Net bias - Knowledge

4783:, one of the major ISPs, stated that the current standard procedure for Internet pricing and interconnection has left the company burdened with having to create, maintain, and frequently upgrade an expensive bit transport infrastructure whereas content providers do not have to do the same. However, Rob Frieden points out that the ISPs' practices of net bias, as they are based on a "free rider" consideration, may violate the principles of network freedom or even the peering and transit agreement between ISPs. Based on existing peering and transit agreements made by AT&T, Google is allowed to have its traffic delivered to AT&T subscribers free of charge, and AT&T is compensated for the traffic from other ISPs by the agreements. Moreover, if AT&T penalizes Google's traffic from the various forms of net bias, it would jeopardize the principles of network freedom as well as violate its contractual commitment to its peers and transit customers who have paid for best efforts access to AT&T's networks. 4695:

phenomenal growth, hurting the economy." If, for example, telecommunication network operators blocked data packets of Voice-over-IP services that might substitute their own telephone services, this would not only discriminate against specific firms but also reduce competition and economic welfare. Technically, this would not be a problem. Although data packets are homogeneous with respect to switching and transmission treatment, type, source, and destination can be revealed and data packets be handled differently if a network operator prefers to do so. Another problem is that the type of data that is given preferential treatment is up to the discretion of the ISP. This allows them to move data as they see fit, whether it be through a political, moral, any other such kind of "lens". This goes against the first amendment, the freedom of speech because by stopping certain kinds of information from reaching the end user, they are censoring content. It is not the place of the ISP to censor content from the people.

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adversely impact their incentive to invest in broadband infrastructure and their ability to recoup that investment." There are times when it could make sense, in the eyes of the ISPs, to give preference to one type of content over another. For example, loading a plain text and image website is not nearly as strenuous as loading sites such as Hulu and YouTube. Frieden states that "Some Internet Service Providers (ISPs) seek to diversify the Internet by prioritizing bitstreams and by offering different quality of service guarantees. To some observers, this strategy constitutes harmful discrimination that violates a tradition of network neutrality in the switching, routing, and transmission of Internet traffic." While the QoS argument is that network neutrality rules make allowances for network owners to practice some types of discrimination to protect the functioning of the network.

4876:"Network-level filtering means your Internet service provider – Comcast, AT&T, EarthLink, or whoever you send that monthly check to – could soon start sniffing your digital packets, looking for material that infringes on someone's copyright. "What we are already doing to address piracy hasn't been working. There's no secret there..."" This may be one of the major reasons that ISPs want to be able to discriminate against certain data types. Ever since the dawn of peer-to-peer file sharing, both the MPAA and the RIAA have been hounding ISPs to divulge any and all information relating to file sharing. With the implementation of data discrimination, that file sharing data can be, and will be, thrown to the bottom of the pecking order. This will render any kind of sharing, even the kind that isn't deemed illegal, useless because the transfer speeds will be unusably slow. 4854:

analysis to demonstrate why one company has more market power than another, why would discrimination by companies like Google or Skype be any more acceptable than discrimination by companies like AT&T and Comcast?" During the same hearing, a different member spoke up and quoted Section 230 of the Communications Act saying, "...preserve the vibrant and competitive free market that presently exists for the Internet and other interactive computer services, unfettered by federal or state regulations." essentially saying that there should be laws in place so that the government knows how to handle its authority over the FCC and ISPs. He did not say that these laws are not laws meant for regulating what the FCC does, but how the FCC

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network to protect itself, though it may not be based on content or type of application. For example, network owners want to protect their networks from being damaged. So, some discrimination is allowed to "prevent physical harm to the local Broadband Network caused by any network attachment or network usage." This means that local network operators may not control which types of applications users choose to employ, what type of devices users use to access the network, or which type of legal content users choose to convey or consume. The only allowable restrictions are on applications that cause harm to the local network.

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strategies could work, emphasizing that ISPs should have unregulated pricing freedom, which may lead to promoted innovation, risk tasking, and diverse services and features. In addition, Yoo pointed out that ISPs could offer undropped packets and timely packet delivery even under truly congested conditions when they have the option of offering a premium peak service. Professor Lawrence Lessig also indicates that consumer-tiering, which provides end users with different throughput speeds or permissible volume of traffic, could recoup infrastructure investments and create the necessary incentives for increased investment.

4842:"It has been a very long and drawn out fight, and it has certainly distracted the FCC for the last year. It has distracted the carriers as well, who have spent a lot of time, effort and money in terms of publicly fighting about it and privately fighting about it," says Larry Downes an industry consultant and author..."It is very, very unlikely that AT&T will file suit," said Downes. "They've said publicly and repeatedly that they are comfortable with the net neutrality order and I take that as a pretty strong indication that they are not going to litigate it." 4648:

efficient outcomes, such as creating innovation incentives for ISPs to invest in building and expanding networks. Nevertheless, opponents of net bias claim that allowing price and service discrimination may ruin the value of the Internet and enable ISPs to shut out competitors or other stakeholders who are unwilling or unable to pay surcharges. In other words, when large or powerful ISPs place a disproportionate financial burden on small and less financially sound ISPs and their subscribers by using forms of net bias like

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Press emphasized through its comments to the FCC Notice of Inquiry that specialized services should be provided with fairness, particularly in the vertically integrated environments of the information and telecommunication industry (e.g., Comcast, which has both content and broadband services). Consequently, concerns regarding discrimination raised the need of network neutrality regulations to preserve the open Internet and public interest and enable the Internet industry to survive and succeed.

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create new and possibly lower price points for those users. On the other hand, research shows that price is the most important factor for users, among other factors such as Internet speed, which indicates that broadband users are price-sensitive. Price-sensitivity explains why few consumers like having to think about how much they are using the Internet. In addition, from the users' perspective, one study suggested that consumers might have far less tolerance for

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to the quality of our lives, but also to economic growth around the globe. Based on these notions, forms of net bias have created some concerns regarding discrimination from economic and political perspectives. In other words, unreasonable net bias occurs when an ISP conducts a discrimination strategy against a specific type of packet without a reasonable and fair financial or operational justification.

4869:(FCC) intervened and entered into a consent decree that had Madison River pay a fine of $ 15,000. In this case, the FCC investigated allegations that Madison River violated nondiscriminatory obligations contained in the Communications Act, but the redefinition of broadband as an information service dramatically reduces the authority of regulators to deter this kind of competitive misconduct. 4764:

have the potential to create false congestion by the ISPs. More specifically, advanced Internet protocol technology can allow ISPs to fabricate congestion and drop packets when no real congestion takes place. In addition, existing peering and transit agreements between stakeholders such as small and large ISPs may lack a specific prohibition of deliberate packet loss.

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packets from the former ISP without regard for the identity and marketplace success of that ISP's customers (on a first-come, first-served basis). However, an ISP is more likely to have higher incentives for port blocking when the ISP is vertically and horizontally integrated because those integrated companies attempt to enhance the marketplace attractiveness of

2510:. In addition, the FCC has removed the traditional regulatory burdens for common carriers that provide Internet access and services. These deregulatory initiatives have freed the carriers of having to share and interconnect facilities providing information services. Some proponents of net bias argue that ISPs do not have legal obligation to operate as 4980:

drastic example yet of data discrimination by a U.S. Internet service provider. It involves company computers masquerading as those of its users. Comcast's interference appears to be an aggressive way of managing its network to keep file-sharing traffic from swallowing too much bandwidth and affecting the Internet speeds of other subscribers.

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authority and that the rules violate the company's constitutional rights. The company says that the net neutrality rules modify the terms of existing licenses held by Verizon. Rather than launching a lawsuit that directly challenges the regulations, the company is appealing the rules as an illegal change to their existing licenses.

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because this permission may enable ISPs to choose specific content/applications with respect to their own interests and thereby destroy the nature and value of the today's open Internet. Free Press cautions that specialized services will result in unbalanced and unparalleled economic growth, which is

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also blocks foreign sites for copyright and other reasons. In the U.S., public institutions (e.g. libraries and schools), by law, block material that is related to the exploitation of children, and 'obscene and pornographic' material, unless they do not receive funding. The network filters also block

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The Internet has been historically regarded as an open and "best effort" network. Internet routers must forward packets on a first-come, first-served basis without regard for the analysis of data or content inside the packet. This aspect of the Internet has increased its value, contributing not only

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and that the network's interconnection arrangements result from commercial necessity. Moreover, in terms of establishing the network's interconnection, ISPs argue that they used their resources to maintain and upgrade the network for customers, and so far popular websites have received a "free ride"

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can bring carriers the new revenue streams they are seeking. Accordingly, some of the major ISPs believe that the best way to achieve their goals is through the partitioning of network bandwidth and the prioritizing of bitstreams by offering different QoS. Likewise, some researchers argue that these

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Technological advancements allowed these types of net bias to function, while the technology was not fully matured enough to apply new pricing or QoS schemes in the past. In other words, as network technologies develop, ISPs implemented technological innovations that can prioritize packets and meter

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have their own throttling policy because they are sometimes required to limit users' traffic to maintain the quality of the entire network. Recently, however, throttling has become a controversial issue because some companies infringe upon this policy. For example, AT&T had to pay US$ 850 to one

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on a recurring basis to have unlimited access to a given good or service. This metering scheme not only satisfies ISPs in terms of recovering cost, but also enables users to rethink their usage patterns with a price signal. This pricing plan can benefit low-volume users because metered service might

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provided incentives for companies to integrate vertically and horizontally. As a result, those integrated companies have discrimination incentives such that they may try port blocking or unfair throttling to enhance the marketplace attractiveness of corporate affiliates. From this perspective, Free

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The principle of equal treatment of traffic, called "Net Neutrality" by proponents, is not enshrined in law in the United States but is supported by some regulations. Most of the debate around the issue has centered on tentative plans, now postponed, by large Internet carriers to offer preferential

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arising from political and economic interests. Non-discrimination means that one class of Internet customers may not be favored over another. According to this view, the Internet should continue "to operate in a nondiscriminatory manner, both in terms of how subscribers access and receive Internet

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Comcast Corp. actively interferes with attempts by some of its high-speed Internet subscribers to share files online, a move that runs counter to the tradition of treating all types of Net traffic equally. The interference, which The Associated Press confirmed through nationwide tests, is the most

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At first glance, these principles appear noncontroversial in terms of standards regarding the freedom of the network. However, these principles do not address regulations with respect to the issues of differentiations in pricing, interconnection, and QoS. Further, the unregulated forms of net bias

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includes the deliberate decision by ISPs to deny onward transmission of traffic, or delivery of traffic, to an intended recipient. ISPs do not have a legitimate reason to deny onward packet transmission to specific customers of other ISPs. The ISPs have contractually committed to carry any and all

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and brings a flood of free information to subscribers. However, if major ISPs can freely block and degrade specific traffic streams, there would be societal losses as the Internet becomes more expensive and less productive. Proponents of net bias contend that market-based Internet access achieves

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like AT&T, whose business involves both the Internet and telephony service, needed the new powerful source of revenue because traditional telephony became less profitable and its market share declined. In this situation, the incumbent carriers recognize that the significant profits accrued by

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If widely applied by other ISPs, the technology Comcast is using would be a crippling blow to the BitTorrent, eDonkey and Gnutella file-sharing networks. While these are mainly known as sources of copyright music, software and movies, BitTorrent in particular is emerging as a legitimate tool for

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In a March 2009 Freedom House report on Internet and digital media censorship worldwide, Egypt scored a 45 (out of 100), slightly worse than Turkey but better than Russia. Cuba scored a 90, making it more Net-censored than even Iran, China and Tunisia. Cellphone service is too expensive for most

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During a hearing held by Rep. Greg Walden, one of the speakers put forth a question that needs to be addressed by the FCC, as well as other groups that are in support of Net Neutrality. The speaker said, "If the mere threat of Internet discrimination is such a concern and if the FCC has done no

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Proponents of network neutrality concede that network security is crucial enough to warrant making an exception to a network neutrality rule. Allowing network providers to deviate from neutrality only to the extent necessary to protect network trustworthiness is rooted in judicial and regulatory

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The real threat to an open Internet is at the local network (the ends), where network owners can block information coming in from the inter-network, but it also is at the local network where the most harm can occur. Because of this, network neutrality rules allow some discrimination by the local

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because of a confluence of a software bug in the Authentium personal firewall distributed by Cox Cable to improve customers' security and the way that Craigslist had their servers misconfigured. Save the Internet said this was an intentional act on the part of Cox Cable to protect classified ad

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Verizon Communications filed an appeal against the FCC in the United States Court of Appeals for the DC Circuit on January 20, 2011. The FCC's rules aim to prevent Internet service providers from blocking certain websites or applications. Verizon's appeal claims that the FCC has overstepped its

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It is considered unreasonable for internet service providers to manage traffic by blocking applications or assigning quality of service based on source, destination, or unreasonable application provider payment. Regardless, there are currently no laws prohibiting internet service providers from

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While a broad presumption pertaining to data discrimination is perceived censorship, those in favor of this practice claim that there are benefits. The ISPs are a business, and as such, "...correctly state that external, non-market driven constraints on their ability to price discriminate can

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basis. Users can also obtain attractive content subsidized by advertisers who employ the flat-rate subscription option by adding to the downloaded packet payload. This value proposition provides users with the benefits of the Internet, emphasizing connectivity with less regard for cost-related

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has spoken out on FCC rulings "calling net neutrality the 'free speech issue of our time,'" Franken (D-MN) expressed his displeasure with the FCC's recent net neutrality rules. 'These rules are not strong enough,' he said, pointing out that paid prioritization was not banned and that wireless

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that can provide consumers with greater flexibility and potentially lower bills for low-volume users. Advocates of net bias also argue that combining simple routing with superior service offers options that are no different from the multiple classes of service provided by most airlines or the

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Those who oppose data discrimination say that it hurts the growth of the Internet, as well as the economy that is rooted in the depths of the Internet model. "Instead of promoting competition, such picking of winners and losers will stifle the investment needed to perpetuate the Internet's

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becomes more capable of covering most converged services, and those services require wide bandwidth, high QoS guarantees, and time-sensitivity, ISPs must make substantial investments to the network. Moreover, at the early stage of the Internet's appearance, ISPs were able to concentrate on

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providers would pursue a variety of business arrangements, including data prioritization, exclusive deals, and vertical integration into online content and applications. The report also suggests that government should move cautiously in implementing any changes to current regulations.

