN ELEMENTS ®" 7359:In September 2002, researchers at the 6775: 5381:Chalcogenides, pnictides, and carbides 5299:by reacting a neptunium oxide with CCl 4807:) with a compound of the alkali metal 2975:in minerals. They named their element 2718:colloids, and several clays including 2319:, and the fact that the 5f orbital is 13099: 13023: 12987: 12978: 12888: 12870: 12861: 11796: 10597:Fried, S. and Davidson, N. R. (1951) 10573: 10458:. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 471. 10453: 10007: 9835:10.1524/ract.1996.74.special-issue.21 9222: 9165: 9154: 9091:Meitner, Lise; Frisch, O. R. (1939). 8736: 8671:"Human Health Fact Sheet - Neptunium" 8379: 8350: 8339: 8091:Journal of Physics: Conference Series 7689: 7687: 7685: 7351:of around 60 kilograms. In 1992, the 7164:Precursor in plutonium-238 production 7123:can also form the complex ions (M = 6592:, both of which form green crystals. 5860:, and could be better labelled as NpC 5713:nitrogen gas at 1550 °C. NpN is 3897: 2042:Neptunium is found in at least three 1853:and 93 electrons, of which seven are 1742: 1739: 1715: 1710: 1660: 1657: 1621: 1616: 13032: 12960: 12933: 12906: 12566: 12548: 12521: 12352: 12343: 10309:The Basic Dry Chemistry of Neptunium 10144:Keller, C.; Seiffert, H. (1969). "Li 9506:The migration chemistry of neptunium 9269: 8312: 8156: 8024: 7793: 5972:Phosphates, sulfates, and carbonates 5076:was obtained directly by heating NpO 4444:Np(VII) is dark green in a strongly 3334:and his team identified the isotope 2674:in 1945 and the ratification of the 2286:occurs at 725 °C and 3200 1865:forms and it normally exhibits five 13041: 13014: 13005: 12852: 12834: 12825: 12816: 12602: 12512: 12485: 12433: 12379: 12361: 12325: 12305: 12244: 12181: 12082: 12064: 12053: 11972: 11676:, Springer-Verlag, Dordrecht 2006, 11613: 9610: 9405:Glenn T. Seaborg (September 1981). 8787:, Nobel Lecture, December 12, 1938. 8225: 7809: 5976:Being chemically stable, neptunium 5108:when heated to around 320 °C. 2497:The isotopes of neptunium range in 1263: 13: 12996: 12897: 12780: 12762: 12737: 12728: 12701: 12674: 12629: 12611: 12539: 12530: 12424: 12296: 12262: 12172: 12154: 12145: 12125: 12100: 11822: 11776:Neptunium: Human Health Fact Sheet 11367:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 236. 10574:Brown, D. (1972). "Transuranium". 9915: 8998:Hulubei, H.; Cauchois, Y. (1939). 7682: 7399:from decay of the (typically) 0.2 6879:; these were found to have higher 6204:NpL, where L represents a ligand. 6192:: they have the general formula (C 5901: 5509:is made by heating a mixture of Np 3061:University of California, Berkeley 2423:in that one electron is in the 6d 1958: 1920:. Neptunium has also been used in 14: 13458: 12951: 12942: 12924: 12879: 12789: 12719: 12692: 12665: 12647: 12638: 12620: 12593: 12575: 12557: 12467: 12397: 12370: 12334: 12280: 12271: 12253: 12235: 12163: 12134: 12073: 12019: 12001: 11963: 11936: 11735: 11697:Zeitschrift für Angewandte Chemie 10824:Journal of the Less Common Metals 9983:Journal of the Less Common Metals 9071:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1938" 8815:Zeitschrift für Angewandte Chemie 8131:Analytical chemistry of neptunium 6047: 6028:), are all known. Some neptunium 5804:crystals are brownish gold and Np 5632:compounds are known, NpOSe and Np 2806:of the elements was published by 1881:, and capable of accumulating in 1857:. Neptunium metal is silvery and 1338:1st: 604.5 kJ/mol 12843: 12807: 12771: 12656: 12584: 12494: 12476: 12406: 12388: 12316: 12217: 12208: 12199: 12044: 11947: 11506:Radionuclides in the Environment 11464: 11439: 11404: 11381: 11349: 11240:Energy Conversion and Management 11227: 11133: 11109: 11074: 11039: 11004: 10969: 10934: 10907: 10842: 10807: 10792: 10727: 10712: 10671: 10636: 10627: 10604: 10591: 10567: 10536: 10493: 10462: 10447: 10412: 10403: 10390: 10329: 10300: 10285: 10258: 10239: 10199: 10172: 10137: 10082: 8059:. Los Alamos National Laboratory 5772:compounds have been prepared, Np 5729:compounds have been reported, Np 4797:are formed by reacting Np(VII) ( 4704:has been prepared by reacting Li 2345:has no magnetic ordering, and Np 1769: 1768: 1231: 49: 12746: 12451: 12442: 12109: 12091: 12010: 11992: 11496: 10475:Journal of Alloys and Compounds 10119:Journal of Alloys and Compounds 10055: 10028: 10001: 9974: 9868: 9849: 9810: 9775: 9753: 9587: 9496: 9398: 9346: 9337: 9328: 9313: 9260: 9251: 9216: 9131: 9084: 9063: 9054: 9045: 8991: 8918: 8909: 8859: 8850: 8841: 8799: 8790: 8777: 8727: 8718: 8687: 8663: 8623: 8543:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001 8306: 8287: 8212: 8141: 8070: 7975: 7911: 7898: 7857: 7455:Biological role and precautions 7188:radioisotope thermal generators 7158: 6314:sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate 4662:at 420–695 °C. Although Np 2676:Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty 1914:radioisotope thermal generators 12710: 12683: 12226: 12190: 12028: 11983: 11413:Nuclear Engineering and Design 11260:10.1016/j.enconman.2007.10.028 11234:Lange, R; Carroll, W. (2008). 8676:. Health Physics Society. 2001 8152:. Vol. 2. pp. 222–7. 8112:10.1088/1742-6596/150/4/042119 7908:, Reinhold, New York, pp. 434. 7775:Yu. D. Tretyakov, ed. (2007). 7734: 7658: 7617: 7568: 7361:Los Alamos National Laboratory 7236: 6307: 6288:There is much interest in the 5688:compounds have been reported. 4478:solution, Np(VII) is found as 4215:) and neptunium(IV) oxide (NpO 4014:Neptunium(VII) oxide-hydroxide 3592: 3491: 3156: 1992:, to the left of the actinide 1837:metal, neptunium is the first 1325:Pauling scale: 1.36 1: 13296:Organoneptunium(IV) compounds 12415: 11653: 11597:The Making of the Atomic Bomb 11433:10.1016/S0029-5493(03)00034-7 10916:Journal of Physical Chemistry 10487:10.1016/s0925-8388(98)00005-x 10429:Journal of Physical Chemistry 9166:Ikeda, Nagao (25 July 2011). 8947:10.1126/science.80.2086.588-a 8129:V. A. Mikhailov, ed. (1971). 7473: 6484:O, formed at 400 K) and 4493: 3923:of the solution, presence of 3380: 3057:Berkeley Radiation Laboratory 2607: 1898:Berkeley Radiation Laboratory 11747:The Periodic Table of Videos 11326:"Criticality of a Np Sphere" 11202:Yoshida et al., pp. 745–750. 11103:10.1016/0022-3697(68)90174-1 11068:10.1016/0921-4526(92)90683-J 10998:10.1016/0378-4363(86)90296-2 10963:10.1016/0038-1098(81)90543-3 10836:10.1016/0022-5088(82)90138-2 10786:10.1016/0025-5408(85)90151-5 10561:10.1016/0022-1902(76)80353-3 10279:10.1016/0022-1902(77)80399-0 10193:10.1016/0020-1650(71)80143-5 10166:10.1016/0020-1650(69)80236-9 10131:10.1016/0925-8388(94)90748-x 10049:10.1016/0022-1902(65)80083-5 9995:10.1016/0022-5088(86)90563-1 9968:10.1016/0022-3115(87)90019-5 9948:Journal of Nuclear Materials 9889:10.1016/0022-1902(76)80291-6 9581:10.1016/0022-1902(62)80002-5 9509:. Risø National Laboratory. 9266:Yoshida et al., pp. 699–700. 8004:10.1016/0022-3697(66)90002-3 7854:, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2001. 7838:10.1016/0022-3697(59)90211-2 7759:10.1016/0304-8853(87)90697-4 7702:(81st ed.). CRC press. 5765:to produce Np(IV) solution. 5405:A wide variety of neptunium 4650:is black-brown in color and 3396: 3295:results in a paper entitled 3038: 2596:. Despite this, a neptunium 2084:γ (measured at 600 °C) 2081:β (measured at 313 °C) 1912:, which is in turn used in 7: 11302:Yarris, Lynn (2005-11-29). 11224:Yoshida et al., pp. 771–82. 11139:Lemire et al., pp. 177–180. 10872:Yoshida et al, pp. 742–744. 10774:Materials Research Bulletin 10678:Zachariasen, W. H. (1949). 10624:Yoshida et al, pp. 739–742. 10588:Yoshida et al, pp. 736–738. 10510:Journal of Chemical Physics 10342:Journal of Chemical Physics 10326:Yoshida et al, pp. 730–736. 10025:Yoshida et al, pp. 728–730. 9647:Yoshida et al., pp. 705–17. 9638:Yodshida et al., pp. 704–5. 9489:Radiochemistry of neptunium 8021:Yoshida et al., pp. 719–20. 7497:Arblaster, John W. (2018). 6152:, and is less sensitive to 6104:, although the simpler Np(C 5858:non-stoichiometric compound 3677:U is also produced via an ( 2914:accomplish this, including 2847:to produce the radioactive 2787:Background and early claims 2451: 2393: 2262:properties, such as strong 2078:α (measured at 20 °C) 1963: 1916:to provide electricity for 10: 13463: 12314: 12143: 12062: 11981: 11945: 11847: 11750:(University of Nottingham) 11574:Lemire, Robert J. (2001). 11275:Yoshida et al., pp. 702–3. 11172:Yoshida et al., pp. 750–2. 11148:Yoshida et al., pp. 744–5. 11130:Yoshida et al., pp. 722–4. 10943:Solid State Communications 10306:S. Fried, N. R. Davidson: 9750:Yoshida et al., p. 766–70. 9673:Yoshida et al., pp. 752–4. 9543:"Capture-to-fission Ratio" 8425:Yoshida et al., pp. 703–4. 8298:(6th ed.). New York: 7424:deep geological repository 7382: 7330: 7167: 6527:cation–cation interactions 5894:is formed from heating NpO 5457:, prepared by reacting NpO 5029:O (400°C) 4965: 4961: 3906:Neptunium ions in solution 3890: 3810:organophosphorus compounds 3313:is the next planet beyond 2781: 2455: 2233:Phase diagram of neptunium 1443: = 488.7 pm 1438: = 472.3 pm 1216:29.46 J/(mol·K) 429: 297: 237: 177: 152: 13384: 13365: 13346: 13209: 13133: 13057: 12757: 12462: 12291: 12120: 12039: 11958: 11931: 11924: 11919: 11914: 11909: 11904: 11899: 11894: 11889: 11884: 11879: 11874: 11869: 11864: 11859: 11854: 11849: 11842: 11837: 11830: 11765:U.S. Department of Energy 11503:Atwood, David A. (2013). 11287:, accessed Sept 23, 2006. 10756:10.1080/08957959708240482 10705:10.1107/s0365110x49000758 10091:"Structural studies of Li 9796:10.1524/ract.1992.56.1.25 9703:Chemistry of the Elements 9701:; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). 9306:10.1103/PhysRev.57.1185.2 8284:Yoshida et al., p. 700–2. 8239:"Universal Nuclide Chart" 7651:10.1103/PhysRev.57.1185.2 7409:ionization smoke detector 7353:U.S. Department of Energy 7296: 7252: 7235: 7218: 5084:or pure fluorine gas. NpF 4582: 3652: 3608: 3591: 3574: 3548: 3513: 3490: 3473: 3269: 3221: 3173: 3154: 3135: 2410: 2398:Neptunium has five ionic 2293: 1949:neutron capture reactions 1767: 1763: 1736: 1707: 1654: 1613: 1572: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1534: 1515: 1500: 1495: 1485: 1472: 1462: 1452: 1422: 1404: 1394: 1389: 1372: 1362: 1354:empirical: 155 1348: 1329: 1319: 1299: 1294: 1220: 1210: 1200: 1186: 1173: 1160: 1146: 1126: 1121: 1113: 1099: 1084: 1072: 1059: 1040: 1017: 132: 124: 115: 107: 44: 39: 30: 11717:10.1002/ange.19340473707 11595:Rhodes, Richard (2012). 