Net neutrality in the United States

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determined that the FCC improperly relied on Section 706 of the amended Communications Act, which gives the FCC authority to incentivize the deployment of telecommunications services to all Americans including those in rural and low-income areas. The FCC had relied on Section 706's language that they had authority to "promulgate rules governing broadband providers’ treatment of Internet traffic" to apply these rules to Title I information services. The Court ruled that ISPs were still specifically treated as Title I information services by the FCC, and for the FCC to be able to regulate aspects like blocking or discrimination, they would specifically have to be cataloged as telecommunication common carriers under Title II. The court agreed that FCC can regulate broadband in a general manner and may craft more specific rules that stop short of identifying service providers as common carriers.

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duplicate comments; if these were taken out, the unique comments favoring retaining the current rules far outweighed those seeking repeal, 1.52 million to 23,000. During and after the public commenting period, analysts reviewed the public comments and observed that a significant proportion of those using boilerplate language in support of repealing the rules had used names and addresses off known spam databases, and of those who were willing and able to be contacts asserts they left no such comment for the FCC. At least twenty-four people listed by the FCC as giving anti-net neutrality comments signed an open letter to the FCC in May 2017 requesting the comments they were asserted to have made to be removed from public record. The FCC's system for public comments, the Electronic Comment Filing System (ECFS), came under scrutiny: it uses an open

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established in the 2015 Open Internet Order. Pai stated his opposition to the current net neutrality rules as they were "regulating against hypothetical harms", rather than trying to correct actual anti-competitive behavior, and that there was no need for such wide-spread government intervention when there were only a few companies that may be harming consumers or innovators. Pai argued that net neutrality rules also would "prohibit a number of pro-competitive business arrangements" and "would reduce investments" into extending the Internet infrastructure. By April 2017, Pai had indicated that the FCC would likely propose to roll back the 2015 Open Internet Order, reverting the classification of ISPs as Title II common carriers, and instead have ISPs to "voluntarily" commit to net neutrality principles, with violations to be covered by the

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transactions. In order to illustrate clear rules that are grounded by law, reclassification of Title II of the Communications Act of 1934 will be involved as well as parts of Section 706 of the Telecommunications Act of 1996. Data being sent between content provider and ISPs will involve stricter regulations compared to transactions between ISP's and consumers, which will involve more lax parameters. Restrictions on offering a data fast lane will be enforced between content providers and ISPs to avoid unfair advantages. This hybrid proposal has become the most popular solution among the three options that FCC has reported. However, ISPs, such as AT&T who has already warned the public via

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Conquest of Newbury, Copeland-Hanzas of Bradford, Dakin of Colchester, Donovan of Burlington, Dunn of Essex, Gannon of Wilmington, Gonzalez of Winooski, Haas of Rochester, Head of South Burlington, Houghton of Essex, Howard of Rutland City, Jickling of Randolph, Kitzmiller of Montpelier, Lanpher of Vergennes, Lucke of Hartford, McCormack of Burlington, Morris of Bennington, Mrowicki of Putney, Noyes of Wolcott, Ode of Burlington, O’Sullivan of Burlington, Pajala of Londonderry, Read of Fayston, Scheu of Middlebury, Stuart of Brattleboro, Sullivan of Dorset, Troiano of Stannard, Walz of Barre City, Webb of Shelburne, Weed of Enosburgh, and Yantachka of Charlotte (January 31, 2018),

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largest sustained (lasting more than a single day) online protest effort in history. On January 26, 2015, popular blogging site Tumblr placed links to group Fight For The Future, a net neutrality advocacy group. The website displayed a countdown to the FCC vote on Title II on February 26, 2015. This was part of a widespread Internet campaign to sway congressional opinion and encourage users to call or submit comments to congressional representatives. Net neutrality advocacy groups such as Save the Internet coalition and Battle for the Net responded to the 2015 FCC ruling by calling for defense of the new net neutrality rules.

486:(FCC) to regulate the industry and ensure fair pricing and access. Different titles of the Act covered different modes of communication, but primary focus on the debate of net neutrality has been on Titles I and II. The Act distinguished between common carriers, who were bound under Title II of the Act, and other telecommunication systems of the time, covered broadly under Title I. Within Title II, common carriers such as the phone networks were to be regulated by the FCC as to assure reasonable pricing rates and non-discriminatory practices. Systems under Title I were left to be unregulated by the FCC. 1226: 1733:. The FCC voted 3-2 on October 19, 2023, to approve issuing a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM) seeking comments about rolling back to the 2015 rules. The commenting period was closed on January 18, 2024. The FCC voted in these proposed guidelines on April 25, 2024, on a 3-2 vote, returning Internet services under Title II, enforcing net neutrality. Providers under the NCTA filed suit to challenge the new rule in June 2024. Under the suit, the providers questioned whether the FCC has the authority to reclassify broadband services. While this had been settled by previous cases like 1584:, but this request was denied by the D.C. District Court. At the hearing before three judges, the states challenging the FCC not only discussed the issues related to net neutrality, but also charged the FCC with selectively reviewing the public comments to come to its decision, thus "failed in its responsibility to engage in reasoned decision-making". ISPs argued the need to have an unregulated approach to providing high-quality services to their users, and that they would not be able to offer anything less than the full Internet to users given the competitive landscape. 2478:. Incumbent ISP AT&T opposed the idea, saying that common carrier regulations would "cram today's broadband Internet access providers into an ill-fitting 20th century regulatory silo," while Google supported the FCC proposal: "In particular, the Third Way will promote legal certainty and regulatory predictability to spur investment, ensure that the Commission can fulfill the tremendous promise of the National Broadband Plan, and make it possible for the Commission to protect and serve all broadband users, including through meaningful enforcement." 2272:, and more argue that net neutrality is also important for communities of color because it allows for them to tell their own stories and “organize for racial and social justice." Much of the mainstream media does not showcase these minority people, so these organizations believe that it is important to open the Internet into giving these people some sort of broadcast station. By doing so, their voices can be heard, because beforehand ISPs could “block unpopular speech and prevent dissident voices from speaking freely online." 1987: 548:

the early 2000s that there could be potential for commercial interests to interfere with natural evolution of new innovations on the Internet, such as those using higher bandwidth like voice and video applications. Wu outlined the benefits and drawbacks of governmental regulation for net neutrality, writing "Communications regulators over the next decade will spend increasing time on conflicts between the private interests of broadband providers and the public’s interest in a competitive innovation environment centered on the Internet."

1747:, leaving in question the capability of the FCC the ability to enforce its net neutrality decision The Sixth Circuited granted a temporary injunction against the new net neutrality rules in July 2024, with a hearing to determine if a permanent injunction is necessary at an August hearing. On extending the stay in August 2024, the majority of the Sixth Circuit stated that due to the flip-flopping on how the FCC has classified internet services, it will be highly unlikely for the FCC to prevail using the weaker Skidmore deference. 2454:, co-inventor of the Internet Protocol, called the term net neutrality a slogan and opposes establishing it, but he admits that he is against the fragmentation of the net whenever this becomes excluding to other participants. Vint Cerf, Kahn's co-founder of the Internet Protocol, explains the confusion over their positions on net neutrality, "There’s also some argument that says, well you have to treat every packet the same. That’s not what any of us said. Or you can’t charge more for more usage. We didn’t say that either." 13683: 575:

required them to provide open access to other service provides. The FCC took in comments, and after providing its initial findings in 2002, issued "Inquiry Concerning High-Speed Access to the Internet over Cable and Other Facilities" in which it had determined that cable ISPs were neither a telecommunications provider (under Title II) nor a cable provider (under Title III) but were solely an information service that fell under Title I and thus could operate unregulated by the FCC.

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and agreed to not block ports used for VoIP applications or otherwise prevent customers from using VoIP applications. According to the consent decree, "The Parties agree that this Consent Decree does not constitute either an adjudication on the merits or a factual or legal finding regarding any compliance or noncompliance with the requirements of the Act and the Commission’s orders and rules. The Parties agree that this Consent Decree is for settlement purposes only."

2513:(FTC) urged restraint with respect to new regulations proposed by net neutrality advocates, noting the "broadband industry is a relatively young and evolving one," and given no "significant market failure or demonstrated consumer harm from conduct by broadband providers" such regulations "may well have adverse effects on consumer welfare, despite the good intentions of their proponents." The FTC conclusions were questioned in Congress in September 2007, when Sen. 1430:(FOIA) requests to the FCC to gain information on the IP addresses used in the public comment period. The FCC denied the requests in December 2018 citing that releasing this information would leave the US vulnerable to a cyberattack, and Pai wrote in an attached statement that at least 500,000 of the comments were tied to Russian addresses, interfering in the process and trying to swing the public opinion in favor of keeping the Obama-era net neutrality rules. 1269: 777:. On March 27, 2008, Comcast and BitTorrent reached an agreement to work together on network traffic where Comcast was to adopt a protocol-neutral stance "as soon as the end of ", and explore ways to "more effectively manage traffic on its network at peak times." In December 2009, Comcast reached an out-of-court settlement of a class action lawsuit for US$ 16 million, admitting no wrongdoing and amounting to no more than US$ 16 per affected account. 1973:

these mobile broadband networks differently from traditional fixed networks. While both fixed and mobile broadband providers must disclose their management practices, mobile broadband providers have greater latitude for blocking devices and applications (as long as they do not compete with the provider's own voice or video telephony services) and discriminating in how they serve traffic, in accordance with reasonable network-management practices."

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Internet", content will be affected by the reclassification. "The different layers of the Internet work in tandem with each other such that there is no possibility of throttling or improving one layer's performance without impacting the other layers. ... To let the Commission regulate broadband pipelines connecting to the Internet and disregard that it indirectly involves regulating the data that runs through them will lead to a

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regulate ISPs. Section 201(b) of the Act, which was cited as an argument by the Commission but not addressed by the Court on procedural grounds, could grant the Commission authority to regulate broadband Internet services where they render "charges, practices and regulations for, and in connection with" common carrier services unjust and unreasonable." Secondly, she suggests, it is "

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trade groups will be unlikely to prevail in the challenge. The Ninth Circuit ruled unanimously in January 2022 that California's net neutrality law may continue to be enforced and cannot be overridden by the FCC as, current as of the decision, Internet services were classified as information services. The trade groups abandoned the case against the law by May 2022.

230:'s (FCC) authority over ISPs: the FCC would have significant ability to regulate ISPs if classified as common carriers, but would have little control over them if classified as information services. Because the Communications Act has not been amended by Congress to account for ISPs, the FCC has the authority to designate how ISPs are classified, as affirmed by the 2607:. According to FCC officials, some residents who lived just outside the service areas of the Chattanooga and Wilson utilities then had no broadband service available. One of the two February 26, 2015, rulings set aside those states' restrictions on municipal broadband, although legal challenges to the FCC's authority to do so were seen as likely. 1696:

similar changes baring any further change in law. Republican lawmakers indicated they felt this was too extreme and were unlikely to give support to the bill. The bill cleared the House on a 232–190 vote on April 10, 2019, but both leaders in the Republican-controlled Senate and then-president Trump indicated they would stop the bill's passage.

13725: 1019:'s past as a president and CEO of two major ISP-related organizations, and the suspicion of bias towards the profit-motives of ISPs as a result. Shortly afterwards, during late April 2014, the contours of a document leaked that indicated that the FCC under Wheeler would consider promulgating rules allowing 240:(2005), in addition to choosing what regulations to set on common carriers. The five member FCC commission changes with each new administration, and no more than three members may be of the same political party, thus the FCC's attitudes and rule-making regarding net neutrality shifts relatively frequently. 2028:

Internet. Specifically, the bill language states, “The FCC shall not propose, promulgate, or issue any regulations regarding the Internet or IP-enabled services. In other words, the bill, if passed, would prohibit the FCC from enacting rules that would regulate the Internet – or against net neutrality.

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AN ACT to amend the public authorities law, the public service law, and the executive law, in relation to reforming the telecommunications sector of the New York economy, by creating a broadband authority, authorizing statewide cable franchises for the purposes of competitive cable service, promoting

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Lawmakers in at least six states, including California and New York, have introduced bills in recent weeks that would forbid internet providers to block or slow down sites or online services. Legislators in several other states, including North Carolina and Illinois, are weighing similar action. ...

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State of New York, State of California, State of Connecticut, State of Delaware, State of Hawaii, State of Illinois, State of Iowa, Commonwealth of Kentucky, State of Maine, State of Maryland, Commonwealth of Massachusetts, State of Minnesota, State of Mississippi, State of New Mexico, State of North

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In 2011 Aparna Watal, a legal officer at an Internet company named Atomic Labs, has put forward three points for resisting any urge "to react legislatively to the apparent regulatory crisis". Firstly, "contrary to the general opinion, the Comcast decision does not uproot the Commission's authority to

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claim that net neutrality would deter investment into broadband infrastructure, saying that "shifting to Title II means that instead of billions of broadband investment driving other sectors of the economy forward, any reduction in this spending will stifle growth across the entire economy. Title II

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who use these pipes to pay for the portion they're using", and that "The Internet can't be free in that sense, because we and the cable companies have made an investment," sparking a furious debate. SBC spokesman Michael Balmoris said that Whitacre was misinterpreted and his comments only referred to

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The second bill, H.R. 166, The Internet Investment, Innovation, and Competition Preservation Act – was introduced by Rep. Cliff Stearns (R-FL) and co-sponsored by Rep. Blackburn. The bill also seeks to prohibit the FCC from regulating the Internet or information services (i.e. imposing net neutrality

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and the American Cable Association, also sued the state of California for similar reasons as the Justice Department, claiming that the state does not have authority to regulate Internet providers. The state and the FCC announced on October 26, 2018, that they have reached agreement for California to

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Following the FCC's revocation of all net neutrality protections, California State Senator Scott Wiener introduced SB822, which comprehensively restored all of the protections of the 2015 Open Internet Order. The bill passed with bi-partisan support in both the State Assembly and State Senate, and on

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The FCC issued its defense on October 12, 2018, requesting the Court to reject the lawsuit, as the lawsuit filed brings "no substantial reason to second-guess the commission’s decision to eliminate rules that the agency has determined are both unlawful and unwise". Initial court hearings were held on

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Despite the ongoing analysis into fraudulent activities related to the public commenting period, and that the public comments that were deemed legitimate that weighed in favor of maintaining the 2015 Open Internet Order, the FCC announced in November 2017 that it was planning to go ahead with a final

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the IP addresses of all the comments from this commenting period. Judge Schofield stated that despite the FCC's claims of privacy issues, the request by the newspaper was valid to examine if any fraudulent activity interfered during the public commenting period towards the issue if the FCC's decision

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and published in October 2018. The Stanford study forced solely on unique comments, resulting in more than 800,000 comments that were called "semantic outliers" in contrast to boilerplate language, and in a detailed review of a sampling of one thousand of these, found that 99.7% favored retaining the

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Ahead of the FCC's vote on these new rules, social media platforms had a large role on engaging the public in the debate surrounding net neutrality. Popular websites such as Tumblr, Vimeo, and Reddit also participated in the Internet slowdown on September 10, 2014, which the organization said was the

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By January 2015, the FCC announced it had revised its prior rules and would be voting on a new preliminary ruling that defined ISPs as a Title II common carrier telecommunication service, with some necessary exemptions. Adoption of this notion would reclassify Internet service from one of information

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The FCC voted 3–2 on proposed rules to introduced tiered broadband allowances on May 15, 2014. Besides opening these rules to public comment prior to issuing a final ruling, the FCC asked the public on their opinion in regards to classifying ISPs as Title II common carrier telecommunication services.

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the bandwidth available to certain customers for video files to ensure that other customers had adequate bandwidth. The FCC imposed no fine, but required Comcast to end such blocking in the year 2008, ordered Comcast to disclose the details of its network management practices within 30 days, submit a

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urged the FCC to adopt the four criteria laid out in its 2005 Internet Policy Statement as the requisite openness. This made up a voluntary set of four net neutrality principles. Implementation of the principles was not mandatory; that would require an FCC rule or federal law. The modified principles

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raised the issue of neutrality in a series of academic papers addressing regulatory frameworks for packet networks. Wu is credited with introducing the term "network neutrality" in his 2003 paper "Network Neutrality, Broadband Discrimination". Wu had found based on behaviors of broadband providers in

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Individual states have taken action to generally uphold net neutrality either through proposed legislation or through by requiring state agencies to establish contracts with Internet providers that offer net neutral-services. The status as of February 26, 2018, of executive orders and pending action

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As of 2006 the debate over "neutrality" did not yet capture some dimensions of the topic; for example, whether voice packets should get higher priority than packets carrying email or whether emergency services, mission-critical, or life-saving applications, such as tele-medicine, should get priority

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Barbara Stripling, the president of the American Library Association states: "School, public and college libraries rely upon the public availability of open, affordable Internet access for school homework assignments, distance learning classes, e-government services, licensed databases, job-training

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In 2005, North Carolina ISP Madison River Communications blocked the voice-over-internet protocol (VOIP) service Vonage. The FCC issued a Letter of Inquiry to Madison River, initiating an investigation. To avoid litigation, Madison River agreed to make a voluntary payment of fifteen thousand dollars

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as president in 2021, Biden's new Department of Justice withdrew from the challenge, leaving the ISP trade groups to continue the suit. Subsequently, the judge denied the preliminary injunction in a ruling on February 23, 2021, allowing the California law to go into effect, on the basis that the ISP

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to force the vote on the matter, but by June 2018, were still 46 signatures short, principally along partisan lines. While the revised FCC order repealing net neutrality has become official as of June 11, 2018, the House could have taken action to reverse the decision, but even with CRA passage, the

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One of the first studies performed after the closure of the public commenting period, done on behalf of Broadband for America, which sought to repeal the Obama-era rules, found that 60% of the comments were in favor of retaining the current rules. However, the study also identified a large number of

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users to access certain content — whose owners paid fees to the ISPs (including cable companies and wireless ISPs) — and harder to access other content, thus undermining the traditional open architecture of the Internet. These plans received substantial backlash from activists, the mainstream press,

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As a response to the DC Circuit Court's decision, a dispute developed as to whether net neutrality could be guaranteed under existing law, or if reclassification of ISPs was needed to ensure net neutrality. Wheeler stated that the FCC had the authority under Section 706 of the Telecommunications Act

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Smith, Cody, Tarleton, DeBolt, Springer, Santos, McBride, Chapman, Wylie, Fitzgibbon, Peterson, Morris, Stonier, Kagi, Senn, Kirby, Stanford, Blake, Reeves, Kilduff, Clibborn, Macri, Pettigrew, Orcutt, Stambaugh, Ormsby, Ryu, Hayes, Pollet, Doglio, Ortiz-Self, Riccelli, McDonald, Jinkins, Gregerson

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On January 5, 2011, two anti-net neutrality bills were introduced. The first bill was H.R. 96, The Internet Freedom Act, introduced by Rep. Blackburn (R-TN), with more than sixty cosponsors (all of whom are Republican). H.R. 96 strikes down the FCC’s December 21 passage of its rule and order on net

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that overturned the 2017 Order's blanket ban on state net neutrality, the U.S. government and the ISP trade groups restarted their lawsuit in August 2020 and are seeking a preliminary injunction to block enforcement of California's law until the case is concluded. However, following the election of

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signed it into law. On the same day as it was signed, the US Department of Justice sued the state of California to stop the law, arguing that Congress granted the FCC the sole authority to create rules for broadband internet providers. A few days later, four lobbying groups that represent the major

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in December 2015. The court issued its decision in June 2016, with the panel split 2-1 in favor of maintaining the FCC's ruling, stating that the Internet should be treated as a utility and not as a luxury. Internet providers signaled their intent to continue to challenge this ruling to the Supreme

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where a contract that includes Internet connection services is to be awarded by a state agency, public authority or municipality pursuant to a competitive bidding process or a request for proposal process, such competitive bidding process or request for proposal and the subsequent awarded contract

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Develop and maintain a statewide plan for the monitoring of internet service providers, including the annual certification that internet service providers comply with the internet service neutrality requirements ... . here a contract that includes internet connection services is to be awarded by a

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against the telecommunication providers, instead of new legislation, is the best approach by forcing competition and better services. One print ad frames the Hands Off the Internet message in pro-consumer terms. "Net neutrality means consumers will be stuck paying more for their Internet access to

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Companies such as Verizon, AT&T, and Comcast are some of the biggest opponents to net neutrality. In fact, since 2005 these companies have lobbied three times as much in opposition to net neutrality as the likes of Google and Microsoft have lobbied for it. The statistics show that from 2005 to

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about the issue. Other organizations that have voiced support for Net Neutrality are Facebook, Amazon, Microsoft, and Google. In December 2017 public opinion poll, 83% of voters supported keeping the rules on net neutrality, including 75% of Republican voters, 89% of Democratic voters, and 86% of

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Democratic Senators and Representatives presented the Save the Internet Act in both Houses of Congress in early March 2019. The Act, if passed, would rescind the 2017 FCC order to repeal the 2015 Open Internet Order, codify the 2015 Open Internet Order into law, and prevent the FCC from making any

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While various states have enacted versions of net neutrality laws, these mostly have been working within the established parameters set by the FCC. In the FCC's rollback, the ruling includes language that asserts states do not have authority to override the FCC decision. Legal experts believe this

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had been positioning himself for running for presidency as the FCC considered net neutrality and categorizing ISPs as Title II common carriers. He said in 2014, "Obama’s attack on the internet is another top down power grab. Net neutrality is the Fairness Doctrine. Will target conservative media."

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ruled against the FCC; the April ruling denied to grant the FCC's request for a cease-and-desist order against Comcast related to BitTorrent transfers, while the June ruling vacated the FCC's order against Comcast. The U.S. Court of Appeals ruled that the FCC has no powers to regulate any Internet

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said the order was meant to set a precedent, that Internet providers and all communications companies could not prevent customers from using their networks the way they see fit, unless there is a good reason. In an interview Martin stated that "We are preserving the open character of the Internet"

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fine. While the action did not set any precedent for the FCC's stance on net neutrality, the Madison River case was an indication the agency was willing to uphold Powell's principles. Shortly after the case was settled, the FCC issued a new rule in 2005 to reclassified DSL as a Title I information

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In the wake of the Telecommunications Act of 1996, the introduction of "information services" under Title I prompted many cable-based Internet access providers to urge the FCC to classify their services as Title I information services, rather than as cable providers under the Act's Title III which

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Papers from Wu and others in the early 2000s sparked debate among academics in information technology and legal areas to device possible frameworks for net neutrality that could be applied within U.S. laws; these discussions paralleled similar concurrent ones in Europe, though due to its different

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Representative Jonathan Brostoff and Senator Chris Larson are circulating legislation that would keep the protections from net neutrality in Wisconsin. ... The bill circulated by Larson and Brostoff would prohibit internet service providers from unnecessarily blocking content, slowing service, or

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Representatives Hansen, Cody, Goodman, Pettigrew, Tarleton, Fey, DeBolt, Bergquist, Springer, Santos, McBride, Smith, Chapman, Slatter, Peterson, Wylie, Fitzgibbon, Morris, Stonier, Lytton, Sawyer, Robinson, Tharinger, Kagi, Pellicciotti, Dolan, Orwall, Valdez, Haler, Kilduff, Senn, Frame, Sells,

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Assemblywoman ANNETTE QUIJANO District 20 (Union), Assemblyman WAYNE P. DEANGELO District 14 (Mercer and Middlesex) Assemblyman RAJ MUKHERJI District 33 (Hudson), Assemblyman JAMEL C. HOLLEY District 20 (Union), Assemblyman TIM EUSTACE District 38 (Bergen and Passaic) Assemblyman JAMES J. KENNEDY

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rules, such as requiring ISPs to disclose their network management practices and to allow for consumers to switch ISPs inexpensively, rather than introducing network neutrality laws." "While by regulating broadband services the commission is not directly regulating content and applications on the

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on cellular networks to those who have a shared data plan on AT&T, excluding those with older, unlimited or tiered data plans. The FCC response noted that "Although this report does not attempt to engage in any legal interpretations of the Open Internet Order, we do note that the Order treats

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ruling from the Supreme Court, allowing its 2017 rule change to stand. However, the opinion stated that the FCC had "disregard of its duty" in evaluating the impact of net neutrality on public safety, using the example of throttled communications that impacted the capabilities of first responders

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court in early 2011, asserting that the FCC had overstepped its authority by applying principles to Title I information services. The D.C. Circuit ruled in January 2014 to vacate the blocking and discrimination principles from the 2010 Open Internet Order while upholding other parts. The decision

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M. of A. FAHY, MORELLE, BARRETT, ORTIZ, MAGNARELLI, GOTTFRIED, ENGLEBRIGHT, THIELE, SIMON, D'URSO, GLICK, LUPARDO, JAFFEE, ZEBROWSKI, SANTABARBARA, COLTON, CAHILL, JENNE, GALEF, MOSLEY, ARROYO, SEAWRIGHT, PICHARDO, LIFTON, TITONE, BRABENEC, BRINDISI, DINOWITZ, VANEL, STIRPE, L. ROSENTHAL, STECK,

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On October 22, 2009, Sen. McCain (R-AZ) introduced the “Internet Freedom Act of 2009” (S. 1836). The bill would prohibit the FCC from enacting rules that would regulate the Internet. In other words, the bill, if passed, would prevent the FCC from imposing network or “net” neutrality rules to the

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was sworn in as the Commission's fifth member. Rosenworcel stated that month that the FCC plans to re-introduce net neutrality rules. While it is expected for the FCC to rule to restore net neutrality, a white paper published by telecom legal experts in 2023 warned that the rule will likely face

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against the FCC's ruling on January 16, 2018, calling it "arbitrary, capricious, and an abuse of discretion", and that the FCC mis-classified Internet access as a Title I service rather than Title II due to "an erroneous and unreasonable interpretation" of laws around communication services. The