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In 2005, the FCC issued a Broadband Policy Statement (also known as the Internet Policy Statement) that offered guidance and insight into its approach to the Internet and broadband consistent with Congress' direction. (FCC) The four principles of this statement are as follows:

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plans do not enable them to cover the additional cost required to manage heavier network traffic. Accordingly, this model may allow ISPs to reach different market segments with different data plans, targeting the different types of needs based on speed tiers, volume

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The idea of network flexibility in pricing, service provisioning, and QoS tends to be based on economic and political considerations. These considerations show that net bias (network flexibility) makes economic sense and may not violate a reasonable expectation of

2487:"connectivity" over "cost" because the government supported the development of the Internet. However, as this support has been removed and ISPs have sought to recoup their investment, cost recovery has become substantially more important to ISPs. In addition, 5774: 2368:, and third party users of throughput when they are required to consider the cost for the amount of traffic. However, from the ISPs' perspective, one study indicates that a usage-based pricing scheme does not cause ISPs' discrimination incentives against 2505:

As the FCC has perceived the need to create more incentives for incumbent carriers to invest in broadband, the commission has taken apart the access requirements and pricing model that force incumbent carriers to offer services at a low rate through the

2309:(QoS) on the Internet. Tiered service allows ISPs to create and manage speed-related subscriber tiers. In other words, this model partitions bandwidth and provides different levels of peering requirements and offers transit clients different amounts of 2237:

Net bias occurs when an ISP drops packets or denies access based on artificially induced conditions such as simulating congestion or blocking packets, despite the fact that ample capacity exists to carry traffic. Examples (models) of net bias include

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blocked access to voices-for-change.ca, a website supporting the company's labour union during a labour dispute, as well as over 600 other websites, for about sixteen hours after pictures were posted on the website of employees crossing the picket

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A network management practice is reasonable if it is appropriate and tailored to achieving a legitimate network management purpose, taking into account the particular network architecture and technology of the broadband Internet access service.

4972:, an English language imageboard from being accessed by its customers. A few days later, on February 7, 2010, Verizon Wireless confirmed that 4chan had been "explicitly blocked", offering no explanation. The block was lifted a few days later. 4960:

In September 2007, Verizon Wireless prevented a pro-choice organization from sending text messages to its members coordinating a public demonstration, despite the fact that the intended recipients had explicitly signed up to receive such

2399:(FCC) ordered the company to stop throttling on a large scale. In particular, this form of net bias frequently targets heavy mobile users who consume large amounts of content (packets), like unlimited data plans. Mobile companies such as 2285:

treatment of traffic from certain content providers for a fee. Network neutrality is a set of rules that forbid network owners from discriminating against independent applications (instead of against competing ISPs, as with open access).

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Network neutrality: Competition, innovation, and nondiscriminatory access : hearing before the Task Force on Telecom and Antitrust on of the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, One Hundred Ninth Congress, second

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To encourage broadband deployment and preserve and promote the open and interconnected nature of the public Internet, consumers are entitled to competition among network providers, application and service providers, and content

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To encourage broadband deployment and preserve and promote the open and interconnected nature of the public Internet, consumers are entitled to run applications and use services of their choice, subject to the needs of law

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qualitative difference between free and toll highways. Consequently, some experts contend that the option of offering network flexibility provides a means for consumers and carriers to utilize premium services.

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Metered service (also called pay-per-use) is another strategy utilized to change Internet pricing other than tiered service. This model represents a usage-based pricing scheme that charges users based on their

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Another important concept for marketers to understand is that of disparate impact. If a discrimination case is brought against your company, the plaintiff would have to show evidence of disparate impact.

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To encourage broadband deployment and preserve and promote the open and interconnected nature of the public Internet, consumers are entitled to connect their choice of legal devices that do not harm the

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Guo, H.; Bandyopadhyay, S.; Cheng, H.K.; Yang, Y. (2009). "Net Neutrality and Vertical Integration of Content and Broadband Services". Warrington College of Business Administration Working Paper Series.

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To encourage broadband deployment and preserve and promote the open and interconnected nature of the public Internet, consumers are entitled to access the lawful Internet content of their choice.

2453:, and can be performed by a computer program or hardware component that intercepts and logs traffic passing over a digital network. There are many technologies for network management such as 7905: 3563: 1146: 5520: 4879:

Center of Digital Democracy (CDD) conducts a study which finds out several internet service providers (ISP) offer advertising companies specific packages for users personal information.

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networks are allowed to discriminate at will. The rules mark the 'first time the FCC has ever allowed discrimination on the Internet' and they 'will create essentially two Internets.'

4930:) blocked all e-mails that mentioned www.dearaol.com, an advocacy campaign opposing the company's pay-to-send e-mail scheme. An AOL spokesman called the issue an unintentional glitch. 5494: 4942:

services offered by its partners. The issue was resolved by correction of the software as well as a change in the network configuration used by Craig's List. Craig's List founder

4668:) may produce. This organization argues that any form of prioritization on the open Internet would bring enormous disadvantages in terms of innovation, competition, investment, 2482:

ISPs have been increasingly investing in the infrastructure necessary to transport the bits and packets that correspond to commercially successful content and services. As the

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transmitted services and how content and other service providers reach subscribers." Every internet user should have equal upload and download capabilities on every network.

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Hwang, J.; Lee, D.; Lee, K. (2010). "Internet Pricing and Network Neutrality: How Internet Pricing Schemes Affect the Incentives of Internet Service Providers".

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data contracts. In response to these complaints from smartphone subscribers, AT&T announced that they would change their policy for unlimited data users.

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Svensson, Peter, and AP T. Writer. "Comcast Blocks some Subscriber Internet Traffic, AP Testing shows." The Associated Press October 20, 2007.

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decisions and administrative rules that helped establish the principle of nondiscrimination as the core of network neutrality. Sen.

144: 7360: 7248: 6991: 3002: 2890: 585: 473: 172: 6806: 5655: 9559: 8895: 7609: 7370: 7198: 7183: 7178: 7024: 6556: 4581: 3267: 3012: 2840: 2825: 2820: 2650: 2589:, some ISPs use a voluntary filter to censor websites that the police (Kripos) believe to contain images of abuse of children. 2164: 850: 595: 423: 408: 403: 233: 5797: 8923: 7504: 7435: 7163: 6827: 6729: 6640: 6298: 5753: 3154: 3085: 2805: 737: 668: 388: 7958: 7253: 7075: 4605: 3624: 2895: 2709: 2219:, which indicates differentiation or discrimination of price and the quality of content or applications on the Internet by 2188: 1207: 478: 292: 6089: 5820: 8604: 8274: 8187: 8078: 7736: 7556: 7188: 7173: 4892:

application is widely given reduced bandwidth or even in some cases blocked entirely. Worldwide, under heavy attack from

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that separates people with easy and robust Internet service access opportunities from those without. One consumer group,

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hosts. While few care about the rights of spammers, this means that legitimate hosts not on the list are often blocked.

8172: 7636: 5123: 3838: 3294: 2436:. Thus, an ISP can engage in port blocking for VoIP traffic when giving preference to an affiliated telephone company. 1421: 877: 6926: 6054: 7810: 7641: 7127: 7105: 6902: 4866: 4800: 3468: 3299: 2761: 2739: 2396: 1051: 882: 344: 322: 124: 6608: 6006: 8956: 8557: 8394: 8294: 7741: 7631: 6866: 4237: 4066: 3960: 3399: 3289: 1820: 1649: 1543: 982: 872: 2594:

sites and material relating to women's health, gay and lesbian rights groups, and sexual education for teenagers.

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them when faced with increasing bandwidth requirements, using systems to distinguish properties of data packets.

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Knieps, G. (2011). "Market Driven Network Neutrality and the Fallacies of Internet Traffic Quality Regulation".

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Shrimali, G. (2008). "Surplus extraction by network providers: Implications for net neutrality and innovation".

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Walden, Greg (February 2011). "REP. GREG WALDEN HOLDS A HEARING ON NETWORK NEUTRALITY/INTERNET REGULATION".

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offering different service plans that may restrict consumers' access to selected material. In June 2007 the

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is a tactic that allows information and telecommunication companies to regulate network traffic and control

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Choi, J.; Kim, B. (2008). "Net Neutrality and Investment Incentives". NET Institute Working Paper 08-03.

4907: 4661: 4425: 4269: 3674: 3257: 3195: 2008: 1852: 1257: 840: 778: 134: 5396:"The Solution: Flexibly package and sell data plans, and better match revenues with network utilization" 2546:. Internet censorship includes the control or suppression of publishing or accessing information on the 9472: 8998: 8846: 7621: 7298: 7029: 4532: 3279: 2940: 2655: 2115: 862: 523: 238: 9602: 9326: 9126: 9104: 8199: 8013: 7910: 7790: 7452: 7420: 7085: 7019: 6347: 5871: 5551: 3865: 3679: 3568: 3448: 3102: 3070: 2719: 2645: 2432:(VoIP) because the company was concerned that the VoIP service might threaten its wireless and wired 2357: 2220: 1448: 1262: 1151: 1031: 685: 653: 302: 228: 6699: 6594: 6541: 6416: 5378: 5307: 9626: 9539: 9421: 9186: 9166: 9062: 8459: 8347: 8194: 7963: 7895: 7718: 7673: 7535: 7415: 7392: 7328: 7258: 7142: 5474:

Nam, C.; Lee, H.; Kim, S.; Kim, T. (2011). "Network Neutrality Debate: an End User's Perspective".

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Users enjoy the high level of value when they are able to access the Internet on an unmetered and

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because ISPs are able to gain sufficient profits for the network investment to meet market needs.

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customer to compensate for slowing down data speeds because they violated the terms of unlimited

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In 2005, a small North Carolina telecom company, Madison River Communications, blocked their

4495: 4455: 4390: 4279: 4227: 4146: 3895: 3659: 3558: 3533: 3528: 3508: 3503: 3498: 3438: 3386: 3346: 3252: 3222: 3112: 2714: 2318: 2078: 2038: 1973: 1862: 1810: 1729: 1478: 1242: 1141: 1116: 1111: 1091: 1086: 1081: 1021: 969: 929: 835: 805: 695: 297: 6028: 5577: 9344: 9196: 9072: 8949: 8680: 8214: 8088: 7915: 7795: 7753: 7703: 7678: 7494: 7457: 7193: 7055: 4368: 3880: 3754: 3573: 3453: 3411: 3361: 3336: 3144: 3107: 2835: 2689: 2578: 2542:

has emerged in response to state sponsored monitoring, surveillance, and censorship of the

2520: 2380: 2329:

that is mainly driven by a small number of heavy users. Moreover, ISPs argue that existing

2243: 1951: 1463: 1337: 1156: 1036: 994: 944: 919: 727: 690: 418: 272: 58: 43: 5962:"Testimony of J. Gregory Sidak Visiting Professor of Law Georgetown University Law Center" 8: 9657: 9499: 9416: 9316: 9251: 9191: 9181: 9176: 9040: 8856: 8717: 8352: 8254: 8234: 8023: 7931: 7885: 7865: 7830: 7723: 7518: 7323: 5324:

Yoo, Christopher S. (August 2006). "Network Neutrality and the Economics of Congestion".

4542: 4405: 4024: 3920: 3900: 3689: 3597: 3543: 3523: 3488: 3381: 3168: 2965: 2533: 2266: 2125: 1988: 1607: 1503: 1483: 1272: 1180: 1126: 1106: 1071: 964: 751: 548: 4806:

The Federal Communications Commission defines reasonable traffic management as follows:

9396: 9381: 9141: 9131: 9114: 8629: 8624: 8614: 8562: 8552: 8527: 8469: 8427: 8337: 8332: 8327: 8239: 7530: 6248: 6179: 5274: 5040: 4776: 4309: 4304: 4294: 4242: 4232: 4207: 4141: 4099: 4009: 4004: 3999: 3905: 3180: 2425: 2384: 2365: 2326: 2306: 2231: 1892: 1887: 1877: 1825: 1815: 1790: 1724: 1682: 1592: 1587: 1582: 1488: 763: 73: 6075: 5170:"Network Neutrality or Bias?--Handicapping the Odds for a Tiered and Branded Internet" 9509: 9446: 9431: 9354: 9336: 9271: 9067: 8983: 8888: 8799: 8727: 8712: 8511: 8454: 8259: 8167: 8058: 7978: 7815: 7110: 6636: 6252: 5916: 5872:"Appropriate Framework for Broadband Access to the Internet over Wireline Facilities" 5749: 5353: 5282: 5278: 5232:

Lee, G. H. (2007). "Network Neutrality Regulation in the Broadband Market in Korea".

5044: 4903: 4574: 4485: 4415: 4400: 4183: 4126: 3925: 3833: 3724: 3644: 3473: 2744: 2574: 2565:

both filter content on the Internet, preventing access to certain types of websites.

2488: 2433: 2251: 2227: 2157: 2068: 1998: 1983: 1766: 1709: 1508: 1416: 1307: 1227: 1056: 327: 78: 63: 6563: 2313:. This model stems from the perception of technical and economic limitations in the 9576: 9436: 9376: 9301: 9286: 9146: 9099: 9008: 9003: 8988: 8851: 8836: 8764: 8685: 8655: 8486: 8322: 8028: 7584: 7579: 7425: 7318: 6439: 6238: 6230: 5906: 5846: 5399: 5266: 5205: 5030: 5022: 4965: 4649: 4644: 4537: 4522: 4450: 4373: 4343: 4158: 3994: 3694: 3242: 3237: 3075: 2960: 2450: 2420: 2392: 2369: 2247: 2120: 2105: 2033: 1956: 1926: 1741: 1577: 1277: 825: 820: 658: 543: 6831: 6150: 5961: 5127: 2317:

industry. As technology develops, the demand for faster and higher performance of

9544: 9534: 9311: 9291: 9206: 9109: 9084: 9079: 9052: 9030: 8942: 8866: 8774: 8670: 8619: 8479: 8464: 8444: 8409: 8122: 8033: 7968: 7758: 7708: 7489: 7343: 6443: 6012: 5995: 4927: 4669: 4552: 4460: 4358: 4299: 4151: 4136: 4116: 4081: 3788: 3699: 3634: 3416: 3366: 3139: 2985: 2446: 2322: 2135: 2043: 1941: 1882: 1734: 1719: 1699: 1664: 1371: 1282: 1217: 999: 949: 722: 568: 6283: 6260: 5895:"Subsidizing Creativity through Network Design: Zero-Pricing and Net Neutrality" 5194:"Subsidizing Creativity through Network Design: Zero-Pricing and Net Neutrality" 4803:

does not permit data discrimination except for "reasonable traffic management".