9906:Yoshida et al., 724–726. 9281:"Radioactive Element 93" 8835:10.1002/ange.19340473707 8712:10.1002/cber.19130460162 8694:Fajans, Kasimir (1913). 8511:Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik 8323:10.1002/14356007.a27_167 8237:Nucleonica (2007–2013). 8172:J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 7626:"Radioactive Element 93" 7611:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae 7289: 7283: 7245: 7239: 7228: 7222: 7211: 7205: 6056:Structure of neptunocene 5812:is black. The neptunium 4785:The oxide compounds KNpO 3942:Representative compound 3808:β-diketone derivatives, 3645: 3639: 3601: 3595: 3584: 3578: 3567: 3561: 3541: 3535: 3500: 3494: 3483: 3477: 3466: 3460: 3262: 3256: 3214: 3208: 3166: 3160: 3147: 3141: 3128: 3122: 3018:in 1941: they bombarded 2237:α-neptunium takes on an 2070:Allotropes of neptunium 2007:, comparable to that of 11629:10.1007/1-4020-3598-5_6 11580:. Amsterdam: Elsevier. 11543:Hoffman, Klaus (2001). 11509:. John Wiley and Sons. 11033:10.1103/PhysRevB.9.3766 10599:US Patent No. 2,578,416 10423:; a Comparison with PuF 10398:US Patent No. 2,982,604 9685:Yoshida et al., p. 759. 9532:Yoshida et al., p. 710. 9503:Nilsson, Karen (1989). 9368:10.1007/1-4020-3598-5_7 9343:Yoshida et al., p. 700. 9245:10.1103/PhysRev.55.1104 8968:Fontani, Marco (2005). 8875:Koblic, Odolen (1934). 7895:Yoshida et al., p. 719. 7731:Yoshida et al., p. 718. 6883:than the neptunyl ion ( 6038:geological repositories 5362:present. The neptunium 5100:will decompose into NpF 4279:does not spontaneously 3958:Neptunium(III) chloride 3887:Chemistry and compounds 3322:Subsequent developments 2951:. He proposed the name 2521:. Np itself, being the 2098:(γ→liquid) 639 °C 2089:Transition temperature 10736:High Pressure Research 10721:Tranplutonium Elements 10684:Acta Crystallographica 9422:Cite journal requires 9140:"Discovery of fission" 8630:Foster, R. F. (1963). 7694:C. R. Hammond (2004). 7302: 7281: 6782:coordination complexes 6302:lanthanide contraction 6290:coordination chemistry 6284:Coordination complexes 6057: 5911:Neptunium reacts with 5745:gas at 350 °C. Np 5692:Pnictides and carbides 5129:plutonium hexafluoride 5117:neptunium hexafluoride 4968:Neptunium hexafluoride 4633:The greenish-brown NpO 4530:Because the Np(V) ion 4000:Neptunium(VI) fluoride 3907: 3665: 3637: 3533: 3393: 3297:Radioactive Element 93 3276: 3253: 3205: 3048: 2995:by Hahn, Meitner, and 2988:Nobel Prize in Physics 2799: 2768:colloidal particulates 2694:, neptunium generally 2573: 2478:Twenty-four neptunium 2475: 2405:coordination compounds 2354:heavy fermion material 2268:electrical resistivity 2234: 1464:Electrical resistivity 1458:6.3 W/(m⋅K) 1378: 1117:2, 8, 18, 32, 22, 9, 2 1101:Electron configuration 11693:"Über das Element 93" 11524:Emsley, John (2011). 10456:The Actinide Elements 9707:Butterworth-Heinemann 9699:Greenwood, Norman N. 9407:"The plutonium story" 8811:"Über das Element 93" 8796:Hoffman, pp. 120–123. 8561:Nature Communications 8392:John Wiley & Sons 8300:John Wiley & Sons 8256:registration required 8148:Golub, A. M. (1971). 7940:10.1103/PhysRevB.1.44 7850:Lemire, R. J. et al., 7440:nuclear transmutation 7391:Role in nuclear waste 7317:isotopes of plutonium 7303: 7254: 6055: 5723:plutonium mononitride 4966:Further information: 4781: (M = K, Cs, Rb) 4687:alkaline earth metals 4561:O in the presence of 4448:solution. Though its 4172:. In the presence of 3986:Neptunium(V) fluoride 3905: 3759:+ 3 Ba → 2 Np + 3 BaF 3739:at around 1200 ° 3688:Np is the product of 3666: 3610: 3515: 3388: 3277: 3224: 3176: 3046: 3010:working with chemist 2833:Frédéric Joliot-Curie 2825:induced radioactivity 2794: 2649:cosmic ray spallation 2571: 2465: 2458:Isotopes of neptunium 2232: 1536:Isotopes of neptunium 1377: 1206:336 kJ/mol 13447:Pyrophoric materials 11648:on January 17, 2018. 10610:Lemire, pp. 143–155. 9821:Partial Pressures". 9769:SKB Technical Report 9334:Rhodes, pp. 348–350. 9257:Rhodes, pp. 346–350. 9051:Rhodes, pp. 264–267. 8856:Rhodes, pp. 221–222. 8847:Rhodes, pp. 210–220. 8733:Rhodes, pp. 209–210. 8724:Rhodes, pp. 201–202. 8441:Emsley, pp. 345–347. 8218:David R. Lide (ed), 7341:fast-neutron reactor 7201: 6294:actinide contraction 5876:electric arc furnace 5285:carbon tetrachloride 5121:uranium hexafluoride 5068:O (400°C) 3925:coordination complex 3771:Purification methods 3448: 3345:, and independently 3117: 2435:ionization potential 2375:One neptunium-based 1845:, the planet beyond 1841:. It is named after 1454:Thermal conductivity 1202:Heat of vaporization 1182:20.48 g/cm (Np) 1178:(at 20° C) 13127:Neptunium compounds 11709:1934AngCh..47..653N 11557:2002ohar.book.....H 11425:2003NuEnD.222..299R 11252:2008ECM....49..393L 11095:1968JPCS...29.1901D 11060:1992PhyB..180..131B 11025:1974PhRvB...9.3766A 10990:1986PhyBC.144...79D 10955:1981SSCom..37..659B 10928:10.1021/j100881a035 10901:10.1021/ja01101a067 10748:1997HPR....15..387B 10696:1949AcCry...2..291Z 10657:10.1021/ja01191a003 10522:1992JChPh..97.2417K 10441:10.1021/j150570a009 10354:1992JChPh..97.1950K 10076:10.1021/ic50034a034 10064:Inorganic Chemistry 9960:1987JNuM..148..266R 9458:1996PhT....49a..11W 9297:1940PhRv...57.1185M 9237:1939PhRv...55.1104S 9192:10.2183/pjab.87.371 9184:2011PJAB...87..371I 9144:Scientific American 9109:1939Natur.143..239M 9039:10.1021/ja01143a074 8939:1934Sci....80..588S 8893:1934Natur.134R..55. 8827:1934AngCh..47..653N 8761:1934Natur.133..898F 8583:2015NatCo...6.5956W 8535:2003NuPhA.729....3A 8472:1982RadR...90....1T 8184:1974JPCRD...3..771M 8103:2009JPhCS.150d2119M 7996:1966JPCS...27.1201S 7932:1970PhRvB...1...44D 7830:1959JPCS...11..177L 7751:1987JMMM...63..661D 7642:1940PhRv...57.1185M 7426:environment of the 7280: 7270: 6881:stability constants 6776:In aqueous solution 5928:face-centered cubic 5719:uranium mononitride 4972:Although neptunium 3972:Neptunium(IV) oxide 3893:Neptunium compounds 3710:radioactive tracers 3681:,2n) reaction with 3636: 3626: 3531: 3438:, thus creating Np. 3252: 3240: 3204: 3192: 3077:(HF) with a strong 2967:and French chemist 2645:spontaneous fission 2543:isomeric transition 2531:spontaneous fission 2280:body-centered cubic 2169:Density (g/cm, Np) 2117:Body-centered cubic 2071: 1902:neutron irradiation 1839:transuranic element 1775:Category: Neptunium 1368:190±1 pm 1331:Ionization energies 1223:Vapor pressure 1212:Molar heat capacity 1122:Physical properties 1114:Electrons per shell 27: 13437:Synthetic elements 11781:2004-02-06 at the 11759:2006-09-25 at the 9138:Otto Hahn (1958). 9073:. Nobel Foundation 8743:Fermi, E. (1934). 8660:Atwood, section 1. 8651:Atwood, section 4. 8591:10.1038/ncomms6956 8460:Radiation Research 7984:Journal of Physics 7544:10.1039/C7SC00034K 7405:ionizing radiation 7313:spent nuclear fuel 7298: 6070:cyclooctatetraenyl 6058: 5951:lattice parameters 5798:transporting agent 4547:sodium perchlorate 3908: 3898:Solution chemistry 3881:tributyl phosphate 3777:nuclear fuel cycle 3706:spent nuclear fuel 3661: 3656: 3394: 3341:In 1942, Hahn and 3272: 3049: 2900:Aristid von Grosse 2895:captured a neutron 2800: 2602:spent nuclear fuel 2574: 2523:beta-stable isobar 2476: 2258:. α-neptunium has 2235: 2184:Lattice parameters 2103:Crystal structure 2095:(β→γ) 576 °C 2092:(α→β) 280 °C 2069: 2052:crystal structures 1931:The longest-lived 1395:Natural occurrence 1385: 1379: 1311:, +6, +7 (an 1024: 1009: 19: 13442:Nuclear materials 13427:Chemical elements 13407: 13406: 13342: 13341: 13093: 13092: 13086: 13085: 13052: 13051: 11729:978-0-19-958249-5 11638:978-1-4020-3555-5 11606:978-1-451-67761-4 11587:978-0-444-50379-4 11566:978-0-387-95057-0 11535:978-0-199-60563-7 11374:978-3-11-014467-3 11013:Physical Review B 10227:Missing or empty 9716:978-0-08-037941-8 9575:(12): 1493–1500. 9547:nuclear-power.com 9516:978-87-550-1535-7 9466:10.1063/1.2807455 9377:978-1-4020-3555-5 9291:(12): 1185–1186. 9103:(3615): 239–240. 9033:(23): 6081–6084. 8755:(3372): 898–899. 8523:Nuclear Physics A 8518: 8296:Table of Isotopes 8192:10.1063/1.3253147 7920:Physical Review B 7786:978-5-7695-2533-9 7709:978-0-8493-0485-9 7636:(12): 1185–1186. 7599:Chinese Physics C 7508:978-1-62708-155-9 7288: 7287: 7286: 7268: 7264: 7244: 7243: 7242: 7227: 7226: 7225: 7210: 7209: 7208: 6144:It is soluble in 5352:aluminium bromide 5082:hydrogen fluoride 4639:phase transitions 4027: 4026: 3873:electrodeposition 3745:nuclear fuel rods 3644: 3643: 3642: 3624: 3620: 3600: 3599: 3598: 3583: 3582: 3581: 3566: 3565: 3564: 3540: 3539: 3538: 3529: 3525: 3511: 3499: 3498: 3497: 3482: 3481: 3480: 3465: 3464: 3463: 3371:Manhattan Project 3290: 3261: 3260: 3259: 3238: 3234: 3213: 3212: 3211: 3190: 3186: 3165: 3164: 3163: 3146: 3145: 3144: 3127: 3126: 3125: 3091:Philip H. Abelson 3075:hydrogen fluoride 2672:first atomic bomb 2616:. Therefore, any 2301:transition metals 2227: 2226: 2064:transition metals 1894:Philip H. Abelson 1855:valence electrons 1810: 1809: 1759: 1758: 1526:Philip H. Abelson 1474:Magnetic ordering 1424:Lattice constants 1406:Crystal structure 1380: 1321:Electronegativity 1295:Atomic properties 1289: 1288: 1036: 1035: 1032: 1031: 1022: 1007: 997: 996: 723:Mercury (element) 125:Neptunium in the 13454: 13335: 13317: 13293: 13292: 13288: 13281: 13267: 13257: 13243: 13233: 13223: 13152: 13120: 13113: 13106: 13097: 13096: 13062: 13061: 13048: 13046: 13039: 13037: 13030: 13028: 13021: 13019: 13012: 13010: 13003: 13001: 12994: 12992: 12985: 12983: 12976: 12974: 12967: 12965: 12958: 12956: 12949: 12947: 12940: 12938: 12931: 12929: 12922: 12920: 12913: 12911: 12904: 12902: 12895: 12893: 12886: 12884: 12877: 12875: 12868: 12866: 12859: 12857: 12850: 12848: 12841: 12839: 12832: 12830: 12823: 12821: 12814: 12812: 12805: 12803: 12796: 12794: 12787: 12785: 12778: 12776: 12769: 12767: 12753: 12751: 12744: 12742: 12735: 12733: 12726: 12724: 12717: 12715: 12708: 12706: 12699: 12697: 12690: 12688: 12681: 12679: 12672: 12670: 12663: 12661: 12654: 12652: 12645: 12643: 12636: 12634: 12627: 12625: 12618: 12616: 12609: 12607: 12600: 12598: 12591: 12589: 12582: 12580: 12573: 12571: 12564: 12562: 12555: 12553: 12546: 12544: 12537: 12535: 12528: 12526: 12519: 12517: 12510: 12508: 12501: 12499: 12492: 12490: 12483: 12481: 12474: 12472: 12458: 12456: 12449: 12447: 12440: 12438: 12431: 12429: 12422: 12420: 12413: 12411: 12404: 12402: 12395: 12393: 12386: 12384: 12377: 12375: 12368: 12366: 12359: 12357: 12350: 12348: 12341: 12339: 12332: 12330: 12323: 12321: 12312: 12310: 12303: 12301: 12287: 12285: 12278: 12276: 12269: 12267: 12260: 12258: 12251: 12249: 12242: 12240: 12233: 12231: 12224: 12222: 12215: 12213: 12206: 12204: 12197: 12195: 12188: 12186: 12179: 12177: 12170: 12168: 12161: 12159: 12152: 12150: 12141: 12139: 12132: 12130: 12116: 12114: 12107: 12105: 12098: 12096: 12089: 12087: 12080: 12078: 12071: 12069: 12060: 12058: 12051: 12049: 12035: 12033: 12026: 12024: 12017: 12015: 12008: 12006: 11999: 11997: 11990: 11988: 11979: 11977: 11970: 11968: 11954: 11952: 11943: 11941: 11833: 11817: 11810: 11803: 11794: 11793: 11720: 11649: 11647: 11641:. Archived from 11622: 11610: 11591: 11570: 11550: 11539: 11520: 11491: 11490: 11488: 11486: 11468: 11462: 11461: 11459: 11458: 11452: 11443: 11437: 11436: 11419:(2–3): 299–317. 