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The FCC proposal for a tiered Internet received heavy criticism. Opponents argued that a user accessing content over the "fast lane" on the Internet would find the "slow lane" intolerable in comparison, greatly disadvantaging any content provider who is unable to pay for "fast lane" access. They

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The 2010 orders did not reclassify ISPs under Title II common carriers, leaving them unregulated by the FCC under Title I information services as a cumulative result of past FCC orders. The measure was denounced by net neutrality advocates as a capitulation to telecommunication companies such as

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in March 2010, the FCC amended these rules to account for the court's decision. The FCC voted in December 2010 to approve the FCC Open Internet Order banning cable television and telephone service providers from preventing access to competitors or certain web sites. The order established six net

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These conditions were broadly similar to the FCC's Internet Policy Statement; FCC's applications and content were combined into a single bullet, and an extra bullet requiring wholesale access for third party providers was included. The FCC adopted only two of these four criteria for the auction,

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Representatives Stevens of Waterbury, Sibilia of Dover, Hill of Wolcott, Baser of Bristol, Belaski of Windsor, Botzow of Pownal, Brumsted of Shelburne, Carr of Brandon, Chesnut-Tangerman of Middletown Springs, Christie of Hartford, Cina of Burlington, Colburn of Burlington, Connor of Fairfield,

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On January 25, 2011, The pro-net neutrality bill – S. 74, The Internet Freedom, Broadband Promotion, and Consumer Protection Act of 2011 – was introduced by Sen. Cantwell (D-WA) and co-sponsored by Sen. Franken (D-MN). The bill would codify the FCC's six net neutrality principles (which the ALA

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in a report that includes 26 figures and tables, 21 of which were extracted from SEC filings and three of the remaining five came from the U.S. Census Bureau's Annual Capital Expenditures Survey. The change since the Title II Order was negative for only 5 of Turner's 24 tables, and the mean and

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proposed to add two rules to the current FCC policy statement in 2005, viz., the nondiscrimination principle that ISPs must not discriminate against any content or applications, and the transparency principle, requiring that ISPs disclose all their policies to customers. He argued that wireless

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Outside of the US, several countries have removed net neutrality protocols and have started double charging for delivering content (once to consumer and again to content providers). This equates to a toll being required for certain internet access, essentially limiting what is available to all

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Many organizations involved in the July 12 Day of Action planned an online protest for December 12. A vote was held on December 14, 2017, with a 3–2 party-line vote approving the repeal. On January 4, 2018, the current version of "Restoring Internet freedom" was made public, and was officially

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where state laws had already established stronger net neutrality concepts, and would be willing to add exemptions for other states with similar laws. In response to ISP and opponent views, Wheeler commented, "This is no more a plan to regulate the Internet than the First Amendment is a plan to

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case) and were unregulated, services such as DSL were still considered under Title II as a common carrier, and were bound by non-discriminatory regulation from the FCC. Nevertheless, the FCC's investigation led to a settlement between the FCC and Madison River Communications before any further

536:, which besides other provisions, defined "information services" as "the offering of a capability for generating, acquiring, storing, transforming, processing, retrieving, utilizing, or making available information via telecommunications", and covered only under Title I unregulated by the FCC. 518:

How can government ensure that the nascent Internet will permit everyone to be able to compete with everyone else for the opportunity to provide any service to all willing customers? Next, how can we ensure that this new marketplace reaches the entire nation? And then how can we ensure that it

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AN ACT to amend the public service law and the state finance law, in relation to state contracts being only with internet service providers compliant with net neutrality and establishes a revolving fund for the establishment of municipal internet service providers; and making an appropriation

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Develop and maintain a statewide plan for the monitoring of internet service providers, including the annual certification that internet service providers comply with the internet service neutrality requirements ... . The state finance law is amended by adding ... internet service neutrality

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12774:

A BILL FOR AN ACT relating to telecommunications and technology; to amend sections 86-125 and 86-580, Reissue Revised Statutes of Nebraska; to adopt the Internet Neutrality Act; to change requirements for communications providers under the Nebraska Telecommunications Regulation Act; to change

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issued its report in reviewing the comments, affirming that most of them were boilerplate messages, but representative of a mass campaign attempting to sway public policy. The Pew report did recognize that several of the names were nonsensical, such as variations of "John Smith", or used "The

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and other academics from the previous years. Powell recognized that it was still early to have a clear picture of what government regulation should be for net neutrality, but agreed that based on practices of broadband operators of the past few years, it was necessary to establish what rights

1483:

The New York state attorney general's office reported in May 2021 that after evaluating the comments, they determined that about 18 million of the 21.9 million submitted were bogus. About 8.5 million of those comments were tied to co-registration promotions put forth by the telecom industry,

1371:

in 2004. As these comments were made available to the public, third-party groups began analyzing their contents, recognizing many comments that were against net neutrality shared the same language, and were considered to be duplicative. Analysis suggested that millions of these comments were

1319:(SEC), He said that major companies can be sued by investors who assert that they lost money because of misleading information in an SEC filing, and no such penalties apply to potentially misleading statements to Congress or the public. Falcon's claim is supported by an analysis by Turner of 961:

reclassifying ISPs under Title II, while FCC leadership and ISPs have generally opposed such reclassification. The FCC stated that if they reclassified ISPs as common carriers, the commission would selectively enforce Title II, so that only sections relating to broadband would apply to ISPs.

960:

provided over the internet, while subsection 202(a) of the Communications Act states that common carriers cannot "make any unjust or unreasonable discrimination in charges, practices, classifications, regulations, facilities, or services." Advocates of net neutrality have generally supported

731:

In December 2006, the AT&T/Bell South merger agreement defined net neutrality as an agreement on the part of the broadband provider: "not to provide or to sell to Internet content, application or service providers ... any service that privileges, degrades or prioritizes any (data) packet

1260:

by U.S. wireless providers. After his appointment, Pai stated that he planned to "modernize" FCC policies to "match the reality of the modern marketplace", but was unsure over whether the FCC would continue to enforce the net neutrality rules or Title II classification of broadband services

2056:

infrastructure to block Internet applications and content (e.g. websites, services, and protocols), and even to block out competitors. While opponents claim net neutrality regulations would deter investment into improving broadband infrastructure and try to fix something that isn't broken.

1060:

that provided quantitative evidence of the impact of Internet speed on online video users. Their research studied the patience level of millions of Internet video users who waited for a slow-loading video to start playing. Users with faster Internet connectivity, such as fiber-to-the-home,

13785:

The department, the office of the chief information officer, and all other state agencies are prohibited from entering into contracts with vendors offering broadband internet access services unless the vendor commits to providing equal connection for all users to lawful internet content,

2481:

In October 2014, after the initial proposal was shot down, the FCC began drafting a new proposal that would take a hybrid regulatory approach to the issue. Although this alternative has not yet been circulated, it is said to propose that there be a divide between "wholesale" and "retail"

1064:

Opponents of the tiered broadband rules declared September 10, 2014, to be the "Internet slowdown". Participating websites were purposely slowed down to show what they felt would happen if the new rules took effect. Websites that participated in the Internet slowdown included Netflix,

909:

Mobile: The provisions adopted today do not apply as strongly to mobile devices, though some provisions do apply. Of those that do are the broadly applicable rules requiring transparency for mobile broadband providers and prohibiting them from blocking websites and certain competitive

2292:, former FCC Chairman Tom Wheeler cited Oliver's episode as a turning point in the issue of net neutrality. “John Oliver took the ultimate arcane issue, Title II, and made it something that got people interested. And that’s good.” Oliver returned to the issue of net neutrality on his 1332:

As required for any NPRM, a period for public commenting on the FCC's new proposed rules ran from May 18 to August 16, 2017. During the public commenting period, efforts were made by pro-net neutrality groups to get people to submit comments to the FCC in opposition to the new rules.

978:

Users with faster Internet connectivity (e.g., fiber) abandon a slow-loading video at a faster rate than users with slower Internet connectivity (e.g., cable or mobile). A "fast lane" in the Internet can irrevocably decrease the user's tolerance to the relative slowness of the "slow

13832:

otherwise unreasonably disadvantaging Wisconsin consumers. ... U.S. Senate democrats said they will force a vote later this year on the U.S. Federal Communications commission's reversal of net neutrality rules and will try to make it a key issue in the 2018 congressional elections.

1467:(CFIF), which had been outspoken against net neutrality of the page. Due to these investigations, CQ Roll Call, CFIF, and several other advocacy groups with access to CQ Roll Call's had been called for questioning within the New York State case against the FCC. In May 2020, Judge 1280:(NPRM) on "Restoring Internet freedom" rules by rolling back net neutrality regulations. The new rules were published for public viewing on July 17, 2017. The FCC supported their rules by arguing that the classification of ISPs as Title II carriers had caused them to reduce their 2205:

Large, already well-established companies may not be harmed by cost increase that providers such as Comcast may levy upon them, but it may stifle small businesses and start-ups. Sites such as Facebook, Google, and Amazon may not have been able to thrive absent net neutrality.

807:", and that the FCC lacked the authority under Title I to force ISPs to keep their networks open, while employing reasonable network management practices, to all forms of legal content. In wake of the rulings, the FCC stated it would continue its fight for net neutrality. 1600:. The Court did rule against the FCC, vacating the rule's limitations against state-level actions to enforce net neutrality as Congress had not given the FCC any such authority via the Telecommunications Act. While various parts in support of the plaintiffs requested an 2379:

Organizations and companies that oppose net neutrality regulations include several major technology hardware companies, cable and telecommunications companies, hundreds of small internet service providers, various think tanks, several civil rights groups, and others.

1632:. The motion to restore net neutrality passed in the Senate on May 16, 2018. However, efforts for the House of Representatives to pass similar legislative action through the CRA had stalled; Democratic Representatives had attempted to gain sufficient signatures for a 1407:, one of the critics of the FCC's process, issued a subpoena to over a dozen advocacy groups on both sides of the net neutrality debate to determine if they had a role in the massive number of fraudulent comments left at the FCC's system. Other states, as well as the 3527:

Carolina, State of Oregon, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, State of Rhode Island, State of Vermont, Commonwealth of Virginia, State of Washington, and the District of Columbia Petitioners, v. Federal Communications Commission, and United States of America, Respondents.

2023:

Arguments associated with net neutrality regulations came into prominence in mid-2002 with nine different bills introduced on this issue between 2006 and 2013. Industry officials say that these proposals would launch new rules and regulations for internet providers.

13585: 597:, a principle that the judicial body gives deference to an executive agency's interpretation of legislation outlining its granted powers as long as that interpretation is reasonable and consistent. While the ruling was unfavorable for proponents of net neutrality, 2439:

is going to lead to a slowdown, if not a hold, in broadband build out, because if you don’t know that you can recover on your investment, you won’t make it." Others argue that the regulation is "a solution that won’t work to a problem that simply doesn’t exist".

983:

On February 19, 2014, the FCC announced plans to formulate new rules to resume enforcing net neutrality while complying with the court rulings. However, in the event, on April 23, 2014, the FCC reported a new draft rule that would permit broadband ISPs such as

590:, the Supreme Court agreed to hear the case. The Court announced its judgment in June 2005. The 6–3 decision reversed the Ninth Circuit's ruling, deeming that the FCC had properly defined cable ISPs as an information service. The majority opinion relied on the 1362:

The FCC's open comment period on the proposed language of "Restoring Internet Freedom" received about 21.9 million comments, the largest influx of public comments seen by the FCC at that time; previously the FCC had gotten about 500,000 comments related to

901:

Level playing field: Consumers and innovators have a right to a level playing field. This means a ban on unreasonable content discrimination. There is no approval for so-called "pay for priority" arrangements involving fast lanes for some companies but not

13167:

the wide-spread development of high-capacity broadband internet access, and increasing the availability and quality of services in this key economic development area and ensuring the safety, reliability and affordability of telecommunications services

1484:

promising consumers gift cards or entry into sweepstakes but then using their names and information to submit the comments without their knowledge. For this, the office had already reached settlement deals with three telecom companies for a total of

12413: 207:, or charge different rates for specific online content. Without net neutrality, ISPs may prioritize certain types of traffic, meter others, or potentially block specific types of content, while charging consumers different rates for that content. 693:

In the United States, broadband services were historically regulated differently according to the technology by which they were carried. While cable Internet has always been classified by the FCC as an information service free of most regulation,

12700:

The hearing came a day after New Jersey's governor signed an executive order mandating net neutrality in government contracts, and its attorney general announced it would be the 22nd state joining a suit to overturn the FCC's net neutrality rule

1721:, "Promoting Competition in the American Economy", a sweeping array of initiatives across the executive branch. Among them included instructions to the FCC to restore the net neutrality rules that had been undone during the Trump administration. 1652:

clause to be flawed and would allow states to still override the FCC's decision on net neutrality, as the language divests the FCC from regulating broadband carriers, and thus would disallow them from preventing states from regulating them.

2533:

to legislatively mandate network neutrality or for the Commission to adopt a paternalistic approach on the issue ... there have been few overt incidents to date, and the costs of those incidents to consumers have been limited." She cites

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Senator Wiener (Principal coauthors: Senators Allen, Dodd, Hill, McGuire, Monning, and Skinner) (Principal coauthors: Assembly Members Bloom, Bonta, Chiu, Friedman, Kalra, and Mullin) (Coauthor: Assembly Member Ting) (January 3, 2018),

2564:

Cable companies have lobbied Congress for a federal preemption to ban states and municipalities from competing and thereby interfering with interstate commerce. However, there is current Supreme Court precedent for an exception to the

1488:

in fines. Another 9.3 million of the comments considered bogus were in favor of net neutrality, according to the report, filed under false identities and many submitted by a single person. The attorney general also obtained a total of

1308:. ... Using the same logic that the NPRM uses, one could suggest that the FCC's classification of cable modem service as an information service in 2002 resulted in an even more precipitous drop in broadband provider investment.” 877:

Towards the end of 2009, the FCC began drafting new rules that would include a series of proposals that would prevent telecommunications, cable and wireless companies from blocking certain information on the Internet. FCC Chair

502:

in households and wider society. Also in the 1980s, arguments about the public interest requirements of the telecommunications industry in the U.S. arose; whether companies involved in broadcasting were best viewed as community

280:

called for the FCC to undo some of these changes. In April 2024, the FCC voted 3-2 to restore net neutrality rules and regulation of Internet service providers. In August 2024 a Federal court again blocked net neutrality rules.

1901:

October 2, 2019 - California governor signs bill AB-1699. The bill allows first response agencies to request, that mobile service providers not limit, or degrade, internet traffic of accounts used by the agency in response to

1187:

deference. On November 5, 2018, seven members of the Court denied the petition, leaving in place the Court of Appeals ruling, which established that the FCC had the ability to reclassify Internet under Title II. Chief Justice

1085:

described the "Battle for the Net now casting the upcoming FCC decision as an epic clash between "Team Internet" (a plucky band of high-tech multi-millionaires) and "Team Cable" (a dastardly bunch of Big-ISP billionaires)."

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In August 2008, the FCC made its first Internet network management decision. It voted 3-to-2 to uphold a complaint against Comcast ruling that it had illegally inhibited users of its high-speed Internet service from using

601:

established that the FCC had powers to classify Internet services subject to their interpretation, which has played a key role in how net neutrality has since played out in the United States with changing administrations.

905:

Network management: This is an allowance for broadband providers to engage in reasonable network management. These rules do not forbid providers from offering subscribers tiers of services or charging based on bandwidth

552:

governmental structure, took on different forms of implementation. Within the U.S., media and politicians learned of these regulatory suggestions, leading to the start of net neutrality principles within the government.

14270: 14240: 14145: 1894:

September 30, 2018 - California passed regulations for Net Neutrality protections. The Trump administration swiftly filed a lawsuit stating that the regulations "interfere with the federal government's approach to the

1056:

argued that a tiered Internet would suppress new Internet innovations by increasing the barrier to entry. Video providers Netflix and Vimeo in their comments filed with the FCC used the research of S.S. Krishnan and

12319:

An Act relating to the regulation of broadband Internet; and making certain actions by broadband Internet service providers unlawful acts or practices under the Alaska Unfair Trade Practices and Consumer Protection

2245:, and oblige subscribers to buy their otherwise noncompetitive services. Many believe net neutrality to be primarily important for the preservation of current internet freedoms; a lack of net neutrality would allow 1937:" and a federal crime. Comcast blocked ports of VPNs, forcing the state of Washington, for example, to contract with telecommunications providers to ensure that its employees had access to unimpeded broadband for 2213:

Previously existing FCC rules do not prevent telecommunications companies from charging fees to certain content providers in exchange for preferential treatment (the so-called "fast lanes"). Neutrality advocates

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in response to Chairman Pai's promise to get rid of the regulation. He prompted viewers to once again comment on the FCC website by buying the domain gofccyourself.com, which garnered 1.6 million contributions.

12533:

A Hawaiian Politician Is Introducing a Bill That Would Encourage Creation of Locally Owned Broadband Networks: "One option is to reject corporate internet service providers altogether, and control the internet

1835:

May 18, 2017 – The FCC voted 2–1 to start rolling back net neutrality regulations; this vote marked the beginning of a lengthy process required to modify the existing rules, and it did not actually change said

1296:, to demonstrate this. Analysts stated that the FCC had cherry picked this data, as about 75% of the annual changes in capital spending by telecoms between the period of 1996 to 2015 were decreases of at least 647:

case, the FCC for the first time showed the willingness to enforce its network neutrality principles by opening an investigation about Madison River Communications, a local telephone carrier that was blocking

569: 338: 11613: 489:

In the late 1980s the Internet became legally available for commercial use, and in the early years of public use of the Internet, this was its main use – public access was limited and largely reached through

263:, the FCC voted in the 2015 FCC open order to categorize ISPs as Title II common carriers and thus subject to net neutrality principles, which was upheld after a legal challenge raised by the ISP industry in 14195: 1941:. Other broadband providers proposed to start charging service and content providers in return for higher levels of service (higher network priority, faster or more predictable), creating what is known as a 11176: 1812:

February 26, 2015 – FCC passes the Title II Net Neutrality Rules. “In a 3–2 party-line vote, the FCC passes open internet rules applying to both wired and wireless internet connections grounded in Title II

14245: 12775:

provisions relating to financial assistance from the Nebraska Internet Enhancement Fund; to harmonize provisions; to provide an operative date; to provide severability; and to repeal the original sections.

13082:

state agency, public authority, public library or municipal corporation ... such ... contract shall require that such internet connection services are compliant with the internet service neutrality ... .

236: 1806:

July 15, 2014 – FCC opens up on Public Knowledge for public comments, received 1.1 million comments on the first day. Determined that "less than 1% of comments were clearly opposed to net neutrality."

1212:

vacatur, in which the Appeals Court order would have been vacated, returned to that court, and have the case rendered moot due to the more recent 2018 FCC order that reversed the Open Internet Order.

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as the new chairman of the FCC. Pai had previously been nominated to fill one of the required Republican seats on the commission by President Obama under the recommendation of Senate Minority Leader

12160: 2210:

videos, medical and scientific research, and many other essential services, we must ensure the same quality access to online educational content as to entertainment and other commercial offerings."

1587:

The Court of Appeals issued its decision on October 1, 2019. In a multipart decision, the Court ruled that the FCC has the capability to reclassify Internet service under Title I based on the prior

14135: 1809:

September 15, 2014 – FCC receives 3.7 million comments in total. “The FCC's server crashes again as millions more people, companies, and advocacy organizations weigh in on the open internet rules.”

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regulate free speech. They both stand for the same concept." Full disclosure of the rules were released for public comment on March 12, 2015, and the final rule was published on April 13, 2015.

14150: 14045: 939:

While the 2010 Open Internet Order was generally favorable to ISPs, the issuing of the neutrality principles that would still apply to Title I information services was criticized by some ISPs.

934: 14235: 7649: 14200: 8253: 6732:"Federal Communications Commission – FCC 15–24 – In the Matter of Protecting and Promoting the Open Internet – GN Docket No. 14-28 – Report and Order on Remand, Declaratory Ruling, and Order" 2707: 1646: 844:

Open services: Third parties (resellers) should be able to acquire wireless services from a 700 MHz licensee on a wholesale basis, based on reasonably nondiscriminatory commercial terms;

13978:

The Network Neutrality Squad, an open-membership, open-source effort, enlisting the Internet's users to help keep the Internet's operations fair and unhindered from unreasonable restrictions

7317: 769:) noted that ISPs had been throttling BitTorrent traffic for almost two years, since 2005, but Comcast was completely blocking it in at least some cases. This was later verified by both the 13112:

requirements in certain procurement contracts ... that includes internet connection services ... awarded by a state agency, public authority, public library or municipal corporation... .

4818: 1183:(Docket 17-489). The petition argued that the FCC did not have the power to issue the Open Internet Order, which required a re-interpretation of the Communications Act of 1934, under the 1111:

that made concessions to net neutrality but prohibited the FCC from accomplishing that goal, or from enacting any further regulation affecting ISPs, though the bill failed to be enacted.

1871:

November 21, 2017 – FCC chairman Ajit Pai unveils plans to repeal the net neutrality policy in the United States. The five person FCC vote for repeal is scheduled for December 14, 2017.

1820: 1556: 1168: 898:

No blocking: This includes a right to send and receive lawful traffic, prohibits the blocking of lawful content, apps, services and the connection of non-harmful devices to the network;

799: 14255: 12884: 1472: 13266:

An Act providing for disclosure requirements for broadband Internet access service providers, for prohibitions and for contracts, grants and tax credits; and imposing civil penalties

9530: 8592: 2052:

in the United States. Debate over the issue predates the coining of the term. Advocates of net neutrality have raised concerns about the ability of broadband providers to use their

1898:

June 25, 2019 - Maine governor signs net neutrality bill. Bill states that internet service providers can only receive state funding if they "agree to provide net neutral service."

14260: 12738: 6616: 13191:

Oregon Net Neutrality Initiative Filed With State Secretary: Oregonians for Net Neutrality will need nearly 90,000 signatures to get their initiative on the November 2018 ballot.

14230: 14140: 14090: 14050: 10918: 9489: 847:

Open networks: Third parties, such as Internet service providers, should be able to interconnect at any technically feasible point in a 700 MHz licensee's wireless network.

199:, and to not discriminate based on such distinctions—has been an issue of contention between end-users and ISPs since the 1990s. With net neutrality, ISPs may not intentionally 13685:

Kirby, Stanford, Blake, Reeves, Clibborn, Macri, Kloba, Appleton, Stambaugh, Jinkins, Ormsby, Ryu, Hayes, Pollet, Doglio, Ortiz-Self, Riccelli, and McDonald (January 8, 2018),

8046: 7073: 3486: 1443:

for records pertaining to the API key logs from the ECFS, which were granted after journalists from the works filed suit against the FCC's initial denial. Data analysis led by

14225: 14220: 14215: 14070: 13412: 10372: 2275:

In May 2014, some websites admitted to inserting code that slowed user access to their site from known FCC IP addresses, as a protest on the FCC's position on net neutrality.

14205: 12251: 14210: 14125: 14100: 12509:

Internet Service Provider; engaged in provision of broadband Internet access service; shall publicly disclose accurate information regarding the network management practices

4509:"Re : Notice of Ex Parte Communication in the Matter of Review of AT&T Inc . and BellSouth Corp Application For Consent to Transfer of Control, WC Docket No. 06-74" 1637:

action would have to be signed into law by the President. However, the Congressional term ended before the House of Representatives could act, preventing the CRA challenge.

276:, in 2017, the FCC reverted to handling ISPs as Title I information services with some court-mandated leeway being given to state-level legislation. In July 2021, President 13557: 6134: 14175: 14110: 14080: 14055: 11448: 9465: 2304:

as something that could undercut the lobbying power of cable companies by offering internet access via satellite as opposed to traditional wired or wireless technologies.

621:

Chairman Michael Powell announced a set of non-discrimination principles, which he called the principles of "Preserving Network Freedom", based on studies from Tim Wu and

10412: 462:

The ideas underlying net neutrality have a long pedigree in telecommunications practice and regulation. Services such as telegrams and the phone network (officially, the

14185: 14115: 14095: 4040: 498:

dial-up culture that preceded it). The Internet was viewed more as a commercial service than a domestic and societal system. However, by the late 1990s and early 2000s,

1161:

Following the publication of the FCC's ruling in 2015, several internet providers filed suit to challenge the FCC's ruling. The cases were combined into a single case,

14130: 14120: 14060: 12714: 1620:(CRA) to reverse the repeal of Title II net neutrality. While the effort was pushed by Democratic Senators, they had also gained support of three Republican Senators, 1581: 9185: 582:. In May 2003, the Ninth Circuit vacated the FCC's ruling, stating that cable ISPs had a telecommunications function and thus should be regulated under Title II. The 14180: 14105: 6190: 2018: 13413:

Senators Nesiba, Frerichs, Heinert, Kennedy, and Killer and Representatives Ring, Bartling, Bordeaux, Hawley, Lesmeister, McCleerey, and Wismer (February 6, 2018),

11186: 8525: 7477: 913:

Vigilance: The order creates an open Internet advisory committee to assist the commission in monitoring the state of Internet openness and the effects of the rules.

14075: 13028:

order and direct New York State's government ... not to enter into any contracts for Internet service unless the ISPs agree to adhere to net neutrality principles.

8155: 5142: 2231: 10013: 9212: 8566: 5691: 1674:

hold off the enforcement of the law until pending legal action over the FCC's decision. Despite not being enforced, the bill went into effect on January 1, 2019.

1451:

to review the logs against those of the duplicated comments. They concluded that the duplicated comments were coming from submissions through the API assigned to

895:

Transparency: Consumers and innovators have a right to know the basic performance characteristics of their Internet access and how their network is being managed;

790:

compliance plan for ending the offending practices by the end of the year, and disclose to the public the details of intended future practices. Then-FCC chairman

7198:"Net neutrality redux: The battle for an open net continues – The Republican-led FCC is starting to roll back net neutrality rules. Here's what you need to know" 11883: 11061: 6221: 823:, said that he is "ready, willing and able," to prevent broadband ISPs from unreasonably interfering with their subscribers' access to content on the internet. 13455: 12194: 9597: 9551: 9263: 8019: 8346: 6821: 6249: 4958: 1780:

August 9, 2010 – Google and Verizon try to cut deal to make larger parts of internet to be exempt from protection from the net neutrality rules from the FCC.