9586: 9581: 9571: 9494: 9411: 9371: 9321: 9266: 9256: 9241: 9236: 9201: 9156: 9121: 9025: 8974: 8861: 8819: 8789: 8779: 8697: 8690: 8675: 8665: 8501: 8437: 8379: 8374: 8359: 8142: 8137: 8132: 8018: 7953: 7467: 7440: 7288: 7000: 6096: 5013: 4910:, is documenting situations in which ISPs have engaged in data discrimination. 4665: 4657: 4653: 4640: 4547: 4505: 4475: 4465: 4385: 4378: 4363: 4353: 4173: 4109: 4051: 4046: 4031: 3808: 3803: 3798: 3684: 3619: 3117: 3090: 2930: 2614: 2511: 2471: 2298: 2293: 2279: 2239: 2216: 2130: 2088: 2058: 2048: 1968: 1961: 1946: 1936: 1756: 1692: 1634: 1629: 1614: 1391: 1386: 1381: 1267: 1202: 700: 673: 513: 197: 27: 6880:

tests agree with AP: Comcast is forging packets to interfere with user traffic

6234: 5026: 9646: 9524: 9504: 9467: 9441: 9426: 9406: 9386: 9349: 9261: 9221: 9216: 9211: 9089: 8993: 8873: 8496: 8432: 8417: 8279: 8244: 8224: 8095: 8038: 7973: 7365: 7268: 4943: 4865:

customers from using the Vonage VoIP service. Service was restored after the

4559: 4168: 4104: 4089: 3945: 3910: 3890: 3761: 3704: 3639: 3007: 2910: 2361: 2142: 1751: 1687: 1672: 1528: 1493: 1473: 1344: 1287: 1222: 590: 493: 6504:"In the Matter of Preserving the Open Internet Broadband Industry Practices" 5552:"AT&T Adjusts Data-Throttling Policy in Response to Customer Complaints" 9484: 9246: 9231: 8707: 8594: 8422: 8389: 8369: 8299: 8289: 8269: 8249: 7880: 7773: 7768: 7499: 7474: 7333: 7273: 7238: 7208: 6090:"EVERYONE'S GUIDE TO BY-PASSING INTERNET CENSORSHIP FOR CITIZENS WORLDWIDE" 5169: 4395: 4274: 4094: 4061: 4041: 3965: 3955: 3935: 3915: 3538: 3431: 3426: 3149: 3124: 2975: 2915: 2880: 2850: 2562: 1978: 1857: 1677: 1644: 1624: 1548: 1538: 1518: 1498: 1121: 1014: 1009: 732: 707: 558: 498: 463: 433: 4664:, calls attention to a number of disadvantages that specialized services ( 9401: 9171: 9161: 9151: 9047: 8609: 8569: 8537: 8404: 8364: 8204: 8117: 8068: 8043: 7943: 7626: 7355: 7338: 7293: 7213: 6221:

Kruse, Jorn (Jan–Feb 2008). "Network Neutrality and Quality of Service".

5270: 4923: 4893: 4673: 4289: 4249: 4217: 4076: 4036: 3870: 3783: 3734: 3709: 3609: 3284: 2997: 2980: 2935: 2855: 1872: 1832: 1800: 1659: 1619: 1453: 1366: 1317: 1292: 1192: 867: 580: 563: 518: 438: 5911: 5210: 4957:. These claims were verified in October by the EFF and Associated Press. 2250:. These forms of net bias are achieved by technical advancements of the 9519: 9514: 9489: 8883: 8878: 8759: 8754: 8650: 8634: 8491: 8384: 8342: 8304: 8112: 8100: 8073: 8063: 7983: 7382: 7377: 7348: 7283: 7132: 6397: 6243: 5035: 4938: 4704: 4569: 4564: 4445: 4440: 4338: 4314: 4163: 4056: 4014: 3970: 3778: 3766: 3739: 3729: 3649: 3024: 3019: 2990: 2925: 2766: 2551: 2409: 2310: 2152: 2147: 2028: 2023: 1921: 1897: 1746: 1639: 1597: 1553: 1361: 1349: 1322: 1312: 1232: 607: 602: 573: 508: 349: 6657:"Verizon's Net Neutrality Challenge Claims It Violates Their Licenses" 6557:"How to determine whether a traffic management practice is reasonable" 6376: 5689: 9607: 9094: 8784: 8732: 8449: 8048: 7158: 6481: 5124:"The problem: Managing and Profiting from the Growth of Data Traffic" 4934: 4897: 4825: 4635: 4470: 4420: 4121: 3714: 2800: 2566: 2352: 2330: 2314: 2053: 2003: 1704: 1297: 383: 4953:

was found to be preventing or at least severely delaying uploads on

2573:, telecommunication companies block access to websites that depict 9451: 8579: 8506: 8157: 8083: 7988: 7948: 7313: 7308: 7303: 7228: 7223: 7168: 6749:"Digital Redlining: How Internet Service Providers Promote Poverty" 5521:"BitTorrent throttlilng report reveals Comcast is keeping its word" 4259: 4178: 3823: 3749: 3654: 3614: 2955: 2950: 2945: 2870: 2865: 2810: 2547: 2543: 2483: 2335: 2258: 1842: 1761: 1406: 1332: 1237: 1197: 538: 533: 528: 453: 448: 393: 48: 5067:"A First Amendment Case For Internet Broadband Network Neutrality" 2321:

and the customer demand for bandwidth-intensive services, such as

2265:

motivations and backgrounds, which create some concerns regarding

7233: 7137: 7117: 7090: 7065: 6969: 6700:

http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DA-05-543A2.pdf

6679:"AT&T, Sprint, T-Mobile Unlikely To Challenge Net Neutrality" 6501: 4950: 4780: 2875: 2771: 2751: 2724: 2699: 2622: 2590: 2516: 2458: 2400: 2388: 2302: 2262: 458: 354: 334: 307: 282: 205: 4786:

Technical and market convergence as well as deregulation by the

2515:

from these resources. Advocates of net bias also propose lawful

8209: 7218: 7122: 7100: 7095: 7045: 6120: 6025:"Internet Filtering in Singapore in 2004-2005: A Country Study" 4896:, many e-mail servers no longer accept connections except from 4772: 4768: 3875: 2860: 2756: 2734: 2729: 2679: 2586: 2493: 1458: 443: 339: 317: 312: 262: 8219: 7050: 6151:"REGULATORY REFORM AS A TOOL FOR BRIDGING THE DIGITAL DIVIDE" 6139:. Handbook of Telecommunications Economics. pp. 156–190. 5892: 5604:"AT&T vs. the consumer: The throttling controversy grows" 4969: 4915: 3885: 2684: 2582: 2351:

usages. Metered service contrasts with the model of paying a

1468: 267: 4680: 2550:. Data discrimination may also occur on a national level to 2294:

Tiered service (specialized service, bandwidth partitioning)

8965: 8831: 8660: 5936:"The Net Neutrality Dogfight that is Shaking Up Cyberspace" 4517: 4348: 2454: 2100: 1931: 5971:

Visiting Professor of Law Georgetown University Law Center

5852:. SENATE COMMITTEE ON COMMERCE, SCIENCE AND TRANSPORTATION 5773:. Pew Internet & American Life Project. Archived from 4824:

which suggested that it may be beneficial to consumers if

4715: 8934: 6903:"Verizon Rejects Text Messages For Abortion Rights Group" 4862: 4629: 6867:

Comcast Throttles BitTorrent Traffic, Seeding Impossible

6278:. Federal Communications Law Journal. pp. 591–623. 5578:"AT&T Loses Throttling Case, Pays $ 935 to Customer" 5473: 6502:

Federal Communications Commission (December 23, 2010).

5771:"The Audience for Online Video-Sharing Sites Shoots Up" 5656:"AT&T and Apple Admit Deal to Block VoIP on iPhone" 4946:

stated that he believed the blocking was unintentional.

4767:

Many ISPs contend that major content providers such as

4689: 2570: 6276:

Trustworthiness as a Limitation on Network Neutrality

5011:

Frieden, R (2008). "A Primer on Network Neutrality".

2301:

is one of the strategies employed to change Internet

6299:"Comcast Is Trying To Whack Netflix: Sen Al Franken" 2597: 2554:

political, 'immoral' or religious Internet content.

6919: 6807:"Telus cuts subscriber access to pro-union website" 6730:"att-and-other-isps-may-be-getting-ready-to-filter" 6632:

Plunkett's Telecommunications Industry Almanac 2009

5682:"FCC Actions Pushed AT&T to Stop VoIP Blocking" 5425: 5257: 4848: 2492:Internet content and application providers such as 2439: 6180:"Comments of Free Press Regarding Further Inquiry" 6130: 6128: 4794: 8795:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States 6173: 6171: 6027:. OpenNet Initiative. August 2005. Archived from 5713: 5711: 5709: 5707: 5469: 5467: 5465: 5463: 5421: 5419: 5417: 5390: 5388: 5347: 5345: 5343: 5341: 5339: 5253: 5251: 5249: 5247: 5227: 5225: 5223: 5221: 5187: 5185: 5183: 4481:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States 2064:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States 9644: 6324:"Data Discrimination: The Dark Side of Big Data" 5319: 5317: 5163: 5161: 5159: 5157: 5155: 5153: 5151: 5149: 5147: 5145: 5118: 5116: 5114: 8455:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting) 6609:"Full Text Comcast vs FCC Federal Court Ruling" 6125: 5234:Korea Information Society Development Institute 5088: 5086: 5084: 4127:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting) 1710:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting) 7937:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups 6459:International Telecommunications Policy Review 6168: 6078:. Online-Demonstrations-Plattform. April 2002. 5893:Bandyopadhyay, S.; Guo, H.; Cheng, H. (2009). 5704: 5476:International Telecommunications Policy Review 5460: 5428:International Telecommunications Policy Review 5414: 5385: 5336: 5244: 5218: 5180: 3603:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups 2569:has network blocks on more than 100 sites. In 2305:and involves an intent to have flexibility in 1186:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups 8950: 6985: 6894: 6828:"AOL charged with blocking opponents' e-mail" 6201: 6199: 6197: 6051:"UKNOF5: Richard Clayton - Content Filtering" 5314: 5142: 5111: 4606: 2325:, have increased. These situations result in 2189: 166: 5081: 2395:. After Comcast's actions were exposed, the 8153:List of people killed for being transgender 6946: 6771: 5351: 3819:List of people killed for being transgender 2415: 1402:List of people killed for being transgender 9613:Heuristics in judgment and decision-making 8957: 8943: 6992: 6978: 6820: 6478:"FCC to probe Comcast data discrimination" 6373:"At SBC, It's All About "Scale and Scope"" 6194: 5549: 4613: 4599: 2196: 2182: 173: 159: 6927:"Verizon Wireless restores 4chan traffic" 6242: 5910: 5720:"Executive Wants to Charge for Web Speed" 5209: 5191: 5060: 5058: 5056: 5054: 5034: 5006: 5004: 5002: 5000: 4822:Broadband Connectivity Competition Policy 4681:Viewpoint of Pro-discrimination advocates 7249:Social determinants of health in poverty 6830:. ZDNet News. 2006-04-13. Archived from 6799: 6793:"Email Delivery Neutrality Gone Forever" 6790: 6628: 6475: 6429: 6296: 6273: 6267: 6134: 5933: 5743: 5627: 5601: 5092: 2891:Social determinants of health in poverty 2500: 474:Social determinants of health in poverty 6048: 5818: 5653: 5575: 5518: 5167: 5010: 4716:Concerns about political discrimination 2477: 2375: 9645: 6900: 6456: 6205: 6177: 5492: 5095:"Comcast Blocks Some Internet Traffic" 5051: 4997: 4630:Concerns about economic discrimination 2527: 8938: 6973: 6727: 6554: 6220: 5679: 5550:Bonnington, Christina (Mar 1, 2012). 4677:utterly against the public interest. 2338:, and other customizable conditions. 2288: 8919: 7959:Capital punishment for homosexuality 7254:Social determinants of mental health 5746:Law of Internet Security and Privacy 5717: 4984:quickly disseminating legal content. 4690:Argument Against Data Discrimination 3625:Capital punishment for homosexuality 2896:Social determinants of mental health 2575:sexually explicit images of children 2257:The idea of net bias can arise from 1208:Capital punishment for homosexuality 479:Social determinants of mental health 8079:Genital modification and mutilation 6659:. TalkingPointsMemo.com. 2011-01-21 6053:. Open Rights Group. Archived from 5323: 5231: 5064: 4937:'s customers were unable to access 3745:Genital modification and mutilation 1328:Genital modification and mutilation 16:Counter-principle to net neutrality 13: 6999: 6746: 6676: 6635:. Plunkett Research. p. 208. 5844: 5795: 5768: 5258:Krämer, J.; Wiewiorra, L. (2010). 4914:In 2005, Canadian telephone giant 4906:, an advocacy organization led by 14: 9669: 6929:. Wireless Federation. 2010-02-04 5959: 5748:. Aspen Publishers. p. 131. 4867:Federal Communications Commission 4801:Federal Communications Commission 4639:concerns. Likewise, the positive 2598:Concerns regarding discrimination 2397:Federal Communications Commission 2273: 2242:(specialized service), metering, 8918: 8909: 8908: 8558:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 8395:Law for Protection of the Nation 8295:White genocide conspiracy theory 6772:Livingstone, Adam (2006-05-30). 6555:Scott, Jordan (September 2009). 6076:"Internet Censorship in Germany" 5934:Waldmeir, Patti (Mar 23, 2006). 5899:Journal of Economic Perspectives 5819:Hazlett, Thomas (Mar 20, 2006). 5602:Fitchard, Kevin (Mar 14, 2012). 5576:Skelton, Alissa (Mar 17, 2012). 5446:"metered services (pay-per-use)" 5198:Journal of Economic Perspectives 4849:Evidence of Anti-competitiveness 4238:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 4067:Law for Protection of the Nation 3961:White genocide conspiracy theory 2621: 2440:Technical component for net bias 2428:. For example, AT&T blocked 1821:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 1650:Law for Protection of the Nation 1544:White genocide conspiracy theory 204: 8400:MSM blood donation restrictions 8148:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory 6940: 6885: 6872: 6859: 6845: 6784: 6774:"BitTorrent: Shedding no tiers" 6765: 6740: 6721: 6717:. Washington: U.S. G.P.O. 2006. 6704: 6693: 6670: 6649: 6622: 6601: 6548: 6495: 6469: 6450: 6423: 6391: 6365: 6340: 6316: 6290: 6214: 6143: 6114: 6082: 6068: 6042: 6017: 6000: 5983: 5953: 5927: 5886: 5864: 5838: 5812: 5798:"Brief History of the Internet" 5789: 5762: 5737: 5673: 5647: 5628:Svensson, Peter (Mar 1, 2012). 5621: 5595: 5569: 5543: 5512: 5486: 5438: 4795:The FCC and Data Discrimination 4072:MSM blood donation restrictions 3814:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory 1655:MSM blood donation restrictions 1397:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory 8413:(as religious or racial quota) 6949:"Will Cuba Be the Next Egypt?" 5718:Krim, Jonathan (Dec 1, 2005). 5654:Bradley, Tony (Aug 24, 2009). 5265:. SSRN Working Paper 1444423. 5093:Svensson, Peter (2010-10-19). 4832: 4788:Telecommunications Act of 1996 4085:(as religious or racial quota) 2508:Telecommunications Act of 1996 2464: 2215:) is the counter-principle to 1668:(as religious or racial quota) 1: 8827:Second-generation gender bias 8543:Constitutional colorblindness 7244:Social determinants of health 6791:Elosegui, Paul (2006-05-17). 6297:Anderson, Nate (2011-01-20). 5519:Walters, Ray (Oct 21, 2011). 4990: 4513:Second-generation gender bias 4223:Constitutional colorblindness 2886:Social determinants of health 2096:Second-generation gender bias 1806:Constitutional colorblindness 469:Social determinants of health 6947:O'Grady, Mary (2011-02-07). 6476:Svensson, Peter (Jan 2008). 6444:10.1016/j.telpol.2008.06.005 6375:. Free Press. Archived from 6121:http://www.ifea.net/cipa.pdf 5680:Vahey, Moira (Oct 7, 2009). 2449:enables ISPs to monitor the 2430:Voice over Internet Protocol 7: 9479:Déformation professionnelle 8738:Medical model of disability 8590:Hate speech laws by country 6901:Liptak, Adam (2007-09-27). 6049:Charman, Suw (2006-10-26). 5800:. Internet society 20 years 5192:Lee, R. S.; Wu, T. (2009). 4883: 4426:Medical model of disability 4270:Hate speech laws by country 2341: 2009:Medical model of disability 1853:Hate speech laws by country 10: 9674: 9473:Basking in reflected glory 8964: 8847:Social model of disability 7299:Discrimination against men 6728:Stone, Brad (2008-01-08). 6629:Plunkett, Jack W. (2008). 6480:. NBC News. Archived from 6011:February 28, 2008, at the 5994:February 27, 2008, at the 5069:. University of Washington 4933:In February 2006, some of 4799:In the United States, the 4656:, they may exacerbate the 4533:Social model of disability 2941:Discrimination against men 2531: 2277: 2116:Social model of disability 524:Discrimination against men 9621: 9603:Cognitive bias mitigation 9595: 9460: 9335: 8972: 8904: 8643: 8520: 8313: 8200:Opposition to immigration 7924: 7554: 7391: 7151: 7101:Race / Ethnicity 7038: 7007: 6432:Telecommunications Policy 6235:10.1007/s10272-008-0242-2 6208:Political Transcript Wire 5027:10.1007/s10272-008-0237-z 3866:Opposition to immigration 2735:Race / Ethnicity 1449:Opposition to immigration 318:Race / Ethnicity 9187:Illusion of transparency 8195:Occupational segregation 7964:Compulsory sterilization 6853:"Silicon Valley Watcher" 6274:Burstein, Aaron (2009). 6137:Broadband communications 5744:Connolly, Kevin (2003). 5398:. OPENET. Archived from 5168:Frieden, Robert (2006). 5126:. OPENET. Archived from 4818:Federal Trade Commission 3861:Occupational segregation 3630:Compulsory sterilization 2416:Blocking (port blocking) 2223:. Similar terms include 1444:Occupational segregation 1213:Compulsory sterilization 8723:Internalized oppression 8585:Fighting Discrimination 8575:Fat acceptance movement 8533:Anti-discrimination law 8173:Native American mascots 6953:The Wall Street Journal 6681:. TalkingPointsMemo.com 5493:Kellex (Sep 16, 2011). 4411:Internalized oppression 4265:Fighting Discrimination 4255:Fat acceptance movement 4213:Anti-discrimination law 3839:Native American mascots 2585:was being blocked. In 2358:unsolicited advertising 1994:Internalized oppression 1848:Fighting Discrimination 1838:Fat acceptance movement 1796:Anti-discrimination law 1422:Native American mascots 8842:Social identity threat 8815:Reverse discrimination 8805:Racial color blindness 8285:Violence against women 8265:Sex-selective abortion 6809:. CBC News. 2005-07-24 6589:Cite journal requires 6562:. TPRC. Archived from 6536:Cite journal requires 6411:Cite journal requires 5373:Cite journal requires 5326:Georgetown Law Journal 5302:Cite journal requires 4813: 4528:Social identity threat 4501:Reverse discrimination 4491:Racial color blindness 3951:Violence against women 3931:Sex-selective abortion 2540:freedom of information 2319:communication networks 2111:Social identity threat 2084:Reverse discrimination 2074:Racial color blindness 1534:Violence against women 1514:Sex-selective abortion 64:Internet Protocol (IP) 54:Deep packet inspection 22:Part of a series about 9555:Arab–Israeli conflict 9282:Social influence bias 9227:Out-group homogeneity 8810:Religious intolerance 8770:Political correctness 8600:Intersex human rights 8548:Cultural assimilation 8230:Religious persecution 7994:Disability hate crime 7769:Jewish / Antisemitism 6135:Crandall, R. (2005). 5176:. Working Paper 1755. 4964:On February 4, 2010, 4808: 4496:Religious intolerance 4456:Political correctness 4280:Intersex human rights 4228:Cultural assimilation 3896:Religious persecution 3660:Disability hate crime 3427:Jewish / Antisemitism 2501:Political motivations 2079:Religious intolerance 2039:Political correctness 1863:Intersex human rights 1811:Cultural assimilation 1479:Religious persecution 1243:Disability hate crime 1010:Jewish / Antisemitism 9197:Mere-exposure effect 9127:Extrinsic incentives 9073:Selective perception 8215:Political repression 7204:Anti-left handedness 7194:Anti-intellectualism 6882:, OCTOBER 19TH, 2007 6516:on February 18, 2011 6509:: 48. Archived from 6484:on February 27, 2015 5271:10.2139/ssrn.1444423 5174:Bepress Legal Series 3881:Political repression 2846:Anti-left handedness 2836:Anti-intellectualism 2579:United Arab Emirates 2521:price discrimination 2478:Economic motivations 2426:corporate affiliates 2381:Bandwidth throttling 2376:Bandwidth throttling 2244:bandwidth throttling 2225:data discrimination, 1464:Political repression 429:Anti-left handedness 419:Anti-intellectualism 92:By country or region 59:End-to-end principle 44:Bandwidth throttling 9422:Social desirability 9317:von Restorff effect 9192:Mean world syndrome 9167:Hostile attribution 8718:Historical eugenics 8255:Segregation academy 8235:Religious terrorism 8024:Enemy of the people 7932:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric 7436:Jehovah's Witnesses 7324:Perpetual foreigner 6677:Marcus, Stephanie. 