11408: 11402: 11401: 11399: 11398: 11393: 11389:"Yucca Mountain" 11385: 11379: 11378: 11357:Dorin N. Poenaru 11353: 11347: 11346: 11344: 11343: 11337: 11330: 11321: 11315: 11314: 11312: 11311: 11299: 11288: 11282: 11276: 11273: 11264: 11263: 11231: 11225: 11222: 11203: 11200: 11173: 11170: 11149: 11146: 11140: 11137: 11131: 11128: 11122: 11121: 11113: 11107: 11106: 11078: 11072: 11071: 11043: 11037: 11036: 11008: 11002: 11001: 10973: 10967: 10966: 10938: 10932: 10931: 10922:(9): 2932–2934. 10911: 10905: 10904: 10884: 10873: 10870: 10859: 10858: 10846: 10840: 10839: 10811: 10805: 10804: 10796: 10790: 10789: 10769: 10760: 10759: 10731: 10725: 10724: 10716: 10710: 10709: 10707: 10675: 10669: 10668: 10640: 10634: 10631: 10625: 10622: 10611: 10608: 10602: 10595: 10589: 10586: 10580: 10579: 10571: 10565: 10564: 10540: 10534: 10533: 10530:10.1063/1.463080 10497: 10491: 10490: 10466: 10460: 10459: 10451: 10445: 10444: 10416: 10410: 10407: 10401: 10394: 10388: 10387: 10375: 10366: 10365: 10362:10.1063/1.463131 10333: 10327: 10324: 10313: 10304: 10298: 10297: 10289: 10283: 10282: 10262: 10256: 10255: 10243: 10237: 10236: 10230: 10225: 10223: 10215: 10203: 10197: 10196: 10176: 10170: 10169: 10141: 10135: 10134: 10086: 10080: 10079: 10059: 10053: 10052: 10032: 10026: 10023: 10014: 10013: 10005: 9999: 9998: 9978: 9972: 9971: 9943: 9934: 9933: 9913: 9907: 9904: 9893: 9892: 9872: 9866: 9865: 9853: 9847: 9846: 9814: 9808: 9807: 9779: 9773: 9772: 9766: 9757: 9751: 9748: 9721: 9720: 9709:. p. 1265. 9705:(2nd ed.). 9695: 9686: 9683: 9674: 9671: 9648: 9645: 9639: 9636: 9625: 9624: 9617: 9608: 9607: 9605: 9604: 9599: 9591: 9585: 9584: 9564: 9558: 9557: 9555: 9553: 9539: 9533: 9530: 9521: 9520: 9500: 9494: 9493: 9483: 9470: 9469: 9452:(1): 11–15, 83. 9441: 9432: 9431: 9425: 9420: 9418: 9410: 9402: 9396: 9395: 9393: 9392: 9386: 9380:. Archived from 9361: 9350: 9344: 9341: 9335: 9332: 9326: 9325: 9317: 9311: 9310: 9308: 9276: 9267: 9264: 9258: 9255: 9249: 9248: 9220: 9214: 9213: 9203: 9163: 9152: 9151: 9146:. Archived from 9135: 9129: 9128: 9117:10.1038/143239a0 9088: 9082: 9081: 9079: 9078: 9067: 9061: 9058: 9052: 9049: 9043: 9042: 9018: 9012: 9011: 8995: 8989: 8988: 8986: 8985: 8965: 8959: 8958: 8922: 8916: 8915:Hoffman, p. 118. 8913: 8907: 8906: 8904: 8902:10.1038/134055b0 8872: 8866: 8863: 8857: 8854: 8848: 8845: 8839: 8838: 8803: 8797: 8794: 8788: 8781: 8775: 8774: 8772: 8770:10.1038/133898a0 8740: 8734: 8731: 8725: 8722: 8716: 8715: 8691: 8685: 8684: 8682: 8681: 8675: 8667: 8661: 8658: 8652: 8649: 8640: 8639: 8627: 8621: 8620: 8610: 8576: 8552: 8546: 8545: 8516: 8506: 8500: 8499: 8455: 8442: 8439: 8426: 8423: 8406: 8405: 8390:(1st ed.). 8383: 8377: 8376: 8348: 8337: 8336: 8310: 8304: 8303: 8291: 8285: 8282: 8261: 8259: 8252: 8250: 8249: 8234: 8223: 8216: 8210: 8209: 8207: 8206: 8200: 8194:. Archived from 8169: 8160: 8154: 8153: 8145: 8139: 8138: 8126: 8117: 8116: 8114: 8074: 8068: 8067: 8065: 8064: 8053: 8022: 8019: 8008: 8007: 7979: 7973: 7972: 7970: 7969: 7963: 7955: 7944: 7943: 7915: 7909: 7902: 7896: 7893: 7880: 7879: 7877: 7876: 7861: 7855: 7848: 7842: 7841: 7824:(3–4): 177–181. 7813: 7807: 7800: 7791: 7790: 7772: 7763: 7762: 7745:. 63–64: 661–3. 7738: 7732: 7729: 7714: 7713: 7701: 7691: 7680: 7679: 7677: 7676: 7662: 7656: 7655: 7653: 7621: 7615: 7614: 7596: 7587: 7578: 7572: 7566: 7565: 7555: 7538:(4): 2553–2561. 7522: 7513: 7512: 7494: 7369:enriched uranium 7307: 7305: 7304: 7299: 7297: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7269: 7266: 7262: 7240: 7223: 7206: 7122: 7121: 7120: 7105: 7104: 7103: 7091: 7090: 7089: 7077: 7076: 7075: 7063: 7062: 7061: 7045: 7044: 7043: 7027: 7026: 7025: 7017: 7016: 6997: 6996: 6995: 6985: 6984: 6983: 6894: 6893: 6892: 6878: 6877: 6876: 6868: 6867: 6859: 6858: 6848: 6847: 6846: 6838: 6837: 6823: 6822: 6821: 6795: 6794: 6793: 6767: 6766: 6765: 6745: 6744: 6743: 6735: 6734: 6726: 6725: 6711: 6710: 6709: 6701: 6700: 6692: 6691: 6683: 6682: 6672: 6671: 6670: 6662: 6661: 6653: 6652: 6644: 6643: 6635: 6634: 6624: 6623: 6622: 6614: 6613: 6605: 6604: 6588:O and neptunium 6583: 6582: 6581: 6573: 6572: 6564: 6563: 6555: 6554: 6546: 6545: 6518:and excess 2,2′- 6508: 6507: 6506: 6498: 6497: 6479: 6478: 6477: 6469: 6468: 6454: 6453: 6452: 6444: 6443: 6430: 6429: 6428: 6421: 6420: 6406: 6405: 6404: 6396: 6395: 6387: 6386: 6378: 6377: 6369: 6368: 6354: 6353: 6352: 6344: 6343: 6335: 6334: 6326: 6325: 6066:cyclopentadienyl 6004:, where M is an 5829:. One neptunium- 5768:Three neptunium 5467:carbon disulfide 5463:hydrogen sulfide 5063: 5062: 5058: 5045: 5044: 5040: 5016: 5015: 5011: 4806: 4805: 4804: 4678:at 180 °C. 4578: 4577: 4576: 4541: 4540: 4539: 4526: 4525: 4524: 4489: 4488: 4487: 4473: 4472: 4471: 4463: 4462: 4461: 4450:chemical formula 4435: 4434: 4433: 4425: 4424: 4416: 4415: 4405: 4404: 4403: 4395: 4394: 4386: 4385: 4363: 4362: 4361: 4343: 4342: 4341: 4333: 4332: 4310: 4309: 4308: 4298: 4297: 4296: 4281:disproportionate 4278: 4277: 4276: 4266: 4265: 4264: 4254: 4253: 4252: 4238: 4237: 4236: 4210: 4209: 4208: 4198: 4197: 4159: 4158: 4157: 4147: 4146: 4128: 4127: 4126: 4116: 4115: 4114: 4104: 4103: 4102: 4068: 4067: 4066: 4056: 4055: 4054: 4044: 4043: 4042: 3934: 3933: 3877:biotechnological 3670: 3668: 3667: 3662: 3660: 3659: 3653: 3640: 3638: 3635: 3625: 3622: 3618: 3596: 3579: 3562: 3555: 3536: 3534: 3530: 3527: 3523: 3512: 3509: 3495: 3478: 3461: 3428:weak interaction 3343:Fritz Strassmann 3332:Glenn T. Seaborg 3282: 3281: 3279: 3278: 3273: 3271: 3270: 3257: 3254: 3251: 3250: 3239: 3236: 3232: 3222: 3209: 3206: 3203: 3202: 3191: 3188: 3184: 3174: 3161: 3155: 3142: 3136: 3123: 3001:fission products 2929:group 7 elements 2808:Dmitri Mendeleev 2796:Dmitri Mendeleev 2614:age of the Earth 2563:neptunium series 2561:is known as the 2555:isotopes of lead 2511:electron capture 2447: 2442: 2421:Aufbau principle 2400:oxidation states 2321:relativistically 2264:covalent bonding 2162: 2072: 2068: 2014: 1937:nuclear reactors 1867:oxidation states 1817:chemical element 1798: 1791: 1784: 1772: 1771: 1750: 1745: 1727: 1722: 1720: 1698: 1686: 1672: 1667: 1665: 1645: 1631: 1624: 1599: 1567: 1566: 1557: 1552: 1545: 1530: 1433: 1390:Other properties 1310: 1301:Oxidation states 1271: 1267: 1239: 1235: 1228: 1227: 1179: 1137: 1136: 1092: 1068:(no number) 1052: 1051: 992: 985: 978: 971: 964: 957: 950: 943: 936: 929: 922: 915: 908: 901: 894: 887: 880: 873: 866: 859: 852: 845: 838: 831: 824: 817: 810: 803: 796: 789: 782: 775: 766: 759: 752: 745: 738: 731: 724: 717: 710: 703: 696: 689: 682: 675: 668: 661: 654: 647: 640: 633: 626: 619: 612: 605: 598: 591: 584: 577: 570: 563: 556: 549: 540: 533: 526: 519: 512: 505: 498: 491: 484: 477: 470: 463: 456: 449: 442: 435: 424: 417: 408: 401: 394: 387: 380: 373: 366: 359: 352: 345: 338: 331: 324: 317: 310: 303: 294: 287: 278: 271: 264: 257: 250: 243: 234: 227: 218: 211: 204: 197: 190: 183: 174: 167: 158: 149: 143: 142: 138: 137: 134: 133: 111:silvery metallic 103: 98: 89: 87: 86: 83: 82: 79: 76: 73: 70: 67: 64: 61: 58: 55: 35: 28: 26: 21:Neptunium, 18: 13462: 13461: 13457: 13456: 13455: 13453: 13452: 13451: 13412: 13411: 13408: 13403: 13399: 13395: 13380: 13376: 13361: 13357: 13338: 13333: 13329: 13325: 13320: 13315: 13311: 13307: 13302: 13291: 13284: 13279: 13275: 13270: 13265: 13260: 13255: 13251: 13246: 13241: 13236: 13231: 13226: 13221: 13216: 13205: 13201: 13183: 13175: 13167: 13159: 13150: 13145: 13129: 13124: 13094: 13089: 13088: 13087: 13053: 13044: 13042: 13035: 13033: 13026: 13024: 13017: 13015: 13008: 13006: 12999: 12997: 12990: 12988: 12981: 12979: 12972: 12970: 12963: 12961: 12954: 12952: 12945: 12943: 12936: 12934: 12927: 12925: 12918: 12916: 12909: 12907: 12900: 12898: 12891: 12889: 12882: 12880: 12873: 12871: 12864: 12862: 12855: 12853: 12846: 12844: 12837: 12835: 12828: 12826: 12819: 12817: 12810: 12808: 12801: 12799: 12792: 12790: 12783: 12781: 12774: 12772: 12765: 12763: 12749: 12747: 12740: 12738: 12731: 12729: 12722: 12720: 12713: 12711: 12704: 12702: 12695: 12693: 12686: 12684: 12677: 12675: 12668: 12666: 12659: 12657: 12650: 12648: 12641: 12639: 12632: 12630: 12623: 12621: 12614: 12612: 12605: 12603: 12596: 12594: 12587: 12585: 12578: 12576: 12569: 12567: 12560: 12558: 12551: 12549: 12542: 12540: 12533: 12531: 12524: 12522: 12515: 12513: 12506: 12504: 12497: 12495: 12488: 12486: 12479: 12477: 12470: 12468: 12454: 12452: 12445: 12443: 12436: 12434: 12427: 12425: 12418: 12416: 12409: 12407: 12400: 12398: 12391: 12389: 12382: 12380: 12373: 12371: 12364: 12362: 12355: 12353: 12346: 12344: 12337: 12335: 12328: 12326: 12319: 12317: 12308: 12306: 12299: 12297: 12283: 12281: 12274: 12272: 12265: 12263: 12256: 12254: 12247: 12245: 12238: 12236: 12229: 12227: 12220: 12218: 12211: 12209: 12202: 12200: 12193: 12191: 12184: 12182: 12175: 12173: 12166: 12164: 12157: 12155: 12148: 12146: 12137: 12135: 12128: 12126: 12112: 12110: 12103: 12101: 12094: 12092: 12085: 12083: 12076: 12074: 12067: 12065: 12056: 12054: 12047: 12045: 12031: 12029: 12022: 12020: 12013: 12011: 12004: 12002: 11995: 11993: 11986: 11984: 11975: 11973: 11966: 11964: 11950: 11948: 11939: 11937: 11826: 11821: 11783:Wayback Machine 11761:Wayback Machine 11738: 11703:(37): 653–655. 11656: 11645: 11639: 11620: 11607: 11588: 11567: 11536: 11517: 11499: 11494: 11484: 11482: 11470: 11469: 11465: 11456: 11454: 11450: 11444: 11440: 11409: 11405: 11396: 11394: 11391: 11387: 11386: 11382: 11375: 11354: 11350: 11341: 11339: 11335: 11328: 11322: 11318: 11309: 11307: 11300: 11291: 11283: 11279: 11274: 11267: 11232: 11228: 11223: 11206: 11201: 11176: 11171: 11152: 11147: 11143: 11138: 11134: 11129: 11125: 11114: 11110: 11079: 11075: 11044: 11040: 11009: 11005: 10974: 10970: 10939: 10935: 10912: 10908: 10885: 10876: 10871: 10862: 10847: 10843: 10821: 10817: 10812: 10808: 10797: 10793: 10770: 10763: 10732: 10728: 10717: 10713: 10676: 10672: 10651:(11): 3539–47. 