12167: 11714: 9314: 8210: 2603:, petitioned the FCC to allow them to deliver internet to communities outside of the 600-square mile area that they service. A similar petition was made by 9157: 4635: 626:

consumers should expect from broadband service. In a speech at the Silicon Flatirons Symposium, Powell encouraged ISPs to offer users these four freedoms:

13946: 9389: 7966: 2486:"any use of Title II would be problematic", are expected to dispute this solution. The official proposal was rumored to become public by the end of 2014. 10463: 8627: 3780: 1572:, and several other state and local entities and advocacy groups, refiled the suit on February 22, 2018. The cases were all consolidated under the title 8985: 8410: 6103: 4291: 4174: 3617: 883:

should be subject to the same network neutrality as wireline providers. In October 2009, the FCC gave notice of proposed rule making on net neutrality.

13818: 9643: 6965: 6347: 5175: 3835: 710: 9413: 7596: 4613: 1771:

June 27, 2005 – Supreme Court decides that “communications, content, and applications are allowed to pass freely over the Internet's broadband pipes.”

13279:

a Commonwealth agency or political subdivision may not contract with or award grants or tax credits to a provider that fails to comply with this act.

10868: 9721: 9069: 8497: 8183: 7882: 7770: 7572: 7015: 6905: 3913: 2293: 1252:. Pai, who objected to the 2015 Open Internet Order, quickly began to roll back some of the policies that had been implemented by the FCC during the 1108: 820: 605:

The majority opinion in Brand X was authored by Justice Clarence Thomas, who has subsequently stated that he regrets the decision, in his dissent to

101: 10841: 9988: 8469: 7114: 6162: 5087: 1324:

median change over the 24 tables for which it seemed reasonable to extract a typical annualized percentage change were 8.1% and 5.2%, respectively.

14306: 14301: 13848: 13798: 13755: 13712: 13618: 13437: 13399: 13361: 13291: 13124: 12943: 12716:

Two Minnesota legislators say they will push to protect net neutrality in wake of FCC decision: A previous measure aimed at protecting data privacy

12668: 12643: 12614: 12441: 12302: 12244: 11089: 9746: 7910: 7558: 7345: 7323: 7100: 4534: 1521:

The FCC voted along party lines, 3–2, on December 14, 2017, to enact the Restoring Internet freedom rules and repeal the 2015 Open Internet Order.

12482: 11959: 8545: 6075: 6019: 5046: 4146: 2538:" as effective policing tools to prevent ISPs from throttling traffic. She suggests that it "would be more prudent to consider introducing modest 2285: 1787:

which “established high-level rules requiring transparency and prohibiting blocking and unreasonable discrimination to protect Internet openness.”

13633: 12947: 12799: 10119: 3539: 1163: 1156: 1052:

The public commenting period ran through July 2014, and garnering over one million responses, the most the FCC had ever received for rulemaking.

399: 265: 12862:

ISPs must follow net neutrality in New Jersey, governor declares: ISPs can't block or throttle traffic if they sell broadband to state agencies.

9128: 5911: 5024: 4476: 4397: 4203: 2506:

to actually create network neutrality laws which don't result in an absurdity, like making it so that ISPs can't drop spam or stop... attacks."

12860: 8377: 4255: 860: 13164: 11904: 7169: 4694: 2307:

Some rural areas would have much less or no connectivity without net neutrality, making the use of farm software impracticable or impossible.

1392:

Internet", and in other cases, thousands of messages were received at nearly the same time, potential evidence of a bot spamming in comments.

578:

Several non-cable ISPs and other industry groups sued the FCC, challenging this ruling in multiple courts. The cases were consolidated to the

14024: 13264: 11756: 10714: 10516: 5883: 511:

participants with obligations only to their shareholders. The legal debate about net neutrality regulations of the 2000s echoes this debate.

12567: 10092: 7453: 6793: 1596:. The opinion also stated that the FCC had not addressed how these rules affected utility pole access or other programs like the low-income 13890: 11430: 11404: 11148: 9527: 8292: 5937: 1877:

February 22, 2018—The "Restoring Internet Freedom" ruling was published in the Federal Register, giving opponents of the FCC's decision 60

1368: 827: 243:

In the early 2000s, the FCC adopted a position that ISPs were Title I information services, and proposed net neutrality principles via the

13730:

Protecting consumers by prohibiting blocking, throttling, or paid prioritization in the provision of internet service in Washington state.

13306: 12814: 12683: 10625: 7042: 5829: 4980: 1712:, an Obama-era appointee to the FCC, as acting chairperson. Rosenworcel was a vocal proponent for net neutrality in previous FCC rulings. 1304:

wrote, "I have yet to see a credible analysis that suggests that broadband provider capital expenditures have declined as a result of our

11930: 11697: 11265: 9013: 8704: 6104:"H. R. _ 114th Congress, 1st Session [Discussion Draft] – To amend the Communications Act of 1934 to ensure Internet openness..." 952:

of 1996 to regulate ISPs, while others, including President Obama, supported reclassifying ISPs as common carriers under Title II of the

131: 13213: 12747: 12684:"NECTA: Federal Net Neutrality Legislation Is Answer: Was scheduled to testify before Massachusetts special committee on net neutrality" 9041: 6934:"Obama's attack on the internet is another top down power grab. Net neutrality is the Fairness Doctrine. Will target conservative media" 6624: 3573: 660:(DSL) offering to customers. At the time, while the FCC classified cable providers under Title I as an information provider (as per the 12910: 12621: 10397: 9486: 9097: 8844: 8438: 4317: 4041:

Jan Krämer, Lukas Wiewiorra, Christof Weinhardt, Net Neutrality in the United States and Europe, CPI Antitrust Chronicle, March 2012(2)

2384:

2013, anti-neutrality companies filed 427 reports to lobby against net-neutrality, compared to just 176 reports filed by those for it.

1427: 1364: 1343:, encouraged his viewers to comment against the proposed FCC rules. In early June 2017, Battle for the Net, a coalition spearheaded by 11855: 8185:

FCC releases final net neutrality repeal order, three weeks after vote: With repeal officially published, FCC will soon face lawsuits.

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Barbara A. L'Italien, Andres X. Vargas, Sonia Chang-Diaz, Diana DiZoglio and other members of the General Court (December 19, 2017),

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initial filing was withdrawn in early February 2018 only due to the fact that the FCC's ruling had not yet been published within the

1459:

found the comments tied to the name of those that had signed the May 2017 open letter to the FCC, matching this pattern. Separately,

379: 255: 10490: 9788: 9283: 9244: 1905:

October 27, 2020 - The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) votes 3-2 to reaffirm the rolling back of net neutrality regulations.

146: 13240: 10798: 9866: 1964:'s Open Technology Institute filed a complaint with the FCC that AT&T was violating net neutrality rules by restricting use of 259:(2014) that the FCC was not authorized to enforce these net neutrality principles on Title I information services. Under FCC chair 174: 11485: 11362: 11035: 10365: 9960: 7373: 5770: 5713: 5472:

FCC to Propose New 'Net Neutrality' Rules: Proposal Would Allow Broadband Providers to Give Preferential Treatment to Some Traffic

4671: 4118: 1048:— signed a letter to Wheeler voicing their disagreement with his plans, saying they represented a "grave threat to the Internet". 8816: 1858:

July 12, 2017 – The net neutrality 'day of action' occurred, involving many major companies and the original founder of the Web,

732:

transmitted over AT&T/BellSouth's wireline broadband Internet access service based on its source, ownership or destination."

13139: 13066: 13041: 12986: 11445: 10893: 9462: 6703: 5005: 4587: 3809: 2474:

that would sufficiently prevent unreasonable discrimination and mandate reasonable net neutrality policies under the concept of

1917:

Many broadband operators imposed various contractual limits on the activities of their subscribers. In the best known examples,

1265:

rather than the FCC. On April 29, 2017, a clearer understanding of the latest net neutrality compromise proposal was described.

14291: 12962: 8898: 7854: 6454: 5224:

Wright, Christopher J. (2014). "The Scope of the FCC's Ancillary Jurisdiction after the DC Crcuit's Net Neutrality Decisions".

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vote on December 14, 2017, to vote in the Restore Internet Freedom order and repeal the net neutrality rules. FCC commissioner

1284:

in new infrastructure, threatening the future of the nation's telecommunication systems. The FCC cited a drop of approximately

1105: 1093:

stepped in, and recommended the FCC reclassify broadband Internet service as a telecommunications service in order to preserve

974: 834:, Google promised to enter a bid of $ 4.6 billion, if the FCC required the winning licensee to adhere to four conditions: 12278:

A RESOLUTION Urging the United States Congress to overturn the Federal Communication Commission's order ending net neutrality.

9929: 6557: 4014: 2502:, said "I most definitely do not want the Internet to become like television where there's actual censorship... however it is 10972: 6849: 6762: 5197: 1891:

June 11, 2018 – With the US House of Representatives failing to act under the CRA, the repeal of the FCC's rules took effect.

13189: 13096: 12647:

An Act protecting consumers by prohibiting blocking, throttling, or paid prioritization in the provision of internet service

7140: 1510:

due to irregularities in its comment period and said the vote should be postponed until after an appropriate investigation.

841:

Open devices: Consumers should be able to use a handheld communications device with whatever.. wireless network they prefer;

636:

Freedom to attach devices - Consumers should be permitted to attach any devices they choose to the connection in their homes

11987: 10822: 10778: 10759: 9335: 9297: 8318: 7622: 7531: 4330:

Appropriate Framework for Broadband Access to the Internet Over Wireline Facilities, Federal Communications Commission, 70

3920:

is the definitive statement of this by the FCC chairman at the time, but this theory has been worked out extensively since.

1852: 1743: 1356: 852:

viz., open devices and open applications, and only applied these conditions to the nationwide C block portion of the band.

838:

Open applications: Consumers should be able to download and use any software application, content, or services they desire;

12219: 11500: 9569: 8957: 8650: 7798: 7711: 6585: 6198: 639:

Freedom to obtain service plan information - Consumers should receive meaningful information regarding their service plans

12531: 11209: 10549: 8075: 7938: 7742: 6877: 5635: 2316: 1629: 1121: 831: 13931: 13416:

Establish certain provisions regarding the state procurement process for internet, data, and telecommunications services

13098:

AN ACT to amend the public service law and the state finance law, in relation to instituting internet service neutrality

13068:

AN ACT to amend the public service law and the state finance law, in relation to instituting internet service neutrality

11778: 11536: 11237: 11016: 8101: 7650:"Public Comments to the Federal Communications Commission About Net Neutrality Contain Many Inaccuracies and Duplicates" 5152: 4891: 4720: 3733:"Network neutrality and difference in efficiency among Internet application service providers: A meta-frontier analysis" 3550: 727:

Consumers are entitled to competition among network providers, application and service providers, and content providers.

14296: 11596: 6675: 6526: 5414: 5332: 5226: 2280: 2227: 2190: 2181: 1888:

May 16, 2018 – The US Senate passes CRA resolution on a 52–47 vote in an attempt to stop the repeal from going forward.

1316: 795:

and "We are saying that network operators can't block people from getting access to any content and any applications."

687: 12456: 12416: 10066: 7288: 7197: 6731: 3361:

Enforcement of law, and legal challenge of law voluntarily halted until completion of states' legal case against FCC.

14017: 13996: 13941: 13915: 11380: 10733: 7826: 6789: 6739: 6534: 6478: 4393: 3458: 2373: 2269: 1724:

The resignation of Pai in January 2021 left the FCC at a two-two deadlock until September 2023, when Biden-nominated

1662: 1381: 1289: 618: 483: 463: 227: 126: 13349:

shall require that such Internet connection services are compliant with the Internet service neutrality requirements

12191: 11291: 9693: 9594: 9361: 5663: 4054:"Net neutrality discourses: Comparing advocacy and regulatory arguments in the United States and the United Kingdom" 8676: 6647: 5579: 5525: 5470: 4561: 2338: 2080:

Organizations that support net neutrality come from widely varied political backgrounds and include groups such as

1855:" on July 12 in a final attempt to convince the Republican-controlled FCC to keep the current net neutrality rules. 1400:

Obama-era rules; these came from a geographically- and politically-diverse set of users. Shortly after this study,

1098: 1061:

demonstrated less patience and abandoned their videos sooner than similar users with slower Internet connectivity.

1004:, willing to pay a higher price, faster connection speeds, so their customers would have preferential access, thus 13981: 13686: 12106: 8929: 6257: 5739: 5497: 5358: 1908:

February 8, 2021 - The U.S. Justice Department dropped its legal challenge to California's net neutrality statute.

1493:

from three influencer companies paid by the telecom industry that participated in the millions of fake responses.

14250: 13010: 11869: 11721: 11514: 11465: 10067:"Bill Text - AB-1699 Telecommunications: mobile internet service providers: first response agencies: emergencies" 9311: 7254: 6406: 4240: 4095: 3911:

Mark S. Fowler and Daniel L. Brenner, A Marketplace Approach to Broadcast Regulation, 60 Texas L. Rev. 207 (1982)

2415:

new tiered services. Net neutrality laws are generally opposed by the cable television and telephone industries.

2149: 1708:

becoming president in January 2021, Ajit Pai announced his departure from the FCC in the same month. Biden named

1545:

announced his intent to lead a multi-state lawsuit against the FCC to "stop illegal rollback of net neutrality".

1408: 863:

called for an investment of $ 7.2 billion in broadband infrastructure and included an openness stipulation.

721:

Consumers are entitled to run applications and services of their choice, subject to the needs of law enforcement;

12396: 11558: 10320:"Text - H.R.166 - 112th Congress (2011-2012): Internet Investment, Innovation, and Competition Preservation Act" 9894: 6280: 5386: 4773:"Net Neutrality: The Federal Communications Commission's Authority to Enforce its Network Management Principles" 2387:

Opponents argue that net neutrality would benefit industry lobbyists, and not consumers due to the potential of

12220:

REPRESENTATIVES KAWASAKI, Parish, Tuck, Fansler, Drummond, Gara, Kreiss-Tomkins, Spohnholz (January 16, 2018),

10658: 10334:"S.74 - 112th Congress (2011-2012): Internet Freedom, Broadband Promotion, and Consumer Protection Act of 2011" 9386: 8788: 4768: 4295: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2093: 2053: 1580:

February 1, 2019. The FCC had requested a rescheduling of the hearings due to lack of resources created by the

1312: 770: 533: 215: 116: 13964: 13533: 10762:. Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, the Decentralized Information Group. Archived from 8239: 6311: 5991: 5275: 12113:, K. A. Taipale, Center for Advanced Studies in Sci. & Tech. Policy Research Brief No. 06-14 (June 2006). 11805: 11627: 10277: 9621: 5119: 1464: 1384:(API), along keys to that provided by the FCC, to submit comments, making it exploitable for mass-messaging. 1373: 1277: 499: 13688:

AN ACT Relating to protecting an open internet in Washington state; and adding a new chapter to Title 19 RCW

10944: 9789:"Major web companies and public interest groups announce Internet-Wide Day of Action to Save Net Neutrality" 6794:"Protecting and Promoting the Open Internet – A Rule by the Federal Communications Commission on 04/13/2015" 3843: 2032:

neutrality by asserting that regulation of the Internet is under the jurisdiction of Congress, not the FCC.

1800:

May 13, 2014 – FCC releases new proposal including new rules on allowing “fast lanes and slow lanes online.”

918:

allowing them to discriminate on transmission speed for their profit, especially on mobile devices like the

14010: 12593:

Prohibiting state contracts with internet service providers that do not adhere to net neutrality principles

11870:"FCC Commissioner Ajit Pai: Net Neutrality is a "Solution That Won't Work to a Problem That Doesn't Exist"" 9410: 8732: 4348: 3592: 2101: 1784: 1555:

Twenty-two states and the District of Columbia, led by New York's Schneiderman, filed a formal suit in the

1539: 1401: 872: 766: 363: 298: 244: 219: 167: 10684: 3910: 2517:, D-N.D., chairman of the Senate interstate commerce, trade and tourism subcommittee, told FTC Chairwoman 1564:. Once the new FCC rules were published in February 2018, the states, District of Columbia, joined by the 12386:

Associated Press (2018-01-16); Attorneys general for 21 states and the District of Columbia (2018-01-16)

5306: 5097: 2288:

went viral with 13 million views on YouTube and prompted 45,000 comments on the FCC website. At the 2016

2176: 2089: 1953: 1546: 1348: 1320: 231: 136: 12832:

Future contracts for Internet and broadband will be awarded only to ISPs that adhere to "net neutrality"

11427: 11097: 10291: 8127: 7678: 5249: 2466:, which would narrowly reclassify Internet access as a telecommunication service under Title Two of the 1874:

December 14, 2017 – The FCC votes 3 to 2, along party lines, in favor of reversing Title II regulations.

13376: 12274: 12125:"Cable companies want to block cities from building fiber networks. Here's how the FCC could intervene" 5050: 4937: 4650: 4093:

Aronowitz, Steven (2005). "Brand X Internet Services v. FCC: The Case of the Missing Policy Argument".

2467: 2246: 2040:

supported), outlined in a November 2009 FCC Notice of Proposed Rule Making (NPRM), among other things.

1832:

May 1, 2017 – A U.S. appeals court declined to reconsider a rehearing of the FCC's net neutrality case.

1020: 953: 699: 479: 211: 13922: 13330: 11062:"Digital Equity Groups Explain How FCC Chair's Net Neutrality Rollback Will Hurt Communities of Color" 4938:"Google Intends to Bid in Spectrum Auction If FCC Adopts Consumer Choice and Competition Requirements" 4455: 1215: 956:. Critics of Section 706 point out that the section has no clear mandate to guarantee equal access to 14190: 12589: 10869:"Overwhelming Bipartisan Majority Opposes Repealing Net Neutrality | Program for Public Consultation" 10517:"When it comes to protecting Internet freedom, the Christian Coalition and MoveOn respectfully agree" 10436: 9226: 7855:"Millions Of Comments About The FCC's Net Neutrality Rules Were Fake. Now The Feds Are Investigating" 4917: 4483: 4429: 4404: 4210: 4199: 3704: 2289: 2284:, Oliver took on the issue of net neutrality for the first time in 2014, in the show's first season. 1549: 192: 12772: 12507: 9840: 8387: 6378: 6047: 4266: 3676: 14065: 10319: 10253: 7993: 2510: 1882: 1730: 1617: 1463:

found the language of the duplicated comments shares many similarities with statements made by the

1262: 106: 13770: 13728: 11764: 11614:"Intel, IBM and Cisco team up to fight net neutrality by reclassifying the internet – TheINQUIRER" 10894:"In Developing Countries, Google and Facebook Already Defy Net Neutrality – MIT Technology Review" 10523: 9664: 7298:(Notice of proposed rulemaking), Federal Communications Commission of the United States government 4119:"The Court Allowed The Fcc To Kill Net Neutrality Because Washing Machines Can't Make Phone Calls" 1315:

claimed that no such claims of CapEx reductions have been made in official reports filed with the

223: 11385: 8550: 8293:"The first lawsuit to save net neutrality was announced minutes after the FCC voted to repeal it" 5963: 5584: 5476: 4655: 4365: 4058: 3952: 3732: 1922: 1125: 724:

Consumers are entitled to connect their choice of legal devices that do not harm the network; and

657: 160: 121: 111: 85: 13965:

Verizon & Google Enter Reported Deal for Tiered Internet Use, Is Net Neutrality in Jeopardy?

13378:

An act relating to public utilities and carriers -- Internet service providers -- net neutrality

13332:

An act relating to public utilities and carriers -- Internet service providers -- net neutrality

11410: 9510: 9434: 8872: 8733:"What is the Congressional Review Act, and how is it being used to try and save net neutrality?" 7397: 7224: 6135:"In Net Neutrality Push, F.C.C. Is Expected to Propose Regulating Internet Service as a Utility" 3883: 2712:

While still under litigation, enforcement of law has been granted by court as of February 2021.

11671: 10632: 7623:"2.6 million comments in, the FCC has changed almost nothing about its net neutrality proposal" 7479:

It's Working: How the Internet Access and Online Video Markets Are Thriving in the Title II Era

4987: 2604: 2600: 2186: 1961: 1597: 1507: 940: 706:, as "information service" relaxing the common carrier regulations and unbundling requirement. 686:

certain parts of their networks at regulated prices. This caused the economic collapse of many

55: 13328: 12002: 10333: 3762: 1803:

June 13, 2014 – FCC investigates large companies such as Netflix for interconnection policies.

1777:

January 9, 2008 – FCC investigates Comcast traffic policy and treatment of Bittorrent traffic.

13661: 10305: 10199: 6558:"In Net Neutrality Victory, F.C.C. Classifies Broadband Internet Service as a Public Utility" 3996: 3508: 2518: 2499: 2392: 1768:

in a paper calling for anti-discrimination rules to be applied to internet service providers.

805:

has failed to tie its assertion' of regulatory authority to an actual law enacted by Congress

754: 683: 495: 440: 12919: 12591: 12275:

SENATORS WIELECHOWSKI, Gardner, Begich, Olson, Costello, Hughes, Wilson (January 24, 2018),

10225: 6455:"Breaking: Grumpy Cat Soars over Comcast Headquarters to say "Don't Mess With The Internet"" 3506: 2391:

with policies that protect incumbent interests. Former hedge fund manager turned journalist

1359:, participated in what Fight for the Future called "the largest online protest in history". 665:

litigation occurred, with Madison River agreeing to stop blocking VoIP traffic and paying a

12221: 11153: 10919:"Entrepreneurs Explain How The End of Net Neutrality Would Mean Their Startups Don't Exist" 10846: 10604: 10174: 10133: 10097: 9046: 8443: 7967:"FCC's net neutrality rollback overwhelmed by bogus industry comments, investigation finds" 7887: 6937: 5771:"NPR Morning Edition: In Video-Streaming Rat Race, Fast is Never Fast Enough, October 2012" 5530: 4797: 4398:"New Principles Preserve and Promote the Open and Interconnected Nature of Public Internet" 4019: 2109: 1613: 1344: 1253: 1008:

its earlier position and (so far as opinion outside the ISP sector generally agreed) would

786: 744: 514:

By the 1990s, some U.S. politicians began to express concern over protecting the Internet:

355: 313: 308: 303: 273: 204: 60: 45: 12029: 8254:"The FCC just voted to repeal its net neutrality rules, in a sweeping act of deregulation" 6933: 1225: 633:

Freedom to run applications - Consumers should be able to run applications of their choice

8: 13095:

ABINANTI -- Multi-Sponsored by -- M. of A. CROUCH, HOOPER, McDONALD (December 22, 2017),

12129: 11888: 11783: 11012: 10494: 8597: 8593:"The Senate's push to overrule the FCC on net neutrality now has 50 votes, Democrats say" 8530: 8258: 8160: 7506:

Friends of Community Media Reply Comment in Opposition to Restoring Internet Freedom NPRM

6652: 6226: 5553: 5147: 4508: 3609:

Bills have also been introduced in Massachusetts, Nebraska, Rhode Island and Washington.

3468: 2573: 2539: 2443: 2404: 2350: 2242: 2069: 1757: 1709: 1666: 1503: 1396: 1388: 1281: 630:

Freedom to access content - Consumers should have access to their choice of legal content

471: 200: 12830: 12317: 12276: 8156:"FCC plan would give Internet providers power to choose the sites customers see and use" 7994:

Fake Comments: How U.S. Companies & Partisans Hack Democracy to Undermine Your Voice

5580:"Internet Companies, Two FCC Commissioners Disagree With Proposed Broadband Regulations" 2222:

have argued that the FCC does have regulatory power over the matter, following from the

2000:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

555: 13935: 12645: 12058: 11964: 11242: 11214: 10441: 10230: 9899: 9766: 9761: 8903: 8793: 8132: 7831: 7574:'Battle for the Net': Web Guardians Announce Global Day of Action to Defeat Trump's FCC 7350: 7174: 7047: 6854: 6708: 6680: 6562: 6411: 6352: 6316: 6285: 6167: 6139: 6080: 6024: 5996: 5717: 5668: 5640: 5607: 5502: 5447: 5419: 5391: 5363: 5280: 4802: 4629: 4334: 4075: 3709: 3681: 2463: 2447: 2408: 2388: 2145: 2065: 2049: 1670: 1633: 1565: 1468: 1416: 1135:

The FCC voted 3–2 on February 25, 2015, to pass these new rules, making exemptions for

1032:

and some other FCC commissioners. In May 2014, over 100 Internet companies — including

922:, while pro-business advocates complained about any regulation of the Internet at all. 879: 816: 583: 508: 75: 13506: 13479: 13308:

Senator Larry Farnese Introduces Legislation To Protect Net Neutrality In Pennsylvania

7597:"Net Neutrality: What happened during the July 12 Internet-Wide Day of Action protest" 7426: 7398:"Dissenting statement of Commissioner Mignon L. Clyburn to Restoring Internet freedom" 3487:"Nearly two dozen attorneys general sue to block FCC's repeal of net neutrality rules" 1829:

April 26, 2017 – FCC Chairman Ajit Pai announces plan to reverse Title II regulations.

1774:

September 1, 2007 – Comcast begins interfering with Bittorrent traffic on its network.