6328:www.madmarketer.com 6102:on October 29, 2008 5912:10.1257/jep.23.3.61 5821:"Neutering the net" 5724:The Washington Post 5692:on 19 December 2013 5211:10.1257/jep.23.3.61 5099:The Washington Post 4406:Historical eugenics 3921:Segregation academy 3901:Religious terrorism 3690:Enemy of the people 3598:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric 3086:Jehovah's Witnesses 2966:Perpetual foreigner 2534:Internet censorship 2528:Internet censorship 2267:data discrimination 1989:Historical eugenics 1504:Segregation academy 1484:Religious terrorism 1273:Enemy of the people 1181:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric 669:Jehovah's Witnesses 549:Perpetual foreigner 9337:Statistical biases 9115:Curse of knowledge 8630:Social integration 8625:Self-determination 8615:Racial integration 8563:Diversity training 8553:Cultural pluralism 8528:Affirmative action 8428:Racial segregation 8338:Crime of apartheid 8240:Religious violence 7733:Indigenous people 7128:Sexual orientation 6747:Tveten, Julianne. 6348:"Policy Statement" 5845:Lessig, Lawrence. 5402:on 30 January 2013 5130:on 31 January 2013 4310:Social integration 4305:Self-determination 4295:Racial integration 4243:Diversity training 4233:Cultural pluralism 4208:Affirmative action 4100:Racial segregation 4010:Crime of apartheid 3906:Religious violence 3391:Indigenous people 2762:Sexual orientation 2489:incumbent carriers 2385:network congestion 2366:banner advertising 2327:network congestion 2307:quality of service 2289:Models of net bias 2232:network management 1893:Social integration 1888:Self-determination 1878:Racial integration 1826:Diversity training 1816:Cultural pluralism 1791:Affirmative action 1683:Racial segregation 1593:Crime of apartheid 1489:Religious violence 974:Indigenous people 345:Sexual orientation 74:Net neutrality law 9640: 9639: 9277:Social comparison 9058:Choice-supportive 8932: 8931: 8800:Racism by country 8728:Intersectionality 8713:Heteronormativity 8512:Voter suppression 8260:Sexual harassment 8059:Forced conversion 7979:Cultural genocide 7632:African Americans 7446:post–Cold War era 7431:Eastern Orthodoxy 7189:Anti-drug addicts 7184:Anti-homelessness 7111:Scientific racism 6642:978-1-59392-141-5 5755:978-0-7355-4273-0 4904:Save The Internet 4645:transaction costs 4623: 4622: 4486:Racism by country 4416:Intersectionality 4401:Heteronormativity 4184:Voter suppression 3926:Sexual harassment 3725:Forced conversion 3645:Cultural genocide 3290:African Americans 3096:post–Cold War era 3081:Eastern Orthodoxy 2831:Anti-drug addicts 2826:Anti-homelessness 2745:Scientific racism 2434:telephony service 2370:content providers 2252:Internet Protocol 2228:digital redlining 2206: 2205: 2069:Racism by country 1999:Intersectionality 1984:Heteronormativity 1767:Voter suppression 1509:Sexual harassment 1308:Forced conversion 1228:Cultural genocide 873:African Americans 679:post–Cold War era 664:Eastern Orthodoxy 414:Anti-drug addicts 409:Anti-homelessness 328:Scientific racism 183: 182: 79:Search neutrality 36:Topics and issues 9665: 9437:Systematic error 9392:Omitted-variable 9307:Trait ascription 9147:Frog pond effect 8975:Cognitive biases 8959: 8952: 8945: 8936: 8935: 8922: 8921: 8912: 8911: 8852:Social privilege 8837:Social exclusion 8765:Police brutality 8686:Multiculturalism 8656:Amatonormativity 8487:Social exclusion 8323:Age of candidacy 8123:Homeless dumping 8029:Ethnic cleansing 6994: 6987: 6980: 6971: 6970: 6964: 6963: 6961: 6959: 6944: 6938: 6937: 6935: 6934: 6923: 6917: 6916: 6914: 6913: 6898: 6892: 6889: 6883: 6876: 6870: 6863: 6857: 6856: 6849: 6843: 6842: 6840: 6839: 6824: 6818: 6817: 6815: 6814: 6803: 6797: 6796: 6788: 6782: 6781: 6769: 6763: 6762: 6760: 6759: 6744: 6738: 6737: 6725: 6719: 6718: 6708: 6702: 6697: 6691: 6690: 6688: 6686: 6674: 6668: 6667: 6665: 6664: 6653: 6647: 6646: 6626: 6620: 6619: 6617: 6616: 6605: 6599: 6598: 6592: 6587: 6585: 6577: 6575: 6574: 6568: 6561: 6552: 6546: 6545: 6539: 6534: 6532: 6524: 6522: 6521: 6515: 6508: 6499: 6493: 6492: 6490: 6489: 6473: 6467: 6466: 6454: 6448: 6447: 6427: 6421: 6420: 6414: 6409: 6407: 6399: 6395: 6389: 6388: 6386: 6384: 6379:on 14 March 2012 6369: 6363: 6362: 6360: 6358: 6352: 6344: 6338: 6337: 6335: 6334: 6320: 6314: 6313: 6311: 6309: 6294: 6288: 6287: 6271: 6265: 6264: 6246: 6218: 6212: 6211: 6203: 6192: 6191: 6189: 6187: 6175: 6166: 6165: 6163: 6161: 6155: 6147: 6141: 6140: 6132: 6123: 6118: 6112: 6111: 6109: 6107: 6101: 6095:. Archived from 6094: 6086: 6080: 6079: 6072: 6066: 6065: 6063: 6062: 6046: 6040: 6039: 6037: 6036: 6021: 6015: 6004: 5998: 5987: 5981: 5980: 5978: 5976: 5969:J. Gregory Sidak 5966: 5960:Sidak, Gregory. 5957: 5951: 5950: 5948: 5946: 5931: 5925: 5924: 5914: 5890: 5884: 5883: 5881: 5879: 5868: 5862: 5861: 5859: 5857: 5851: 5842: 5836: 5835: 5833: 5831: 5816: 5810: 5809: 5807: 5805: 5793: 5787: 5786: 5784: 5782: 5766: 5760: 5759: 5741: 5735: 5734: 5732: 5730: 5715: 5702: 5701: 5699: 5697: 5688:. Archived from 5677: 5671: 5670: 5668: 5666: 5651: 5645: 5644: 5642: 5640: 5625: 5619: 5618: 5616: 5614: 5599: 5593: 5592: 5590: 5588: 5573: 5567: 5566: 5564: 5562: 5547: 5541: 5540: 5538: 5536: 5531:on 28 April 2012 5527:. Archived from 5516: 5510: 5509: 5507: 5505: 5490: 5484: 5483: 5471: 5458: 5457: 5455: 5453: 5442: 5436: 5435: 5423: 5412: 5411: 5409: 5407: 5392: 5383: 5382: 5376: 5371: 5369: 5361: 5349: 5334: 5333: 5321: 5312: 5311: 5305: 5300: 5298: 5290: 5264: 5255: 5242: 5241: 5229: 5216: 5215: 5213: 5189: 5178: 5177: 5165: 5140: 5139: 5137: 5135: 5120: 5109: 5108: 5106: 5105: 5090: 5079: 5078: 5076: 5074: 5062: 5049: 5048: 5038: 5008: 4966:Verizon Wireless 4949:In August 2007, 4820:(FTC) published 4615: 4608: 4601: 4538:Social privilege 4523:Social exclusion 4451:Police brutality 4374:Multiculturalism 4344:Amatonormativity 4159:Social exclusion 3995:Age of candidacy 3789:Homeless dumping 3695:Ethnic cleansing 2625: 2602: 2601: 2451:Internet traffic 2393:P2P file sharing 2323:streaming videos 2198: 2191: 2184: 2121:Social privilege 2106:Social exclusion 2034:Police brutality 1957:Multiculturalism 1927:Amatonormativity 1742:Social exclusion 1578:Age of candidacy 1372:Homeless dumping 1278:Ethnic cleansing 208: 185: 184: 175: 168: 161: 148: 30: 19: 18: 9673: 9672: 9668: 9667: 9666: 9664: 9663: 9662: 9643: 9642: 9641: 9636: 9617: 9591: 9456: 9331: 9312:Turkey illusion 9080:Compassion fade 8977: 8968: 8963: 8933: 8928: 8900: 8775:Polyculturalism 8671:Civil liberties 8639: 8620:Reappropriation 8521:Countermeasures 8516: 8445:Racial steering 8411:Numerus clausus 8315: 8309: 8034:Ethnic conflict 7969:Corrective rape 7920: 7550: 7505:minority Muslim 7387: 7279:HIV/AIDS stigma 7147: 7096:Mental disorder 7034: 7003: 6998: 6968: 6967: 6957: 6955: 6945: 6941: 6932: 6930: 6925: 6924: 6920: 6911: 6909: 6899: 6895: 6890: 6886: 6877: 6873: 6869:August 17, 2007 6864: 6860: 6851: 6850: 6846: 6837: 6835: 6826: 6825: 6821: 6812: 6810: 6805: 6804: 6800: 6789: 6785: 6770: 6766: 6757: 6755: 6745: 6741: 6726: 6722: 6710: 6709: 6705: 6698: 6694: 6684: 6682: 6675: 6671: 6662: 6660: 6655: 6654: 6650: 6643: 6627: 6623: 6614: 6612: 6607: 6606: 6602: 6590: 6588: 6579: 6578: 6572: 6570: 6566: 6559: 6553: 6549: 6537: 6535: 6526: 6525: 6519: 6517: 6513: 6506: 6500: 6496: 6487: 6485: 6474: 6470: 6455: 6451: 6428: 6424: 6412: 6410: 6401: 6400: 6396: 6392: 6382: 6380: 6371: 6370: 6366: 6356: 6354: 6350: 6346: 6345: 6341: 6332: 6330: 6322: 6321: 6317: 6307: 6305: 6295: 6291: 6272: 6268: 6219: 6215: 6204: 6195: 6185: 6183: 6176: 6169: 6159: 6157: 6153: 6149: 6148: 6144: 6133: 6126: 6119: 6115: 6105: 6103: 6099: 6092: 6088: 6087: 6083: 6074: 6073: 6069: 6060: 6058: 6047: 6043: 6034: 6032: 6023: 6022: 6018: 6013:Wayback Machine 6005: 6001: 5996:Wayback Machine 5988: 5984: 5974: 5972: 5967:. Testimony of 5964: 5958: 5954: 5944: 5942: 5940:Financial Times 5932: 5928: 5891: 5887: 5877: 5875: 5870: 5869: 5865: 5855: 5853: 5849: 5843: 5839: 5829: 5827: 5825:Financial Times 5817: 5813: 5803: 5801: 5796:Leiner, Barry. 5794: 5790: 5780: 5778: 5777:on 13 July 2012 5767: 5763: 5756: 5742: 5738: 5728: 5726: 5716: 5705: 5695: 5693: 5678: 5674: 5664: 5662: 5652: 5648: 5638: 5636: 5626: 5622: 5612: 5610: 5600: 5596: 5586: 5584: 5574: 5570: 5560: 5558: 5548: 5544: 5534: 5532: 5517: 5513: 5503: 5501: 5491: 5487: 5472: 5461: 5451: 5449: 5444: 5443: 5439: 5424: 5415: 5405: 5403: 5394: 5393: 5386: 5374: 5372: 5363: 5362: 5350: 5337: 5322: 5315: 5303: 5301: 5292: 5291: 5262: 5256: 5245: 5230: 5219: 5190: 5181: 5166: 5143: 5133: 5131: 5122: 5121: 5112: 5103: 5101: 5091: 5082: 5072: 5070: 5065:Bagwell, Dana. 5063: 5052: 5009: 4998: 4993: 4928:America On Line 4922:In April 2006, 4888:Worldwide, the 4886: 4872:As Anti-Piracy 4851: 4835: 4797: 4718: 4692: 4683: 4670:consumer choice 4666:tiered services 4654:tiered services 4632: 4619: 4590: 4589: 4588: 4587: 4586: 4461:Polyculturalism 4359:Civil liberties 4331: 4323: 4322: 4321: 4320: 4319: 4300:Reappropriation 4200: 4199:Countermeasures 4192: 4191: 4190: 4189: 4188: 4117:Racial steering 4083:Numerus clausus 3987: 3979: 3978: 3977: 3976: 3975: 3700:Ethnic conflict 3635:Corrective rape 3590: 3582: 3581: 3580: 3579: 3578: 3215: 3204: 3203: 3202: 3201: 3200: 3155:minority Muslim 3043: 3033: 3032: 3031: 3030: 3029: 2921:HIV/AIDS stigma 2793: 2785: 2784: 2783: 2782: 2781: 2730:Mental disorder 2672: 2664: 2663: 2662: 2661: 2660: 2633: 2600: 2538:The concept of 2536: 2530: 2512:common carriers 2503: 2480: 2467: 2447:Packet analysis 2442: 2418: 2378: 2344: 2296: 2291: 2282: 2276: 2202: 2173: 2172: 2171: 2170: 2169: 2044:Polyculturalism 1942:Civil liberties 1914: 1906: 1905: 1904: 1903: 1902: 1883:Reappropriation 1783: 1782:Countermeasures 1775: 1774: 1773: 1772: 1771: 1700:Racial steering 1666:Numerus clausus 1570: 1562: 1561: 1560: 1559: 1558: 1283:Ethnic conflict 1218:Corrective rape 1173: 1165: 1164: 1163: 1162: 1161: 798: 787: 786: 785: 784: 783: 738:minority Muslim 626: 616: 615: 614: 613: 612: 504:HIV/AIDS stigma 376: 368: 367: 366: 365: 364: 313:Mental disorder 255: 247: 246: 245: 244: 243: 216: 179: 139: 84:Tiered Internet 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9671: 9661: 9660: 9655: 9653:Net neutrality 9638: 9637: 9635: 9634: 9629: 9622: 9619: 9618: 9616: 9615: 9610: 9605: 9599: 9597: 9596:Bias reduction 9593: 9592: 9590: 9589: 9584: 9579: 9574: 9572:Political bias 9569: 9564: 9563: 9562: 9557: 9552: 9547: 9542: 9537: 9532: 9527: 9517: 9512: 9507: 9502: 9500:Infrastructure 9497: 9492: 9487: 9482: 9475: 9470: 9464: 9462: 9458: 9457: 9455: 9454: 9449: 9444: 9439: 9434: 9429: 9424: 9419: 9417:Self-selection 9414: 9409: 9404: 9399: 9394: 9389: 9384: 9379: 9374: 9369: 9368: 9367: 9357: 9352: 9347: 9341: 9339: 9333: 9332: 9330: 9329: 9324: 9319: 9314: 9309: 9304: 9299: 9294: 9289: 9284: 9279: 9274: 9269: 9264: 9259: 9254: 9252:Pro-innovation 9249: 9244: 9239: 9237:Overton window 9234: 9229: 9224: 9219: 9214: 9209: 9204: 9199: 9194: 9189: 9184: 9179: 9174: 9169: 9164: 9159: 9154: 9149: 9144: 9139: 9134: 9129: 9124: 9119: 9118: 9117: 9107: 9105:Dunning–Kruger 9102: 9097: 9092: 9087: 9082: 9077: 9076: 9075: 9065: 9060: 9055: 9050: 9045: 9044: 9043: 9033: 9028: 9023: 9022: 9021: 9019:Correspondence 9016: 9014:Actor–observer 9006: 9001: 8996: 8991: 8986: 8980: 8978: 8973: 8970: 8969: 8962: 8961: 8954: 8947: 8939: 8930: 8929: 8927: 8926: 8916: 8905: 8902: 8901: 8899: 8898: 8893: 8892: 8891: 8881: 8876: 8871: 8870: 8869: 8864: 8859: 8849: 8844: 8839: 8834: 8829: 8824: 8823: 8822: 8820:Reverse