10641: 10637: 10632: 10628: 10623: 10614: 10609: 10605: 10596: 10592: 10587: 10583: 10572: 10568: 10541: 10537: 10507: 10503: 10498: 10494: 10467: 10463: 10452: 10448: 10426: 10422: 10417: 10413: 10408: 10404: 10395: 10391: 10376: 10369: 10339: 10334: 10330: 10325: 10316: 10305: 10301: 10290: 10286: 10273:(12): 2219–21. 10263: 10259: 10244: 10240: 10228: 10226: 10217: 10216: 10204: 10200: 10177: 10173: 10151: 10147: 10142: 10138: 10114: 10110: 10106: 10102: 10098: 10094: 10087: 10083: 10070:(12): 1808–13. 10060: 10056: 10033: 10029: 10024: 10017: 10006: 10002: 9979: 9975: 9944: 9937: 9930: 9914: 9910: 9905: 9896: 9873: 9869: 9854: 9850: 9823:Radiochim. Acta 9820: 9815: 9811: 9784:Radiochim. Acta 9780: 9776: 9764: 9758: 9754: 9749: 9724: 9717: 9696: 9689: 9684: 9677: 9672: 9651: 9646: 9642: 9637: 9628: 9619: 9618: 9611: 9602: 9600: 9597: 9593: 9592: 9588: 9565: 9561: 9551: 9549: 9541: 9540: 9536: 9531: 9524: 9517: 9501: 9497: 9484: 9473: 9442: 9435: 9423: 9421: 9412: 9411: 9403: 9399: 9390: 9388: 9384: 9378: 9359: 9351: 9347: 9342: 9338: 9333: 9329: 9318: 9314: 9285:Physical Review 9277: 9270: 9265: 9261: 9256: 9252: 9225:Physical Review 9221: 9217: 9164: 9155: 9136: 9132: 9089: 9085: 9076: 9074: 9069: 9068: 9064: 9060:Rhodes, p. 346. 9059: 9055: 9050: 9046: 9019: 9015: 8996: 8992: 8983: 8981: 8966: 8962: 8933:(2086): 588–9. 8923: 8919: 8914: 8910: 8873: 8869: 8865:Rhodes, p. 349. 8864: 8860: 8855: 8851: 8846: 8842: 8821:(37): 653–655. 8804: 8800: 8795: 8791: 8782: 8778: 8741: 8737: 8732: 8728: 8723: 8719: 8692: 8688: 8679: 8677: 8673: 8669: 8668: 8664: 8659: 8655: 8650: 8643: 8628: 8624: 8553: 8549: 8507: 8503: 8480:10.2307/3575792 8456: 8445: 8440: 8429: 8424: 8409: 8402: 8384: 8380: 8365:10.2307/4014034 8349: 8340: 8333: 8311: 8307: 8292: 8288: 8283: 8264: 8253: 8247: 8245: 8235: 8226: 8217: 8213: 8204: 8202: 8198: 8167: 8161: 8157: 8146: 8142: 8127: 8120: 8086: 8082: 8075: 8071: 8062: 8060: 8055: 8054: 8025: 8020: 8011: 7980: 7976: 7967: 7965: 7961: 7957: 7956: 7947: 7916: 7912: 7903: 7899: 7894: 7883: 7874: 7872: 7863: 7862: 7858: 7849: 7845: 7814: 7810: 7802:Theodore Gray. 7801: 7794: 7787: 7773: 7766: 7739: 7735: 7730: 7717: 7710: 7692: 7683: 7674: 7672: 7664: 7663: 7659: 7630:Physical Review 7622: 7618: 7594: 7588: 7581: 7573: 7569: 7523: 7516: 7509: 7495: 7480: 7476: 7461:digestive tract 7457: 7397:smoke detectors 7393: 7385: 7333: 7272: 7265: 7253: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7198: 7172: 7166: 7161: 7153:perchloric acid 7119: 7116: 7115: 7114: 7112: 7102: 7099: 7098: 7097: 7095: 7088: 7085: 7084: 7083: 7081: 7074: 7071: 7070: 7069: 7067: 7060: 7057: 7056: 7055: 7053: 7042: 7039: 7038: 7037: 7035: 7024: 7021: 7020: 7019: 7015: 7012: 7011: 7010: 7008: 6994: 6991: 6990: 6989: 6987: 6982: 6979: 6978: 6977: 6975: 6891: 6888: 6887: 6886: 6884: 6875: 6872: 6871: 6870: 6866: 6863: 6862: 6861: 6857: 6854: 6853: 6852: 6850: 6845: 6842: 6841: 6840: 6836: 6833: 6832: 6831: 6829: 6824:ion could form 6820: 6817: 6816: 6815: 6813: 6792: 6789: 6788: 6787: 6785: 6780:Most neptunium 6778: 6764: 6762: 6761: 6760: 6759: 6757: 6753: 6742: 6739: 6738: 6737: 6733: 6730: 6729: 6728: 6724: 6721: 6720: 6719: 6717: 6708: 6705: 6704: 6703: 6699: 6696: 6695: 6694: 6690: 6687: 6686: 6685: 6681: 6678: 6677: 6676: 6674: 6669: 6666: 6665: 6664: 6660: 6657: 6656: 6655: 6651: 6648: 6647: 6646: 6642: 6639: 6638: 6637: 6633: 6630: 6629: 6628: 6626: 6621: 6618: 6617: 6616: 6612: 6609: 6608: 6607: 6603: 6600: 6599: 6598: 6596: 6587: 6580: 6577: 6576: 6575: 6571: 6568: 6567: 6566: 6562: 6559: 6558: 6557: 6553: 6550: 6549: 6548: 6544: 6541: 6540: 6539: 6537: 6512: 6505: 6502: 6501: 6500: 6496: 6493: 6492: 6491: 6489: 6483: 6476: 6473: 6472: 6471: 6467: 6464: 6463: 6462: 6460: 6451: 6448: 6447: 6446: 6442: 6439: 6438: 6437: 6435: 6427: 6424: 6423: 6422: 6419: 6416: 6415: 6414: 6412: 6410: 6403: 6400: 6399: 6398: 6394: 6391: 6390: 6389: 6385: 6382: 6381: 6380: 6376: 6373: 6372: 6371: 6367: 6364: 6363: 6362: 6360: 6358: 6351: 6348: 6347: 6346: 6342: 6339: 6338: 6337: 6333: 6330: 6329: 6328: 6324: 6321: 6320: 6319: 6317: 6310: 6286: 6275: 6271: 6259: 6255: 6251: 6231: 6227: 6223: 6219: 6215: 6211: 6203: 6199: 6195: 6187: 6183: 6179: 6171: 6167: 6163: 6156:and water than 6139: 6135: 6131: 6127: 6123: 6119: 6111: 6107: 6099: 6095: 6091: 6083: 6079: 6075: 6050: 6003: 5999: 5995: 5990:boron phosphate 5987: 5983: 5959: 5948: 5933: 5925: 5904: 5902:Other inorganic 5897: 5893: 5889: 5885: 5865: 5855: 5851: 5847: 5828: 5824: 5811: 5807: 5803: 5795: 5791: 5787: 5783: 5779: 5752: 5748: 5740: 5736: 5683: 5679: 5675: 5671: 5667: 5663: 5659: 5655: 5651: 5639: 5635: 5627: 5623: 5619: 5615: 5611: 5607: 5603: 5599: 5595: 5591: 5587: 5572: 5568: 5564: 5560: 5556: 5552: 5548: 5544: 5540: 5536: 5532: 5524: 5520: 5516: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5500: 5496: 5492: 5488: 5484: 5480: 5476: 5472: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5444: 5440: 5436: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5420: 5416: 5383: 5376: 5372: 5357: 5349: 5345: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5322: 5318: 5314: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5282: 5278: 5274: 5270: 5256: 5252: 5248: 5244: 5240: 5236: 5232: 5228: 5223: 5219: 5215: 5211: 5207: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5183: 5179: 5175: 5168:Four neptunium 5164: 5159: 5152: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5126: 5114: 5107: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5087: 5079: 5075: 5067: 5060: 5056: 5055: 5053: 5049: 5042: 5038: 5037: 5035: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5013: 5009: 5008: 5006: 4998: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4970: 4964: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4838: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4818: 4803: 4801: 4800: 4799: 4798: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4760: 4756: 4749: 4745: 4738: 4734: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4692: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4649: 4645: 4636: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4592: 4585: 4575: 4573: 4572: 4571: 4570: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4538: 4535: 4534: 4533: 4531: 4523: 4520: 4519: 4518: 4516: 4514: 4496: 4486: 4483: 4482: 4481: 4479: 4470: 4468: 4467: 4466: 4465: 4460: 4457: 4456: 4455: 4453: 4432: 4429: 4428: 4427: 4423: 4420: 4419: 4418: 4414: 4411: 4410: 4409: 4407: 4402: 4399: 4398: 4397: 4393: 4390: 4389: 4388: 4384: 4381: 4380: 4379: 4377: 4375: 4360: 4357: 4356: 4355: 4353: 4340: 4337: 4336: 4335: 4331: 4328: 4327: 4326: 4324: 4322: 4314: 4307: 4304: 4303: 4302: 4300: 4295: 4292: 4291: 4290: 4288: 4275: 4272: 4271: 4270: 4268: 4263: 4260: 4259: 4258: 4256: 4251: 4248: 4247: 4246: 4244: 4235: 4232: 4231: 4230: 4228: 4218: 4214: 4207: 4202: 4201: 4200: 4196: 4193: 4192: 4191: 4189: 4156: 4151: 4150: 4149: 4145: 4142: 4141: 4140: 4138: 4125: 4122: 4121: 4120: 4118: 4113: 4110: 4109: 4108: 4106: 4101: 4098: 4097: 4096: 4094: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4065: 4062: 4061: 4060: 4058: 4053: 4050: 4049: 4048: 4046: 4041: 4038: 4037: 4036: 4034: 4023: 4019: 4005: 3991: 3977: 3963: 3938: 3917:reducing agents 3900: 3895: 3889: 3869: 3862: 3855: 3848: 3841: 3830:coprecipitation 3800:(using various 3785:minor actinides 3773: 3762: 3758: 3730: 3655: 3654: 3628: 3621: 3609: 3560: 3557: 3556: 3526: 3514: 3504: 3459: 3452: 3451: 3449: 3446: 3445: 3420:gamma radiation 3404:neutron capture 3399: 3383: 3324: 3302:Physical Review 3284:(The times are 3255: 3246: 3242: 3235: 3223: 3207: 3198: 3194: 3187: 3175: 3159: 3140: 3121: 3120: 3118: 3115: 3114: 3108:actinide series 3103:graduate degree 3079:oxidizing agent 3041: 2993:nuclear fission 2969:Yvette Cauchois 2925:actinide series 2845:alpha particles 2802:When the first 2789: 2784: 2700:oxidation state 2681:millibecquerels 2653:alpha particles 2641:neutron capture 2610: 2460: 2454: 2440: 2438: 2413: 2396: 2389: 2385: 2351: 2344: 2333: 2296: 2213: 2202: 2197: 2160: 2153: 2012: 1968:Neptunium is a 1966: 1961: 1959:Characteristics 1924:of high-energy 1802: 1777: 1748: 1743: 1725: 1718: 1716: 1696: 1682: 1670: 1663: 1661: 1641: 1627: 1622: 1597: 1590: 1583:abundance 1556: 1538: 1528: 1491:7439-99-8 1444: 1439: 1434: 1364:Covalent radius 1344: 1306: 1290: 1269: 1237: 1177: 1130: 1045: 1041: 1012: 1010: 1006: 1004: 998: 990: 983: 976: 969: 962: 955: 948: 941: 934: 927: 920: 913: 906: 899: 892: 885: 878: 871: 864: 857: 850: 843: 836: 829: 822: 815: 808: 801: 794: 787: 780: 773: 764: 757: 750: 743: 736: 729: 722: 715: 708: 701: 694: 687: 680: 673: 666: 659: 652: 645: 638: 631: 624: 617: 610: 603: 596: 589: 582: 575: 568: 561: 554: 547: 538: 531: 524: 517: 510: 503: 496: 489: 482: 475: 468: 461: 454: 447: 440: 433: 422: 415: 406: 399: 392: 385: 378: 371: 364: 357: 350: 343: 336: 329: 322: 315: 308: 301: 292: 285: 276: 269: 262: 255: 248: 241: 232: 225: 216: 209: 202: 195: 188: 181: 172: 165: 156: 147: 96: 91: 52: 48: 24: 20: 17: 12: 11: 5: 13460: 13450: 13449: 13444: 13439: 13434: 13429: 13424: 13405: 13404: 13402: 13401: 13397: 13393: 13388: 13386: 13382: 13381: 13379: 13378: 13374: 13369: 13367: 13363: 13362: 13360: 13359: 13355: 13350: 13348: 13344: 13343: 13340: 13339: 13337: 13336: 13331: 13327: 13323: 13318: 13313: 13309: 13305: 13299: 13297: 13290: 13289: 13282: 13277: 13273: 13268: 13263: 13258: 13253: 13249: 13244: 13239: 13234: 13229: 13224: 13219: 13213: 13211: 13207: 13206: 13204: 13203: 13199: 13195: 13190: 13185: 13181: 13177: 13173: 13169: 13165: 13161: 13157: 13153: 13148: 13143: 13137: 13135: 13131: 13130: 13123: 13122: 13115: 13108: 13100: 13091: 13090: 13084: 13083: 13078: 13073: 13068: 13060: 13058: 13055: 13054: 13050: 13049: 13040: 13031: 13022: 13013: 13004: 12995: 12986: 12977: 12968: 12959: 12950: 12941: 12932: 12923: 12914: 12905: 12896: 12887: 12878: 12869: 12860: 12851: 12842: 12833: 12824: 12815: 12806: 12797: 12788: 12779: 12770: 12761: 12755: 12754: 12745: 12736: 12727: 12718: 12709: 12700: 12691: 12682: 12673: 12664: 12655: 12646: 12637: 12628: 12619: 12610: 12601: 12592: 12583: 12574: 12565: 12556: 12547: 12538: 12529: 12520: 12511: 12502: 12493: 12484: 12475: 12466: 12460: 12459: 12450: 12441: 12432: 12423: 12414: 12405: 12396: 12387: 12378: 12369: 12360: 12351: 12342: 12333: 12324: 12315: 12313: 12304: 12295: 12289: 12288: 12279: 12270: 12261: 12252: 12243: 12234: 12225: 12216: 12207: 12198: 12189: 12180: 12171: 12162: 12153: 12144: 12142: 12133: 12124: 12118: 12117: 12108: 12099: 12090: 12081: 12072: 12063: 12061: 12052: 12043: 12037: 12036: 12027: 12018: 12009: 12000: 11991: 11982: 11980: 11971: 11962: 11956: 11955: 11946: 11944: 11935: 11929: 11928: 11923: 11918: 11913: 11908: 11903: 11898: 11893: 11888: 11883: 11878: 11873: 11868: 11863: 11858: 11853: 11848: 11846: 11841: 11836: 11831: 11828: 11827: 11824:Periodic table 11820: 11819: 11812: 11805: 11797: 11791: 11790: 11785: 11773: 11768: 11751: 11737: 11736:External links 11734: 11733: 11732: 11721: 11685: 11670: 11655: 11652: 11651: 11650: 11637: 11611: 11605: 11592: 11586: 11571: 11565: 11540: 11534: 11521: 11515: 11498: 11495: 11493: 11492: 11463: 11438: 11403: 11380: 11373: 11361:Walter Greiner 11348: 11316: 11289: 11277: 11265: 11246:(3): 393–401. 