13792: 13749: 13706: 13612: 13431: 13393: 13374: 13355: 13285: 13118: 12937: 12793: 12662: 12608: 12435: 12296: 12238: 12134: 11621: 11292:"While a fight unfolds to save net neutrality, rural America struggles to get online" 10432: 10391: 10347: 9956: 9904: 9740: 9186:"FCC Aims to Reinstate Net Neutrality Rules After US Democrats Gain Control of Panel" 8602: 8263: 8020:"New York AG fines companies that spammed FCC with fake anti-net neutrality comments" 7552: 7094: 5068: 4846: 4311: 3992: 3533: 2369: 2330: 2254: 2061: 1934: 1542: 1404: 1372:

fraudulent, using the same anti-net neutrality wording that had been proposed by the

1339: 753:, the largest cable company in the US, was found to be blocking or severely delaying 591: 80: 65: 8211:"22 states and DC are suing the FCC in last-ditch effort to preserve net neutrality" 4588:"EFF tests agree with AP: Comcast is forging packets to interfere with user traffic" 4079: 3930: 1395:

Another study evaluating all the comments submitted by the process was completed at

1216:

Rollback to Title I information services under the Trump administration (2017–2020)

757:

uploads on their network using a technique which involved creating 'reset' packets (

702:. In 2005, the FCC reclassified Internet access across the phone network, including 13329:

Representatives Kennedy, Abney, Shekarchi, Serpa, and Marshall (January 18, 2018),

11125: 9158:"Biden signs order to crack down on Big Tech, boost competition 'across the board'" 9133: 8899:"Biden's Justice Department Drops Legal Challenge to California Net Neutrality Law" 7939:"Judge Orders FCC to Hand Over IP Addresses Linked to Fake Net Neutrality Comments" 7716: 6798: 6589: 6383: 6253: 6194: 5803: 4331: 4067: 3744: 2427: 2105: 2081: 1957: 1851:

and many other internet organizations announce that they will hold a simultaneous "

1593: 1561: 1515: 1272:

Broadband capital expenditures by U.S. broadband providers ($ billions, 1996–2015)

1057: 774: 475: 14002: 13883:

Net Neutrality: Selected Legal Issues Raised by the FCC’s 2015 Open Internet Order

11592:

SaveTheInternet.com, "One Million Americans Urge Senate to Save the Internet," at

10983: 9213:"Net neutrality's court fate depends on whether broadband is "telecommunications"" 7999:(Report). New York State Office of the Attorney General Letitia James. May 6, 2021 7532:"Anti-net neutrality spammers are impersonating real people to flood FCC comments" 2471: 1233:(center) has been at the forefront of the recent rollback of net neutrality rules. 1196:

abstained due to his previous involvement with the case history. Three Justices,

13992: 13953: 13926: 13587:

An act relating to protecting consumers and promoting an open Internet in Vermont

12740:

Executive order providing for Internet neutrality principles in state procurement

12198: 12110: 11600: 11470: 11452: 11434: 11039: 11008: 10818: 10755: 10417: 9625: 9601: 9534: 9493: 9469: 9417: 9393: 9318: 9264:"SCOTUS kills Chevron deference, giving courts more power to block federal rules" 9124: 6052: 5612: 4071: 3917: 3748: 3552:

Declaratory ruling, report, and order in the matter of restoring Internet freedom

3507:

Attorneys general for 21 states and the District of Columbia (January 16, 2018),

3473: 2566: 2483: 2475: 2354: 2334: 2265: 2219: 2160: 1942: 1878: 1859: 1352: 1327: 1249: 1197: 1193: 957: 791: 544: 13958: 13414: 11210:"FCC Chief Sees "Spectrum Extravaganza" As TV Auction Deadline Approaches – CES" 11120: 10826: 10763: 10600: 9961:"Net neutrality advocates gain symbolic win as Senate votes to save Obama rules" 7504: 7455:$ 15 minimum wage on Aug. 8 ballot in KCMO plus Trump's attack on net neutrality 6992: 1604:

hearing from the full Court of Appeals, the Court denied this in February 2020.

570:

National Cable & Telecommunications Association v. Brand X Internet Services

339:

National Cable & Telecommunications Association v. Brand X Internet Services

13986: 13969: 12746:, Executive Order No. 3-2018, Office of the Governor of Montana, archived from 9552:"What can we learn from 800000 Public Comments on the FCCs net Neutrality Plan" 9190: 8474: 7883:"FCC chairman acknowledges Russia interfered in net neutrality public comments" 6111: 4959:"FCC sets 700 MHz auction rules: limited open access, no wholesale requirement" 2396: 2238: 1625: 1533: 1301: 1136: 1102: 1094: 1024: 560: 467: 424: 249: 188: 29: 13262: 11334: 10553: 8498:"The FCC can repeal net neutrality, but it can't block state laws, says court" 7743:"How an Investigation of Fake FCC Comments Snared a Prominent D.C. Media Firm" 7074:"FCC Chief Makes Case For Tackling Net Neutrality Violations 'After The Fact'" 7016:"Ajit Pai on net neutrality: "I favor an open Internet and I oppose Title II"" 4986:. United States Committee on Appropriations. February 13, 2009. Archived from 4651:"Comcast, BitTorrent reached an agreement to work together on network traffic" 2241:

model in order to control the pipeline and thereby remove competition, create

1288:

in capital spending by telecoms between 2014 and 2015, based on data from the

1179:

following the Court of Appeals ruling, ultimately falling under the case name

586:

challenged the ruling, and while the Ninth Circuit refused to rehear the case

519:

fulfills the enormous promise of education, economic growth, and job creation?

14285: 13895: 12138: 11579:

Anne Veigle, "Groups Spent $ 42 Million on Net Neutrality Ads, Study Finds,"

11266:"ELON MUSK'S STARLINK COULD BRING BACK NET NEUTRALITY AND UPEND THE INTERNET" 9908: 9245:"Broadband providers file lawsuits against FCC to crush net neutrality rules" 8930:"California can finally enforce its landmark net neutrality law, judge rules" 8737: 8606: 8267: 7859: 5968: 4865: 4256:"In the Matter of Madison River Communications, LLC and affiliated companies" 4238:

Reicher, Alexander (2011). "Redefining Net Neutrality After Comcast v. FCC".

3463: 2585: 2581: 2346: 2168: 1725: 1621: 718:

Consumers are entitled to access the lawful Internet content of their choice;

682:

voided the FCC's authority to enforce rules requiring telephone operators to

653: 579: 491: 195:(ISPs) should make no distinctions between different kinds of content on the 13477: 9014:"Democrats push new bill to write net neutrality into law, but can it pass?" 7799:"Stanford study says almost every unique FCC comment was pro-net neutrality" 7771:"As FCC Prepares Net-Neutrality Vote, Study Finds Millions of Fake Comments" 6433: 5857: 2470:. It would apply only six common carrier rules under the legal principle of 1790:

September 23, 2011 – The Federal Register publishes the Open Internet Rules.

13638: 12590:

Representatives Parker, Clayton, Curtis, Highberger, Ohaebosim and Probst,

10164:

Journal of Telecommunications and High Technology Law, Vol. 2, p. 141, 2003

10014:"Trump administration sues California over newly-signed net neutrality law" 9965: 9268: 8990: 8986:"Stung by 3 court losses, ISPs stop fighting California net neutrality law" 8873:"U.S. Justice Department asks court to block California net neutrality law" 8709: 8415: 7915: 6910: 5888: 5834: 5825: 4721:"THE FCC TACKLES NET NEUTRALITY: AGENCY JURISDICTION AND THE COMCAST ORDER" 4151: 4010: 3781:"FCC moves ahead with Title II net neutrality rules in 3-2 party-line vote" 2514: 2365: 1868:

August 30, 2017 – Reply Comment Date for "Restoring Internet freedom" NPRM.

1237: 1205: 1201: 1189: 1090: 964: 944: 856: 782: 762: 13882: 13861: 13375:

Senators DiPalma, Pearson, Calkin, Goldin, and Miller (January 11, 2018),

11641: 11593: 11311: 9814: 9070:"House approves Save the Internet Act that would reinstate net neutrality" 8411:"FCC asks court for delay in case that could restore net neutrality rules" 8076:"FCC Commissioner Blasts Her Own Agency for Withholding Evidence of Fraud" 6482: 6163:"F.C.C. Chief Wants to Override State Laws Curbing Community Net Services" 5176:"Net neutrality is half-dead: Court strikes down FCC's anti-blocking rule" 4175:"Clarence Thomas regrets ruling that Ajit Pai used to kill net neutrality" 3648: 1244:

Shortly after his inauguration in January 2017, President Trump appointed

761:

RST) that appeared to come from the other party. An August 2007 report by

237:

National Cable & Telecommunications Ass'n v. Brand X Internet Services

210:

A core issue to net neutrality is how ISPs should be classified under the

11296: 10618: 6966:"Net neutrality, beloved by Netflix, looks headed for the ax under Trump" 6374: 5092: 2569:

of Congress for states as states going into business for their citizens.

2358: 2342: 2326: 2156: 2133: 1938: 1657: 1334: 1257: 1078: 1016: 679: 622: 260: 12885:"NJ to join net neutrality legal challenge against Trump administration" 11515:"Net neutrality is bad policy for the U.S. and bad policy for the world" 9336:"Comcast Ordered to Stop BitTorrent Traffic Interference - TorrentFreak" 8546:"FCC Rollback of Net Neutrality Rules is Partly Upheld by Appeals Court" 7911:"FCC has to pay journalist $ 43,000 after hiding net neutrality records" 7827:"New York Attorney General Expands Inquiry Into Net Neutrality Comments" 7396:

Clyburn, Mignon L. (May 18, 2017), Pai, Ajit; O'Rielly, Michael (eds.),

7115:"FCC chair wants to replace net neutrality with "voluntary" commitments" 6407:"Courage and Good Sense at the F.C.C. – Net Neutrality's Wise New Rules" 6048:"The World Is Watching Our Net Neutrality Debate, So Let's Get It Right" 2237:

Net neutrality proponents argue that telecom companies seek to impose a

13666:, Virginia's Legislative Information System (published January 9, 2018) 12103: 11831:"Telecom Industry Owns Congress So Can Net Neutrality Really Be Saved?" 11007: 10842:"Poll: 83 percent of voters support keeping FCC's net neutrality rules" 10715:"Educators fear net neutrality reversal will increase cost of learning" 10120:"Justice Department drops challenge to California net neutrality rules" 8628:"Senator Markey Leads Resolution to Restore FCC's Net Neutrality Rules" 7705: 7703: 7701: 7699: 6906:"Supreme Court rejects industry challenge of 2015 net neutrality rules" 6882: 2577: 2495: 2223: 2172: 2125: 2085: 1965: 1840: 1293: 1176: 1175:

Several of the telecom groups petitioned the Supreme Court for writ of

935:

Verizon Communications Inc. v. Federal Communications Commission (2014)

13959:

Media Capitalism, the State and 21st Century Media Democracy Struggles

13891:"Beyond net neutrality: the new battle for the future of the internet" 13814:

Lawmakers introduce bill to preserve net neutrality rules in Wisconsin

13215:

Pa. Could Be the Next State to Force Net Neutrality by Executive Order

12506:

Jones II; Henson; Tate; Jordan; Seay; et al. (January 24, 2018),

10578: 8526:"Appeals court ruling upholds FCC's canceling of net neutrality rules" 6312:"As Republicans Concede, F.C.C. Is Expected to Enforce Net Neutrality" 2708:

California Internet Consumer Protection and Net Neutrality Act of 2018

1826:

January 23, 2017 – President Trump names Ajit Pai as new FCC chairman.

1647:

California Internet Consumer Protection and Net Neutrality Act of 2018

13982:

Abandoning "Net Neutrality," FCC Chair Backs Two-Tiered Internet Fees

13900: 13457:

Democrats propose legislation to preserve net neutrality in Tennessee

13242:

Lawmaker urges Pa. governor to sign executive order on net neutrality

12918:, New Jersey Legislature (published December 4, 2017), archived from 11121:"Websites Throttle FCC Staffers to Protest Gutting of Net Neutrality" 10018: 9934: 9871: 9867:"Here's how the internet's net neutrality day of action is unfolding" 9698: 9102: 9074: 9018: 8962: 8934: 8849: 8821: 8765: 8567:"U.S. appeals court will not reconsider net neutrality repeal ruling" 8502: 8323: 8215: 8102:"The Internet blackout for net neutrality is coming and you can help" 7971: 7803: 7627: 7536: 7145: 6970: 6379:"FCC Chairman Tom Wheeler: This Is How We Will Ensure Net Neutrality" 5202: 4866:"The FCC's Authority to Regulate Net Neutrality After Comcast v. FCC" 4772: 4123: 1918: 1705: 1683: 1518:

on February 22, 2018, with the rules taking effect on June 11, 2018.

1452: 1268: 1140: 1037: 556:

Attempts at regulation under Title I information services (2000–2015)

277: 13733:, HB2284, Washington State Legislature (published December 14, 2017) 12092: 10464:"Consumer Reports applauds FCC vote to restore Net Neutrality rules" 8845:"California strikes deal with FCC to delay state net neutrality law" 7696: 7375:

Ajit Pai is siding with the oligarchy -- and misleading Trump's base

7319:

2016 Broadband Capex Survey: Tracking Investment in the Title II Era

6321: 6222:"Get ready: The FCC says it will vote on net neutrality in February" 3836:"Net neutrality is back as FCC votes to regulate internet providers" 2462:

An alternate position was proposed in 2010 by then-FCC Commissioner

1952:

In September 2012, a group of public interest organizations such as

13634:"ISPs strike deal with Vermont to suspend state net neutrality law" 13504: 13263:

FARNESE, BLAKE, SCHWANK, TARTAGLIONE and COSTA (February 9, 2018),

13012:

Executive order ensuring net neutrality protections for New Yorkers

12007: 11701: 11642:"FCC Adopts Strong, Sustainable Rules to Protect the Open Internet" 10949: 10803: 10718: 10650: 10278:"S.1836 - 111th Congress (2009-2010): Internet Freedom Act of 2009" 10161: 8817:"Broadband industry groups sue California over net neutrality bill" 8681: 8024: 6527:"FCC Adopts Strong, Sustainable Rules To Protect The Open Internet" 6504: 6020:"Why the F.C.C. Should Heed President Obama on Internet Regulation" 5756: 5554:"Net Neutrality: FCC Boss Smacked by Tech Giants, Internal Dissent" 3575:

These states are fighting for net neutrality. Is yours one of them?

2451: 2431: 2322: 2321:

Individuals against net neutrality include former FCC Commissioner

2301: 1969: 1865:

July 17, 2017 – Comment Date for "Restoring Internet freedom" NPRM.

1821:

United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit

1557:

United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit

1422: 1245: 1230: 1169:

United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit

1045: 1028: 800:

United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit

504: 196: 70: 50: 12483:"Duff To Introduce Connecticut Net Neutrality Legislation In 2018" 11654:

Jeffrey H. Birnbaum, "No Neutral Ground in This Internet Battle,"

10685:"What Net Neutrality Means for Students and Educators - NEA Today" 10350:, draft 1.1, Text of lecture given at www9, Amsterdam, Netherlands 9618: 7530:

Lecher, Colin, Adi Robertson, and Russell Brandom (May 10, 2017).

5912:"Internet Slowdown Day: Why websites feel sluggish today (+video)" 5359:"F.C.C., in 'Net Neutrality' Turnaround, Plans to Allow Fast Lane" 4616:. October 21, 2007. Archived from the original on October 21, 2007 4204:"Preserving Internet Freedom: Guiding Principles for the Industry" 4053: 1473:

United States District Court for the Southern District of New York

1455:, which does offer advocacy software to clients for this purpose. 765:(based on substantial nationwide research led by chief researcher 673: 13849:"In the net neutrality debate, what might follow Mozilla v. FCC?" 13478:

Senate Minority Leader Lee Harris, D-Memphis (January 23, 2018),

11960:"F.C.C. Considering Hybrid Regulatory Approach to Net Neutrality" 11666: 11664: 10251: 8876: 8651:"Senate passes measure repealing changes to net neutrality rules" 8570: 8382: 8351: 8051: 7943: 7747: 7287:

Pai, Ajit; Clyburn, Mignon L.; O'Rielly, Michael (May 17, 2017),

6949: 6826: 6788: 4922: 4823: 4392: 2258: 2250: 1926: 1848: 1601: 1439: 993: 989: 985: 750: 612: 524: 12512:, SB 310, Georgia General Assembly (published December 18, 2017) 8470:"Net Neutrality Advocates Seeking Rule Revival Get Day in Court" 6076:"Shifting Politics of Net Neutrality Debate Ahead of F.C.C.Vote" 5692:"1 Million Net Neutrality Comments Filed, But Will They Matter?" 2588:

DVR would be sufficient to render possible discrimination moot.

2261:, and these charges would ultimately be passed on to consumers. 1741:

deference central to these cases was overturned in June 2024 by

1699: 13919: 12909:

District 22 (Middlesex, Somerset and Union) (January 6, 2018),

12226:, HB 277, Alaska state legislature (published January 12, 2018) 11884:"5 insights from Vint Cerf on bitcoin, net neutrality and more" 11238:"John Oliver Skewers Critics in Latest Plea for Net Neutrality" 11177:"John Oliver Helps Rally 45,000 Net Neutrality Comments To FCC" 10573: 10571: 9841:"Amazon, ACLU back net neutrality 'day of action' on July 12th" 9227:"FCC closes comments on 'open internet protections' rulemaking" 8789:"Justice Department Sues to Stop California Net Neutrality Law" 8371: 8369: 8347:"States refile lawsuits to block repeal of U.S. net neutrality" 6617:"FCC votes to overturn state laws limiting municipal broadband" 3983:

Wu, T. (2003). "Network Neutrality, Broadband Discrimination".

2522: 2411:, stated "there's going to have to be some mechanism for these 2215: 2164: 2129: 1844: 1761: 1070: 1066: 1033: 1001: 997: 810: 758: 649: 540: 13768: 13018:, Executive order No. 175, State of New York Executive Chamber 11905:"Virgin Queen meets broadband: a third way for net neutrality" 11661: 11036:"These 2 Charts From Comcast Show Why Net Neutrality Is Vital" 9989:"Senate votes to reverse FCC order and restore net neutrality" 8128:"F.C.C. Plans Net Neutrality Repeal in a Victory for Telecoms" 6191:"Just whose Internet is it? New federal rules may answer that" 4695:"Comcast settles P2P throttling class-action for $ 16 million" 4535:"Evidence mounts that comcast is targeting Bittorrent Traffic" 2353:, Internet engineer and former Chief Technologist for the FCC 1328:

Public commenting period and analysis of fraudulent activities

1276:

On May 18, 2017, the FCC voted 2–1 to move forward with Pai's

11931:"Few neutrals in debate over "third way" net neutrality plan" 10226:"Groups Prepare to Fight AT&T Over FaceTime Restrictions" 10093:"FCC reaffirms order rolling back net neutrality regulations" 9722:"FCC Net Neutrality Case Rehearing Rejected by Appeals Court" 9312:"Public Knowledge Statement Regarding NCTA v BrandX Internet" 7712:"FCC's Broken Comments System Could Help Doom Net Neutrality" 7289:"Restoring Internet Freedom with comments from commissioners" 6763:"Net neutrality rules get published – let the lawsuits begin" 5909: 5305:

Krishnan, S. Shunmuga; Sitaraman, Ramesh K. (November 2012).

3622:, National Conference of State Legislatures, January 23, 2019 2525:

could not get started in a system with price discrimination.

2435: 2423: 2141: 2137: 1930: 1661:

United States terrestrial and mobile communication carriers,

1569: 1074: 670:

service and allowing them to operate unregulated by the FCC.

10568: 8366: 6850:"Court Backs Rules Treating Internet as Utility, Not Luxury" 6822:"U.S. appeals court hears challenge to net neutrality rules" 4614:"The Associated Press: Comcast Blocks Some Internet Traffic" 3677:"Net Neutrality Is Trump's Next Target, Administration Says" 1220: 1147: 478:

and expressly forbidden to give preferential treatment. The

13743:

TED - Majority; 1st substitute bill be substituted, do pass

10783: 10413:"The Internet isn't broken. Obama doesn't need to 'fix' it" 10306:"H.R.96 - 112th Congress (2011-2012): Internet Freedom Act" 9162: 8705:"Bill to save net neutrality is 46 votes short in US House" 8319:"22 attorneys general sue to block net neutrality rollback" 7202: 6767: 5143:"FCC Approves Net-Neutrality Rules; Criticism is Immediate" 5025:"FCC Chairman wants network neutrality, wired and wireless" 4819:"Court rules against FCC's Comcast net neutrality decision" 4672:"Comcast to Pay $ 16 Million for Blocking P2P Applications" 3859:"US court blocks Biden administration net neutrality rules" 2097: 1041: 919: 803:

provider's network, or the management of its practices: " '

295:

Major events related to net neutrality in the United States

13975: 11559:"The Sky is Not Falling, and the World isn't Going to End" 9528:"Officially Explaining the Importance of an Open Internet" 7043:"Trump's F.C.C. Pick Quickly Targets Net Neutrality Rules" 5799:"Instant gratification is making us perpetually impatient" 5757:"Patience is a Network Effect, by Nicholas Carr, Nov 2012" 4562:"Comcast Throttles BitTorrent Traffic, Seeding Impossible" 4346: 2489: 2364:

Nonprofit organizations opposed to net neutrality include

1411:, have issued similar subpoenas on the commenting period. 1357:

Over 50,000 websites, including multinational corporations

13947:

Australian ISPs say net neutrality is an American problem

13559:

Executive Order: Internet Neutrality in State Procurement

13508:

Tennessee Neutrality and Internet Consumer Protection Act

13481:

Tennessee Neutrality and Internet Consumer Protection Act

12828: 12093:

A Co-regulatory Approach to Reasonable Network Management

11648: 11486:"Marc Andreessen on net neutrality – Marginal REVOLUTION" 11439: 11181: 11027: 9669: 9648: 9644:"U.S. Appeals Court Upholds Net Neutrality Rules In Full" 9042:"GOP pushes back on net neutrality bill at testy hearing" 8654: 7775: 7509:, U.S. Federal Communications Commission, August 30, 2017 7346:"F.C.C. Invokes Internet Freedom While Trying to Kill It" 7259: 7232:, WC Docket No. 17-108, Federal Communications Commission 7170:"F.C.C. Invokes Internet Freedom While Trying to Kill It" 7078: 5775: 5442: 3558:, U.S. Federal Communications Commission, January 4, 2018 2596: 2419: 2072:

might be a possible solution to net neutrality concerns.

2019:

Attempted net neutrality legislation in the United States

1167:

825 F.3d 674 (2016), heard by a three-judge panel on the

798:

In two rulings, in April and June 2010 respectively, the

703: 695: 13555: 13505:

Rep. John Ray Clemmons, D-Nashville (January 23, 2018),

12569:

Local teen helping lawmakers draft a net neutrality bill

12505: 12030:"Broadband Connectivity Competition Policy Staff Report" 11988:"FCC To Propose New "Hybrid" Approach To Net Neutrality" 11856:"Tech and Manufacturing Companies Warn Against Title II" 11501:"Nicholas Negroponte: Net Neutrality Doesn't Make Sense" 11363:"Internet Pioneers Decry Title II Rules – Light Reading" 9362:"Comcast really does block BitTorrent traffic after all" 9098:"Biden appoints Jessica Rosenworcel as acting FCC chair" 8439:"Court rejects FCC request to delay net neutrality case" 7853:

Collier, Kevin; Singer-Vine, Jeremy (December 8, 2018).

7407:, U.S. Federal Communications Commission, pp. 67–68 7255:"FCC votes to move forward with net neutrality rollback" 6586:"FACT CHECK: Talking heads skew 'net neutrality' debate" 5938:"Internet Slowdown Day becomes an online picket protest" 2545:

complex, overlapping, and fractured regulatory landscape

2232:

Turner Broadcasting v. Federal Communications Commission

1538:

Within minutes after the FCC vote on December 14, 2017,

965:

Reclassification as Title II common carriers (2015–2017)

13863:

The Net Neutrality Debate: Access to Broadband Networks

13187: 11806:"Verizon, AT&T: Net neutrality not OK for wireless" 11478: 9694:"FCC announces plan to reverse Title II net neutrality" 8958:"Appeals court upholds California's net neutrality law" 8761:"Why feds can't block California's net neutrality bill" 7525: 7523: 6878:"Divided court denies review in "net neutrality" cases" 6348:"The Push for Net Neutrality Arose From Lack of Choice" 5992:"Obama Asks F.C.C. to Adopt Tough Net Neutrality Rules" 5276:"Obama Asks F.C.C. to Adopt Tough Net Neutrality Rules" 5047:"FAQ: What's the FCC vote on net neutrality all about?" 4514:. Federal Communications Commissions. December 28, 2006 3650:

The Net Neutrality Debate: Access to Broadband Networks

2400:

cover the big online companies' share," the ad claims.

1640: 1101:

presented legislation in January 2015 in the form of a

415:

FCC "Restoring Internet Freedom"; net neutrality banned

11314:. Federal Communications Commission. February 26, 2015 11149:"What John Oliver won't tell you about net neutrality" 9815:"Join the Day of Action for Net Neutrality on July 12" 9570:"The FCC Received 3.7 Million Net Neutrality Comments" 9487:"How the FCCs Proposed Fast Lanes Would Actually Work" 8463: 8461: 8047:"FCC chief plans to ditch U.S. 'net neutrality' rules" 7502:

See Turner (2017) and the summary of it in Table 1 in

7286: 5498:"F.C.C., in a shift, backs fast lanes for web traffic" 5300: 5298: 5250:"Title II is the key to net neutrality—so what is it?" 1797:

vacates significant parts of Open Internet Order 2010.

1015:

Public response was heated, pointing out FCC chairman

11698:

Who'll Really Benefit from Net Neutrality Regulation?

11561:. Citizens Against Government Wast. December 14, 2017 10799:"Net Neutrality: How Open-Internet Activists Won Big" 10626:"Open letter to the Committee on Energy and Commerce" 10252:

Federal Communications Commission (August 20, 2013).