racism 8812: 8807: 8802: 8797: 8792: 8790:Prisoner abuse 8787: 8782: 8780:Power distance 8777: 8772: 8767: 8762: 8757: 8752: 8747: 8746: 8745: 8735: 8730: 8725: 8720: 8715: 8710: 8705: 8700: 8698:Ethnic penalty 8695: 8694: 8693: 8691:Neurodiversity 8688: 8678: 8676:Dehumanization 8673: 8668: 8666:Cisnormativity 8663: 8658: 8653: 8647: 8645: 8644:Related topics 8641: 8640: 8638: 8637: 8632: 8627: 8622: 8617: 8612: 8607: 8602: 8597: 8592: 8587: 8582: 8577: 8572: 8567: 8566: 8565: 8555: 8550: 8545: 8540: 8535: 8530: 8524: 8522: 8518: 8517: 8515: 8514: 8509: 8504: 8502:State religion 8499: 8494: 8489: 8484: 8483: 8482: 8477: 8472: 8467: 8457: 8452: 8447: 8442: 8441: 8440: 8438:Nuremberg Laws 8435: 8425: 8420: 8415: 8407: 8402: 8397: 8392: 8387: 8382: 8380:Ghetto benches 8377: 8375:Gerrymandering 8372: 8367: 8362: 8360:Gender pay gap 8357: 8356: 8355: 8350: 8340: 8335: 8330: 8325: 8319: 8317: 8314:Discriminatory 8311: 8310: 8308: 8307: 8302: 8297: 8292: 8287: 8282: 8277: 8272: 8267: 8262: 8257: 8252: 8247: 8242: 8237: 8232: 8227: 8222: 8217: 8212: 8207: 8202: 8197: 8192: 8191: 8190: 8185: 8180: 8170: 8165: 8160: 8155: 8150: 8145: 8143:Lavender scare 8140: 8138:Kill Haole Day 8135: 8133:Indian rolling 8130: 8125: 8120: 8115: 8110: 8109: 8108: 8098: 8093: 8092: 8091: 8081: 8076: 8071: 8066: 8061: 8056: 8051: 8046: 8041: 8036: 8031: 8026: 8021: 8019:Eliminationism 8016: 8011: 8006: 8001: 7996: 7991: 7986: 7981: 7976: 7971: 7966: 7961: 7956: 7954:Cancel culture 7951: 7946: 7941: 7940: 7939: 7928: 7926: 7925:Manifestations 7922: 7921: 7919: 7918: 7913: 7908: 7903: 7898: 7893: 7888: 7883: 7878: 7873: 7868: 7863: 7858: 7853: 7848: 7843: 7838: 7833: 7828: 7823: 7818: 7813: 7811:Middle Eastern 7808: 7803: 7798: 7793: 7788: 7783: 7778: 7777: 7776: 7766: 7761: 7756: 7751: 7750: 7749: 7744: 7739: 7731: 7726: 7721: 7716: 7711: 7706: 7701: 7696: 7691: 7686: 7681: 7676: 7671: 7666: 7661: 7656: 7651: 7646: 7645: 7644: 7639: 7634: 7624: 7619: 7614: 7613: 7612: 7607: 7602: 7592: 7587: 7582: 7577: 7572: 7567: 7561: 7559: 7552: 7551: 7549: 7548: 7546:Zoroastrianism 7543: 7538: 7533: 7528: 7523: 7522: 7521: 7511: 7510: 7509: 7508: 7507: 7502: 7497: 7492: 7487: 7472: 7471: 7470: 7468:Untouchability 7465: 7455: 7450: 7449: 7448: 7443: 7438: 7433: 7428: 7418: 7413: 7408: 7403: 7397: 7395: 7389: 7388: 7386: 7385: 7380: 7375: 7374: 7373: 7368: 7363: 7353: 7352: 7351: 7346: 7336: 7331: 7326: 7321: 7316: 7311: 7306: 7301: 7296: 7291: 7289:Leprosy stigma 7286: 7281: 7276: 7271: 7266: 7261: 7256: 7251: 7246: 7241: 7236: 7231: 7226: 7221: 7216: 7211: 7206: 7201: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7181: 7176: 7171: 7166: 7161: 7155: 7153: 7149: 7148: 7146: 7145: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7125: 7120: 7115: 7114: 7113: 7108: 7098: 7093: 7088: 7083: 7078: 7073: 7068: 7063: 7058: 7053: 7048: 7042: 7040: 7036: 7035: 7033: 7032: 7027: 7022: 7017: 7011: 7009: 7005: 7004: 7001:Discrimination 6997: 6996: 6989: 6982: 6974: 6966: 6965: 6939: 6918: 6907:New York Times 6893: 6884: 6871: 6865:TorrentFreak. 6858: 6844: 6819: 6798: 6783: 6764: 6739: 6734:New York Times 6720: 6703: 6692: 6669: 6648: 6641: 6621: 6600: 6591:|journal= 6547: 6538:|journal= 6494: 6468: 6449: 6438:(8): 545–558. 6422: 6413:|journal= 6390: 6364: 6339: 6315: 6289: 6266: 6223:Intereconomics 6213: 6193: 6167: 6142: 6124: 6113: 6081: 6067: 6041: 6016: 5999: 5982: 5952: 5926: 5885: 5863: 5837: 5811: 5788: 5769:Madden, Mary. 5761: 5754: 5736: 5703: 5672: 5646: 5620: 5594: 5568: 5542: 5511: 5485: 5459: 5437: 5413: 5384: 5375:|journal= 5335: 5313: 5304:|journal= 5243: 5217: 5179: 5141: 5110: 5080: 5050: 5014:Intereconomics 4995: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4988: 4987: 4986: 4985: 4977: 4973: 4962: 4958: 4947: 4931: 4920: 4885: 4882: 4881: 4880: 4877: 4850: 4847: 4846: 4845: 4844: 4843: 4834: 4831: 4796: 4793: 4761: 4760: 4759: 4758: 4751: 4750: 4749: 4748: 4741: 4740: 4739: 4738: 4731: 4730: 4729: 4728: 4717: 4714: 4691: 4688: 4682: 4679: 4658:digital divide 4641:network effect 4631: 4628: 4621: 4620: 4618: 4617: 4610: 4603: 4595: 4592: 4591: 4585: 4584: 4579: 4578: 4577: 4567: 4562: 4557: 4556: 4555: 4550: 4545: 4535: 4530: 4525: 4520: 4515: 4510: 4509: 4508: 4506:Reverse racism 4498: 4493: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4476:Prisoner abuse 4473: 4468: 4466:Power distance 4463: 4458: 4453: 4448: 4443: 4438: 4435: 4434: 4433: 4423: 4418: 4413: 4408: 4403: 4398: 4393: 4388: 4386:Ethnic penalty 4383: 4382: 4381: 4379:Neurodiversity 4376: 4366: 4364:Dehumanization 4361: 4356: 4354:Cisnormativity 4351: 4346: 4341: 4335: 4334: 4333: 4332: 4330:Related topics 4329: 4328: 4325: 4324: 4318: 4317: 4312: 4307: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4277: 4272: 4267: 4262: 4257: 4252: 4247: 4246: 4245: 4235: 4230: 4225: 4220: 4215: 4210: 4204: 4203: 4202: 4201: 4198: 4197: 4194: 4193: 4187: 4186: 4181: 4176: 4174:State religion 4171: 4166: 4161: 4156: 4155: 4154: 4149: 4144: 4139: 4129: 4124: 4119: 4114: 4113: 4112: 4110:Nuremberg Laws 4107: 4097: 4092: 4087: 4079: 4074: 4069: 4064: 4059: 4054: 4052:Ghetto benches 4049: 4047:Gerrymandering 4044: 4039: 4034: 4032:Gender pay gap 4029: 4028: 4027: 4022: 4012: 4007: 4002: 3997: 3991: 3990: 3989: 3988: 3985: 3984: 3981: 3980: 3974: 3973: 3968: 3963: 3958: 3953: 3948: 3943: 3938: 3933: 3928: 3923: 3918: 3913: 3908: 3903: 3898: 3893: 3888: 3883: 3878: 3873: 3868: 3863: 3858: 3857: 3856: 3851: 3846: 3836: 3831: 3826: 3821: 3816: 3811: 3809:Lavender scare 3806: 3804:Kill Haole Day 3801: 3799:Indian rolling 3796: 3791: 3786: 3781: 3776: 3775: 3774: 3764: 3759: 3758: 3757: 3747: 3742: 3737: 3732: 3727: 3722: 3717: 3712: 3707: 3702: 3697: 3692: 3687: 3685:Eliminationism 3682: 3677: 3672: 3667: 3662: 3657: 3652: 3647: 3642: 3637: 3632: 3627: 3622: 3620:Cancel culture 3617: 3612: 3607: 3606: 3605: 3594: 3593: 3592: 3591: 3589:Manifestations 3588: 3587: 3584: 3583: 3577: 3576: 3571: 3566: 3561: 3556: 3551: 3546: 3541: 3536: 3531: 3526: 3521: 3516: 3511: 3506: 3501: 3496: 3491: 3486: 3481: 3476: 3471: 3469:Middle Eastern 3466: 3461: 3456: 3451: 3446: 3441: 3436: 3435: 3434: 3424: 3419: 3414: 3409: 3408: 3407: 3402: 3397: 3389: 3384: 3379: 3374: 3369: 3364: 3359: 3354: 3349: 3344: 3339: 3334: 3329: 3324: 3319: 3314: 3309: 3304: 3303: 3302: 3297: 3292: 3282: 3277: 3272: 3271: 3270: 3265: 3260: 3250: 3245: 3240: 3235: 3230: 3225: 3219: 3218: 3217: 3216: 3210: 3209: 3206: 3205: 3199: 3198: 3196:Zoroastrianism 3193: 3188: 3183: 3178: 3173: 3172: 3171: 3161: 3160: 3159: 3158: 3157: 3152: 3147: 3142: 3137: 3122: 3121: 3120: 3118:Untouchability 3115: 3105: 3100: 3099: 3098: 3093: 3088: 3083: 3078: 3068: 3063: 3058: 3053: 3047: 3046: 3045: 3044: 3039: 3038: 3035: 3034: 3028: 3027: 3022: 3017: 3016: 3015: 3010: 3005: 2995: 2994: 2993: 2988: 2978: 2973: 2968: 2963: 2958: 2953: 2948: 2943: 2938: 2933: 2931:Leprosy stigma 2928: 2923: 2918: 2913: 2908: 2903: 2898: 2893: 2888: 2883: 2878: 2873: 2868: 2863: 2858: 2853: 2848: 2843: 2838: 2833: 2828: 2823: 2818: 2813: 2808: 2803: 2797: 2796: 2795: 2794: 2791: 2790: 2787: 2786: 2780: 2779: 2774: 2769: 2764: 2759: 2754: 2749: 2748: 2747: 2742: 2732: 2727: 2722: 2717: 2712: 2707: 2702: 2697: 2692: 2687: 2682: 2676: 2675: 2674: 2673: 2670: 2669: 2666: 2665: 2659: 2658: 2653: 2648: 2643: 2637: 2636: 2635: 2634: 2631: 2630: 2627: 2626: 2618: 2617: 2615:Discrimination 2611: 2610: 2599: 2596: 2532:Main article: 2529: 2526: 2502: 2499: 2479: 2476: 2472:net neutrality 2466: 2463: 2441: 2438: 2417: 2414: 2377: 2374: 2343: 2340: 2299:Tiered service 2295: 2292: 2290: 2287: 2280:Net neutrality 2278:Main article: 2275: 2274:Net neutrality 2272: 2240:tiered service 2217:net neutrality 2204: 2203: 2201: 2200: 2193: 2186: 2178: 2175: 2174: 2168: 2167: 2162: 2161: 2160: 2150: 2145: 2140: 2139: 2138: 2133: 2128: 2118: 2113: 2108: 2103: 2098: 2093: 2092: 2091: 2089:Reverse racism 2081: 2076: 2071: 2066: 2061: 2059:Prisoner abuse 2056: 2051: 2049:Power distance 2046: 2041: 2036: 2031: 2026: 2021: 2018: 2017: 2016: 2006: 2001: 1996: 1991: 1986: 1981: 1976: 1971: 1969:Ethnic penalty 1966: 1965: 1964: 1962:Neurodiversity 1959: 1949: 1947:Dehumanization 1944: 1939: 1937:Cisnormativity 1934: 1929: 1924: 1918: 1917: 1916: 1915: 1913:Related topics 1912: 1911: 1908: 1907: 1901: 1900: 1895: 1890: 1885: 1880: 1875: 1870: 1865: 1860: 1855: 1850: 1845: 1840: 1835: 1830: 1829: 1828: 1818: 1813: 1808: 1803: 1798: 1793: 1787: 1786: 1785: 1784: 1781: 1780: 1777: 1776: 1770: 1769: 1764: 1759: 1757:State religion 1754: 1749: 1744: 1739: 1738: 1737: 1732: 1727: 1722: 1712: 1707: 1702: 1697: 1696: 1695: 1693:Nuremberg Laws 1690: 1680: 1675: 1670: 1662: 1657: 1652: 1647: 1642: 1637: 1635:Ghetto benches 1632: 1630:Gerrymandering 1627: 1622: 1617: 1615:Gender pay gap 1612: 1611: 1610: 1605: 1595: 1590: 1585: 1580: 1574: 1573: 1572: 1571: 1568: 1567: 1564: 1563: 1557: 1556: 1551: 1546: 1541: 1536: 1531: 1526: 1521: 1516: 1511: 1506: 1501: 1496: 1491: 1486: 1481: 1476: 1471: 1466: 1461: 1456: 1451: 1446: 1441: 1440: 1439: 1434: 1429: 1419: 1414: 1409: 1404: 1399: 1394: 1392:Lavender scare 1389: 1387:Kill Haole Day 1384: 1382:Indian rolling 1379: 1374: 1369: 1364: 1359: 1358: 1357: 1347: 1342: 1341: 1340: 1330: 1325: 1320: 1315: 1310: 1305: 1300: 1295: 1290: 1285: 1280: 1275: 1270: 1268:Eliminationism 1265: 1260: 1255: 1250: 1245: 1240: 1235: 1230: 1225: 1220: 1215: 1210: 1205: 1203:Cancel culture 1200: 1195: 1190: 1189: 1188: 1177: 1176: 1175: 1174: 1172:Manifestations 1171: 1170: 1167: 1166: 1160: 1159: 1154: 1149: 1144: 1139: 1134: 1129: 1124: 1119: 1114: 1109: 1104: 1099: 1094: 1089: 1084: 1079: 1074: 1069: 1064: 1059: 1054: 1052:Middle Eastern 1049: 1044: 1039: 1034: 1029: 1024: 1019: 1018: 1017: 1007: 1002: 997: 992: 991: 990: 985: 980: 972: 967: 962: 957: 952: 947: 942: 937: 932: 927: 922: 917: 912: 907: 902: 897: 892: 887: 886: 885: 880: 875: 865: 860: 855: 854: 853: 848: 843: 833: 828: 823: 818: 813: 808: 802: 801: 800: 799: 793: 792: 789: 788: 782: 781: 779:Zoroastrianism 776: 771: 766: 761: 756: 755: 754: 744: 743: 742: 741: 740: 735: 730: 725: 720: 705: 704: 703: 701:Untouchability 698: 688: 683: 682: 681: 676: 671: 666: 661: 651: 646: 641: 636: 630: 629: 628: 627: 622: 621: 618: 617: 611: 610: 605: 600: 599: 598: 593: 588: 578: 577: 576: 571: 561: 556: 551: 546: 541: 536: 531: 526: 521: 516: 514:Leprosy stigma 511: 506: 501: 496: 491: 486: 481: 476: 471: 466: 461: 456: 451: 446: 441: 436: 431: 426: 421: 416: 411: 406: 401: 396: 391: 386: 380: 379: 378: 377: 374: 373: 370: 369: 363: 362: 357: 352: 347: 342: 337: 332: 331: 330: 325: 315: 310: 305: 300: 295: 290: 285: 280: 275: 270: 265: 259: 258: 257: 256: 253: 252: 249: 248: 242: 241: 236: 231: 226: 220: 219: 218: 217: 214: 213: 210: 209: 201: 200: 198:Discrimination 194: 193: 181: 180: 178: 177: 170: 163: 155: 152: 151: 150: 149: 137: 132: 127: 122: 117: 115:European Union 112: 107: 102: 94: 93: 89: 88: 87: 86: 81: 76: 71: 66: 61: 56: 51: 46: 38: 37: 33: 32: 29:Net neutrality 24: 23: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9670: 9659: 9656: 9654: 9651: 9650: 9648: 9633: 9630: 9628: 9624: 9623: 9620: 9614: 9611: 9609: 9606: 9604: 9601: 9600: 9598: 9594: 9588: 9585: 9583: 9580: 9578: 9575: 9573: 9570: 9568: 9565: 9561: 9558: 9556: 9553: 9551: 9550:United States 9548: 9546: 9543: 9541: 9538: 9536: 9533: 9531: 9528: 9526: 9525:False balance 9523: 9522: 9521: 9518: 9516: 9513: 9511: 9508: 9506: 9503: 9501: 9498: 9496: 9493: 9491: 9488: 9486: 9483: 9481: 9480: 9476: 9474: 9471: 9469: 9466: 9465: 9463: 9459: 9453: 9450: 9448: 9445: 9443: 9440: 9438: 9435: 9433: 9430: 9428: 9425: 9423: 9420: 9418: 9415: 9413: 9410: 9408: 9405: 9403: 9400: 9398: 9397:Participation 9395: 9393: 9390: 9388: 9385: 9383: 9380: 9378: 9375: 9373: 9370: 9366: 9365:Psychological 9363: 9362: 9361: 9358: 9356: 9353: 9351: 9348: 9346: 9343: 9342: 9340: 9338: 9334: 9328: 9325: 9323: 9320: 9318: 9315: 9313: 9310: 9308: 9305: 9303: 9300: 9298: 9295: 9293: 9290: 9288: 9285: 9283: 9280: 9278: 9275: 9273: 9270: 