11226: 11204: 11174: 11150: 11141: 11132: 11123: 11108: 11089:(10): 1901–5. 11073: 11038: 11019:(9): 3766–78. 11003: 10968: 10933: 10906: 10874: 10860: 10841: 10819: 10815: 10806: 10791: 10761: 10726: 10711: 10670: 10635: 10626: 10612: 10603: 10590: 10581: 10566: 10535: 10516:(4): 2417–21. 10505: 10501: 10492: 10461: 10446: 10435:(12): 1506–8. 10424: 10420: 10411: 10402: 10389: 10382:(in Russian). 10367: 10337: 10328: 10314: 10299: 10284: 10257: 10250:(in Russian). 10238: 10198: 10171: 10149: 10145: 10136: 10112: 10108: 10104: 10100: 10096: 10092: 10081: 10054: 10043:(6): 1205–23. 10027: 10015: 10000: 9973: 9935: 9928: 9916:Sharma, B. K. 9908: 9894: 9883:(3): 495–500. 9867: 9858:Radiochemistry 9848: 9818: 9809: 9774: 9771:. 93–18: 1–32. 9752: 9722: 9715: 9687: 9675: 9649: 9640: 9626: 9609: 9586: 9559: 9534: 9522: 9515: 9495: 9471: 9433: 9424:|journal= 9397: 9376: 9345: 9336: 9327: 9312: 9268: 9259: 9250: 9231:(11): 1104–5. 9215: 9153: 9150:on 2010-12-24. 9130: 9083: 9062: 9053: 9044: 9013: 9004:Comptes Rendus 8990: 8960: 8917: 8908: 8867: 8858: 8849: 8840: 8798: 8789: 8783:Enrico Fermi, 8776: 8735: 8726: 8717: 8686: 8662: 8653: 8641: 8622: 8547: 8501: 8443: 8427: 8407: 8401:978-3527633029 8400: 8378: 8338: 8332:978-3527306732 8331: 8305: 8286: 8262: 8224: 8211: 8155: 8140: 8118: 8084: 8080: 8069: 8023: 8009: 7974: 7945: 7910: 7897: 7881: 7856: 7843: 7808: 7792: 7785: 7764: 7733: 7715: 7708: 7681: 7657: 7616: 7579: 7567: 7514: 7507: 7477: 7475: 7472: 7456: 7453: 7428:Yucca Mountain 7392: 7389: 7384: 7381: 7345:nuclear weapon 7332: 7329: 7321:bremsstrahlung 7309: 7308: 7295: 7292: 7278: 7275: 7261: 7257: 7251: 7248: 7238: 7234: 7231: 7221: 7217: 7214: 7168:Main article: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7117: 7100: 7086: 7072: 7058: 7040: 7022: 7013: 6992: 6980: 6889: 6873: 6864: 6855: 6843: 6834: 6818: 6790: 6777: 6774: 6763: 6755: 6751: 6740: 6731: 6722: 6706: 6697: 6688: 6679: 6667: 6658: 6649: 6640: 6631: 6619: 6610: 6601: 6585: 6578: 6569: 6560: 6551: 6542: 6510: 6503: 6494: 6481: 6474: 6465: 6449: 6440: 6425: 6417: 6408: 6401: 6392: 6383: 6374: 6365: 6356: 6349: 6340: 6331: 6322: 6309: 6306: 6285: 6282: 6273: 6269: 6257: 6253: 6249: 6229: 6225: 6221: 6217: 6213: 6209: 6201: 6197: 6193: 6185: 6181: 6177: 6169: 6165: 6161: 6142: 6141: 6137: 6133: 6129: 6125: 6121: 6117: 6109: 6105: 6097: 6093: 6089: 6081: 6077: 6073: 6049: 6048:Organometallic 6046: 6001: 5997: 5993: 5985: 5981: 5974: 5973: 5954: 5943: 5931: 5920: 5909: 5908: 5903: 5900: 5895: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5861: 5853: 5849: 5845: 5836:The neptunium 5826: 5822: 5809: 5805: 5801: 5793: 5789: 5785: 5781: 5777: 5755:red phosphorus 5750: 5746: 5738: 5734: 5694: 5693: 5681: 5677: 5673: 5669: 5665: 5661: 5657: 5653: 5649: 5637: 5633: 5625: 5621: 5617: 5613: 5609: 5605: 5601: 5597: 5593: 5589: 5585: 5570: 5566: 5562: 5558: 5554: 5550: 5546: 5542: 5538: 5534: 5530: 5522: 5518: 5514: 5510: 5506: 5502: 5498: 5494: 5490: 5486: 5482: 5478: 5474: 5470: 5458: 5454: 5450: 5449:. Of these, Np 5446: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5403: 5402: 5382: 5379: 5374: 5370: 5355: 5347: 5343: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5320: 5316: 5312: 5308: 5304: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5280: 5276: 5272: 5268: 5260:Two neptunium 5254: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5221: 5217: 5213: 5209: 5205: 5201: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5173: 5172:compounds, NpO 5162: 5157: 5150: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5124: 5112: 5105: 5101: 5097: 5093: 5089: 5085: 5077: 5073: 5070: 5069: 5065: 5051: 5047: 5033: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5004: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4963: 4960: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4816: 4802: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4783: 4782: 4778: 4774: 4770: 4766: 4758: 4754: 4747: 4743: 4736: 4732: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4690: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4647: 4643: 4634: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4590: 4584: 4581: 4574: 4567:carbon dioxide 4565:under various 4558: 4554: 4550: 4536: 4521: 4512: 4495: 4492: 4484: 4469: 4458: 4442: 4441: 4440:Neptunium(VII) 4430: 4421: 4412: 4400: 4391: 4382: 4373: 4358: 4350: 4349: 4338: 4329: 4320: 4317: 4316: 4312: 4305: 4293: 4273: 4261: 4249: 4233: 4225: 4224: 4216: 4212: 4203: 4194: 4186: 4185: 4152: 4143: 4135: 4134: 4133:Neptunium(III) 4123: 4111: 4099: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4063: 4051: 4039: 4025: 4024: 4021: 4017: 4011: 4007: 4006: 4003: 3997: 3993: 3992: 3989: 3983: 3979: 3978: 3975: 3969: 3965: 3964: 3961: 3955: 3951: 3950: 3948: 3944: 3943: 3940: 3899: 3896: 3891:Main article: 3888: 3885: 3867: 3860: 3853: 3846: 3839: 3820:using various 3818:chromatography 3772: 3769: 3764: 3763: 3760: 3756: 3728: 3702: 3701: 3686: 3674: 3673: 3672: 3671: 3658: 3651: 3648: 3634: 3631: 3617: 3613: 3607: 3604: 3594: 3590: 3587: 3577: 3573: 3570: 3559: 3558: 3554: 3551: 3547: 3544: 3522: 3518: 3507: 3503: 3493: 3489: 3486: 3476: 3472: 3469: 3458: 3457: 3455: 3440: 3439: 3398: 3395: 3382: 3379: 3323: 3320: 3292: 3291: 3268: 3265: 3249: 3245: 3231: 3227: 3220: 3217: 3201: 3197: 3183: 3179: 3172: 3169: 3158: 3153: 3150: 3139: 3134: 3131: 3095:reducing agent 3053:Edwin McMillan 3040: 3037: 3012:Kenjiro Kimura 3008:Yoshio Nishina 2860:alpha particle 2813:Kasimir Fajans 2804:periodic table 2788: 2785: 2783: 2780: 2629:decay products 2609: 2606: 2515:alpha emission 2456:Main article: 2453: 2450: 2412: 2409: 2395: 2392: 2387: 2383: 2377:superconductor 2349: 2342: 2331: 2295: 2292: 2225: 2224: 2218: 2207: 2191: 2180: 2179: 2176: 2173: 2170: 2166: 2165: 2156: 2151: 2147: 2142: 2136: 2135: 2132: 2129: 2126: 2124:Pearson symbol 2120: 2119: 2114: 2109: 2104: 2100: 2099: 2096: 2093: 2090: 2086: 2085: 2082: 2079: 2076: 2054:of neptunium, 2037:boiling points 2029:vapor pressure 1996:and below the 1986:periodic table 1965: 1962: 1960: 1957: 1890:Edwin McMillan 1808: 1807: 1801: 1800: 1793: 1786: 1778: 1765: 1764: 1761: 1760: 1757: 1756: 1751: 1746: 1741: 1738: 1734: 1733: 1728: 1723: 1714: 1709: 1705: 1704: 1699: 1693: 1692: 1687: 1679: 1678: 1673: 1668: 1659: 1656: 1652: 1651: 1646: 1638: 1637: 1632: 1625: 1620: 1615: 1611: 1610: 1605: 1600: 1595: 1585: 1580: 1577: 1576: 1571: 1570:Main isotopes 1563: 1562: 1559: 1558: 1555: 1554: 1547: 1539: 1532: 1531: 1522:Edwin McMillan 1519: 1513: 1512: 1502: 1498: 1497: 1493: 1492: 1489: 1483: 1482: 1476: 1470: 1469: 1466: 1460: 1459: 1456: 1450: 1449: 1428: 1426: 1420: 1419: 1410: 1408: 1402: 1401: 1396: 1392: 1391: 1387: 1386: 1382:Spectral lines 1370: 1369: 1366: 1360: 1359: 1352: 1346: 1345: 1343: 1342: 1339: 1335: 1333: 1327: 1326: 1323: 1317: 1316: 1303: 1297: 1296: 1292: 1291: 1287: 1286: 1284: 1282: 1280: 1278: 1275: 1272: 1259: 1258: 1255: 1252: 1249: 1246: 1243: 1240: 1226: 1218: 1217: 1214: 1208: 1207: 1204: 1198: 1197: 1190: 1188:Heat of fusion 1184: 1183: 1180: 1171: 1170: 1168:(extrapolated) 1164: 1158: 1157: 1150: 1144: 1143: 1138: 1124: 1123: 1119: 1118: 1115: 1111: 1110: 1109:] 5f 6d 7s 1103: 1097: 1096: 1088: 1082: 1081: 1076: 1070: 1069: 1066:f-block groups 1063: 1057: 1056: 1053: 1038: 1037: 1034: 1033: 1030: 1029: 1015: 1014: 999: 995: 994: 987: 980: 973: 966: 959: 952: 945: 938: 931: 924: 917: 910: 903: 896: 889: 882: 875: 868: 861: 854: 847: 840: 833: 826: 819: 812: 805: 798: 791: 784: 777: 769: 768: 761: 754: 747: 740: 733: 726: 719: 712: 705: 698: 691: 684: 677: 670: 663: 656: 649: 642: 635: 628: 621: 614: 607: 600: 593: 586: 579: 572: 565: 558: 551: 543: 542: 535: 528: 521: 514: 507: 500: 493: 486: 479: 472: 465: 458: 451: 444: 437: 430: 428: 426: 419: 411: 410: 403: 396: 389: 382: 375: 368: 361: 354: 347: 340: 333: 326: 319: 312: 305: 298: 296: 289: 281: 280: 273: 266: 259: 252: 245: 238: 236: 229: 221: 220: 213: 206: 199: 192: 185: 178: 176: 169: 161: 160: 153: 151: 141: 130: 129: 127:periodic table 122: 121: 119: 113: 112: 109: 105: 104: 46: 42: 41: 37: 36: 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13459: 13448: 13445: 13443: 13440: 13438: 13435: 13433: 13430: 13428: 13425: 13423: 13420: 13419: 13417: 13410: 13400: 13390: 13389: 13387: 13383: 13377: 13371: 13370: 13368: 13364: 13358: 13352: 13351: 13349: 13345: 13334: 13319: 13316: 13301: 13300: 13298: 13294: 13287: 13283: 13280: 13269: 13266: 13259: 13256: 13245: 13242: 13235: 13232: 13225: 13222: 13215: 13214: 13212: 13208: 13202: 13196: 13194: 13191: 13189: 13186: 13184: 13178: 13176: 13170: 13168: 13162: 13160: 13154: 13151: 13144: 13142: 13139: 13138: 13136: 13132: 13128: 13121: 13116: 13114: 13109: 13107: 13102: 13101: 13098: 13082: 13079: 13077: 13074: 13072: 13069: 13067: 13064: 13063: 13056: 13047: 13038: 13029: 13020: 13011: 13002: 12993: 12984: 12975: 12966: 12957: 12948: 12939: 12930: 12921: 12912: 12903: 12894: 12885: 12876: 12867: 12858: 12849: 12840: 12831: 12822: 12813: 12804: 12795: 12786: 12777: 12768: 12760: 12756: 12752: 12743: 12734: 12725: 12716: 12707: 12698: 12689: 12680: 12671: 12662: 12653: 12644: 12635: 12626: 12617: 12608: 12599: 12590: 12581: 12572: 12563: 12554: 12545: 12536: 12527: 12518: 12509: 12500: 12491: 12482: 12473: 12465: 12461: 12457: 12448: 12439: 12430: 12421: 12412: 12403: 12394: 12385: 12376: 12367: 12358: 12349: 12340: 12331: 12322: 12311: 12302: 12294: 12290: 12286: 12277: 12268: 12259: 12250: 12241: 12232: 