9463:"Quick Guide Upcoming Net Neutrality Rules Challenge" 9284:"Appeals court halts reinstatement of net neutrality" 8923: 8921: 7452:

Graves, Spencer B.; Falcon, Ernesto (July 25, 2017),

6473: 6471: 5198:"Federal court strikes down FCC net neutrality rules" 3985:

Journal of Telecommunications and High Technology Law

1929:, as a cable operator, warned customers that using a 1208:

had recommended accepting the petition as to order a

507:, with obligations to society and consumers, or mere 13817:, Eau Claire: WQOW, January 25, 2018, archived from 12192:

States, stand down! Let community broadband innovate

11357: 11355: 11312:"Oral Dissenting Statement of Commissioner Ajit Pai" 10162:

NETWORK NEUTRALITY, BROADBAND DISCRIMINATION, Tim Wu

10134:"Statement of Acting Chairwoman Jessica Rosenworcel" 7741:

Cameron, Dell; Pretchel, Jason (February 21, 2019).

7520: 7107: 6046:

Sepulveda, Ambassador Daniel A. (January 21, 2015).

5910:

The Christian Science Monitor (September 10, 2014).

5884:"Battle for the net: why is my internet slow today?" 5443:"In Policy Shift, F.C.C. Will Allow a Web Fast Lane" 4847:"Court: FCC has no power to regulate Net neutrality" 4798:"F.C.C. Vote Sets Precedent on Unfettered Web Usage" 4743:"Toy-safety bill advances, No to Internet rationing" 3571: 2036:

rules) unless there is demonstrated market failure.

1816:

June 12, 2015 – Net neutrality rules go into effect.

828:

auctioned off the 700 MHz block of wireless spectrum

564:

and FCC's authority to classify services (2000–2005)

532:

The Communications Act of 1934 was amended with the

14032: 13769:Carlyle, Hunt, Keiser, Kuderer (January 17, 2018), 12457:"Communications: broadband Internet access service" 12087: 12085: 12083: 12081: 12079: 12059:"Senate Chair Takes on FTC in Net Neutrality Fight" 11458: 10404: 8458: 8378:"U.S. defends FCC's repeal of net neutrality rules" 8067: 7167: 7133: 6556:Ruiz, Rebecca R.; Lohr, Steve (February 26, 2015). 6404: 6281:"F.C.C. Plans Strong Hand to Regulate the Internet" 6017: 5740:"Vimeo Open Letter to FCC, page 11, July 15th 2014" 5608:"FCC Votes to Move Forward on Internet 'Fast Lane'" 5295: 5062: 5060: 4482:. Federal Communications Commission. Archived from 1355:, announced a "massive day of action" for July 12. 1128:, and ensure net neutrality, according to Wheeler. 711:

National Cable & Telecommunications Association

584:

National Cable & Telecommunications Association

289: 13869:. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service 13772:Ensuring consumers rights to internet transparency 12854: 12852: 12252:"Alaska legislator introduces net neutrality bill" 12104:"Is Net Neutrality Bad for National Preparedness?" 9156:Breuninger, Kevin; Feiner, Lauren (July 9, 2021). 8918: 8836: 8468:Harris, Andrew; Shields, Todd (February 1, 2019). 7852: 7008: 6468: 5796: 5714:"NetFlix comments to FCC, page 17, Sept 16th 2014" 4767: 4015:"Here's the Paper That Popularized Net Neutrality" 3803: 3801: 891:"neutrality principles" that would apply to ISPs: 11403:Robert Kahn and Ed Feigenbaum (January 9, 2007). 11352: 11335:"A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace" 10550:"U.S. House Shoots Down Net Neutrality Provision" 10360: 10358: 10356: 7736: 7734: 7679:"FCC Restoring Internet Freedom Docket | Emprata" 7654:Pew Research Center: Internet, Science & Tech 5830:"Why Netflix Is 'Slowing Down' Its Website Today" 5304: 4642: 4386: 4192: 2521:that he feared new services as groundbreaking as 1750: 1192:abstained due to financial conflict, and Justice 866: 821:Chairman of the Federal Communications Commission 443:, "Promoting Competition in the American Economy" 14283: 13162: 12984: 12960: 12623:'Net Neutrality' bill introduced in Kansas House 12572:, Ceder Rapids, IA: KCRG - TV9, February 1, 2018 12397:"California Net Neutrality Bill Signed Into Law" 12161:"Scenarios for the Network Neutrality Arms Race" 12076: 11763:. BusinessWeek. November 7, 2005. Archived from 11742:"Hands Off the Internet," full page print ad in 9155: 9117: 8235: 8233: 8175: 7067: 7065: 6610: 6608: 6606: 6341: 6339: 6305: 6303: 6250:"FCC to vote next month on net neutrality rules" 6039: 5855: 5057: 4634:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 4112: 4110: 3731:Lee, Daeho; Hwang, Junseok (September 1, 2011). 3656:. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service 3510:Protective Petition for Review, Case No. 18-1013 2559: 2300:Some have referenced the advance of Elon Musk's 1300:. In her dissent to this NPRM, FCC Commissioner 13888: 13137: 12849: 12816:Murphy signs executive order for net neutrality 12454: 11953: 11951: 10945:"Net Neutrality and the Future of the Internet" 10754: 10708: 10706: 9762:"Amazon Just Changed the Net Neutrality Debate" 9720:Harris, Andrew M., Todd Shields (May 1, 2017). 9129:"Promoting Competition in the American Economy" 7740: 7343: 6067: 5983: 4918:"FCC says will act on Web neutrality if needed" 4233: 4231: 4198: 3798: 2591: 2310: 2163:, creator of the World Wide Web; law professor 2155:Prominent supporters of net neutrality include 1690: 1157:United States Telecom Association v. FCC (2016) 674:CLEC, dial-up, and DSL deregulation (2004–2005) 13556:Governor Philip. B Scott (February 16, 2018), 13449: 13447: 12829:Governor Philip D. Murphy (February 5, 2018), 12315: 11616:. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. 10593: 10353: 10155: 8677:"Senate Democrats win net neutrality showdown" 8242:, Keith Collins, New York Times, June 11, 2018 8204: 8202: 7731: 7189: 6754: 6695: 6667: 6648:"Net Neutrality Prevails in Historic FCC Vote" 5307:"Video Stream Quality Impacts Viewer Behavior" 4430:"Before the Federal Communications Commission" 3774: 3772: 3593:"States Push Back After Net Neutrality Repeal" 2048:There has been extensive debate about whether 1256:, and halted an investigation into the use of 1181:Berninger v. Federal Communications Commission 861:American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 613:FCC promotes freedom without regulation (2004) 14018: 13659: 13535:Scott signs executive order on net neutrality 13305:Farnese, Lawrence M. Jr. (January 22, 2018), 13064: 11492: 11112: 11033: 10425: 10223: 9641: 8649:Barrett, Ted; Diaz, Daniella (May 16, 2018). 8467: 8230: 7161: 7062: 7034: 6723: 6603: 6549: 6518: 6398: 6367: 6336: 6300: 6272: 6154: 6126: 5935: 5683: 5655: 5627: 5378: 5022: 4981:"Summary: American Recovery and Reinvestment" 4889: 4692: 4669: 4532: 4456:"How Martin's FCC is different from Powell's" 4107: 3548:FCC Restoring Internet Freedom Order (2018): 2202:people, in particular low income households. 1700:Under the Biden administration (2021–present) 1524: 1496: 1292:and similar figures from industry consultant 735: 168: 13797:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 13754:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 13711:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 13617:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 13436:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 13398:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 13360:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 13290:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 13188:News desk, news partner (January 21, 2018), 13123:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 13008: 12942:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 12838:, Executive Order No. 9, State of New Jersey 12667:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 12613:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 12440:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 12301:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 12243:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 11957: 11948: 11537:"The Fear-Based Campaign to Control the Net" 11398: 11396: 11379:Jenkins, Holman W. Jr. (February 27, 2015). 11283: 10973:"Ex Parte Submission in CS Docket No. 02-52" 10703: 10200:"Federal Communications Commission Document" 9745:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 8286: 8284: 8147: 7557:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 7451: 7141:"Ajit Pai's net neutrality plan is nonsense" 7099:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 7072:Selyukh, Alina, David Greene (May 5, 2017). 6782: 6639: 6577: 6241: 6011: 5881: 5824: 5406: 5350: 5069:"FCC Passes Compromise Net Neutrality Rules" 4366:"Federal Communications Commission Document" 4228: 4147:"Antonin Scalia Totally Gets Net Neutrality" 4051: 2457: 2075: 1819:June 14, 2016 – New rules are upheld by the 1369:Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show controversy 1311:Ernesto Falcon, Legislative Council for the 811:FCC's conditions for spectrum auction (2008) 13444: 13181: 13039: 12798:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 12770: 12382: 12380: 12378: 12376: 12374: 12372: 12370: 12368: 12366: 12364: 12362: 12360: 12223:Broadband Internet: neutrality / regulation 12000: 11876: 11529: 11374: 11372: 11090:"Net Neutrality: What You Need to Know Now" 10817: 10779:"Tumblr CEO: Net rules like Bill of Rights" 10777:Belvedere, Matthew J. (February 24, 2015). 10712: 9691: 8648: 8375: 8344: 8199: 7620: 7282: 7280: 7278: 6213: 6182: 6095: 5790: 5664:"F.C.C. Backs Opening Net Rules for Debate" 3769: 3668: 3538:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 3516:, Attorney General of the State of New York 2446:is desirable for reasons like guaranteeing 1114: 539:In the early 2000s, legal scholars such as 14025: 14011: 13932:Internet Policy: Who's Pulling the Strings 13234: 13232: 12964:Prohibited broadband Internet service acts 12946:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 12712: 12358: 12356: 12354: 12352: 12350: 12348: 12346: 12344: 12342: 12340: 12201:, Gigaom Inc, July 27, 2014, Craig Settles 11757:"At SBC, It's All About "Scale and Scope"" 11498: 10041:"Maine governor signs net neutrality bill" 8870: 8564: 7824: 7447: 7445: 7425:Falcon, Ernesto Omar (February 10, 2016), 6962:For a more recent commentary on this, see 6819: 5434: 5330: 5243: 5241: 5044: 4910: 2616:at state levels is summarized as follows: 2576:nor other technological solutions such as 2536:prompt media attention and public backlash 1729:challenges in the Supreme Court under the 1480:to repeal was "vulnerable to corruption". 1367:in 2003 and 1.4 million comments from the 969: 474:, which means that they have been akin to 175: 161: 12736: 11848: 11749: 11409:. Computer History Museum. Archived from 11393: 11207: 11001: 10776: 9662: 8927: 8495: 8281: 7825:Confessore, Nichalos (October 16, 2018). 7252: 6760: 6729: 6645: 6045: 6018:NYT Editorial Board (November 14, 2014). 5606:Edwards, Haley Sweetland (May 15, 2014). 5195: 4863: 4844: 4092: 3978: 3976: 1933:service for home networking constituted " 1795:Verizon Communications Inc. v. FCC (2014) 1221:Restoring Internet Freedom proposed rules 456:Net neutrality officially restored by FCC 13269:, SB 1033, Pennsylvania General Assembly 12882: 12812: 12713:Van Berkel, Jessie (December 19, 2017), 12681: 12553: 12551: 11902: 11634: 11499:Negroponte, Nicholas (August 13, 2014). 11369: 11118: 10734:"Vint Cerf speaks out on net neutrality" 10731: 10431: 10292:"Network Neutrality Legislative History" 9986: 9980: 9511:"Netflix Pays Verizon in Streaming Deal" 9039: 8345:Shepherdson, David (February 22, 2018). 8290: 7880: 7371: 7275: 6997:, U.S. Federal Communications Commission 6583: 6555: 6405:The Editorial Board (February 6, 2015). 6188: 5636:"Searching for Fairness on the Internet" 4453: 3730: 2264:Civil rights organizations, such as the 2159:, co-inventor of the Internet Protocol; 2050:net neutrality should be required by law 1976: 1267: 1224: 973: 925: 14307:United States communications regulation 14302:United States telecommunications policy 13860:Gilroy, Angele A. (November 22, 2017). 13775:, SB 6446, Washington State Legislature 13694:, HB 2282 (published December 13, 2017) 13663:Broadband services; prohibited features 13631: 13381:, S 2008, Rhode Island General Assembly 13338:, H 7076, Rhode Island General Assembly 13304: 13229: 12988:Broadband access unfair trade practices 12858: 12529: 12480: 12337: 12249: 12158: 11712: 11594:http://www.savetheinternet.com/=press11 11378: 11333:Barlow, John Perry (January 20, 2016). 11235: 10713:Chiaramonte, Perry (January 24, 2014). 10491:"Push for Net neutrality mandate grows" 10488: 10410: 10348:Cyberspace’s Architectural Constitution 9759: 9183: 8983: 8896: 8702: 8408: 8376:Shepherdson, David (October 12, 2018). 8181: 7936: 7908: 7594: 7442: 7395: 7195: 7071: 6903: 6373: 6310:Weisman, Jonathan (February 24, 2015). 6309: 6073: 5797:Christopher Muther (February 2, 2013). 5605: 5462: 5333:"FCC will set new net neutrality rules" 5247: 5238: 5173: 5085: 4795: 4559: 4526: 4237: 4172: 4052:Powell, Alison; Cooper, Alissa (2011). 3778: 2490:Opinions cautioning against legislation 1881:from that date to nullify it under the 1506:alleged on December 8 that the FCC was 16:ISP non-discrimination on internet data 14284: 13859: 13531: 13238: 13211: 12961:Howie C. Morales (December 21, 2017), 11332: 11084: 11082: 10839: 10411:Tribune, Chicago (February 18, 2015). 10396:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 10378:from the original on December 16, 2014 9864: 9838: 9719: 9261: 8674: 8565:Shepardson, David (February 6, 2020). 8436: 8316: 8291:Griswold, Alison (December 14, 2017). 8208: 8017: 7796: 7768: 7709: 7673: 7671: 7529: 7475: 7424: 7315: 7248: 7246: 7168:The Editorial Board (April 29, 2017). 6963: 6820:Shepardson, David (December 4, 2015). 6701: 6074:Weisman, Jonathan (January 19, 2015). 5577: 5551: 5523: 5468: 5223: 5066: 5003: 4864:Ann Ruane, Kathleen (April 29, 2013). 4553: 4316:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 3982: 3973: 3856: 3807: 3646: 2610: 1616:endorsed legislative action under the 1607: 324:Introduction of net neutrality concept 14006: 13881:Ruane, Kathleen Ann. (June 12, 2015) 13593:, Vermont Legislature, archived from 13487:, SB 1756, Tennessee General Assembly 13163:M. of A. Pretlow (January 17, 2017), 12985:Howie C. Morales (January 23, 2018), 12883:Racioppi, Dustin (February 5, 2018), 12813:Augustyn, Arthur (February 5, 2018), 12737:Stapleton, Corey (January 22, 2018), 12548: 11928: 11466:"Back to the Future with Peter Thiel" 11289: 11263: 11146: 10547: 9895:"F.C.C. Repeals Net Neutrality Rules" 9692:Kastrenakes, Jacob (April 26, 2017). 9123: 9095: 9067: 9011: 8955: 8928:Hollister, Sean (February 23, 2013). 8842: 8814: 8730: 8240:The Net Neutrality Repeal Is Official 8099: 7964: 7372:Crawford, Susan P. (April 27, 2017), 6931: 6646:Liebelson, Dana (February 26, 2015). 6614: 6524: 6247: 6101: 5989: 5661: 5633: 5495: 5440: 5384: 5356: 5273: 5086:Bartash, Jeffry (December 22, 2010). 4816: 4648: 4144: 4116: 4009: 3810:"FCC votes to restore net neutrality" 3705:"House Votes Against 'Net Neutrality" 3702: 2572:In 2006 it was proposed that neither 2442:Critics of net neutrality argue that 500:the Internet started to become common 350: 284: 226:". The classification determines the 13961:– An interview with Robert McChesney 13846: 13532:Landen, Xander (February 15, 2018), 13453: 13212:Cineas, Fabiola (January 26, 2018), 13138:M. of A. Cahill (January 18, 2018), 12619: 12530:Koebler, Jason (December 18, 2017), 12481:Donahue, Casey (December 29, 2017), 12455:Senator De León (January 22, 2018), 12122: 11690: 11208:Lieberman, David (January 6, 2016). 10840:Neidig, Harper (December 12, 2017). 10656: 10581:. The American Civil Liberties Union 10224:Brian X. Chen (September 18, 2012). 10090: 9955: 9930:"The FCC just killed net neutrality" 9892: 9663:Fiegerman, Seth (January 23, 2017). 9184:Shields, Todd (September 25, 2023). 8871:Shepardson, David (August 6, 2020). 8787:Kang, Cecilia (September 30, 2018). 8786: 8758: 8590: 8523: 8251: 8153: 8125: 7881:Brimbaum, Emily (December 5, 2018). 7040: 6932:Trump, Donald (November 12, 2014). 6875: 6847: 6673: 6584:Flaherty, Anne (February 25, 2015). 6345: 6278: 6219: 6160: 6132: 5961: 5955: 5936:Sharon Gaudin (September 10, 2014). 5858:"Join the Battle for Net Neutrality" 5526:"NYT blasts net neutrality proposal" 5412: 5140: 5023:Nate Anderson (September 21, 2009). 3833: 3674: 3647:Gilroy, Angele A. (April 15, 2019). 3619:Net Neutrality Legislation in States 3590: 3493:, Associated Press, January 16, 2018 2550: 1980: 1853:Day of Action to Save Net Neutrality 1744:Loper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo 1641:California net neutrality law (2018) 1433:A separate FOIA request was made by 992:to offer content providers, such as 13660:Lee J. Carter (February 13, 2018), 12688:B&C: The Business of Television 12682:Eggerton, John (February 1, 2018), 12417:"Broadband Internet access service" 12316:Senator begich (January 24, 2018), 11985: 11761:Information Technology/Online Extra 11517:. Freedom Works Post. July 16, 2012 11446:NET NEUTRALITY AND CONSUMER WELFARE 11079: 11059: 11034:Morran, Chris (February 24, 2015). 10732:Davidson, Alan (November 8, 2005). 9893:Kang, Cecilia (December 14, 2017). 9760:Roberts, Jeff John (June 6, 2017). 9567: 8437:Neidig, Harper (January 17, 2019). 8245: 8126:Kang, Cecilia (November 21, 2017). 8073: 7769:Naylor, Brian (December 14, 2017). 7710:Finley, Klint (September 2, 2017). 7668: 7642: 7621:Kastrenakes, Jacob (May 24, 2017). 7428:Ernesto Falcon, Legislative Council 7243: 7196:Reardon, Marguerite (May 2, 2017). 6991:Pai, Ajit (2017), Pai, Ajit (ed.), 6990: 6704:"What the Net Neutrality Rules Say" 6674:Ruiz, Rebecca R. (March 12, 2015). 6434:"Sep 10th is the Internet Slowdown" 6189:Flaherty, Anne (January 31, 2015). 5990:Wyatt, Edward (November 10, 2014). 5882:Samuel Gibbs (September 10, 2014). 5415:"Warnings Along F.C.C.'s Fast Lane" 5274:Wyatt, Edward (November 10, 2014). 5196:Robertson, Adi (January 14, 2014). 5141:Kang, Cecilia (December 22, 2010). 4892:"FCC on net neutrality: yes we can" 4845:McCullagh, Declan (April 6, 2010). 4693:Cheng, Jacqui (December 22, 2009). 4670:Duncan, Geoff (December 23, 2009). 4435:. Federal Communications Commission 2317:Libertarianism in the United States 2064:, a legal and technology expert at 1027:principles by making it easier for 688:competitive local exchange carriers 13: 13840: 12461:California Legislative Information 12421:California Legislative Information 12326:, SB 160, Alaska state legislature 12250:Granger, Erin (January 26, 2018), 12166:. web.si.umich.edu. Archived from 12001:Livingstone, Adam (May 30, 2006). 11696:Thierer, Adam (December 21, 2010) 11174: 10659:"A Major Victory for the Open Web" 10091:Klar, Rebecca (October 27, 2020). 9096:Kelly, Makena (January 21, 2021). 9040:Birnbaum, Emily (March 12, 2019). 8897:Maddaus, Gene (February 8, 2021). 8843:Kelly, Makena (October 26, 2018). 8496:Robertson, Adi (October 1, 2019). 8317:Lecher, Colin (January 16, 2018). 8209:Snider, Mike (February 22, 2018). 8100:Jones, Rhett (December 10, 2017). 7797:Lecher, Colin (October 16, 2018). 7344:Editorial Board (April 29, 2017), 6964:Snider, Mike (November 23, 2016), 6676:"F.C.C. Sets Net Neutrality Rules" 6623:. IDG News Service. Archived from 6615:Gross, Grant (February 26, 2015). 5689: 5469:Nagesh, Gautham (April 23, 2014), 5227:Federal Communications Law Journal 5004:Manjoo, Farhad (October 9, 2009). 4533:Cheng, Jacqui (October 19, 2007). 4454:Isenberg, David (August 7, 2005). 4173:Brodkin, Jon (February 26, 2020). 3779:Brodkin, John (October 19, 2023). 3591:Kang, Cecilia (January 11, 2018), 2407:, then chief executive officer of 1968:'s video-conferencing application 1677:With the October 2019 decision in 1582:ongoing shutdown of the government 1317:Securities and Exchange Commission 1164:United States Telecom Ass'n v. FCC 1149:United States Telecom Ass'n v. FCC 400:United States Telecom Ass'n v. FCC 380:Verizon Communications Inc. v. FCC 266:United States Telecom Ass'n v. FCC 14: 14318: 13997:Federal Communications Commission 13916:Federal Communications Commission 13909: 13885:. Congressional Research Service. 13847:Chin, Caitlin (October 7, 2019). 13454:Buie, Jordan (January 23, 2018), 13239:Heckel, Matt (February 2, 2018), 13170:, S01958, New York State Assembly 13145:, S09057, New York State Assembly 13101:, S08882, New York State Assembly 13065:Sen. Carlucci (January 3, 2018), 13009:Andrew Cuomo (January 24, 2018), 12859:Brodkin, Jon (February 5, 2018), 11958:EDWARD WYATT (October 31, 2014). 11119:McMillan, Robert (May 16, 2014). 10823:"Net Neutrality: This is serious" 10760:"Net Neutrality: This is serious" 10175:"NET NEUTRALITY: tiered internet" 9595:"Landmark Day for Net Neutrality" 8815:Kelly, Makena (October 3, 2018). 8731:Welch, Andrew (October 1, 2018). 8409:Brodkin, Jon (January 16, 2019). 8252:Fung, Brian (December 14, 2017). 8154:Fung, Brian (November 21, 2017). 7041:Kang, Cecila (February 5, 2017). 6904:Brodkin, Jon (November 5, 2018). 6790:Federal Communications Commission 6761:Reisinger, Don (April 13, 2015). 6740:Federal Communications Commission 6535:Federal Communications Commission 6346:Lohr, Steve (February 25, 2015). 5524:Hattem, Julian (April 25, 2014). 5174:Brodkin, Jon (January 14, 2014). 5120:"FCC Adopts Net Neutrality Rules" 5067:Gustin, Sam (December 21, 2010). 4649:Kumar, Vishesh (March 27, 2008). 4394:Federal Communications Commission 3808:Feiner, Lauren (April 25, 2024). 3459:Commercialization of the Internet 2418:Net neutrality opponents such as 2374:Citizens Against Government Waste 2270:National Hispanic Media Coalition 1793:January 14, 2014 – The ruling in 1663:United States Telecom Association 1402:New York State's Attorney General 1382:application programming interface 1290:United States Telecom Association 619:Federal Communications Commission 484:Federal Communications Commission 464:public switched telephone network 228:Federal Communications Commission 14146:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 14033:Net neutrality in North America 13994:- Restoring Internet Freedom by 13805: 13762: 13719: 13677: 13653: 13632:Brodkin, Josh (March 15, 2019). 13625: 13576: 13549: 13525: 13498: 13471: 13406: 13368: 13322: 13298: 13256: 13205: 13156: 13131: 13087: 13058: 13033: 13002: 12991:, SB 155, New Mexico Legislature 12978: 12954: 12901: 12876: 12806: 12764: 12730: 12706: 12675: 12637: 12620:Neal, David (February 7, 2018), 12583: 12560: 12523: 12499: 12474: 12463:, SB-460, California legislature 12448: 12423:, SB-822, California legislature 12407: 12389: 12309: 12268: 12213: 12204: 12185: 12152: 12123:Fung, Brian (February 3, 2014). 12116: 12097: 12051: 12022: 11994: 11979: 11929:Lasar, Matthew (July 19, 2010). 11922: 11896: 11862: 11823: 11798: 11779:"SBC Head Ignites Access Debate" 11771: 11736: 11706: 11672:"Who lobbies on net neutrality?" 11606: 11586: 11573: 11551: 11539:. Reason Foundation. May 4, 2017 11507: 11326: 11304: 11257: 11229: 11201: 11168: 11140: 11053: 10965: 10937: 10911: 10886: 10861: 10833: 10811: 10791: 10770: 10748: 10725: 10677: 10541: 10509: 10489:Broache, Anne (March 17, 2006). 10482: 10456: 10340: 10326: 10312: 10298: 10284: 10270: 10245: 10217: 10192: 10167: 10126: 10112: 10084: 10059: 10033: 10006: 9987:Coldewey, Devin (May 16, 2018). 9949: 9922: 9886: 9858: 9832: 9807: 9781: 9753: 9713: 9685: 9656: 9635: 9611: 9587: 9561: 9544: 9520: 9503: 9479: 9455: 9427: 9403: 9379: 9354: 9328: 9304: 9290: 9276: 9255: 9237: 9219: 9205: 9177: 9149: 9089: 9068:Kelly, Makena (April 10, 2019). 9061: 9033: 9005: 8977: 8949: 8890: 8864: 8808: 8780: 8752: 8724: 8696: 8668: 8642: 8620: 8591:Fung, Brian (January 15, 2018). 8584: 8558: 8538: 8517: 8489: 8430: 8402: 8338: 8310: 8182:Brodkin, Jon (January 4, 2018), 8119: 8093: 8039: 8011: 7986: 7958: 7930: 7902: 7874: 7846: 7818: 7790: 7762: 7614: 7595:Velasco, Haley (July 11, 2017). 7588: 7565: 7496: 7469: 7431:, Electronic Frontier Foundation 7418: 7389: 7364: 7337: 7309: 7253:Fiegerman, Seth (May 18, 2017). 7217: 6984: 6956: 6925: 6897: 6869: 6841: 6813: 6497: 6447: 6426: 6279:Lohr, Steve (February 4, 2015). 6161:Lohr, Steve (February 2, 2015). 6133:Lohr, Steve (February 2, 2015). 5496:Wyatt, Edward (April 23, 2014). 5441:Wyatt, Edward (April 23, 2014), 5357:Wyatt, Edward (April 23, 2014). 5331:Nancy Weil (February 19, 2014). 5006:"VOIP over cellular connections" 4871:. Congressional Research Service 4796:Hansell, Saul (August 2, 2008). 4723:. Berkley Technology Law Journal 4347:United States Court of Appeals. 4145:Meyer, Robinson (May 16, 2014). 4117:Patel, Nilay (October 4, 2019). 3953:"Telecommunications act of 1996" 2599:, the municipal utility serving 1985: 1783:December 21, 2010 – FCC creates 1475:ruled that the FCC must provide 290:Early history 1980 – early 2000s 13889:Lee, Timothy B. (May 2, 2014). 13040:Sen. Parker (January 3, 2018), 12967:, SB 39, New Mexico Legislature 12771:Morfeld, 46 (January 5, 2018), 12719:, Minneapolis, MN: Star Tribune 12003:"BitTorrent: Shedding no tiers" 11713:Kessler, Andy (June 26, 2006). 10631:. March 1, 2006. Archived from 9865:Lecher, Colin (July 12, 2017). 9642:Alina Selyukh (June 14, 2016). 9387:"Martin’s Big CES Announcement" 9012:Kelly, Makena (March 6, 2019). 8956:Lyons, Kim (January 28, 2022). 7909:Brodkin, Jon (March 22, 2019). 6848:Kang, Cecelia (June 15, 2016). 6702:Sommer, Jeff (March 12, 2015). 6220:Fung, Brian (January 2, 2015). 5929: 5903: 5875: 5849: 5818: 5763: 5749: 5732: 5706: 5599: 5578:Nagesh, Gautham (May 7, 2014). 5571: 5545: 5517: 5489: 5387:"Creating a Two-Speed Internet" 5324: 5267: 5217: 5189: 5167: 5134: 5112: 5079: 5045:Tim Greene (October 22, 2009). 5038: 5016: 4997: 4973: 4951: 4930: 4883: 4857: 4838: 4817:Gross, Grant (April 26, 2010). 4810: 4789: 4761: 4735: 4713: 4686: 4663: 4606: 4580: 4501: 4469: 4447: 4422: 4358: 4340: 4324: 4284: 4248: 4241:Berkeley Technology Law Journal 4166: 4138: 4096:Berkeley Technology Law Journal 4086: 4045: 4034: 4003: 3945: 3923: 3904: 3876: 3703:Wyatt, Edward (April 8, 2011). 1552:also stated his intent to sue. 1409:Federal Bureau of Investigation 11986:Cox, Kate (October 31, 2014). 11903:Anderson, Nate (May 6, 2010). 11603:(last visited August 4, 2006). 11339:Electronic Frontier Foundation 11060:Rao, Sameer (April 27, 2017). 10254:"AT&T/FaceTime Case Study" 9665:"Trump names new FCC chairman" 9550:Bob Lannon, Andrew Pendelton, 8759:Bode, Karl (October 2, 2018). 8703:Brodkin, Jon (June 27, 2018). 8524:Romm, Tony (October 1, 2019). 6876:Howe, Amy (November 5, 2018). 5964:"Net neutrality: Faux go-slow" 5662:Wyatt, Edward (May 15, 2014). 5248:Berkman, Fran (May 20, 2014). 5122:. Care2.com. December 21, 2010 4592:Electronic Frontier Foundation 3933:. Artcontext. January 11, 1994 3850: 3834:Fung, Brian (April 25, 2024). 3827: 3755: 3724: 3696: 3675:Lohr, Steve (March 30, 2017). 3640: 2122:Electronic Frontier Foundation 2118:American Civil Liberties Union 2094:Consumer Federation of America 1751:Timeline of significant events 1715:On July 9, 2021, Biden signed 1313:Electronic Frontier Foundation 867:FCC Open Internet Order (2010) 709:During the FCC's hearing, the 534:Telecommunications Act of 1996 466:or PSTN) have been considered 216:Telecommunications Act of 1996 1: 14292:Internet in the United States 13218:, Philadelphia, PA: BizPhilly 12912:New Jersey Net Neutrality Act 12596:, HB 2682, Kansas Legislature 11381:"The Net Neutrality Crack-Up" 11236:Johnson, Ted (May 15, 2017). 9262:Brokin, Jon (June 28, 2024). 8675:Hendal, John (May 16, 2018). 7965:Kelly, Makena (May 6, 2021). 7937:Cameron, Dell (May 1, 2020). 7577:, Common Dreams, June 6, 2017 7476:Turner, S. Derek (May 2017), 7316:Singer, Hal (March 1, 2017), 5916:The Christian Science Monitor 5312:. University of Massachusetts 4890:Matthew Lasar (May 5, 2010). 3634: 3572:Fight for the Future (2018), 2560:Alternatives to cable and DSL 1912: 1656:September 30, 2018, Governor 1508:withholding evidence of fraud 1465:Center for Individual Freedom 1374:Center for Individual Freedom 1278:Notice of proposed rulemaking 14271:United States Virgin Islands 11264:Brown, Mike (May 13, 2019). 11147:Balto, David (May 5, 2017). 9839:Fingas, Jon (June 6, 2017). 8984:Brodkin, Jon (May 5, 2022). 8018:Fingas, Jon (May 11, 2023). 7322:, Hal Singer, archived from 6730:FCC Staff (March 12, 2015). 5413:Carr, David (May 11, 2014). 