9268: 9265: 9263: 9260: 9258: 9255: 9253: 9250: 9248: 9245: 9243: 9240: 9238: 9235: 9233: 9230: 9228: 9225: 9223: 9220: 9218: 9215: 9213: 9210: 9208: 9205: 9203: 9200: 9198: 9195: 9193: 9190: 9188: 9185: 9183: 9180: 9178: 9175: 9173: 9170: 9168: 9165: 9163: 9160: 9158: 9155: 9153: 9150: 9148: 9145: 9143: 9140: 9138: 9135: 9133: 9132:Fading affect 9130: 9128: 9125: 9123: 9120: 9116: 9113: 9112: 9111: 9108: 9106: 9103: 9101: 9098: 9096: 9093: 9091: 9088: 9086: 9083: 9081: 9078: 9074: 9071: 9070: 9069: 9066: 9064: 9061: 9059: 9056: 9054: 9051: 9049: 9046: 9042: 9039: 9038: 9037: 9034: 9032: 9029: 9027: 9024: 9020: 9017: 9015: 9012: 9011: 9010: 9007: 9005: 9002: 9000: 8997: 8995: 8992: 8990: 8987: 8985: 8982: 8981: 8979: 8976: 8971: 8967: 8960: 8955: 8953: 8948: 8946: 8941: 8940: 8937: 8925: 8917: 8915: 8907: 8906: 8903: 8897: 8894: 8890: 8887: 8886: 8885: 8882: 8880: 8877: 8875: 8874:Social stigma 8872: 8868: 8865: 8863: 8860: 8858: 8855: 8854: 8853: 8850: 8848: 8845: 8843: 8840: 8838: 8835: 8833: 8830: 8828: 8825: 8821: 8818: 8817: 8816: 8813: 8811: 8808: 8806: 8803: 8801: 8798: 8796: 8793: 8791: 8788: 8786: 8783: 8781: 8778: 8776: 8773: 8771: 8768: 8766: 8763: 8761: 8758: 8756: 8753: 8751: 8748: 8744: 8741: 8740: 8739: 8736: 8734: 8731: 8729: 8726: 8724: 8721: 8719: 8716: 8714: 8711: 8709: 8706: 8704: 8701: 8699: 8696: 8692: 8689: 8687: 8684: 8683: 8682: 8679: 8677: 8674: 8672: 8669: 8667: 8664: 8662: 8659: 8657: 8654: 8652: 8649: 8648: 8646: 8642: 8636: 8633: 8631: 8628: 8626: 8623: 8621: 8618: 8616: 8613: 8611: 8608: 8606: 8603: 8601: 8598: 8596: 8593: 8591: 8588: 8586: 8583: 8581: 8578: 8576: 8573: 8571: 8568: 8564: 8561: 8560: 8559: 8556: 8554: 8551: 8549: 8546: 8544: 8541: 8539: 8536: 8534: 8531: 8529: 8526: 8525: 8523: 8519: 8513: 8510: 8508: 8505: 8503: 8500: 8498: 8497:State atheism 8495: 8493: 8490: 8488: 8485: 8481: 8478: 8476: 8473: 8471: 8468: 8466: 8463: 8462: 8461: 8458: 8456: 8453: 8451: 8448: 8446: 8443: 8439: 8436: 8434: 8433:Jim Crow laws 8431: 8430: 8429: 8426: 8424: 8421: 8419: 8418:One-drop rule 8416: 8414: 8412: 8408: 8406: 8403: 8401: 8398: 8396: 8393: 8391: 8388: 8386: 8383: 8381: 8378: 8376: 8373: 8371: 8368: 8366: 8363: 8361: 8358: 8354: 8351: 8349: 8346: 8345: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8336: 8334: 8333:Blood quantum 8331: 8329: 8326: 8324: 8321: 8320: 8318: 8312: 8306: 8303: 8301: 8298: 8296: 8293: 8291: 8288: 8286: 8283: 8281: 8280:Victimisation 8278: 8276: 8275:Trans bashing 8273: 8271: 8268: 8266: 8263: 8261: 8258: 8256: 8253: 8251: 8248: 8246: 8245:Religious war 8243: 8241: 8238: 8236: 8233: 8231: 8228: 8226: 8225:Racialization 8223: 8221: 8218: 8216: 8213: 8211: 8208: 8206: 8203: 8201: 8198: 8196: 8193: 8189: 8186: 8184: 8181: 8179: 8176: 8175: 8174: 8171: 8169: 8166: 8164: 8161: 8159: 8156: 8154: 8151: 8149: 8146: 8144: 8141: 8139: 8136: 8134: 8131: 8129: 8126: 8124: 8121: 8119: 8116: 8114: 8111: 8107: 8104: 8103: 8102: 8099: 8097: 8096:Glass ceiling 8094: 8090: 8087: 8086: 8085: 8082: 8080: 8077: 8075: 8072: 8070: 8067: 8065: 8062: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8052: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8040: 8039:Ethnic hatred 8037: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8025: 8022: 8020: 8017: 8015: 8012: 8010: 8007: 8005: 8002: 8000: 7997: 7995: 7992: 7990: 7987: 7985: 7982: 7980: 7977: 7975: 7974:Counter-jihad 7972: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7962: 7960: 7957: 7955: 7952: 7950: 7947: 7945: 7942: 7938: 7935: 7934: 7933: 7930: 7929: 7927: 7923: 7917: 7914: 7912: 7909: 7907: 7904: 7902: 7899: 7897: 7894: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7877: 7874: 7872: 7869: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7859: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7849: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7837: 7834: 7832: 7829: 7827: 7824: 7822: 7819: 7817: 7814: 7812: 7809: 7807: 7804: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7794: 7792: 7789: 7787: 7784: 7782: 7779: 7775: 7772: 7771: 7770: 7767: 7765: 7762: 7760: 7757: 7755: 7752: 7748: 7747:United States 7745: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7735: 7734: 7732: 7730: 7727: 7725: 7722: 7720: 7717: 7715: 7712: 7710: 7707: 7705: 7702: 7700: 7697: 7695: 7692: 7690: 7687: 7685: 7682: 7680: 7677: 7675: 7672: 7670: 7667: 7665: 7662: 7660: 7657: 7655: 7652: 7650: 7647: 7643: 7640: 7638: 7635: 7633: 7630: 7629: 7628: 7625: 7623: 7620: 7618: 7615: 7611: 7610:United States 7608: 7606: 7603: 7601: 7598: 7597: 7596: 7593: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7563: 7562: 7560: 7558: 7553: 7547: 7544: 7542: 7539: 7537: 7534: 7532: 7531:Protestantism 7529: 7527: 7524: 7520: 7517: 7516: 7515: 7512: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7482: 7481: 7478: 7477: 7476: 7473: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7460: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7447: 7444: 7442: 7441:LDS or Mormon 7439: 7437: 7434: 7432: 7429: 7427: 7424: 7423: 7422: 7419: 7417: 7414: 7412: 7409: 7407: 7404: 7402: 7399: 7398: 7396: 7394: 7390: 7384: 7381: 7379: 7376: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7366:Transmisogyny 7364: 7362: 7359: 7358: 7357: 7354: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7342: 7341: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7317: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7280: 7277: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7269:Gerontophobia 7267: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7199:Anti-intersex 7197: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7174:Anti-albinism 7172: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7156: 7154: 7150: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7104: 7103: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7043: 7041: 7037: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7015:Institutional 7013: 7012: 7010: 7006: 7002: 6995: 6990: 6988: 6983: 6981: 6976: 6975: 6972: 6954: 6950: 6943: 6928: 6922: 6908: 6904: 6897: 6888: 6881: 6875: 6868: 6862: 6854: 6848: 6834:on 2006-06-17 6833: 6829: 6823: 6808: 6802: 6794: 6787: 6779: 6775: 6768: 6754: 6750: 6743: 6735: 6731: 6724: 6716: 6715: 6707: 6701: 6696: 6680: 6673: 6658: 6652: 6644: 6638: 6634: 6633: 6625: 6610: 6604: 6596: 6583: 6569:on 2012-01-28 6565: 6558: 6551: 6543: 6530: 6512: 6505: 6498: 6483: 6479: 6472: 6464: 6460: 6453: 6445: 6441: 6437: 6433: 6426: 6418: 6405: 6394: 6378: 6374: 6368: 6349: 6343: 6329: 6325: 6319: 6304: 6300: 6293: 6285: 6281: 6277: 6270: 6262: 6258: 6254: 6250: 6245: 6240: 6236: 6232: 6228: 6224: 6217: 6209: 6202: 6200: 6198: 6181: 6174: 6172: 6152: 6146: 6138: 6131: 6129: 6122: 6117: 6098: 6091: 6085: 6077: 6071: 6057:on 2008-05-16 6056: 6052: 6045: 6031:on 2015-03-18 6030: 6026: 6020: 6014: 6010: 6007: 6003: 5997: 5993: 5990: 5986: 5970: 5963: 5956: 5941: 5937: 5930: 5922: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5904: 5900: 5896: 5889: 5873: 5867: 5848: 5841: 5826: 5822: 5815: 5799: 5792: 5776: 5772: 5765: 5757: 5751: 5747: 5740: 5725: 5721: 5714: 5712: 5710: 5708: 5691: 5687: 5683: 5676: 5661: 5657: 5650: 5635: 5634:HUFFPOST Tech 5631: 5624: 5609: 5605: 5598: 5583: 5582:Mashable Tech 5579: 5572: 5557: 5553: 5546: 5530: 5526: 5522: 5515: 5500: 5496: 5489: 5481: 5477: 5470: 5468: 5466: 5464: 5447: 5441: 5433: 5429: 5422: 5420: 5418: 5401: 5397: 5391: 5389: 5380: 5367: 5359: 5355: 5348: 5346: 5344: 5342: 5340: 5331: 5327: 5320: 5318: 5309: 5296: 5288: 5284: 5280: 5276: 5272: 5268: 5261: 5254: 5252: 5250: 5248: 5239: 5235: 5228: 5226: 5224: 5222: 5212: 5207: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5188: 5186: 5184: 5175: 5171: 5164: 5162: 5160: 5158: 5156: 5154: 5152: 5150: 5148: 5146: 5129: 5125: 5119: 5117: 5115: 5100: 5096: 5089: 5087: 5085: 5068: 5061: 5059: 5057: 5055: 5046: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5015: 5007: 5005: 5003: 5001: 4996: 4982: 4981: 4978: 4974: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4945: 4944:Craig Newmark 4940: 4936: 4932: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4912: 4911: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4878: 4875: 4874: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4864: 4859: 4857: 4841: 4840: 4837: 4836: 4830: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4812: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4792: 4789: 4784: 4782: 4778: 4774: 4770: 4765: 4755: 4754: 4753: 4752: 4745: 4744: 4743: 4742: 4735: 4734: 4733: 4732: 4726: 4725: 4724: 4723: 4722: 4713: 4709: 4706: 4700: 4696: 4687: 4678: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4650:port blocking 4646: 4642: 4637: 4627: 4616: 4611: 4609: 4604: 4602: 4597: 4596: 4594: 4593: 4583: 4580: 4576: 4573: 4572: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4560:Social stigma 4558: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4540: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4507: 4504: 4503: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4436: 4432: 4429: 4428: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4417: 4414: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4389: 4387: 4384: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4372: 4371: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4336: 4327: 4326: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4281: 4278: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4248: 4244: 4241: 4240: 4239: 4236: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4226: 4224: 4221: 4219: 4216: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4206: 4205: 4196: 4195: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4177: 4175: 4172: 4170: 4169:State atheism 4167: 4165: 4162: 4160: 4157: 4153: 4150: 4148: 4145: 4143: 4140: 4138: 4135: 4134: 4133: 4130: 4128: 4125: 4123: 4120: 4118: 4115: 4111: 4108: 4106: 4105:Jim Crow laws 4103: 4102: 4101: 4098: 4096: 4093: 4091: 4090:One-drop rule 4088: 4086: 4084: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4070: 4068: 4065: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4045: 4043: 4040: 4038: 4035: 4033: 4030: 4026: 4023: 4021: 4018: 4017: 4016: 4013: 4011: 4008: 4006: 4005:Blood quantum 4003: 4001: 3998: 3996: 3993: 3992: 3983: 3982: 3972: 3969: 3967: 3964: 3962: 3959: 3957: 3954: 3952: 3949: 3947: 3946:Victimisation 3944: 3942: 3941:Trans bashing 3939: 3937: 3934: 3932: 3929: 3927: 3924: 3922: 3919: 3917: 3914: 3912: 3911:Religious war 3909: 3907: 3904: 3902: 3899: 3897: 3894: 3892: 3891:Racialization 3889: 3887: 3884: 3882: 3879: 3877: 3874: 3872: 3869: 3867: 3864: 3862: 3859: 3855: 3852: 3850: 3847: 3845: 3842: 3841: 3840: 3837: 3835: 3832: 3830: 3827: 3825: 3822: 3820: 3817: 3815: 3812: 3810: 3807: 3805: 3802: 3800: 3797: 3795: 3792: 3790: 3787: 3785: 3782: 3780: 3777: 3773: 3770: 3769: 3768: 3765: 3763: 3762:Glass ceiling 3760: 3756: 3753: 3752: 3751: 3748: 3746: 3743: 3741: 3738: 3736: 3733: 3731: 3728: 3726: 3723: 3721: 3718: 3716: 3713: 3711: 3708: 3706: 3705:Ethnic hatred 3703: 3701: 3698: 3696: 3693: 3691: 3688: 3686: 3683: 3681: 3678: 3676: 3673: 3671: 3668: 3666: 3663: 3661: 3658: 3656: 3653: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3641: 3640:Counter-jihad 3638: 3636: 3633: 3631: 3628: 3626: 3623: 3621: 3618: 3616: 3613: 3611: 3608: 3604: 3601: 3600: 3599: 3596: 3595: 3586: 3585: 3575: 3572: 3570: 3567: 3565: 3562: 3560: 3557: 3555: 3552: 3550: 3547: 3545: 3542: 3540: 3537: 3535: 3532: 3530: 3527: 3525: 3522: 3520: 3517: 3515: 3512: 3510: 3507: 3505: 3502: 3500: 3497: 3495: 3492: 3490: 3487: 3485: 3482: 3480: 3477: 3475: 3472: 3470: 3467: 3465: 3462: 3460: 3457: 3455: 3452: 3450: 3447: 3445: 3442: 3440: 3437: 3433: 3430: 3429: 3428: 3425: 3423: 3420: 3418: 3415: 3413: 3410: 3406: 3405:United States 3403: 3401: 3398: 3396: 3393: 3392: 3390: 3388: 3385: 3383: 3380: 3378: 3375: 3373: 3370: 3368: 3365: 3363: 3360: 3358: 3355: 3353: 3350: 3348: 3345: 3343: 3340: 3338: 3335: 3333: 3330: 3328: 3325: 3323: 3320: 3318: 