12223: 12214: 12205: 12196: 12187: 12178: 12169: 12160: 12151: 12140: 12131: 12123: 12119: 12115: 12106: 12097: 12088: 12079: 12070: 12059: 12050: 12042: 12038: 12034: 12025: 12016: 12007: 11998: 11989: 11978: 11969: 11961: 11957: 11953: 11942: 11934: 11930: 11927: 11922: 11917: 11912: 11907: 11902: 11897: 11892: 11887: 11882: 11877: 11872: 11867: 11862: 11857: 11852: 11845: 11840: 11835: 11834: 11829: 11825: 11818: 11813: 11811: 11806: 11804: 11799: 11798: 11795: 11789: 11786: 11784: 11780: 11777: 11774: 11772: 11769: 11767:Research News 11766: 11762: 11758: 11755: 11752: 11749: 11748: 11743: 11740: 11739: 11730: 11726: 11722: 11718: 11714: 11710: 11706: 11702: 11698: 11694: 11690: 11686: 11683: 11682:1-4020-3555-1 11679: 11675: 11671: 11669: 11668:0-19-508083-1 11665: 11661: 11658: 11657: 11644: 11640: 11634: 11630: 11626: 11619: 11618: 11612: 11608: 11602: 11598: 11593: 11589: 11583: 11579: 11578: 11572: 11568: 11562: 11558: 11554: 11549: 11548: 11541: 11537: 11531: 11527: 11522: 11518: 11516:9781118632697 11512: 11508: 11507: 11501: 11500: 11481: 11477: 11473: 11467: 11449: 11442: 11434: 11430: 11426: 11422: 11418: 11414: 11407: 11390: 11384: 11376: 11370: 11366: 11362: 11358: 11352: 11338:on 2014-05-12 11334: 11327: 11320: 11305: 11298: 11296: 11294: 11286: 11281: 11272: 11270: 11261: 11257: 11253: 11249: 11245: 11241: 11237: 11230: 11221: 11219: 11217: 11215: 11213: 11211: 11209: 11199: 11197: 11195: 11193: 11191: 11189: 11187: 11185: 11183: 11181: 11179: 11169: 11167: 11165: 11163: 11161: 11159: 11157: 11155: 11145: 11136: 11127: 11119: 11112: 11104: 11100: 11096: 11092: 11088: 11084: 11077: 11069: 11065: 11061: 11057: 11053: 11049: 11042: 11034: 11030: 11026: 11022: 11018: 11014: 11007: 10999: 10995: 10991: 10987: 10983: 10979: 10972: 10964: 10960: 10956: 10952: 10949:(8): 659–62. 10948: 10944: 10937: 10929: 10925: 10921: 10917: 10910: 10902: 10898: 10895:(5): 1236–7. 10894: 10890: 10883: 10881: 10879: 10869: 10867: 10865: 10856: 10853:(in French). 10852: 10845: 10837: 10833: 10829: 10825: 10810: 10802: 10795: 10787: 10783: 10780:(6): 723–30. 10779: 10775: 10768: 10766: 10757: 10753: 10749: 10745: 10742:(6): 387–92. 10741: 10737: 10730: 10722: 10715: 10706: 10701: 10697: 10693: 10689: 10685: 10681: 10674: 10666: 10662: 10658: 10654: 10650: 10646: 10639: 10630: 10621: 10619: 10617: 10607: 10600: 10594: 10585: 10577: 10570: 10562: 10558: 10554: 10550: 10546: 10539: 10531: 10527: 10523: 10519: 10515: 10511: 10496: 10488: 10484: 10481:(1–2): 63–6. 10480: 10476: 10472: 10465: 10457: 10450: 10442: 10438: 10434: 10430: 10415: 10406: 10399: 10393: 10385: 10381: 10374: 10372: 10363: 10359: 10355: 10351: 10348:(3): 1950–3. 10347: 10343: 10332: 10323: 10321: 10319: 10311: 10310: 10303: 10295: 10288: 10280: 10276: 10272: 10268: 10261: 10253: 10249: 10242: 10234: 10221: 10213: 10209: 10202: 10194: 10190: 10187:(2): 145–51. 10186: 10182: 10175: 10167: 10163: 10159: 10155: 10140: 10132: 10128: 10124: 10120: 10116: 10085: 10077: 10073: 10069: 10065: 10058: 10050: 10046: 10042: 10038: 10031: 10022: 10020: 10011: 10004: 9996: 9992: 9988: 9984: 9977: 9969: 9965: 9961: 9957: 9954:(3): 266–71. 9953: 9949: 9942: 9940: 9931: 9929:9788185842639 9925: 9921: 9920: 9912: 9903: 9901: 9899: 9890: 9886: 9882: 9878: 9871: 9863: 9859: 9852: 9844: 9840: 9836: 9832: 9828: 9824: 9813: 9805: 9801: 9797: 9793: 9789: 9785: 9778: 9770: 9763: 9756: 9747: 9745: 9743: 9741: 9739: 9737: 9735: 9733: 9731: 9729: 9727: 9718: 9712: 9708: 9704: 9700: 9694: 9692: 9682: 9680: 9670: 9668: 9666: 9664: 9662: 9660: 9658: 9656: 9654: 9644: 9635: 9633: 9631: 9622: 9616: 9614: 9596: 9590: 9582: 9578: 9574: 9570: 9563: 9548: 9544: 9538: 9529: 9527: 9518: 9512: 9508: 9507: 9499: 9491: 9490: 9482: 9480: 9478: 9476: 9467: 9463: 9459: 9455: 9451: 9447: 9446:Physics Today 9440: 9438: 9429: 9416: 9408: 9401: 9387:on 2010-07-17 9383: 9379: 9373: 9369: 9365: 9358: 9357: 9349: 9340: 9331: 9323: 9316: 9307: 9302: 9298: 9294: 9290: 9286: 9282: 9275: 9273: 9263: 9254: 9246: 9242: 9238: 9234: 9230: 9226: 9219: 9211: 9207: 9202: 9197: 9193: 9189: 9185: 9181: 9177: 9173: 9169: 9162: 9160: 9158: 9149: 9145: 9141: 9134: 9126: 9122: 9118: 9114: 9110: 9106: 9102: 9098: 9094: 9087: 9072: 9066: 9057: 9048: 9040: 9036: 9032: 9028: 9024: 9017: 9009: 9005: 9001: 8994: 8980:on 2006-02-24 8979: 8975: 8971: 8964: 8956: 8952: 8948: 8944: 8940: 8936: 8932: 8928: 8921: 8912: 8903: 8898: 8894: 8890: 8886: 8882: 8878: 8871: 8862: 8853: 8844: 8836: 8832: 8828: 8824: 8820: 8816: 8812: 8808: 8802: 8793: 8786: 8780: 8771: 8766: 8762: 8758: 8754: 8750: 8746: 8739: 8730: 8721: 8713: 8709: 8705: 8701: 8697: 8690: 8672: 8666: 8657: 8648: 8646: 8637: 8633: 8626: 8618: 8614: 8609: 8604: 8600: 8596: 8592: 8588: 8584: 8580: 8575: 8570: 8566: 8562: 8558: 8551: 8544: 8540: 8536: 8532: 8528: 8524: 8520: 8512: 8505: 8497: 8493: 8489: 8485: 8481: 8477: 8473: 8469: 8465: 8461: 8454: 8452: 8450: 8448: 8438: 8436: 8434: 8432: 8422: 8420: 8418: 8416: 8414: 8412: 8403: 8397: 8393: 8389: 8382: 8374: 8370: 8366: 8362: 8358: 8354: 8347: 8345: 8343: 8334: 8328: 8324: 8320: 8316: 8309: 8301: 8297: 8290: 8281: 8279: 8277: 8275: 8273: 8271: 8269: 8267: 8257: 8244: 8240: 8233: 8231: 8229: 8221: 8215: 8201:on 2014-02-11 8197: 8193: 8189: 8185: 8181: 8177: 8173: 8166: 8159: 8151: 8144: 8136: 8132: 8125: 8123: 8113: 8108: 8104: 8100: 8097:(4): 042119. 8096: 8092: 8088: 8073: 8058: 8052: 8050: 8048: 8046: 8044: 8042: 8040: 8038: 8036: 8034: 8032: 8030: 8028: 8018: 8016: 8014: 8005: 8001: 7997: 7993: 7990:(8): 1201–4. 7989: 7985: 7978: 7960: 7954: 7952: 7950: 7941: 7937: 7933: 7929: 7925: 7921: 7914: 7907: 7901: 7892: 7890: 7888: 7886: 7871:on 2012-10-02 7870: 7866: 7860: 7853: 7847: 7839: 7835: 7831: 7827: 7823: 7819: 7812: 7805: 7799: 7797: 7788: 7782: 7778: 7771: 7769: 7760: 7756: 7752: 7748: 7744: 7737: 7728: 7726: 7724: 7722: 7720: 7711: 7705: 7700: 7699: 7690: 7688: 7686: 7671: 7667: 7661: 7652: 7647: 7643: 7639: 7635: 7631: 7627: 7620: 7612: 7608: 7605:(3): 030001. 7604: 7600: 7593: 7586: 7584: 7576: 7571: 7563: 7559: 7554: 7549: 7545: 7541: 7537: 7533: 7529: 7521: 7519: 7510: 7504: 7500: 7493: 7491: 7489: 7487: 7485: 7483: 7478: 7471: 7469: 7464: 7462: 7452: 7449: 7445: 7444:radiotoxicity 7441: 7437: 7436:americium-241 7433: 7429: 7425: 7421: 7417: 7412: 7410: 7406: 7402: 7398: 7388: 7380: 7378: 7374: 7370: 7366: 7365:critical mass 7362: 7357: 7354: 7350: 7349:critical mass 7346: 7342: 7338: 7335:Neptunium is 7328: 7326: 7325:plutonium-236 7322: 7318: 7314: 7293: 7290: 7276: 7273: 7259: 7255: 7249: 7246: 7232: 7229: 7219: 7215: 7212: 7197: 7196: 7195: 7193: 7189: 7185: 7184:alpha emitter 7181: 7177: 7176:plutonium-238 7171: 7170:Plutonium-238 7156: 7154: 7150: 7146: 7142: 7138: 7134: 7130: 7126: 7110: 7106: 7092: 7078: 7064: 7050: 7046: 7032: 7028: 7005: 7001: 6972: 6970: 6966: 6962: 6958: 6954: 6950: 6946: 6942: 6938: 6934: 6930: 6926: 6922: 6918: 6914: 6910: 6906: 6902: 6898: 6882: 6827: 6811: 6807: 6803: 6799: 6783: 6773: 6771: 6749: 6713: 6593: 6591: 6536: 6532: 6528: 6523: 6521: 6517: 6487: 6458: 6432: 6315: 6305: 6303: 6299: 6295: 6291: 6281: 6279: 6267: 6263: 6247: 6243: 6239: 6235: 6207: 6191: 6175: 6159: 6155: 6151: 6147: 6115: 6114: 6113: 6103: 6087: 6071: 6067: 6063: 6054: 6045: 6043: 6039: 6035: 6031: 6027: 6023: 6019: 6015: 6011: 6007: 5991: 5979: 5971: 5970: 5969: 5967: 5963: 5958: 5952: 5947: 5941: 5940:isostructural 5938:). These are 5937: 5929: 5924: 5918: 5914: 5906: 5905: 5899: 5881: 5877: 5873: 5869: 5864: 5859: 5843: 5839: 5834: 5832: 5819: 5815: 5799: 5775: 5771: 5766: 5764: 5760: 5756: 5744: 5732: 5728: 5724: 5720: 5716: 5712: 5707: 5703: 5699: 5691: 5690: 5689: 5687: 5647: 5643: 5631: 5583: 5579: 5574: 5528: 5527:isostructural 5468: 5464: 5412: 5408: 5401:Chalcogenides 5400: 5399: 5398: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5378: 5369: 5365: 5361: 5353: 5342: 5338: 5290: 5286: 5267: 5263: 5258: 5171: 5166: 5160: 5153: 5130: 5122: 5118: 5109: 5083: 5031: 5002: 5001: 5000: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4969: 4959: 4957: 4928: 4841: 4822: 4814: 4810: 4764: 4763: 4762: 4753: 4742: 4731: 4696: 4688: 4684: 4683:alkali metals 4679: 4677: 4673: 4653: 4640: 4631: 4593: 4580: 4568: 4564: 4548: 4545: 4528: 4508: 4506: 4501: 4491: 4477: 4451: 4447: 4439: 4438: 4437: 4371: 4367: 4348:Neptunium(VI) 4347: 4346: 4345: 4299:+ 4 H ⇌ Np + 4286: 4285: 4284: 4282: 4242: 4222: 4221: 4220: 4206: 4184:Neptunium(IV) 4183: 4182: 4181: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4155: 4132: 4131: 4130: 4072: 4032: 4015: 4012: 4009: 4008: 4001: 3998: 3995: 3994: 3987: 3984: 3981: 3980: 3973: 3970: 3967: 3966: 3959: 3956: 3953: 3952: 3949: 3946: 3945: 3941: 3936: 3935: 3932: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3904: 3894: 3884: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3863: 3856: 3849: 3842: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3793: 3791: 3786: 3782: 3781:alpha emitter 3778: 3768: 3754: 3753: 3752: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3725: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3675: 3649: 3646: 3632: 3629: 3615: 3611: 3605: 3602: 3588: 3585: 3575: 3571: 3568: 3552: 3549: 3545: 3542: 3520: 3516: 3505: 3501: 3487: 3484: 3474: 3470: 3467: 3453: 3444: 3443: 3442: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3408: 3407: 3405: 3391: 3387: 3378: 3374: 3372: 3366: 3364: 3360: 3359:Glenn Seaborg 3354: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3339: 3337: 3336:plutonium-238 3333: 3329: 3319: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3303: 3298: 3289: 3287: 3266: 3263: 3247: 3243: 3229: 3225: 3218: 3215: 3199: 3195: 3181: 3177: 3170: 3167: 3151: 3148: 3137: 3132: 3129: 3113: 3112: 3111: 3109: 3104: 3100: 3099:precipitating 3096: 3092: 3086: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3071: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3045: 3036: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3023:technique on 3021: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3004: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2989: 2985: 2980: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2965:Horia Hulubei 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2945:Odolen Koblic 2940: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2921: 2917: 2911: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2896: 2891: 2889: 2885: 2884: 2879: 2874: 2873:atomic number 