4072:10.1080/01972243.2011.607034 3749:10.1016/j.telpol.2011.07.005 3336:state & local contracts 3323:state & local contracts 3283:state & local contracts 3270:state & local contracts 3249:state & local contracts 3163:state & local contracts 3150:state & local contracts 3137:state & local contracts 2592:Utility company restrictions 2357:, and Nobel Prize economist 2311:Opposition to net neutrality 2102:American Library Association 2043: 1691:Save the Internet Act (2019) 943:challenged the order at the 873:FCC Open Internet Order 2010 390:FCC Open Internet Order 2015 364:FCC Open Internet Order 2010 245:FCC Open Internet Order 2010 7: 13786:applications, and services. 13071:, S07183, New York Assembly 13047:, S07175, New York Assembly 12210:Fight for the Future (2018) 12159:Various (August 31, 2006). 11599:September 19, 2008, at the 11406:An Evening with Robert Kahn 10493:. CNET News. Archived from 9411:"There's only one internet" 6525:Staff (February 26, 2015). 5962:M.H. (September 10, 2014). 5690:Hu, Elise (July 21, 2014). 5552:Gustin, Sam (May 7, 2014). 4560:Ernesto (August 17, 2007). 4265:. FCC. 2005. Archived from 3452: 1547:Washington Attorney General 10: 14323: 12626:, Working Journalist Press 12284:, Alaska state legislature 12256:Fairbanks Daily News-Miner 11175:Hu, Elise (June 3, 2014). 11017:"No Tolls on The Internet" 10873:www.publicconsultation.org 10548:Sacco, Al (June 9, 2006). 10071:leginfo.legislature.ca.gov 9624:September 9, 2014, at the 9600:February 27, 2015, at the 9533:September 3, 2014, at the 9298:"Net neutrality is on ice" 7226:Restoring Internet freedom 6102:Staff (January 16, 2015). 3391: 3389: 3386: 3314: 3312: 3309: 3260: 3258: 3255: 3227: 3225: 3222: 3114: 3111: 3108: 3079: 3077: 3074: 2948: 2946: 2943: 2697: 2695: 2692: 2468:Communications Act of 1934 2395:has argued, the threat of 2314: 2253:, to extract payment from 2247:Internet service providers 2016: 1644: 1531: 1497:Enactment of the new order 1428:Freedom of Information Act 1154: 1021:Internet service providers 954:Communications Act of 1934 932: 870: 742: 700:telecommunications service 567: 480:Communications Act of 1934 212:Communications Act of 1934 193:Internet service providers 14297:Net neutrality by country 14246:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 14164: 14038: 13942:A video on net neutrality 13245:, Harrisburg, PA: WYTV-33 12197:October 25, 2021, at the 12109:February 8, 2007, at the 11626:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 10579:"What Is Net Neutrality?" 10552:. CIO.com. Archived from 9416:December 2, 2016, at the 6505:"Epic Victory at the FCC" 6248:Staff (January 2, 2015). 3916:January 14, 2005, at the 3737:Telecommunications Policy 3236:possible executive order 2651: 2649: 2646: 2531:undesirable and premature 2458:Alternative FCC proposals 2290:Consumer Electronics Show 2076:Support of net neutrality 1994:This section needs to be 1540:New York Attorney General 1365:new media ownership rules 470:under U.S. law since the 452: 447: 436: 431: 419: 411: 406: 394: 386: 374: 369: 345: 333: 328: 320: 14266:Turks and Caicos Islands 11455:faculty.chicagobooth.edu 11433:August 29, 2007, at the 5385:Staff (April 24, 2014). 4263:Consent Decree DA 05-543 3479: 3216:ballot initiative drive 2511:Federal Trade Commission 2062:Professor Susan Crawford 1923:virtual private networks 1883:Congressional Review Act 1731:major questions doctrine 1618:Congressional Review Act 1306:2015 Open Internet Order 1263:Federal Trade Commission 1115:2015 Open Internet Order 886:Following the ruling in 678:In 2004, the court case 607:Baldwin v. United States 13952:March 16, 2010, at the 13925:March 23, 2018, at the 11451:March 18, 2015, at the 11386:The Wall Street Journal 8551:The Wall Street Journal 5694:. National Public Radio 5585:The Wall Street Journal 5477:The Wall Street Journal 4656:The Wall Street Journal 4059:The Information Society 2547:in the years to come." 2325:, Daniel Berninger and 2175:; Free Press President 1612:In January 2018, fifty 1437:as well as the website 970:Policy proposals (2014) 830:in anticipation of the 658:digital subscriber line 617:In February 2004, then 472:Mann–Elkins Act of 1910 224:common carrier services 14196:British Virgin Islands 13920:"OpenInternet" website 12781:, Nebraska Legislature 11715:"Give Me Bandwidth..." 9468:April 2, 2015, at the 9392:April 2, 2015, at the 9317:April 2, 2015, at the 6994:Ajit Pai, FCC Chairman 5856:Fight for the Future. 5828:(September 10, 2014). 5634:Staff (May 15, 2014). 5088:"FCC adopts web rules" 3931:"Remarks as Delivered" 2605:Wilson, North Carolina 2601:Chattanooga, Tennessee 1962:New America Foundation 1614:United States senators 1387:In December 2017, the 1349:Free Press Action Fund 1273: 1234: 1089:On November 10, 2014, 980: 941:Verizon Communications 826:In 2008, when the FCC 656:(VoIP) service in its 643:In early 2005, in the 530: 187:In the United States, 66:Internet Protocol (IP) 56:Deep packet inspection 24:Part of a series about 14136:Saint Kitts and Nevis 13194:, Across Oregon Patch 12403:. September 30, 2018. 11416:on September 28, 2012 10898:MIT Technology Review 10829:on December 27, 2008. 9492:May 25, 2014, at the 4993:on February 16, 2009. 4771:(February 20, 2009). 3842:. CNN. Archived from 3043:Legislative Bill 856 2768:District of Columbia 2519:Deborah Platt Majoras 2509:In June 2007, the US 2226:precedent set in the 1977:Attempted legislation 1921:disciplined users of 1718:Executive Order 14036 1271: 1228: 1109:discussion draft bill 977: 516: 496:Bulletin board system 441:Executive Order 14036 218:: as either Title I " 13938:in the United States 13821:on February 15, 2018 13727:(January 29, 2018), 13600:on February 15, 2018 13419:, SD SB195, Legiscan 12925:on February 16, 2018 12753:on February 15, 2018 11872:. February 25, 2015. 11858:. December 10, 2014. 11767:on October 30, 2005. 11644:. December 10, 2015. 11581:Communications Daily 11426:Partial transcript: 10807:. February 26, 2015. 10605:Fight for the Future 10529:on December 12, 2006 10437:"The Wire Next Time" 10179:www.ocf.berkeley.edu 9793:Fight For The Future 9726:Bloomberg Technology 9608:, September 15, 2014 9476:, September 23, 2011 9137:. FR Doc. 2021-15069 7405:WC Docket No. 17-108 7296:WC Docket No. 17-108 6377:(February 4, 2015). 6324:on February 25, 2015 5759:. November 11, 2012. 5720:on November 29, 2014 5155:on September 5, 2017 4926:. February 25, 2008. 4298:on February 13, 2018 4202:(February 8, 2004). 4020:Smithsonian Magazine 4013:(January 16, 2014). 3763:"Network Neutrality" 2294:May 7, 2017, episode 2198:independent voters. 2110:Media Access Project 1345:Fight for the Future 1282:capital expenditures 1254:Obama administration 785:software because it 745:Comcast Corp. v. FCC 314:Biden administration 309:Trump administration 304:Obama administration 274:Trump administration 220:information services 191:—the principle that 94:By country or region 61:End-to-end principle 46:Bandwidth throttling 14151:Trinidad and Tobago 14046:Antigua and Barbuda 12487:Norwalk Daily Voice 12173:on December 7, 2008 12130:The Washington Post 11889:The Washington Post 11784:The Washington Post 11744:The Washington Post 11718:The Weekly Standard 11678:. September 5, 2014 11656:The Washington Post 11474:. January 20, 2011. 11290:Bloch, Sam (2017). 11013:Robert W. McChesney 10336:. January 25, 2011. 10280:. October 22, 2009. 10122:. February 8, 2021. 9558:, September 2, 2014 9556:Sunlight Foundation 9233:. January 18, 2024. 8630:. December 14, 2017 8598:The Washington Post 8531:The Washington Post 8390:on October 13, 2018 8259:The Washington Post 8161:The Washington Post 8055:. November 22, 2017 7656:. November 29, 2017 6653:The Huffington Post 6479:"Save The Internet" 6227:The Washington Post 6201:on February 1, 2015 5148:The Washington Post 4272:on December 8, 2013 3857:Shepardson, David. 3469:Municipal broadband 3387:Washington (state) 3380:regulation(failed) 2620: 2611:State-level actions 2540:consumer protection 2444:data discrimination 2405:Edward Whitacre Jr. 2351:Nicholas Negroponte 2243:artificial scarcity 2114:Christian Coalition 2070:municipal broadband 1785:Open Internet Rules 1758:Columbia University 1756:January 12, 2003 – 1710:Jessica Rosenworcel 1608:2018 US Senate vote 1504:Jessica Rosenworcel 1397:Stanford University 1389:Pew Research Center 1124:, treating it as a 698:was regulated as a 317: 299:Bush administration 14086:Dominican Republic 13984:– video report by 13967:– video report by 13936:network neutrality 13899:. Washington, DC: 11965:The New York Times 11724:on August 27, 2006 11215:Deadline Hollywood 10989:on January 9, 2007 10442:The New York Times 10435:(April 28, 2014). 10231:The New York Times 10143:. February 8, 2021 9957:Wong, Julia Carrie 9900:The New York Times 9819:Battle For The Net 9593:Michael Weinberg, 9526:Michael Weinberg, 9485:Michael Weinberg, 9215:. October 9, 2023. 8794:The New York Times 8133:The New York Times 7832:The New York Times 7351:The New York Times 7175:The New York Times 7048:The New York Times 7022:. January 31, 2017 6855:The New York Times 6792:(April 13, 2015). 6709:The New York Times 6681:The New York Times 6563:The New York Times 6412:The New York Times 6353:The New York Times 6317:The New York Times 6286:The New York Times 6260:on January 3, 2015 6168:The New York Times 6140:The New York Times 6081:The New York Times 6025:The New York Times 5997:The New York Times 5862:Battle for the Net 5669:The New York Times 5641:The New York Times 5503:The New York Times 5475:, Washington, DC: 5448:The New York Times 5420:The New York Times 5392:The New York Times 5364:The New York Times 5281:The New York Times 4803:The New York Times 4769:Kathleen Ann Ruane 4594:. October 19, 2007 4489:on August 19, 2010 4477:"Policy statement" 4396:(August 5, 2005). 4337:(October 17, 2005) 3884:"Report and order" 3710:The New York Times 3682:The New York Times 3446:draft legislation 3196:draft legislation 2990:draft legislation 2859:draft legislation 2839:draft legislation 2819:draft legislation 2743:draft legislation 2636:State bill number 2619: 2574:municipal wireless 2464:Julius Genachowski 2448:quality of service 2409:SBC Communications 2403:In November 2005, 2389:regulatory capture 2146:Mozilla Foundation 2066:Harvard Law School 1766:network neutrality 1634:discharge petition 1566:Mozilla Foundation 1477:The New York Times 1469:Lorna G. Schofield 1445:The New York Times 1435:The New York Times 1417:The New York Times 1274: 1235: 1122:telecommunications 1023:(ISPs) to violate 981: 880:Julius Genachowski 815:In February 2008, 294: 285:Regulatory history 247:. Courts ruled in 214:as amended by the 76:Net neutrality law 14279: 14278: 14168:other territories 11094:Save The Internet 10980:www.freepress.net 10766:on July 20, 2011. 10758:(June 21, 2006). 10638:on April 24, 2006 10346:Lessig, L. 1999. 10045:Maine Legislature 9400:, January 9, 2008 5053:on June 17, 2013. 4568:. TorrentFreak BV 3846:on July 12, 2024. 3450: 3449: 2551:Unresolved issues 2498:, the creator of 2370:Reason Foundation 2331:John Perry Barlow 2281:Last Week Tonight 2255:content providers 2193:Last Week Tonight 2182:Last Week Tonight 2171:; Tumblr founder 2015: 2014: 1764:coins the phrase 1543:Eric Schneiderman 1405:Barbara Underwood 1340:Last Week Tonight 714:were as follows: 460: 459: 185: 184: 81:Search neutrality 38:Topics and issues 14314: 14236:Saint Barthélemy 14166:Dependencies and 14039:Sovereign states 14027: 14020: 14013: 14004: 14003: 13904: 13878: 13876: 13874: 13868: 13856: 13835: 13834: 13828: 13826: 13809: 13803: 13802: 13796: 13788: 13782: 13780: 13766: 13760: 13759: 13753: 13745: 13740: 13738: 13723: 13717: 13716: 13710: 13702: 13701: 13699: 13693: 13681: 13675: 13674: 13673: 13671: 13657: 13651: 13650: 13648: 13646: 13629: 13623: 13622: 13616: 13608: 13607: 13605: 13599: 13592: 13580: 13574: 13573: 13572: 13570: 13564: 13553: 13547: 13546: 13545: 13543: 13538:, Vermont Digger 13529: 13523: 13522: 13521: 13519: 13513: 13502: 13496: 13495: 13494: 13492: 13486: 13475: 13469: 13468: 13467: 13465: 13451: 13442: 13441: 13435: 13427: 13426: 13424: 13410: 13404: 13403: 13397: 13389: 13388: 13386: 13372: 13366: 13365: 13359: 13351: 13345: 13343: 13337: 13326: 13320: 13319: 13318: 13316: 13302: 13296: 13295: 13289: 13281: 13276: 13274: 13260: 13254: 13253: 13252: 13250: 13236: 13227: 13226: 13225: 13223: 13209: 13203: 13202: 13201: 13199: 13185: 13179: 13178: 13177: 13175: 13160: 13154: 13153: 13152: 13150: 13135: 13129: 13128: 13122: 13114: 13108: 13106: 13091: 13085: 13084: 13078: 13076: 13062: 13056: 13055: 13054: 13052: 13037: 13031: 13030: 13025: 13023: 13017: 13006: 13000: 12999: 12998: 12996: 12982: 12976: 12975: 12974: 12972: 12958: 12952: 12951: 12941: 12933: 12932: 12930: 12924: 12917: 12905: 12899: 12898: 12897: 12895: 12880: 12874: 12873: 12872: 12870: 12856: 12847: 12846: 12845: 12843: 12837: 12827: 12826: 12824: 12810: 12804: 12803: 12797: 12789: 12788: 12786: 12780: 12768: 12762: 12761: 12760: 12758: 12752: 12745: 12734: 12728: 12727: 12726: 12724: 12710: 12704: 12703: 12697: 12695: 12679: 12673: 12672: 12666: 12658: 12657: 12655: 12641: 12635: 12634: 12633: 12631: 12618: 12612: 12604: 12603: 12601: 12587: 12581: 12580: 12579: 12577: 12564: 12558: 12555: 12546: 12545: 12544: 12542: 12527: 12521: 12520: 12519: 12517: 12503: 12497: 12496: 12495: 12493: 12478: 12472: 12471: 12470: 12468: 12452: 12446: 12445: 12439: 12431: 12430: 12428: 12411: 12405: 12404: 12393: 12387: 12384: 12335: 12334: 12333: 12331: 12325: 12313: 12307: 12306: 12300: 12292: 12291: 12289: 12283: 12272: 12266: 12265: 12264: 12262: 12248: 12242: 12234: 12233: 12231: 12217: 12211: 12208: 12202: 12189: 12183: 12182: 12180: 12178: 12172: 12165: 12156: 12150: 12149: 12147: 12145: 12120: 12114: 12101: 12095: 12089: 12074: 12073: 12071: 12069: 12055: 12049: 12048: 12046: 12044: 12034: 12026: 12020: 12019: 12017: 12015: 11998: 11992: 11991: 11983: 11977: 11976: 11974: 11972: 11955: 11946: 11945: 11943: 11941: 11926: 11920: 11919: 11917: 11915: 11900: 11894: 11893: 11880: 11874: 11873: 11866: 11860: 11859: 11852: 11846: 11845: 11843: 11841: 11827: 11821: 11820: 11818: 11816: 11802: 11796: 11795: 11793: 11791: 11775: 11769: 11768: 11753: 11747: 11740: 11734: 11733: 11731: 11729: 11720:. Archived from 11710: 11704: 11694: 11688: 11687: 11685: 11683: 11668: 11659: 11658:, July 26, 2006. 11652: 11646: 11645: 11638: 11632: 11631: 11625: 11617: 11610: 11604: 11590: 11584: 11583:, July 20, 2006. 11577: 11571: 11570: 11568: 11566: 11555: 11549: 11548: 11546: 11544: 11533: 11527: 11526: 11524: 11522: 11511: 11505: 11504: 11496: 11490: 11489: 11482: 11476: 11475: 11462: 11456: 11443: 11437: 11425: 11423: 11421: 11415: 11400: 11391: 11390: 11376: 11367: 11366: 11359: 11350: 11349: 11347: 11345: 11330: 11324: 11323: 11321: 11319: 11308: 11302: 11301: 11287: 11281: 11280: 11278: 11276: 11261: 11255: 11254: 11252: 11250: 11233: 11227: 11226: 11224: 11222: 11205: 11199: 11198: 11196: 11194: 11189:on June 24, 2015 11185:. Archived from 11172: 11166: 11165: 11163: 11161: 11144: 11138: 11137: 11135: 11133: 11116: 11110: 11109: 11107: 11105: 11096:. Archived from 11086: 11077: 11076: 11074: 11072: 11057: 11051: 11050: 11048: 11046: 11031: 11025: 11024: 11015:(June 8, 2006). 11005: 10999: 10998: 10996: 10994: 10988: 10982:. Archived from 10977: 10969: 10963: 10962: 10960: 10958: 10941: 10935: 10934: 10932: 10930: 10915: 10909: 10908: 10906: 10904: 10890: 10884: 10883: 10881: 10879: 10865: 10859: 10858: 10856: 10854: 10837: 10831: 10830: 10825:. Archived from 10815: 10809: 10808: 10795: 10789: 10788: 10774: 10768: 10767: 10752: 10746: 10745: 10743: 10741: 10729: 10723: 10722: 10710: 10701: 10700: 10698: 10696: 10691:. March 11, 2015 10681: 10675: 10674: 10672: 10670: 10663:The Mozilla Blog 10654: 10648: 10647: 10645: 10643: 10637: 10630: 10622: 10616: 10615: 10613: 10611: 10597: 10591: 10590: 10588: 10586: 10575: 10566: 10565: 10563: 10561: 10545: 10539: 10538: 10536: 10534: 10528: 10522:. Archived from 10521: 10513: 10507: 10506: 10504: 10502: 10497:on June 12, 2006 10486: 10480: 10479: 10477: 10475: 10470:. April 25, 2024 10460: 10454: 10453: 10451: 10449: 10429: 10423: 10422: 10408: 10402: 10401: 10395: 10387: 10385: 10383: 10377: 10370: 10362: 10351: 10344: 10338: 10337: 10330: 10324: 10323: 10322:. February 2011. 10316: 10310: 10309: 10308:. February 2011. 10302: 10296: 10295: 10294:. November 2018. 10288: 10282: 10281: 10274: 10268: 10267: 10265: 10263: 10258: 10249: 10243: 10242: 10240: 10238: 10221: 10215: 10214: 10212: 10210: 10196: 10190: 10189: 10187: 10185: 10171: 10165: 10159: 10153: 10152: 10150: 10148: 10138: 10130: 10124: 10123: 10116: 10110: 10109: 10107: 10105: 10088: 10082: 10081: 10079: 10077: 10063: 10057: 10056: 10054: 10052: 10037: 10031: 10030: 10028: 10026: 10010: 10004: 10003: 10001: 9999: 9984: 9978: 9977: 9975: 9973: 9959:(May 16, 2018). 9953: 9947: 9946: 9944: 9942: 9926: 9920: 9919: 9917: 9915: 9890: 9884: 9883: 9881: 9879: 9862: 9856: 9855: 9853: 9851: 9836: 9830: 9829: 9827: 9825: 9811: 9805: 9804: 9802: 9800: 9785: 9779: 9778: 9776: 9774: 9757: 9751: 9750: 9744: 9736: 9734: 9732: 9717: 9711: 9710: 9708: 9706: 9689: 9683: 9682: 9680: 9678: 9660: 9654: 9653: 9639: 9633: 9615: 9609: 9606:Public Knowledge 9591: 9585: 9584: 9582: 9580: 9565: 9559: 9548: 9542: 9539:Public Knowledge 9524: 9518: 9517:, April 28, 2014 9507: 9501: 9498:Public Knowledge 9483: 9477: 9474:Public Knowledge 9459: 9453: 9452: 9450: 9448: 9439: 9435:"Consumer Guide" 9431: 9425: 9424:, August 9, 2010 9422:Public Knowledge 9409:John Bergmayer, 9407: 9401: 9398:Public Knowledge 9383: 9377: 9376: 9374: 9372: 9358: 9352: 9351: 9349: 9347: 9332: 9326: 9325:, June 27, 2005. 9323:Public Knowledge 9308: 9302: 9301: 9294: 9288: 9287: 9286:. July 15, 2024. 9280: 9274: 9273: 9259: 9253: 9252: 9241: 9235: 9234: 9223: 9217: 9216: 9209: 9203: 9202: 9200: 9198: 9181: 9175: 9174: 9172: 9170: 9153: 9147: 9146: 9144: 9142: 9134:Federal Register 9125:Biden, Joseph R. 9121: 9115: 9114: 9112: 9110: 9093: 9087: 9086: 9084: 9082: 9065: 9059: 9058: 9056: 9054: 9037: 9031: 9030: 9028: 9026: 9009: 9003: 9002: 9000: 8998: 8981: 8975: 8974: 8972: 8970: 8953: 8947: 8946: 8944: 8942: 8925: 8916: 8915: 8913: 8911: 8894: 8888: 8887: 8885: 8883: 8868: 8862: 8861: 8859: 8857: 8840: 8834: 8833: 8831: 8829: 8812: 8806: 8805: 8803: 8801: 8784: 8778: 8777: 8775: 8773: 8756: 8750: 8749: 8747: 8745: 8728: 8722: 8721: 8719: 8717: 8700: 8694: 8693: 8691: 8689: 8672: 8666: 8665: 8663: 8661: 8646: 8640: 8639: 8637: 8635: 8624: 8618: 8617: 8615: 8613: 8588: 8582: 8581: 8579: 8577: 8562: 8556: 8555: 8542: 8536: 8535: 8521: 8515: 8514: 8512: 8510: 8493: 8487: 8486: 8484: 8482: 8465: 8456: 8455: 8453: 8451: 8434: 8428: 8427: 8425: 8423: 8406: 8400: 8399: 8397: 8395: 8386:. Archived from 8373: 8364: 8363: 8361: 8359: 8342: 8336: 8335: 8333: 8331: 8314: 8308: 8307: 8305: 8303: 8288: 8279: 8278: 8276: 8274: 8249: 8243: 8237: 8228: 8227: 8225: 8223: 8206: 8197: 8196: 8195: 8193: 8179: 8173: 8172: 8170: 8168: 8151: 8145: 8144: 8142: 8140: 8123: 8117: 8116: 8114: 8112: 8097: 8091: 8090: 8088: 8086: 8071: 8065: 8064: 8062: 8060: 8043: 8037: 8036: 8034: 8032: 8015: 8009: 8008: 8006: 8004: 7998: 7990: 7984: 7983: 7981: 7979: 7962: 7956: 7955: 7953: 7951: 7934: 7928: 7927: 7925: 7923: 7906: 7900: 7899: 7897: 7895: 7878: 7872: 7871: 7869: 7867: 7850: 7844: 7843: 7841: 7839: 7822: 7816: 7815: 7813: 7811: 7794: 7788: 7787: 7785: 7783: 7766: 7760: 7759: 7757: 7755: 7738: 7729: 7728: 7726: 7724: 7707: 7694: 7693: 7691: 7689: 7675: 7666: 7665: 7663: 7661: 7646: 7640: 7639: 7637: 7635: 7618: 7612: 7611: 7609: 7607: 7592: 7586: 7585: 7584: 7582: 7569: 7563: 7562: 7556: 7548: 7546: 7544: 7527: 7518: 7517: 7516: 7514: 7500: 7494: 7493: 7492: 7490: 7484: 7473: 7467: 7466: 7465: 7463: 7449: 7440: 7439: 7438: 7436: 7422: 7416: 7415: 7414: 7412: 7402: 7393: 7387: 7386: 7385: 7383: 7368: 7362: 7361: 7360: 7358: 7341: 7335: 7334: 7333: 7331: 7326:on July 27, 2017 7313: 7307: 7306: 7305: 7303: 7293: 7284: 7273: 7272: 7270: 7268: 7250: 7241: 7240: 7239: 7237: 7231: 7221: 7215: 7214: 7212: 7210: 7193: 7187: 7186: 7184: 7182: 7165: 7159: 7158: 7156: 7154: 7137: 7131: 7130: 7128: 7126: 7111: 7105: 7104: 7098: 7090: 7088: 7086: 7069: 7060: 7059: 7057: 7055: 7038: 7032: 7031: 7029: 7027: 7012: 7006: 7005: 7004: 7002: 6988: 6982: 6981: 6980: 6978: 6960: 6954: 6953: 6947: 6945: 6929: 6923: 6922: 6920: 6918: 6901: 6895: 6894: 6892: 6890: 6873: 6867: 6866: 6864: 6862: 6845: 6839: 6838: 6836: 6834: 6817: 6811: 6810: 6808: 6806: 6799:Federal Register 6786: 6780: 6779: 6777: 6775: 6758: 6752: 6751: 6749: 6747: 6736: 6727: 6721: 6720: 6718: 6716: 6699: 6693: 6692: 6690: 6688: 6671: 6665: 6664: 6662: 6660: 6643: 6637: 6636: 6634: 6632: 6627:on March 3, 2015 6612: 6601: 6600: 6598: 6596: 6590:Associated Press 6581: 6575: 6574: 6572: 6570: 6553: 6547: 6546: 6544: 6542: 6531: 6522: 6516: 6515: 6513: 6511: 6501: 6495: 6494: 6492: 6490: 6485:on March 2, 2015 6481:. Archived from 6475: 6466: 6465: 6463: 6461: 6451: 6445: 6444: 6442: 6440: 6430: 6424: 6423: 6421: 6419: 6402: 6396: 6395: 6393: 6391: 6371: 6365: 6364: 6362: 6360: 6343: 6334: 6333: 6331: 6329: 6320:. Archived from 6307: 6298: 6297: 6295: 6293: 6276: 6270: 6269: 6267: 6265: 6256:. Archived from 6254:Associated Press 6245: 6239: 6238: 6236: 6234: 6217: 6211: 6210: 6208: 6206: 6197:. Archived from 6195:Associated Press 6186: 6180: 6179: 6177: 6175: 6158: 6152: 6151: 6149: 6147: 6130: 6124: 6123: 6121: 6119: 6108: 6099: 6093: 6092: 6090: 6088: 6071: 6065: 6064: 6062: 6060: 6043: 6037: 6036: 6034: 6032: 6015: 6009: 6008: 6006: 6004: 5987: 5981: 5980: 5978: 5976: 5959: 5953: 5952: 5950: 5948: 5933: 5927: 5926: 5924: 5922: 5907: 5901: 5900: 5898: 5896: 5879: 5873: 5872: 5870: 5868: 5853: 5847: 5846: 5844: 5842: 5822: 5816: 5815: 5813: 5811: 5804:The Boston Globe 5794: 5788: 5787: 5785: 5783: 5767: 5761: 5760: 5753: 5747: 5746: 5744: 5736: 5730: 5729: 5727: 5725: 5716:. Archived from 5710: 5704: 5703: 5701: 5699: 5687: 5681: 5680: 5678: 5676: 5659: 5653: 5652: 5650: 5648: 5631: 5625: 5624: 5622: 5620: 5603: 5597: 5596: 5594: 5592: 5575: 5569: 5568: 5566: 5564: 5549: 5543: 5542: 5540: 5538: 5521: 5515: 5514: 5512: 5510: 5493: 5487: 5486: 5485: 5483: 5466: 5460: 5459: 5458: 5456: 5451:, Washington, DC 5438: 5432: 5431: 5429: 5427: 5410: 5404: 5403: 5401: 5399: 5382: 5376: 5375: 5373: 5371: 5354: 5348: 5347: 5345: 5343: 5328: 5322: 5321: 5319: 5317: 5311: 5302: 5293: 5292: 5290: 5288: 5271: 5265: 5264: 5262: 5260: 5245: 5236: 5235: 5221: 5215: 5214: 5212: 5210: 5193: 5187: 5186: 5184: 5182: 5171: 5165: 5164: 5162: 5160: 5151:. Archived from 5138: 5132: 5131: 5129: 5127: 5116: 5110: 5109: 5107: 5105: 5100:on July 17, 2011 5096:. Archived from 5083: 5077: 5076: 5064: 5055: 5054: 5049:. Archived from 5042: 5036: 5035: 5033: 5031: 5020: 5014: 5013: 5001: 4995: 4994: 4992: 4985: 4977: 4971: 4970: 4968: 4966: 4955: 4949: 4948: 4946: 4944: 4934: 4928: 4927: 4914: 4908: 4907: 4905: 4903: 4887: 4881: 4880: 4878: 4876: 4870: 4861: 4855: 4854: 4842: 4836: 4835: 4833: 4831: 4814: 4808: 4807: 4793: 4787: 4786: 4784: 4782: 4777: 4765: 4759: 4758: 4756: 4754: 4749:. August 8, 2008 4739: 4733: 4732: 4730: 4728: 4717: 4711: 4710: 4708: 4706: 4690: 4684: 4683: 4681: 4679: 4674:. Digital Trends 4667: 4661: 4660: 4646: 4640: 4639: 4633: 4625: 4623: 4621: 4610: 4604: 4603: 4601: 4599: 4584: 4578: 4577: 4575: 4573: 4557: 4551: 4550: 4548: 4546: 4530: 4524: 4523: 4521: 4519: 4513: 4505: 4499: 4498: 4496: 4494: 4488: 4481: 4473: 4467: 4466: 4464: 4462: 4451: 4445: 4444: 4442: 4440: 4434: 4426: 4420: 4419: 4417: 4415: 4410:on June 30, 2006 4409: 4403:. 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Archived from 4208: 4196: 4190: 4189: 4187: 4185: 4170: 4164: 4163: 4161: 4159: 4142: 4136: 4135: 4133: 4131: 4114: 4105: 4104: 4090: 4084: 4083: 4049: 4043: 4038: 4032: 4031: 4029: 4027: 4007: 4001: 4000: 3980: 3971: 3970: 3968: 3966: 3957: 3949: 3943: 3942: 3940: 3938: 3927: 3921: 3908: 3902: 3901: 3899: 3897: 3888: 3880: 3874: 3873: 3871: 3869: 3854: 3848: 3847: 3831: 3825: 3824: 3822: 3820: 3805: 3796: 3795: 3793: 3791: 3776: 3767: 3766: 3759: 3753: 3752: 3728: 3722: 3721: 3719: 3717: 3700: 3694: 3693: 3691: 3689: 3672: 3666: 3665: 3663: 3661: 3655: 3644: 3630: 3629: 3627: 3611: 3605: 3603: 3585: 3584: 3582: 3566: 3565: 3563: 3557: 3543: 3537: 3529: 3523: 3521: 3515: 3501: 3500: 3498: 3427:state contracts 3358:state contracts 3303:state contracts 3124:state contracts 2926: 2925: 2879:state contracts 2723:state contracts 2627:Executive order 2621: 2618: 2191:two full-length 2189:, who presented 2106:Public Knowledge 2082:Consumer Reports 2010: 2007: 2001: 1989: 1988: 1981: 1958:Public Knowledge 1935:theft of service 1879:legislative days 1720: 1719: 1598:Lifeline program 1562:Federal Register 1516:Federal Register 1514:codified in the 1492: 1487: 1299: 1287: 1058:Ramesh Sitaraman 1012:net neutrality. 