3315: 3313: 3310: 3308: 3305: 3301: 3298: 3296: 3293: 3291: 3288: 3287: 3286: 3283: 3281: 3278: 3276: 3273: 3269: 3268:United States 3266: 3264: 3261: 3259: 3256: 3255: 3254: 3251: 3249: 3246: 3244: 3241: 3239: 3236: 3234: 3231: 3229: 3226: 3224: 3221: 3220: 3214: 3208: 3207: 3197: 3194: 3192: 3189: 3187: 3184: 3182: 3181:Protestantism 3179: 3177: 3174: 3170: 3167: 3166: 3165: 3162: 3156: 3153: 3151: 3148: 3146: 3143: 3141: 3138: 3136: 3133: 3132: 3131: 3128: 3127: 3126: 3123: 3119: 3116: 3114: 3111: 3110: 3109: 3106: 3104: 3101: 3097: 3094: 3092: 3091:LDS or Mormon 3089: 3087: 3084: 3082: 3079: 3077: 3074: 3073: 3072: 3069: 3067: 3064: 3062: 3059: 3057: 3054: 3052: 3049: 3048: 3042: 3037: 3036: 3026: 3023: 3021: 3018: 3014: 3011: 3009: 3008:Transmisogyny 3006: 3004: 3001: 3000: 2999: 2996: 2992: 2989: 2987: 2984: 2983: 2982: 2979: 2977: 2974: 2972: 2969: 2967: 2964: 2962: 2959: 2957: 2954: 2952: 2949: 2947: 2944: 2942: 2939: 2937: 2934: 2932: 2929: 2927: 2924: 2922: 2919: 2917: 2914: 2912: 2911:Gerontophobia 2909: 2907: 2904: 2902: 2899: 2897: 2894: 2892: 2889: 2887: 2884: 2882: 2879: 2877: 2874: 2872: 2869: 2867: 2864: 2862: 2859: 2857: 2854: 2852: 2849: 2847: 2844: 2842: 2841:Anti-intersex 2839: 2837: 2834: 2832: 2829: 2827: 2824: 2822: 2819: 2817: 2816:Anti-albinism 2814: 2812: 2809: 2807: 2804: 2802: 2799: 2798: 2789: 2788: 2778: 2775: 2773: 2770: 2768: 2765: 2763: 2760: 2758: 2755: 2753: 2750: 2746: 2743: 2741: 2738: 2737: 2736: 2733: 2731: 2728: 2726: 2723: 2721: 2718: 2716: 2713: 2711: 2708: 2706: 2703: 2701: 2698: 2696: 2693: 2691: 2688: 2686: 2683: 2681: 2678: 2677: 2668: 2667: 2657: 2654: 2652: 2649: 2647: 2644: 2642: 2641:Institutional 2639: 2638: 2629: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2619: 2616: 2613: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2603: 2595: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2557:For example, 2555: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2535: 2525: 2522: 2518: 2513: 2509: 2498: 2495: 2490: 2485: 2475: 2473: 2462: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2437: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2422: 2421:Port blocking 2413: 2411: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2373: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2354: 2350: 2339: 2337: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2286: 2281: 2271: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2255: 2253: 2249: 2248:port blocking 2245: 2241: 2235: 2233: 2229: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2199: 2194: 2192: 2187: 2185: 2180: 2179: 2177: 2176: 2166: 2163: 2159: 2156: 2155: 2154: 2151: 2149: 2146: 2144: 2143:Social stigma 2141: 2137: 2134: 2132: 2129: 2127: 2124: 2123: 2122: 2119: 2117: 2114: 2112: 2109: 2107: 2104: 2102: 2099: 2097: 2094: 2090: 2087: 2086: 2085: 2082: 2080: 2077: 2075: 2072: 2070: 2067: 2065: 2062: 2060: 2057: 2055: 2052: 2050: 2047: 2045: 2042: 2040: 2037: 2035: 2032: 2030: 2027: 2025: 2022: 2019: 2015: 2012: 2011: 2010: 2007: 2005: 2002: 2000: 1997: 1995: 1992: 1990: 1987: 1985: 1982: 1980: 1977: 1975: 1972: 1970: 1967: 1963: 1960: 1958: 1955: 1954: 1953: 1950: 1948: 1945: 1943: 1940: 1938: 1935: 1933: 1930: 1928: 1925: 1923: 1920: 1919: 1910: 1909: 1899: 1896: 1894: 1891: 1889: 1886: 1884: 1881: 1879: 1876: 1874: 1871: 1869: 1866: 1864: 1861: 1859: 1856: 1854: 1851: 1849: 1846: 1844: 1841: 1839: 1836: 1834: 1831: 1827: 1824: 1823: 1822: 1819: 1817: 1814: 1812: 1809: 1807: 1804: 1802: 1799: 1797: 1794: 1792: 1789: 1788: 1779: 1778: 1768: 1765: 1763: 1760: 1758: 1755: 1753: 1752:State atheism 1750: 1748: 1745: 1743: 1740: 1736: 1733: 1731: 1728: 1726: 1723: 1721: 1718: 1717: 1716: 1713: 1711: 1708: 1706: 1703: 1701: 1698: 1694: 1691: 1689: 1688:Jim Crow laws 1686: 1685: 1684: 1681: 1679: 1676: 1674: 1673:One-drop rule 1671: 1669: 1667: 1663: 1661: 1658: 1656: 1653: 1651: 1648: 1646: 1643: 1641: 1638: 1636: 1633: 1631: 1628: 1626: 1623: 1621: 1618: 1616: 1613: 1609: 1606: 1604: 1601: 1600: 1599: 1596: 1594: 1591: 1589: 1588:Blood quantum 1586: 1584: 1581: 1579: 1576: 1575: 1566: 1565: 1555: 1552: 1550: 1547: 1545: 1542: 1540: 1537: 1535: 1532: 1530: 1529:Victimisation 1527: 1525: 1524:Trans bashing 1522: 1520: 1517: 1515: 1512: 1510: 1507: 1505: 1502: 1500: 1497: 1495: 1494:Religious war 1492: 1490: 1487: 1485: 1482: 1480: 1477: 1475: 1474:Racialization 1472: 1470: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1460: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1445: 1442: 1438: 1435: 1433: 1430: 1428: 1425: 1424: 1423: 1420: 1418: 1415: 1413: 1410: 1408: 1405: 1403: 1400: 1398: 1395: 1393: 1390: 1388: 1385: 1383: 1380: 1378: 1375: 1373: 1370: 1368: 1365: 1363: 1360: 1356: 1353: 1352: 1351: 1348: 1346: 1345:Glass ceiling 1343: 1339: 1336: 1335: 1334: 1331: 1329: 1326: 1324: 1321: 1319: 1316: 1314: 1311: 1309: 1306: 1304: 1301: 1299: 1296: 1294: 1291: 1289: 1288:Ethnic hatred 1286: 1284: 1281: 1279: 1276: 1274: 1271: 1269: 1266: 1264: 1261: 1259: 1256: 1254: 1251: 1249: 1246: 1244: 1241: 1239: 1236: 1234: 1231: 1229: 1226: 1224: 1223:Counter-jihad 1221: 1219: 1216: 1214: 1211: 1209: 1206: 1204: 1201: 1199: 1196: 1194: 1191: 1187: 1184: 1183: 1182: 1179: 1178: 1169: 1168: 1158: 1155: 1153: 1150: 1148: 1145: 1143: 1140: 1138: 1135: 1133: 1130: 1128: 1125: 1123: 1120: 1118: 1115: 1113: 1110: 1108: 1105: 1103: 1100: 1098: 1095: 1093: 1090: 1088: 1085: 1083: 1080: 1078: 1075: 1073: 1070: 1068: 1065: 1063: 1060: 1058: 1055: 1053: 1050: 1048: 1045: 1043: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1033: 1030: 1028: 1025: 1023: 1020: 1016: 1013: 1012: 1011: 1008: 1006: 1003: 1001: 998: 996: 993: 989: 988:United States 986: 984: 981: 979: 976: 975: 973: 971: 968: 966: 963: 961: 958: 956: 953: 951: 948: 946: 943: 941: 938: 936: 933: 931: 928: 926: 923: 921: 918: 916: 913: 911: 908: 906: 903: 901: 898: 896: 893: 891: 888: 884: 881: 879: 876: 874: 871: 870: 869: 866: 864: 861: 859: 856: 852: 851:United States 849: 847: 844: 842: 839: 838: 837: 834: 832: 829: 827: 824: 822: 819: 817: 814: 812: 809: 807: 804: 803: 797: 791: 790: 780: 777: 775: 772: 770: 767: 765: 764:Protestantism 762: 760: 757: 753: 750: 749: 748: 745: 739: 736: 734: 731: 729: 726: 724: 721: 719: 716: 715: 714: 711: 710: 709: 706: 702: 699: 697: 694: 693: 692: 689: 687: 684: 680: 677: 675: 674:LDS or Mormon 672: 670: 667: 665: 662: 660: 657: 656: 655: 652: 650: 647: 645: 642: 640: 637: 635: 632: 631: 625: 620: 619: 609: 606: 604: 601: 597: 594: 592: 591:Transmisogyny 589: 587: 584: 583: 582: 579: 575: 572: 570: 567: 566: 565: 562: 560: 557: 555: 552: 550: 547: 545: 542: 540: 537: 535: 532: 530: 527: 525: 522: 520: 517: 515: 512: 510: 507: 505: 502: 500: 497: 495: 494:Gerontophobia 492: 490: 487: 485: 482: 480: 477: 475: 472: 470: 467: 465: 462: 460: 457: 455: 452: 450: 447: 445: 442: 440: 437: 435: 432: 430: 427: 425: 424:Anti-intersex 422: 420: 417: 415: 412: 410: 407: 405: 402: 400: 399:Anti-albinism 397: 395: 392: 390: 387: 385: 382: 381: 372: 371: 361: 358: 356: 353: 351: 348: 346: 343: 341: 338: 336: 333: 329: 326: 324: 321: 320: 319: 316: 314: 311: 309: 306: 304: 301: 299: 296: 294: 291: 289: 286: 284: 281: 279: 276: 274: 271: 269: 266: 264: 261: 260: 251: 250: 240: 237: 235: 232: 230: 227: 225: 224:Institutional 222: 221: 212: 211: 207: 203: 202: 199: 196: 195: 191: 187: 186: 176: 171: 169: 164: 162: 157: 156: 154: 153: 146: 142: 141:United States 138: 136: 133: 131: 128: 126: 123: 121: 118: 116: 113: 111: 108: 106: 103: 101: 98: 97: 96: 95: 91: 90: 85: 82: 80: 77: 75: 72: 70: 67: 65: 62: 60: 57: 55: 52: 50: 47: 45: 42: 41: 40: 39: 35: 34: 31: 26: 25: 21: 20: 9566: 9510:In education 9477: 9461:Other biases 9447:Verification 9432:Survivorship 9382:Non-response 9355:Healthy user 9297:Substitution 9272:Self-serving 9068:Confirmation 9036:Availability 8984:Acquiescence 8749: 8708:Gender-blind 8595:Human rights 8423:Racial quota 8410: 8390:Jewish quota 8370:Gerontocracy 8365:Gender roles 8343:Disabilities 8328:Blood purity 8300:Wife selling 8290:White flight 8270:Slut-shaming 8250:Scapegoating 8168:Murder music 7831:Palestinians 7774:Anti-Zionism 7642:South Africa 7627:Black people 7605:South Africa 7421:Christianity 7411:Baháʼí Faith 7334:Sectarianism 7274:Heterosexism 7239:Ephebiphobia 7209:Anti-Masonry 7076:Hair texture 6956:. Retrieved 6952: 6942: 6931:. Retrieved 6921: 6910:. Retrieved 6906: 6896: 6887: 6874: 6861: 6847: 6836:. Retrieved 6832:the original 6822: 6811:. Retrieved 6801: 6786: 6777: 6767: 6756:. Retrieved 6752: 6742: 6733: 6723: 6712: 6706: 6695: 6683:. Retrieved 6672: 6661:. Retrieved 6651: 6631: 6624: 6613:. Retrieved 6611:. April 2010 6603: 6582:cite journal 6571:. Retrieved 6564:the original 6550: 6529:cite journal 6518:. Retrieved 6511:the original 6497: 6486:. Retrieved 6482:the original 6471: 6462: 6458: 6452: 6435: 6431: 6425: 6404:cite journal 6393: 6381:. Retrieved 6377:the original 6367: 6355:. Retrieved 6342: 6331:. Retrieved 6327: 6318: 6306:. Retrieved 6302: 6292: 6275: 6269: 6226: 6222: 6216: 6207: 6184:. Retrieved 6178:Free Press. 6158:. Retrieved 6145: 6136: 6116: 6106:November 28, 6104:. Retrieved 6097:the original 6084: 6070: 6059:. Retrieved 6055:the original 6044: 6033:. Retrieved 6029:the original 6019: 6002: 5985: 5973:. Retrieved 5955: 5943:. Retrieved 5939: 5929: 5905:(3): 61–67. 5902: 5898: 5888: 5876:. Retrieved 5866: 5854:. Retrieved 5840: 5828:. Retrieved 5824: 5814: 5802:. Retrieved 5791: 5779:. Retrieved 5775:the original 5764: 5745: 5739: 5727:. Retrieved 5723: 5694:. Retrieved 5690:the original 5685: 5675: 5663:. Retrieved 5659: 5649: 5637:. Retrieved 5633: 5623: 5611:. Retrieved 5607: 5597: 5585:. Retrieved 5581: 5571: 5559:. Retrieved 5555: 5545: 5533:. Retrieved 5529:the original 5524: 5514: 5502:. Retrieved 5498: 5488: 5479: 5475: 5450:. Retrieved 5440: 5431: 5427: 5404:. Retrieved 5400:the original 5366:cite journal 5329: 5325: 5295:cite journal 5237: 5233: 5204:(3): 61–67. 5201: 5197: 5173: 5132:. Retrieved 5128:the original 5102:. Retrieved 5098: 5071:. Retrieved 5021:(43): 4–15. 5018: 5012: 4902: 4898:white-listed 4887: 4871: 4860: 4855: 4852: 4821: 4814: 4809: 4805: 4798: 4785: 4766: 4762: 4737:enforcement. 4719: 4710: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4684: 4633: 4624: 4396:Gender-blind 4275:Human rights 4095:Racial quota 4082: 4062:Jewish quota 4042:Gerontocracy 4037:Gender roles 4015:Disabilities 4000:Blood purity 3966:Wife selling 3956:White flight 3936:Slut-shaming 3916:Scapegoating 3834:Murder music 3489:Palestinians 3432:Anti-Zionism 3300:South Africa 3285:Black people 3263:South Africa 3071:Christianity 3061:Baháʼí Faith 2976:Sectarianism 2916:Heterosexism 2881:Ephebiphobia 2851:Anti-Masonry 2710:Hair texture 2581:as of 2006, 2563:Saudi Arabia 2556: 2537: 2504: 2481: 2468: 2443: 2419: 2379: 2345: 2297: 2283: 2256: 2236: 2224: 2213:network bias 2212: 2208: 2207: 1979:Gender-blind 1858:Human rights 1678:Racial quota 1665: 1645:Jewish quota 1625:Gerontocracy 1620:Gender roles 1598:Disabilities 1583:Blood purity 1549:Wife selling 1539:White flight 1519:Slut-shaming 1499:Scapegoating 1417:Murder music 1072:Palestinians 1015:Anti-Zionism 883:South Africa 868:Black people 846:South Africa 654:Christianity 644:Baháʼí Faith 559:Sectarianism 499:Heterosexism 464:Ephebiphobia 434:Anti-Masonry 293:Hair texture 68: 9577:Publication 9530:Vietnam War 9377:Length time 9360:Information 9302:Time-saving 9162:Horn effect 9152:Halo effect 9100:Distinction 9009:Attribution 9004:Attentional 8610:Nonviolence 8605:LGBT rights 8570:Empowerment 8538:Anti-racism 8460:Segregation 8405:No kid zone 8205:Persecution 8118:Hate speech 8069:Gay bashing 8044:Ethnic joke 7999:Dog whistle 7944:Blood libel 7622:Azerbaijani 7526:Neopaganism 7519:Persecution 7480:Persecution 7463:Persecution 7426:Catholicism 7406:Exclusivism 7356:Transphobia 7339:Supremacism 7294:Lesbophobia 7214:Aporophobia 7179:Anti-autism 7030:Taste-based 7025:Statistical 6244:10419/42050 5448:. 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