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2852: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2821: 2816: 2814: 2809: 2805: 2797: 2793: 2779: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2732:nuclear waste 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2688: 2686: 2682: 2677: 2673: 2668: 2666: 2662: 2661:Belgian Congo 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2635:reactions in 2634: 2633:transmutation 2630: 2626: 2622: 2619: 2615: 2605: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2594:cross section 2591: 2590:plutonium-239 2587: 2583: 2582:critical mass 2579: 2570: 2566: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2539:beta emission 2536: 2535:cluster decay 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2509:primarily by 2508: 2504: 2501:from 219.032 2500: 2499:atomic weight 2495: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2480:radioisotopes 2473: 2469: 2464: 2459: 2449: 2446: 2436: 2431: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2417:configuration 2408: 2406: 2401: 2391: 2382: 2378: 2373: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2348: 2341: 2337: 2336:ferromagnetic 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2291: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2276: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2240: 2231: 2222: 2219: 2216: 2211: 2208: 2205: 2200: 2195: 2192: 2189: 2185: 2182: 2181: 2177: 2174: 2171: 2168: 2167: 2164: 2157: 2155: 2148: 2146: 2143: 2141: 2138: 2137: 2133: 2130: 2127: 2125: 2122: 2121: 2118: 2115: 2113: 2110: 2108: 2105: 2102: 2101: 2097: 2094: 2091: 2088: 2087: 2083: 2080: 2077: 2074: 2073: 2067: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2040: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2025:boiling point 2022: 2021:hybridization 2018: 2017:melting point 2010: 2006: 2002: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1956: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1929: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1910:plutonium-238 1907: 1906:nuclear power 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1886: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1833: 1829: 1828:atomic number 1825: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1806: 1803: | 1799: 1794: 1792: 1787: 1785: 1780: 1779: 1776: 1766: 1762: 1755: 1752: 1747: 1735: 1732: 1729: 1724: 1713: 1706: 1703: 1700: 1695: 1694: 1691: 1688: 1685: 1681: 1680: 1677: 1674: 1669: 1653: 1650: 1647: 1644: 1640: 1639: 1636: 1633: 1630: 1626: 1619: 1612: 1609: 1608:product 1606: 1604: 1601: 1594: 1589: 1586: 1584: 1581: 1579: 1578: 1575: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1553: 1548: 1546: 1541: 1540: 1537: 1533: 1527: 1523: 1520: 1518: 1514: 1511: 1507: 1504:after planet 1503: 1499: 1494: 1490: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1477: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1442: 1437: 1432: 1427: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1407: 1403: 1400: 1397: 1393: 1388: 1383: 1376: 1371: 1367: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1351: 1350:Atomic radius 1347: 1340: 1337: 1336: 1334: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1309: 1304: 1302: 1298: 1293: 1285: 1283: 1281: 1279: 1276: 1273: 1266: 1261: 1260: 1256: 1253: 1250: 1247: 1244: 1241: 1234: 1230: 1229: 1225: 1224: 1219: 1215: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1176: 1172: 1169: 1165: 1163: 1162:Boiling point 1159: 1155: 1151: 1149: 1148:Melting point 1145: 1142: 1139: 1135: 1129: 1125: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1102: 1098: 1095: 1089: 1087: 1083: 1080: 1079:period 7 1077: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1064: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1043:Atomic number 1039: 1028: 1020: 1016: 1003: 1000: 993: 988: 986: 981: 979: 974: 972: 967: 965: 960: 958: 953: 951: 946: 944: 939: 937: 932: 930: 925: 923: 918: 916: 911: 909: 904: 902: 897: 895: 893:Rutherfordium 890: 888: 883: 881: 876: 874: 869: 867: 862: 860: 855: 853: 848: 846: 841: 839: 834: 832: 827: 825: 820: 818: 813: 811: 806: 804: 799: 797: 792: 790: 785: 783: 778: 776: 771: 770: 767: 762: 760: 755: 753: 748: 746: 741: 739: 734: 732: 727: 725: 720: 718: 713: 711: 706: 704: 699: 697: 692: 690: 685: 683: 678: 676: 671: 669: 664: 662: 657: 655: 650: 648: 643: 641: 636: 634: 629: 627: 622: 620: 615: 613: 608: 606: 601: 599: 594: 592: 587: 585: 580: 578: 573: 571: 566: 564: 559: 557: 552: 550: 545: 544: 541: 536: 534: 529: 527: 522: 520: 515: 513: 508: 506: 501: 499: 494: 492: 487: 485: 480: 478: 473: 471: 466: 464: 459: 457: 452: 450: 445: 443: 438: 436: 431: 427: 425: 420: 418: 413: 412: 409: 404: 402: 397: 395: 390: 388: 383: 381: 376: 374: 369: 367: 362: 360: 355: 353: 348: 346: 341: 339: 334: 332: 327: 325: 320: 318: 313: 311: 306: 304: 299: 295: 290: 288: 283: 282: 279: 274: 272: 267: 265: 260: 258: 253: 251: 246: 244: 239: 235: 230: 228: 223: 222: 219: 214: 212: 207: 205: 200: 198: 193: 191: 186: 184: 179: 175: 170: 168: 163: 162: 159: 154: 150: 145: 144: 140: 139: 136: 135: 131: 128: 123: 120: 118: 114: 110: 106: 101: 100: 85: 47: 45:Pronunciation 43: 38: 34: 29: 13409: 12818: 11745: 11700: 11696: 11673: 11659: 11643:the original 11616: 11596: 11576: 11551:. Springer. 11546: 11525: 11505: 11497:Bibliography 11483:. Retrieved 11466: 11455:. Retrieved 11441: 11416: 11412: 11406: 11395:. Retrieved 11383: 11364: 11351: 11340:. Retrieved 11333:the original 11319: 11308:. Retrieved 11280: 11243: 11239: 11229: 11144: 11135: 11126: 11117: 11111: 11086: 11082: 11076: 11051: 11047: 11041: 11016: 11012: 11006: 10984:(1): 79–83. 10981: 10977: 10971: 10946: 10942: 10936: 10919: 10915: 10909: 10892: 10888: 10854: 10850: 10844: 10827: 10823: 10809: 10800: 10794: 10777: 10773: 10739: 10735: 10729: 10720: 10714: 10690:(5): 291–6. 10687: 10683: 10673: 10648: 10644: 10638: 10629: 10606: 10593: 10584: 10575: 10569: 10555:(4): 771–3. 10552: 10548: 10538: 10513: 10509: 10495: 10478: 10474: 10464: 10455: 10449: 10432: 10428: 10414: 10405: 10392: 10383: 10380:Radiokhimiya 10379: 10345: 10341: 10331: 10307: 10302: 10293: 10287: 10270: 10266: 10260: 10251: 10248:Radiokhimiya 10247: 10241: 10229:|title= 10220:cite journal 10211: 10207: 10201: 10184: 10180: 10174: 10157: 10153: 10139: 10122: 10118: 10084: 10067: 10063: 10057: 10040: 10036: 10030: 10009: 10003: 9986: 9982: 9976: 9951: 9947: 9918: 9911: 9880: 9876: 9870: 9861: 9857: 9851: 9826: 9822: 9812: 9787: 9783: 9777: 9768: 9755: 9702: 9643: 9601:. Retrieved 9589: 9572: 9568: 9562: 9550:. Retrieved 9546: 9537: 9505: 9498: 9488: 9449: 9445: 9415:cite journal 9400: 9389:. Retrieved 9382:the original 9355: 9348: 9339: 9330: 9321: 9315: 9288: 9284: 9262: 9253: 9228: 9224: 9218: 9178:(7): 371–6. 9175: 9171: 9148:the original 9143: 9133: 9100: 9096: 9086: 9075:. Retrieved 9065: 9056: 9047: 9030: 9026: 9016: 9007: 9003: 8993: 8982:. Retrieved 8978:the original 8973: 8963: 8930: 8926: 8920: 8911: 8887:(3376): 55. 8884: 8880: 8870: 8861: 8852: 8843: 8818: 8814: 8801: 8792: 8779: 8752: 8748: 8738: 8729: 8720: 8703: 8699: 8689: 8678:. Retrieved 8665: 8656: 8636:Radioecology 8635: 8631: 8625: 8564: 8560: 8550: 8526: 8522: 8504: 8463: 8459: 8387: 8381: 8356: 8353:Science News 8352: 8314: 8308: 8295: 8289: 8246:. Retrieved 8242: 8219: 8214: 8203:. Retrieved 8196:the original 8178:(3): 771–9. 8175: 8171: 8158: 8149: 8143: 8130: 8094: 8090: 8072: 8061:. Retrieved 7987: 7983: 7977: 7966:. Retrieved 7926:(1): 44–46. 7923: 7919: 7913: 7905: 7900: 7873:. Retrieved 7869:the original 7859: 7851: 7846: 7821: 7817: 7811: 7804:The Elements 7803: 7776: 7742: 7736: 7697: 7673:. Retrieved 7669: 7660: 7633: 7629: 7619: 7602: 7598: 7570: 7535: 7531: 7498: 7465: 7458: 7413: 7394: 7386: 7358: 7334: 7310: 7173: 7159:Applications 6973: 6779: 6747: 6714: 6594: 6524: 6433: 6311: 6287: 6278:hydrocarbyls 6143: 6140:+ 4 KCl 6059: 6006:alkali metal 5975: 5961: 5956: 5945: 5922: 5910: 5867: 5862: 5835: 5767: 5695: 5644:compounds Np 5575: 5404: 5384: 5335:. Neptunium 5259: 5167: 5110: 5071: 5021:+ 3 HF → NpF 4971: 4929: 4784: 4680: 4632: 4586: 4529: 4509: 4497: 4443: 4351: 4318: 4226: 4223:Neptunium(V) 4204: 4187: 4153: 4136: 4028: 3909: 3822:ion-exchange 3816:compounds), 3806:multidentate 3794: 3774: 3765: 3751:production. 3731:with liquid 3726: 3703: 3400: 3375: 3367: 3355: 3340: 3325: 3306: 3300: 3296: 3293: 3283: 3087: 3070:Emilio Segrè 3050: 3005: 2981: 2973:spectroscopy 2941: 2920:Lise Meitner 2912: 2908:protactinium 2892: 2887: 2881: 2877: 2853: 2837:Enrico Fermi 2817: 2801: 2760:granodiorite 2716:ferric oxide 2689: 2669: 2637:uranium ores 2623: 2611: 2575: 2519:protactinium 2496: 2477: 2467: 2414: 2397: 2374: 2325:paramagnetic 2297: 2284:triple point 2277: 2260:semimetallic 2239:orthorhombic 2236: 2220: 2214: 2209: 2203: 2198: 2193: 2158: 2149: 2144: 2107:Orthorhombic 2056:protactinium 2041: 1967: 1947:ores due to 1930: 1887: 1823: 1812: 1811: 1744:2.356 d 1623:396.1 d 1592: 1529: (1940) 1479:paramagnetic 1445: 1440: 1435: 1412:orthorhombic 1384:of neptunium 1307: 1305:+2, +3, +4, 1264: 1232: 1222: 1167: 1047: 935:Darmstadtium 814: 802:Protactinium 576:Praseodymium 11689:Ida Noddack 8807:Ida Noddack 8706:: 422–439. 8466:(1): 1–32. 8359:(17): 259. 7806:. Page 215. 7430:project in 7373:uranium-235 7337:fissionable 6917:thiocyanate 6516:nitric acid 6308:Solid state 6298:ionic radii 6268:) and KNp(C 6242:plutonocene 6234:isomorphous 6206:Neptunocene 6120:+ 4 KC 6042:bicarbonate 5816:compound Np 5763:nitric acid 5715:isomorphous 5630:oxyselenide 5170:oxyfluoride 4793:, and RbNpO 4164:, the pink 3802:extractants 3698:uranium-238 3690:alpha decay 3430:converts a 3363:Arthur Wahl 3347:Kurt Starke 3083:rare earths 3016:Pacific War 2997:Otto Frisch 2949:pitchblende 2904:Ida Noddack 2890:for Italy. 2740:humic acids 2598:atomic bomb 2586:uranium-235 2559:decay chain 2492:meta states 2488:radioactive 2472:decay chain 2313:lanthanides 2266:and a high 2140:Space group 2060:lanthanides 2015:: this low 1978:radioactive 1972:, silvery, 1871:radioactive 1832:radioactive 1257:100 k 1152:912±3 977:Livermorium 949:Copernicium 942:Roentgenium 872:Mendelevium 858:Einsteinium 851:Californium 117:Mass number 13416:Categories 11654:Literature 11457:2014-07-26 11397:2009-06-06 11342:2014-08-06 11310:2014-07-26 10386:: 238–243. 10254:: 193–200. 10125:: 289–95. 9989:: 461–68. 9603:2009-06-06 9391:2014-06-29 9077:2013-10-13 9010:: 476–479. 8984:2013-10-13 8680:2013-10-15 8574:1509.08054 8248:2013-10-15 8205:2013-10-19 8133:. Moscow: 8063:2013-10-13 7968:2010-12-20 7875:2013-10-16 7675:2024-09-13 7474:References 7468:pyrophoric 7448:spent fuel 7192:beta decay 6986:≥ Np > 6941:propionate 6520:pyrimidine 6034:carbonates 5978:phosphates 5966:pyrophoric 5814:antimonide 5696:Neptunium 5576:Neptunium 5537:, and β−Np 5385:Neptunium 5295:) and NpCl 5188:, and NpOF 5072:Later, NpF 5050:+ HF → NpF 4652:monoclinic 4505:hydrolysis 4494:Hydroxides 4352:Np(VI) or 4241:Lewis acid 4178:hydrolyzed 4166:rare-earth 3937:Oxidation 3832:(possible 3804:, usually 3798:extraction 3424:beta decay 3381:Production 3351:becquerels 3286:half-lives 2984:Niels Bohr 2868:beta decay 2774:with high 2704:carbonates 2618:primordial 2608:Occurrence 2517:to become 2443:0.12 2311:, and the 2272:metalloids 2112:Tetragonal 2075:Allotrope 2044:allotropes 2013:639 ± 3 °C 2001:promethium 1998:lanthanide 1953:beta decay 1918:spacecraft 1879:pyrophoric 1863:allotropic 1805:references 1487:CAS Number 1399:from decay 1313:amphoteric 1254:10 k 1192:5.19 984:Tennessine 928:Meitnerium 907:Seaborgium 886:Lawrencium 625:Dysprosium 611:Gadolinium 590:Promethium 462:Technetium 455:Molybdenum 256:Phosphorus 108:Appearance 13432:Actinides 13422:Neptunium 11742:Neptunium 11054:: 131–2. 11048:Physica B 10978:Physica B 10857:: 145–54. 10830:: 133–7. 10214:: 155–62. 9843:100097624 9829:: 21–25. 9790:: 25–30. 8599:2041-1723 8529:: 3–128, 8317:. Wiley. 7532:Chem. Sci 7416:oxidizing 7401:microgram 7347:, with a 7277:− 7274:β 7237:⟶ 6965:mellitate 6961:phthalate 6945:glycolate 6933:phosphate 6925:carbonate 6590:glycolate 6445:N)Np(NCS) 6238:uranocene 6232:). It is 5936:hexagonal 5930:) and NpH 5852:, and NpC 5759:sublimate 5743:phosphine 5727:phosphide 5721:(UN) and 5642:telluride 5553:S, and Np 5391:pnictogen 5387:chalcogen 5262:chlorides 4995:, and NpF 4978:fluorides 4821:peroxides 4708:O and NpO 4227:Np(V) or 3927:-forming 3913:oxidizing 3826:chelating 3790:precursor 3749:plutonium 3722:cyclotron 3718:deuterons 3633:− 3630:β 3593:⟶ 3553:γ 3492:⟶ 3397:Synthesis 3390:Flowchart 3328:plutonium 3307:neptunium 3248:− 3244:β 3200:− 3196:β 3157:⟶ 3065:cyclotron 3039:Discovery 2977:sequanium 2933:plutonium 2916:Otto Hahn 2864:gamma ray 2764:bentonite 2748:magnetite 2720:kaolinite 2549:-209 and 2484:half-life 2430:noble gas 2366:zirconium 2362:plutonium 2358:americium 2352:may be a 2048:actinides 2009:manganese 1994:plutonium 1984:. In the 1980:actinide 1941:plutonium 1922:detectors 1875:poisonous 1859:tarnishes 1819:; it has 1813:Neptunium 1721:10 y 1666:10 y 1588:half-life 1517:Discovery 1251:1 k 1027:plutonium 1023:neptunium 991:Oganesson 970:Moscovium 963:Flerovium 844:Berkelium 830:Americium 823:Plutonium 816:Neptunium 653:Ytterbium 583:Neodymium 562:Lanthanum 525:Tellurium 483:Palladium 469:Ruthenium 441:Zirconium 423:Strontium 379:Germanium 330:Manganese 286:Potassium 242:Aluminium 233:Magnesium 173:Beryllium 40:Neptunium 11779:Archived 11757:Archived 11691:(1934). 11363:(1997). 10665:18102891 10160:: 51–7. 9864:: 237–8. 9804:99239460 9552:June 26, 9210:21785255 8955:17798409 8809:(1934). 8617:25601158 8567:: 5956. 8513:(2003), 7562:28553487 7420:actinide 7256:→ 6957:malonate 6929:chromate 6100:Cl with 6030:sulfates 5917:hydrides 5913:hydrogen 5907:Hydrides 5880:tungsten 5878:using a 5872:graphite 5866:(0.82 ≤ 5838:carbides 5780:, and Np 5770:arsenide 5711:diatomic 5686:polonium 5668:, and Np 5612:, and Np 5578:selenide 5441:, and Np 5354:with NpO 5346:and NpBr 5337:bromides 5327:, and Cs 5271:and NpCl 5220:and NpOF 5208:O and Np 5161:with NpF 4887:, and Na 4846:, and Ba 4720:with NpO 4672:peroxide 4602:, and Np 4370:plutonyl 4162:congener 3836:include 3834:matrices 3828:resins, 3612:→ 3517:→ 3410:When an 3226:→ 3178:→ 2961:vanadium 2957:tungsten 2953:bohemium 2883:ausenium 2752:adsorbed 2744:hematite 2728:concrete 2724:smectite 2712:goethite 2696:oxidizes 2657:daughter 2551:thallium 2452:Isotopes 2425:subshell 2394:Chemical 2305:scandium 2248:platinum 2223:= 351.8 2217:= 338.9 2206:= 666.3 1964:Physical 1926:neutrons 1835:actinide 1262:at 1131:at 956:Nihonium 879:Nobelium 788:Actinium 774:Francium 758:Astatine 751:Polonium 730:Thallium 709:Platinum 681:Tungsten 674:Tantalum 660:Lutetium 604:Europium 597:Samarium 518:Antimony 416:Rubidium 393:Selenium 323:Chromium 316:Vanadium 309:Titanium 302:Scandium 270:Chlorine 210:Fluorine 196:Nitrogen 148:Hydrogen 13385:Np(VII) 13134:Np(III) 13081:p-block 13076:d-block 13071:f-block 13066:s-block 11705:Bibcode 11553:Bibcode 11485:24 July 11480:5641940 11421:Bibcode 11248:Bibcode 11091:Bibcode 11056:Bibcode 11021:Bibcode 10986:Bibcode 10951:Bibcode 10744:Bibcode 10692:Bibcode 10518:Bibcode 10350:Bibcode 9956:Bibcode 9454:Bibcode 9293:Bibcode 9233:Bibcode 9201:3171289 9180:Bibcode 9125:4113262 9105:Bibcode 8935:Bibcode 8927:Science 8889:Bibcode 8823:Bibcode 8757:Bibcode 8608:4309418 8579:Bibcode 8531:Bibcode 8496:7038752 8488:3575792 8468:Bibcode 8394:. 231. 8373:4014034 8180:Bibcode 8099:Bibcode 7992:Bibcode 7928:Bibcode 7826:Bibcode 7747:Bibcode 7638:Bibcode 7553:5431675 7422:in the 7383:Physics 7331:Weapons 7000:ligands 6969:citrate 6953:oxalate 6949:lactate 6937:acetate 6921:sulfate 6913:nitrate 6909:nitride 6897:halides 6826:sulfate 6531:actinyl 6411:O, and 6266:butanol 6262:ethanol 6246:toluene 6190:ligands 6146:benzene 6062:uranium 5831:bismuth 5706:ammonia 5698:nitride 5407:sulfide 5395:carbide 5245:, and K 5176:F, NpOF 5104:and NpF 5059:⁄ 5041:⁄ 5012:⁄ 4962:Halides 4809:nitrate 4789:, CsNpO 4676:ampoule 4500:thorium 4323:OH and 4085:OH, NpO 3929:ligands 3737:lithium 3714:protons 3432:neutron 3311:Neptune 3299:in the 3059:of the 3055:at the 2937:f-block 2888:Ausonia 2820:neutron 2782:History 2736:reduced 2578:fissile 2557:. This 2547:bismuth 2317:ligands 2309:yttrium 2252:iridium 2244:rhenium 2212:= 489.5 2201:= 488.7 2196:= 472.3 2033:melting 1990:uranium 1974:ductile 1945:uranium 1933:isotope 1896:at the 1851:protons 1843:Neptune 1510:Neptune 1506:Neptune 1496:History 1414: ( 1175:Density 1094:f-block 1019:uranium 921:Hassium 914:Bohrium 900:Dubnium 865:Fermium 809:Uranium 795:Thorium 744:Bismuth 702:Iridium 688:Rhenium 667:Hafnium 646:Thulium 632:Holmium 618:Terbium 548:Caesium 497:Cadmium 476:Rhodium 448:Niobium 434:Yttrium 407:Krypton 400:Bromine 386:Arsenic 372:Gallium 293:Calcium 249:Silicon 166:Lithium 99:-nee-əm 90: 13366:Np(VI) 13210:Np(IV) 11727: 11680: 11666: 11635: 11603: 11584: 11563: 11532: 11513: 11478: 11371: 10663: 10107:and Li 9926: 9841: 9802: 9713: 9513: 9374: 9208: 9198: 9123: 9097:Nature 8953: 8881:Nature 8749:Nature 8615: 8605: 8597: 8515:"The N 8494: 8486: 8398: 8371: 8329: 7783: 7706: 7560: 7550: 7505: 7432:Nevada 7414:Under 7377:Nevada 7263: 6967:, and 6931:, and 6901:iodate 6486:copper 6457:cobalt 6208:, Np(C 6154:oxygen 6128:→ Np(C 6102:sodium 5953:of NpH 5949:, the 5800:. NpAs 5776:, NpAs 5733:and Np 5648:, NpTe 5584:, NpSe 5364:iodide 5331:NaNpCl 5127:) and 5092:or NpF 4974:halide 4956:groups 4942:and Cs 4923:and Li 4911:and Li 4899:and Na 4769:+ 3 MO 4750:, and 4583:Oxides 4517:Np(OH) 4511:Np(OH) 4476:acidic 4406:, and 4366:uranyl 4174:oxygen 4093:, and 4057:, and 4031:acidic 3960:, NpCl 3875:, and 3864:, and 3859:Fe(OH) 3812:, and 3733:barium 3619: 3524: 3436:proton 3315:Uranus 3309:since 3233: 3185: 2856:proton 2762:, and 2746:, and 2708:quartz 2692:oxygen 2411:Atomic 2368:, and 2294:Alloys 2256:osmium 2254:, and 2178:18.08 2175:19.36 2172:20.45 2050:. The 1847:Uranus 1830:93. A 1821:symbol 1773: 1740:trace 1658:synth 1501:Naming 1481: 1358: 1341: 1315:oxide) 1268: 1236: 1196: 1194:kJ/mol 1091: 1074:Period 837:Curium 781:Radium 695:Osmium 639:Erbium 569:Cerium 555:Barium 532:Iodine 504:Indium 490:Silver 358:Copper 351:Nickel 344:Cobalt 263:Sulfur 226:Sodium 203:Oxygen 189:Carbon 157:Helium 88: 13347:Np(V) 13248:Np(NO 11646:(PDF) 11621:(PDF) 11451:(PDF) 11392:(PDF) 11336:(PDF) 11329:(PDF) 9839:S2CID 9800:S2CID 9765:(PDF) 9598:(PDF) 9385:(PDF) 9360:(PDF) 9121:S2CID 8674:(PDF) 8569:arXiv 8517:UBASE 8484:JSTOR 8369:JSTOR 8199:(PDF) 8168:(PDF) 8135:Nauka 7962:(PDF) 7595:(PDF) 7343:or a 7260:2.117 7182:, an 7151:) in 7109:acids 7093:> 7079:> 7051:> 7047:> 7033:> 7029:> 7006:> 6905:azide 6796:(X = 6718:Co(NH 6535:dimer 6260:(R = 6024:, or 5890:. NpC 5717:with 5461:with 5413:, NpS 5225:CsNpF 5180:, NpO 5025:+ 2 H 4991:, NpF 4987:, NpF 4850:LiNpO 4813:ozone 4658:and O 4563:ozone 4446:basic 4311:+ 2 H 4081:, NpO 4077:, NpO 4071:basic 4069:. In 4016:, NpO 4002:, NpF 3988:, NpF 3974:, NpO 3939:state 3814:amine 3755:2 NpF 3720:in a 3434:to a 3230:2.355 2843:with 2829:Irène 2685:liter 2631:from 2625:Trace 2507:decay 2466:The 4 1982:metal 1883:bones 1815:is a 1717:2.144 1712:trace 1618:synth 1574:Decay 1277:2437 1274:2194 1141:solid 1128:Phase 1105:[ 1086:Block 1061:Group 765:Radon 539:Xenon 277:Argon 182:Boron 13396:(OH) 13322:Np(C 13304:Np(C 13228:NpBr 13218:NpCl 13198:NpSi 13172:NpCl 13156:NpBr 13147:NpAs 13141:NpAs 11725:ISBN 11678:ISBN 11664:ISBN 11633:ISBN 11601:ISBN 11582:ISBN 11561:ISBN 11530:ISBN 11511:ISBN 11487:2024 11476:OSTI 11369:ISBN 10661:PMID 10233:help 10099:, Li 9924:ISBN 9711:ISBN 9554:2024 9511:ISBN 9428:help 9372:ISBN 9206:PMID 8951:PMID 8613:PMID 8595:ISSN 8492:PMID 8396:ISBN 8327:ISBN 7781:ISBN 7704:ISBN 7558:PMID 7503:ISBN 7186:for 6849:and 6810:LiBr 6808:and 6806:LiCl 6547:(NpO 6490:CuNp 6461:CoNp 6355:·11H 6240:and 6172:and 6148:and 6116:NpCl 6068:and 5844:, Np 5660:, Np 5652:, Np 5604:, Np 5596:, Np 5588:, Np 5565:, Np 5525:are 5465:and 5433:, Np 5425:, Np 5417:, Np 5389:and 5360:zinc 5315:, Cs 5311:NpCl 5307:, Cs 5264:, Np 5237:, Na 5229:, Rb 5154:and 5131:(PuF 4879:, Na 4871:, Na 4835:, Ba 4827:(NpO 4811:and 4685:and 4594:, Np 4426:(OH) 4408:(NpO 4396:(OH) 4378:(NpO 4376:OH, 4368:and 4334:(OH) 4255:and 4190:Np(H 4168:ion 4139:Np(H 4117:and 4089:(OH) 4020:(OH) 3852:BaSO 3845:BiPO 3716:and 3616:6.75 3361:and 3237:days 2959:and 2918:and 2902:and 2831:and 2776:clay 2772:soil 2756:tuff 2722:and 2683:per 2533:and 2470:+ 1 2439:6.19 2370:iron 2338:, Np 2327:, Np 2145:Pnma 2134:cI2 2131:tP4 2128:oP8 2035:and 1970:hard 1951:and 1939:and 1892:and 1826:and 1797:edit 1790:talk 1783:view 1662:1.54 1603:mode 1524:and 1248:100 1238:(Pa) 737:Lead 716:Gold 365:Zinc 337:Iron 217:Neon 95:nep- 13392:NpO 13373:NpF 13354:NpF 13286:NpC 13262:NpO 13238:NpF 13193:NpP 13188:NpN 13180:NpI 13164:NpF 11744:at 11713:doi 11625:doi 11429:doi 11417:222 11256:doi 11099:doi 11064:doi 11052:180 11029:doi 10994:doi 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