775:Associated Press 668: 528: 476:public utilities 318: 293: 177: 170: 163: 150: 32: 21: 20: 14322: 14321: 14317: 14316: 14315: 14313: 14312: 14311: 14282: 14281: 14280: 14275: 14169: 14167: 14160: 14034: 14031: 13954:Wayback Machine 13927:Wayback Machine 13912: 13872: 13870: 13866: 13843: 13841:Further reading 13838: 13824: 13822: 13811: 13810: 13806: 13790: 13789: 13778: 13776: 13767: 13763: 13747: 13746: 13736: 13734: 13724: 13720: 13704: 13703: 13697: 13695: 13691: 13682: 13678: 13669: 13667: 13658: 13654: 13644: 13642: 13630: 13626: 13610: 13609: 13603: 13601: 13597: 13590: 13581: 13577: 13568: 13566: 13562: 13554: 13550: 13541: 13539: 13530: 13526: 13517: 13515: 13511: 13503: 13499: 13490: 13488: 13484: 13476: 13472: 13463: 13461: 13452: 13445: 13429: 13428: 13422: 13420: 13411: 13407: 13391: 13390: 13384: 13382: 13373: 13369: 13353: 13352: 13341: 13339: 13335: 13327: 13323: 13314: 13312: 13303: 13299: 13283: 13282: 13272: 13270: 13261: 13257: 13248: 13246: 13237: 13230: 13221: 13219: 13210: 13206: 13197: 13195: 13186: 13182: 13173: 13171: 13161: 13157: 13148: 13146: 13136: 13132: 13116: 13115: 13104: 13102: 13092: 13088: 13074: 13072: 13063: 13059: 13050: 13048: 13038: 13034: 13021: 13019: 13015: 13007: 13003: 12994: 12992: 12983: 12979: 12970: 12968: 12959: 12955: 12935: 12934: 12928: 12926: 12922: 12915: 12906: 12902: 12893: 12891: 12881: 12877: 12868: 12866: 12857: 12850: 12841: 12839: 12835: 12822: 12820: 12811: 12807: 12791: 12790: 12784: 12782: 12778: 12769: 12765: 12756: 12754: 12750: 12743: 12735: 12731: 12722: 12720: 12711: 12707: 12693: 12691: 12690:, New Bay Media 12680: 12676: 12660: 12659: 12653: 12651: 12642: 12638: 12629: 12627: 12606: 12605: 12599: 12597: 12588: 12584: 12575: 12573: 12566: 12565: 12561: 12556: 12549: 12540: 12538: 12528: 12524: 12515: 12513: 12504: 12500: 12491: 12489: 12479: 12475: 12466: 12464: 12453: 12449: 12433: 12432: 12426: 12424: 12412: 12408: 12395: 12394: 12390: 12385: 12338: 12329: 12327: 12323: 12314: 12310: 12294: 12293: 12287: 12285: 12281: 12273: 12269: 12260: 12258: 12236: 12235: 12229: 12227: 12218: 12214: 12209: 12205: 12199:Wayback Machine 12190: 12186: 12176: 12174: 12170: 12163: 12157: 12153: 12143: 12141: 12121: 12117: 12111:Wayback Machine 12102: 12098: 12090: 12077: 12067: 12065: 12057: 12056: 12052: 12042: 12040: 12032: 12028: 12027: 12023: 12013: 12011: 11999: 11995: 11984: 11980: 11970: 11968: 11956: 11949: 11939: 11937: 11927: 11923: 11913: 11911: 11901: 11897: 11882: 11881: 11877: 11868: 11867: 11863: 11854: 11853: 11849: 11839: 11837: 11829: 11828: 11824: 11814: 11812: 11804: 11803: 11799: 11789: 11787: 11777: 11776: 11772: 11755: 11754: 11750: 11741: 11737: 11727: 11725: 11711: 11707: 11695: 11691: 11681: 11679: 11670: 11669: 11662: 11653: 11649: 11640: 11639: 11635: 11619: 11618: 11612: 11611: 11607: 11601:Wayback Machine 11591: 11587: 11578: 11574: 11564: 11562: 11557: 11556: 11552: 11542: 11540: 11535: 11534: 11530: 11520: 11518: 11513: 11512: 11508: 11497: 11493: 11488:. May 23, 2014. 11484: 11483: 11479: 11471:National Review 11464: 11463: 11459: 11453:Wayback Machine 11444: 11440: 11435:Wayback Machine 11419: 11417: 11413: 11402: 11401: 11394: 11377: 11370: 11361: 11360: 11353: 11343: 11341: 11331: 11327: 11317: 11315: 11310: 11309: 11305: 11288: 11284: 11274: 11272: 11262: 11258: 11248: 11246: 11234: 11230: 11220: 11218: 11206: 11202: 11192: 11190: 11173: 11169: 11159: 11157: 11145: 11141: 11131: 11129: 11117: 11113: 11103: 11101: 11100:on May 22, 2017 11088: 11087: 11080: 11070: 11068: 11058: 11054: 11044: 11042: 11040:The Consumerist 11032: 11028: 11009:Lawrence Lessig 11006: 11002: 10992: 10990: 10986: 10975: 10971: 10970: 10966: 10956: 10954: 10943: 10942: 10938: 10928: 10926: 10917: 10916: 10912: 10902: 10900: 10892: 10891: 10887: 10877: 10875: 10867: 10866: 10862: 10852: 10850: 10838: 10834: 10819:Tim Berners-Lee 10816: 10812: 10797: 10796: 10792: 10775: 10771: 10756:Tim Berners-Lee 10753: 10749: 10739: 10737: 10730: 10726: 10711: 10704: 10694: 10692: 10683: 10682: 10678: 10668: 10666: 10655: 10651: 10641: 10639: 10635: 10628: 10624: 10623: 10619: 10609: 10607: 10601:"Team Internet" 10599: 10598: 10594: 10584: 10582: 10577: 10576: 10569: 10559: 10557: 10556:on July 2, 2006 10546: 10542: 10532: 10530: 10526: 10519: 10515: 10514: 10510: 10500: 10498: 10487: 10483: 10473: 10471: 10462: 10461: 10457: 10447: 10445: 10433:Crawford, Susan 10430: 10426: 10418:Chicago Tribune 10409: 10405: 10389: 10388: 10381: 10379: 10375: 10368: 10366:"Archived copy" 10364: 10363: 10354: 10345: 10341: 10332: 10331: 10327: 10318: 10317: 10313: 10304: 10303: 10299: 10290: 10289: 10285: 10276: 10275: 10271: 10261: 10259: 10256: 10250: 10246: 10236: 10234: 10222: 10218: 10208: 10206: 10198: 10197: 10193: 10183: 10181: 10173: 10172: 10168: 10160: 10156: 10146: 10144: 10136: 10132: 10131: 10127: 10118: 10117: 10113: 10103: 10101: 10089: 10085: 10075: 10073: 10065: 10064: 10060: 10050: 10048: 10047:. June 26, 2019 10039: 10038: 10034: 10024: 10022: 10012: 10011: 10007: 9997: 9995: 9985: 9981: 9971: 9969: 9954: 9950: 9940: 9938: 9928: 9927: 9923: 9913: 9911: 9891: 9887: 9877: 9875: 9863: 9859: 9849: 9847: 9837: 9833: 9823: 9821: 9813: 9812: 9808: 9798: 9796: 9787: 9786: 9782: 9772: 9770: 9758: 9754: 9738: 9737: 9730: 9728: 9718: 9714: 9704: 9702: 9690: 9686: 9676: 9674: 9661: 9657: 9640: 9636: 9626:Wayback Machine 9619:"Open Internet" 9616: 9612: 9602:Wayback Machine 9592: 9588: 9578: 9576: 9568:Wilhelm, Alex. 9566: 9562: 9549: 9545: 9541:, July 15, 2014 9535:Wayback Machine 9525: 9521: 9508: 9504: 9494:Wayback Machine 9484: 9480: 9470:Wayback Machine 9460: 9456: 9446: 9444: 9437: 9433: 9432: 9428: 9418:Wayback Machine 9408: 9404: 9394:Wayback Machine 9384: 9380: 9370: 9368: 9360: 9359: 9355: 9345: 9343: 9342:. July 11, 2008 9334: 9333: 9329: 9319:Wayback Machine 9309: 9305: 9296: 9295: 9291: 9282: 9281: 9277: 9260: 9256: 9251:. June 5, 2024. 9243: 9242: 9238: 9225: 9224: 9220: 9211: 9210: 9206: 9196: 9194: 9182: 9178: 9168: 9166: 9154: 9150: 9140: 9138: 9122: 9118: 9108: 9106: 9094: 9090: 9080: 9078: 9066: 9062: 9052: 9050: 9038: 9034: 9024: 9022: 9010: 9006: 8996: 8994: 8982: 8978: 8968: 8966: 8954: 8950: 8940: 8938: 8926: 8919: 8909: 8907: 8895: 8891: 8881: 8879: 8869: 8865: 8855: 8853: 8841: 8837: 8827: 8825: 8813: 8809: 8799: 8797: 8785: 8781: 8771: 8769: 8757: 8753: 8743: 8741: 8729: 8725: 8715: 8713: 8701: 8697: 8687: 8685: 8673: 8669: 8659: 8657: 8647: 8643: 8633: 8631: 8626: 8625: 8621: 8611: 8609: 8589: 8585: 8575: 8573: 8563: 8559: 8554:. October 2019. 8544: 8543: 8539: 8522: 8518: 8508: 8506: 8494: 8490: 8480: 8478: 8466: 8459: 8449: 8447: 8435: 8431: 8421: 8419: 8407: 8403: 8393: 8391: 8374: 8367: 8357: 8355: 8343: 8339: 8329: 8327: 8315: 8311: 8301: 8299: 8289: 8282: 8272: 8270: 8250: 8246: 8238: 8231: 8221: 8219: 8207: 8200: 8191: 8189: 8180: 8176: 8166: 8164: 8152: 8148: 8138: 8136: 8124: 8120: 8110: 8108: 8098: 8094: 8084: 8082: 8074:Cameron, Dell. 8072: 8068: 8058: 8056: 8045: 8044: 8040: 8030: 8028: 8016: 8012: 8002: 8000: 7996: 7992: 7991: 7987: 7977: 7975: 7963: 7959: 7949: 7947: 7935: 7931: 7921: 7919: 7907: 7903: 7893: 7891: 7879: 7875: 7865: 7863: 7851: 7847: 7837: 7835: 7823: 7819: 7809: 7807: 7795: 7791: 7781: 7779: 7767: 7763: 7753: 7751: 7739: 7732: 7722: 7720: 7708: 7697: 7687: 7685: 7683:www.emprata.com 7677: 7676: 7669: 7659: 7657: 7648: 7647: 7643: 7633: 7631: 7619: 7615: 7605: 7603: 7593: 7589: 7580: 7578: 7571: 7570: 7566: 7550: 7549: 7542: 7540: 7528: 7521: 7512: 7510: 7503: 7501: 7497: 7488: 7486: 7482: 7474: 7470: 7461: 7459: 7450: 7443: 7434: 7432: 7423: 7419: 7410: 7408: 7400: 7394: 7390: 7381: 7379: 7369: 7365: 7356: 7354: 7342: 7338: 7329: 7327: 7314: 7310: 7301: 7299: 7291: 7285: 7276: 7266: 7264: 7251: 7244: 7235: 7233: 7229: 7223: 7222: 7218: 7208: 7206: 7194: 7190: 7180: 7178: 7166: 7162: 7152: 7150: 7149:. April 7, 2017 7139: 7138: 7134: 7124: 7122: 7121:. 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Martin 747: 741: 676: 666: 615: 572: 566: 558: 545:Lawrence Lessig 529: 523: 468:common carriers 316: 311: 306: 301: 292: 287: 222:" or Title II " 181: 141: 86:Tiered Internet 30: 17: 12: 11: 5: 14320: 14310: 14309: 14304: 14299: 14294: 14277: 14276: 14274: 14273: 14268: 14263: 14258: 14256:Sint Eustatius 14253: 14248: 14243: 14238: 14233: 14228: 14223: 14218: 14213: 14208: 14203: 14201:Cayman Islands 14198: 14193: 14188: 14183: 14178: 14172: 14170: 14165: 14162: 14161: 14159: 14158: 14153: 14148: 14143: 14138: 14133: 14128: 14123: 14118: 14113: 14108: 14103: 14098: 14093: 14088: 14083: 14078: 14073: 14068: 14063: 14058: 14053: 14048: 14042: 14040: 14036: 14035: 14030: 14029: 14022: 14015: 14007: 14001: 14000: 13990: 13987:Democracy Now! 13979: 13973: 13970:Democracy Now! 13962: 13956: 13944: 13939: 13929: 13911: 13910:External links 13908: 13907: 13906: 13886: 13879: 13857: 13842: 13839: 13837: 13836: 13804: 13761: 13718: 13676: 13652: 13624: 13575: 13548: 13524: 13497: 13470: 13443: 13405: 13367: 13321: 13297: 13255: 13228: 13204: 13180: 13155: 13130: 13086: 13057: 13032: 13001: 12977: 12953: 12900: 12875: 12865:, Ars Technica 12848: 12805: 12763: 12729: 12705: 12674: 12636: 12582: 12559: 12547: 12522: 12498: 12473: 12447: 12406: 12388: 12336: 12308: 12267: 12212: 12203: 12184: 12151: 12115: 12096: 12091:Watal, Aparna 12075: 12050: 12021: 11993: 11978: 11947: 11921: 11895: 11875: 11861: 11847: 11822: 11797: 11770: 11748: 11746:, May 24, 2006 11735: 11705: 11689: 11660: 11647: 11633: 11605: 11585: 11572: 11550: 11528: 11506: 11491: 11477: 11457: 11438: 11392: 11368: 11351: 11325: 11303: 11282: 11256: 11228: 11200: 11167: 11139: 11111: 11078: 11052: 11026: 11000: 10964: 10936: 10925:. June 4, 2014 10910: 10885: 10860: 10832: 10810: 10790: 10769: 10747: 10736:. Blogspot.com 10724: 10702: 10676: 10649: 10617: 10592: 10567: 10540: 10508: 10481: 10455: 10424: 10403: 10352: 10339: 10325: 10311: 10297: 10283: 10269: 10244: 10216: 10191: 10166: 10154: 10125: 10111: 10083: 10058: 10032: 10005: 9979: 9948: 9921: 9885: 9857: 9831: 9806: 9795:. June 6, 2017 9780: 9752: 9712: 9684: 9655: 9634: 9610: 9586: 9560: 9543: 9519: 9502: 9500:, May 13, 2014 9478: 9454: 9426: 9402: 9378: 9353: 9327: 9303: 9300:. August 2024. 9289: 9275: 9254: 9236: 9218: 9204: 9191:Bloomberg News 9176: 9148: 9116: 9088: 9060: 9032: 9004: 8976: 8948: 8917: 8889: 8863: 8835: 8807: 8779: 8751: 8723: 8695: 8667: 8641: 8619: 8583: 8557: 8537: 8516: 8488: 8475:Bloomberg L.P. 8457: 8429: 8401: 8365: 8337: 8309: 8280: 8244: 8229: 8198: 8188:, Ars Technica 8174: 8146: 8118: 8092: 8066: 8038: 8010: 7985: 7957: 7929: 7901: 7873: 7845: 7817: 7789: 7761: 7730: 7695: 7667: 7641: 7613: 7587: 7564: 7519: 7495: 7468: 7441: 7417: 7388: 7363: 7336: 7308: 7274: 7242: 7216: 7188: 7160: 7132: 7106: 7061: 7033: 7007: 6983: 6955: 6924: 6896: 6868: 6840: 6812: 6781: 6753: 6722: 6694: 6666: 6638: 6602: 6576: 6548: 6517: 6496: 6467: 6446: 6425: 6397: 6366: 6335: 6299: 6271: 6240: 6212: 6181: 6153: 6125: 6112:U. S. Congress 6094: 6066: 6038: 6010: 5982: 5954: 5928: 5902: 5874: 5848: 5817: 5789: 5762: 5748: 5731: 5705: 5682: 5654: 5626: 5598: 5570: 5544: 5516: 5488: 5461: 5433: 5405: 5377: 5349: 5323: 5294: 5266: 5237: 5216: 5188: 5166: 5133: 5111: 5078: 5056: 5037: 5015: 4996: 4972: 4950: 4929: 4909: 4882: 4856: 4837: 4809: 4788: 4760: 4734: 4712: 4685: 4662: 4641: 4605: 4579: 4552: 4525: 4500: 4468: 4446: 4421: 4385: 4357: 4339: 4323: 4283: 4247: 4244:(26): 733–764. 4227: 4191: 4165: 4137: 4106: 4085: 4066:(5): 311–325. 4044: 4033: 4002: 3972: 3944: 3922: 3903: 3875: 3849: 3826: 3797: 3768: 3754: 3743:(8): 764–772. 3723: 3695: 3667: 3638: 3636: 3633: 3632: 3631: 3613: 3612: 3597:New York Times 3587: 3586: 3568: 3567: 3545: 3544: 3503: 3502: 3481: 3478: 3477: 3476: 3471: 3466: 3461: 3454: 3451: 3448: 3447: 3444: 3442: 3439: 3437: 3435: 3431: 3430: 3428: 3425: 3422: 3418: 3417: 3415: 3412: 3409: 3405: 3404: 3402: 3399: 3396: 3393: 3390: 3388: 3384: 3383: 3381: 3378: 3375: 3372: 3369: 3367: 3363: 3362: 3359: 3356: 3353: 3350: 3347: 3344: 3340: 3339: 3337: 3334: 3331: 3327: 3326: 3324: 3321: 3318: 3315: 3313: 3311: 3307: 3306: 3304: 3301: 3298: 3295: 3293: 3291: 3287: 3286: 3284: 3281: 3278: 3274: 3273: 3271: 3268: 3265: 3262: 3259: 3257: 3253: 3252: 3250: 3247: 3244: 3240: 3239: 3237: 3234: 3232: 3229: 3226: 3224: 3220: 3219: 3217: 3214: 3212: 3209: 3206: 3204: 3200: 3199: 3197: 3194: 3192: 3189: 3186: 3184: 3180: 3179: 3177: 3174: 3171: 3167: 3166: 3164: 3161: 3158: 3154: 3153: 3151: 3148: 3145: 3141: 3140: 3138: 3135: 3132: 3128: 3127: 3125: 3122: 3119: 3116: 3113: 3110: 3106: 3105: 3103: 3100: 3097: 3093: 3092: 3090: 3087: 3084: 3081: 3078: 3076: 3072: 3071: 3069: 3066: 3063: 3060: 3057: 3054: 3050: 3049: 3047: 3044: 3041: 3038: 3036: 3034: 3030: 3029: 3027: 3025: 3023: 3021: 3019: 3016: 3012: 3011: 3009: 3007: 3005: 3003: 3000: 2998: 2994: 2993: 2991: 2988: 2986: 2983: 2980: 2978: 2974: 2973: 2971: 2968: 2966: 2962: 2961: 2959: 2956: 2953: 2950: 2947: 2945: 2944:Massachusetts 2941: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2929: 2927: 2919: 2918: 2916: 2914: 2912: 2910: 2907: 2905: 2901: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2894: 2892: 2889: 2887: 2883: 2882: 2880: 2877: 2874: 2871: 2869: 2867: 2863: 2862: 2860: 2857: 2855: 2852: 2849: 2847: 2843: 2842: 2840: 2837: 2835: 2832: 2829: 2827: 2823: 2822: 2820: 2817: 2815: 2812: 2809: 2807: 2803: 2802: 2800: 2797: 2794: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2783: 2782: 2780: 2778: 2776: 2774: 2771: 2769: 2765: 2764: 2762: 2760: 2758: 2756: 2753: 2751: 2747: 2746: 2744: 2741: 2739: 2736: 2733: 2731: 2727: 2726: 2724: 2721: 2718: 2714: 2713: 2710: 2705: 2702: 2699: 2696: 2694: 2690: 2689: 2687: 2684: 2681: 2677: 2676: 2674: 2671: 2668: 2664: 2663: 2661: 2658: 2655: 2652: 2650: 2648: 2644: 2643: 2640: 2637: 2634: 2631: 2630:Suing the FCC 2628: 2625: 2612: 2609: 2593: 2590: 2567:Commerce Power 2561: 2558: 2552: 2549: 2504:very difficult 2491: 2488: 2459: 2456: 2397:eminent domain 2312: 2309: 2239:tiered service 2167:; Netflix CEO 2152:, and others. 2077: 2074: 2045: 2042: 2017:Main article: 2013: 2012: 1993: 1991: 1984: 1978: 1975: 1914: 1911: 1910: 1909: 1906: 1903: 1899: 1896: 1892: 1889: 1886: 1875: 1872: 1869: 1866: 1863: 1856: 1837: 1833: 1830: 1827: 1824: 1817: 1814: 1810: 1807: 1804: 1801: 1798: 1791: 1788: 1781: 1778: 1775: 1772: 1769: 1760:law professor 1752: 1749: 1701: 1698: 1692: 1689: 1679:Mozilla v. FCC 1645:Main article: 1642: 1639: 1626:Lisa Murkowski 1609: 1606: 1594:2018 Camp Fire 1574:Mozilla v. FCC 1534:Mozilla v. FCC 1532:Main article: 1529: 1526:Mozilla v. FCC 1523: 1498: 1495: 1337:, the host of 1329: 1326: 1302:Mignon Clyburn 1222: 1219: 1217: 1214: 1155:Main article: 1152: 1146: 1137:North Carolina 1116: 1113: 1103:U. S. Congress 1095:net neutrality 1025:net neutrality 971: 968: 966: 963: 933:Main article: 930: 927:Verizon v. FCC 924: 915: 914: 911: 907: 903: 899: 896: 888:Comcast v. FCC 871:Main article: 868: 865: 849: 848: 845: 842: 839: 832:DTV transition 812: 809: 743:Main article: 740: 737:Comcast v. FCC 734: 729: 728: 725: 722: 719: 675: 672: 641: 640: 637: 634: 631: 614: 611: 568:Main article: 565: 559: 557: 554: 521: 492:dial-up modems 458: 457: 454: 450: 449: 445: 444: 438: 434: 433: 429: 428: 425:Mozilla v. FCC 421: 417: 416: 413: 409: 408: 404: 403: 396: 392: 391: 388: 384: 383: 376: 372: 371: 367: 366: 360: 359: 356:Comcast v. FCC 352: 348: 347: 343: 342: 335: 331: 330: 326: 325: 322: 296: 291: 288: 286: 283: 256:Verizon v. FCC 250:Comcast v. FCC 189:net neutrality 183: 182: 180: 179: 172: 165: 157: 154: 153: 152: 151: 139: 134: 129: 124: 119: 117:European Union 114: 109: 104: 96: 95: 91: 90: 89: 88: 83: 78: 73: 68: 63: 58: 53: 48: 40: 39: 35: 34: 31:Net neutrality 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14319: 14308: 14305: 14303: 14300: 14298: 14295: 14293: 14290: 14289: 14287: 14272: 14269: 14267: 14264: 14262: 14259: 14257: 14254: 14252: 14249: 14247: 14244: 14242: 14239: 14237: 14234: 14232: 14229: 14227: 14224: 14222: 14219: 14217: 14214: 14212: 14209: 14207: 14204: 14202: 14199: 14197: 14194: 14192: 14189: 14187: 14184: 14182: 14179: 14177: 14174: 14173: 14171: 14163: 14157: 14156:United States 14154: 14152: 14149: 14147: 14144: 14142: 14139: 14137: 14134: 14132: 14129: 14127: 14124: 14122: 14119: 14117: 14114: 14112: 14109: 14107: 14104: 14102: 14099: 14097: 14094: 14092: 14089: 14087: 14084: 14082: 14079: 14077: 14074: 14072: 14069: 14067: 14064: 14062: 14059: 14057: 14054: 14052: 14049: 14047: 14044: 14043: 14041: 14037: 14028: 14023: 14021: 14016: 14014: 14009: 14008: 14005: 13999: 13998: 13993: 13991: 13989: 13988: 13983: 13980: 13977: 13974: 13972: 13971: 13966: 13963: 13960: 13957: 13955: 13951: 13948: 13945: 13943: 13940: 13937: 13933: 13930: 13928: 13924: 13921: 13917: 13914: 13913: 13902: 13898: 13897: 13892: 13887: 13884: 13880: 13865: 13864: 13858: 13854: 13850: 13845: 13844: 13833: 13820: 13816: 13815: 13808: 13800: 13794: 13787: 13774: 13773: 13765: 13757: 13751: 13744: 13732: 13731: 13722: 13714: 13708: 13690: 13689: 13680: 13665: 13664: 13656: 13641: 13640: 13635: 13628: 13620: 13614: 13596: 13589: 13588: 13579: 13561: 13560: 13552: 13537: 13536: 13528: 13510: 13509: 13501: 13483: 13482: 13474: 13459: 13458: 13450: 13448: 13439: 13433: 13418: 13417: 13409: 13401: 13395: 13380: 13379: 13371: 13363: 13357: 13350: 13334: 13333: 13325: 13310: 13309: 13301: 13293: 13287: 13280: 13268: 13267: 13259: 13244: 13243: 13235: 13233: 13217: 13216: 13208: 13193: 13192: 13184: 13169: 13168: 13159: 13144: 13143: 13134: 13126: 13120: 13113: 13100: 13099: 13090: 13083: 13070: 13069: 13061: 13046: 13045: 13036: 13029: 13014: 13013: 13005: 12990: 12989: 12981: 12966: 12965: 12957: 12949: 12945: 12939: 12921: 12914: 12913: 12904: 12890: 12886: 12879: 12864: 12863: 12855: 12853: 12834: 12833: 12818: 12817: 12809: 12801: 12795: 12777: 12776: 12767: 12749: 12742: 12741: 12733: 12718: 12717: 12709: 12702: 12701:deregulation. 12689: 12685: 12678: 12670: 12664: 12649: 12648: 12640: 12625: 12624: 12616: 12610: 12595: 12594: 12586: 12571: 12570: 12563: 12554: 12552: 12537:, Motherboard 12536: 12535: 12526: 12511: 12510: 12502: 12488: 12484: 12477: 12462: 12458: 12451: 12443: 12437: 12422: 12418: 12410: 12402: 12398: 12392: 12383: 12381: 12379: 12377: 12375: 12373: 12371: 12369: 12367: 12365: 12363: 12361: 12359: 12357: 12355: 12353: 12351: 12349: 12347: 12345: 12343: 12341: 12322: 12321: 12312: 12304: 12298: 12280: 12279: 12271: 12257: 12253: 12246: 12240: 12225: 12224: 12216: 12207: 12200: 12196: 12193: 12188: 12169: 12162: 12155: 12140: 12136: 12132: 12131: 12126: 12119: 12112: 12108: 12105: 12100: 12094: 12088: 12086: 12084: 12082: 12080: 12064: 12060: 12054: 12038: 12031: 12025: 12010: 12009: 12004: 11997: 11989: 11982: 11967: 11966: 11961: 11954: 11952: 11936: 11932: 11925: 11910: 11906: 11899: 11891: 11890: 11885: 11879: 11871: 11865: 11857: 11851: 11836: 11835:Carbonated.TV 11832: 11826: 11811: 11807: 11801: 11786: 11785: 11780: 11774: 11766: 11762: 11758: 11752: 11745: 11739: 11723: 11719: 11716: 11709: 11703: 11699: 11693: 11677: 11676:The Daily Dot 11673: 11667: 11665: 11657: 11651: 11643: 11637: 11629: 11623: 11615: 11609: 11602: 11598: 11595: 11589: 11582: 11576: 11560: 11554: 11538: 11532: 11516: 11510: 11502: 11495: 11487: 11481: 11473: 11472: 11467: 11461: 11454: 11450: 11447: 11442: 11436: 11432: 11429: 11412: 11408: 11407: 11399: 11397: 11388: 11387: 11382: 11375: 11373: 11364: 11358: 11356: 11340: 11336: 11329: 11313: 11307: 11299: 11298: 11293: 11286: 11271: 11267: 11260: 11245: 11244: 11239: 11232: 11217: 11216: 11211: 11204: 11188: 11184: 11183: 11178: 11171: 11156: 11155: 11150: 11143: 11128: 11127: 11122: 11115: 11099: 11095: 11091: 11085: 11083: 11067: 11063: 11056: 11041: 11037: 11030: 11022: 11018: 11014: 11010: 11004: 10993:September 20, 10985: 10981: 10974: 10968: 10953:. May 2, 2014 10952: 10951: 10946: 10940: 10924: 10920: 10914: 10899: 10895: 10889: 10874: 10870: 10864: 10849: 10848: 10843: 10836: 10828: 10824: 10820: 10814: 10806: 10805: 10800: 10794: 10786: 10785: 10780: 10773: 10765: 10761: 10757: 10751: 10735: 10728: 10720: 10716: 10709: 10707: 10690: 10686: 10680: 10664: 10660: 10653: 10634: 10627: 10621: 10606: 10602: 10596: 10580: 10574: 10572: 10555: 10551: 10544: 10525: 10518: 10512: 10496: 10492: 10485: 10469: 10465: 10459: 10444: 10443: 10438: 10434: 10428: 10420: 10419: 10414: 10407: 10399: 10393: 10374: 10367: 10361: 10359: 10357: 10349: 10343: 10335: 10329: 10321: 10315: 10307: 10301: 10293: 10287: 10279: 10273: 10255: 10248: 10233: 10232: 10227: 10220: 10209:September 26, 10205: 10201: 10195: 10180: 10176: 10170: 10163: 10158: 10147:September 26, 10142: 10135: 10129: 10121: 10115: 10100: 10099: 10094: 10087: 10072: 10068: 10062: 10046: 10042: 10036: 10021: 10020: 10015: 10009: 9994: 9990: 9983: 9968: 9967: 9962: 9958: 9952: 9937: 9936: 9931: 9925: 9910: 9906: 9902: 9901: 9896: 9889: 9874: 9873: 9868: 9861: 9846: 9842: 9835: 9820: 9816: 9810: 9794: 9790: 9784: 9769: 9768: 9763: 9756: 9748: 9742: 9727: 9723: 9716: 9701: 9700: 9695: 9688: 9673: 9671: 9666: 9659: 9651: 9650: 9645: 9638: 9631: 9627: 9623: 9620: 9614: 9607: 9603: 9599: 9596: 9590: 9575: 9571: 9564: 9557: 9553: 9547: 9540: 9536: 9532: 9529: 9523: 9516: 9512: 9506: 9499: 9495: 9491: 9488: 9482: 9475: 9471: 9467: 9464: 9461:Harold Feld, 9458: 9447:September 26, 9443: 9436: 9430: 9423: 9419: 9415: 9412: 9406: 9399: 9395: 9391: 9388: 9385:Harold Feld, 9382: 9367: 9363: 9357: 9341: 9337: 9331: 9324: 9320: 9316: 9313: 9310:Art Brodsky, 9307: 9299: 9293: 9285: 9279: 9271: 9270: 9265: 9258: 9250: 9246: 9240: 9232: 9228: 9222: 9214: 9208: 9197:September 25, 9193: 9192: 9187: 9180: 9165: 9164: 9159: 9152: 9136: 9135: 9130: 9126: 9120: 9105: 9104: 9099: 9092: 9077: 9076: 9071: 9064: 9049: 9048: 9043: 9036: 9021: 9020: 9015: 9008: 8993: 8992: 8987: 8980: 8965: 8964: 8959: 8952: 8937: 8936: 8931: 8924: 8922: 8906: 8905: 8900: 8893: 8878: 8874: 8867: 8852: 8851: 8846: 8839: 8824: 8823: 8818: 8811: 8796: 8795: 8790: 8783: 8768: 8767: 8762: 8755: 8740: 8739: 8738:The Daily Dot 8734: 8727: 8712: 8711: 8706: 8699: 8684: 8683: 8678: 8671: 8656: 8652: 8645: 8629: 8623: 8608: 8604: 8600: 8599: 8594: 8587: 8572: 8568: 8561: 8553: 8552: 8547: 8541: 8533: 8532: 8527: 8520: 8505: 8504: 8499: 8492: 8477: 8476: 8471: 8464: 8462: 8446: 8445: 8440: 8433: 8418: 8417: 8412: 8405: 8389: 8385: 8384: 8379: 8372: 8370: 8354: 8353: 8348: 8341: 8326: 8325: 8320: 8313: 8298: 8294: 8287: 8285: 8269: 8265: 8261: 8260: 8255: 8248: 8241: 8236: 8234: 8218: 8217: 8212: 8205: 8203: 8187: 8186: 8178: 8163: 8162: 8157: 8150: 8135: 8134: 8129: 8122: 8107: 8103: 8096: 8081: 8077: 8070: 8054: 8053: 8048: 8042: 8027: 8026: 8021: 8014: 7995: 7989: 7974: 7973: 7968: 7961: 7946: 7945: 7940: 7933: 7918: 7917: 7912: 7905: 7890: 7889: 7884: 7877: 7862: 7861: 7860:Buzzfeed News 7856: 7849: 7834: 7833: 7828: 7821: 7806: 7805: 7800: 7793: 7778: 7777: 7772: 7765: 7750: 7749: 7744: 7737: 7735: 7719: 7718: 7713: 7706: 7704: 7702: 7700: 7684: 7680: 7674: 7672: 7655: 7651: 7645: 7630: 7629: 7624: 7617: 7602: 7598: 7591: 7576: 7575: 7568: 7560: 7554: 7539: 7538: 7533: 7526: 7524: 7508: 7507: 7499: 7481: 7480: 7472: 7457: 7456: 7448: 7446: 7430: 7429: 7421: 7406: 7399: 7392: 7377: 7376: 7367: 7353: 7352: 7347: 7340: 7325: 7321: 7320: 7312: 7297: 7290: 7283: 7281: 7279: 7263: 7261: 7256: 7249: 7247: 7228: 7227: 7220: 7205: 7204: 7199: 7192: 7177: 7176: 7171: 7164: 7148: 7147: 7142: 7136: 7120: 7116: 7110: 7102: 7096: 7081: 7080: 7075: 7068: 7066: 7050: 7049: 7044: 7037: 7021: 7017: 7011: 6996: 6995: 6987: 6973: 6972: 6967: 6959: 6951: 6939: 6935: 6928: 6913: 6912: 6907: 6900: 6885: 6884: 6879: 6872: 6857: 6856: 6851: 6844: 6829: 6828: 6823: 6816: 6801: 6800: 6795: 6791: 6785: 6770: 6769: 6764: 6757: 6742: 6741: 6733: 6726: 6711: 6710: 6705: 6698: 6683: 6682: 6677: 6670: 6655: 6654: 6649: 6642: 6626: 6622: 6618: 6611: 6609: 6607: 6591: 6587: 6580: 6565: 6564: 6559: 6552: 6537: 6536: 6528: 6521: 6506: 6500: 6484: 6480: 6474: 6472: 6456: 6450: 6435: 6429: 6414: 6413: 6408: 6401: 6386: 6385: 6380: 6376: 6370: 6355: 6354: 6349: 6342: 6340: 6323: 6319: 6318: 6313: 6306: 6304: 6288: 6287: 6282: 6275: 6259: 6255: 6251: 6244: 6229: 6228: 6223: 6216: 6200: 6196: 6192: 6185: 6170: 6169: 6164: 6157: 6142: 6141: 6136: 6129: 6114: 6113: 6105: 6098: 6083: 6082: 6077: 6070: 6055: 6054: 6049: 6042: 6027: 6026: 6021: 6014: 5999: 5998: 5993: 5986: 5971: 5970: 5969:The Economist 5965: 5958: 5943: 5942:Computerworld 5939: 5932: 5917: 5913: 5906: 5891: 5890: 5885: 5878: 5863: 5859: 5852: 5837: 5836: 5831: 5827: 5821: 5806: 5805: 5800: 5793: 5778: 5777: 5772: 5766: 5758: 5752: 5741: 5735: 5719: 5715: 5709: 5693: 5686: 5671: 5670: 5665: 5658: 5643: 5642: 5637: 5630: 5615: 5614: 5609: 5602: 5587: 5586: 5581: 5574: 5559: 5555: 5548: 5533: 5532: 5527: 5520: 5505: 5504: 5499: 5492: 5478: 5474: 5473: 5465: 5450: 5449: 5444: 5437: 5422: 5421: 5416: 5409: 5394: 5393: 5388: 5381: 5366: 5365: 5360: 5353: 5338: 5337:Computerworld 5334: 5327: 5308: 5301: 5299: 5283: 5282: 5277: 5270: 5255: 5254:The Daily Dot 5251: 5244: 5242: 5233: 5229: 5228: 5220: 5205: 5204: 5199: 5192: 5177: 5170: 5159:September 23, 5154: 5150: 5149: 5144: 5137: 5121: 5115: 5099: 5095: 5094: 5089: 5082: 5074: 5070: 5063: 5061: 5052: 5048: 5041: 5026: 5019: 5011: 5007: 5000: 4989: 4982: 4976: 4960: 4954: 4939: 4933: 4925: 4924: 4919: 4913: 4897: 4893: 4886: 4867: 4860: 4852: 4848: 4841: 4826: 4825: 4820: 4813: 4805: 4804: 4799: 4792: 4774: 4770: 4764: 4748: 4744: 4738: 4722: 4716: 4700: 4696: 4689: 4673: 4666: 4658: 4657: 4652: 4645: 4637: 4631: 4615: 4609: 4593: 4589: 4583: 4567: 4563: 4556: 4540: 4536: 4529: 4510: 4504: 4485: 4478: 4472: 4457: 4450: 4431: 4425: 4406: 4399: 4395: 4389: 4378:September 26, 4374: 4367: 4361: 4350: 4349:"No. 00-1012" 4343: 4336: 4333: 4327: 4319: 4313: 4297: 4293: 4287: 4268: 4264: 4257: 4251: 4243: 4242: 4234: 4232: 4212: 4205: 4201: 4195: 4180: 4176: 4169: 4154: 4153: 4148: 4141: 4126: 4125: 4120: 4113: 4111: 4102: 4098: 4097: 4089: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4060: 4055: 4048: 4042: 4037: 4022: 4021: 4016: 4012: 4011:Nuwer, Rachel 4006: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3979: 3977: 3965:September 26, 3961: 3954: 3948: 3932: 3926: 3919: 3915: 3912: 3907: 3896:September 26, 3892: 3885: 3879: 3864: 3860: 3853: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3830: 3815: 3811: 3804: 3802: 3786: 3782: 3775: 3773: 3764: 3758: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3727: 3716:September 23, 3712: 3711: 3706: 3699: 3684: 3683: 3678: 3671: 3652: 3651: 3643: 3639: 3621: 3620: 3615: 3614: 3610: 3598: 3594: 3589: 3588: 3577: 3576: 3570: 3569: 3554: 3553: 3547: 3546: 3541: 3535: 3528: 3512: 3511: 3505: 3504: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3483: 3475: 3472: 3470: 3467: 3465: 3464:Economic rent 3462: 3460: 3457: 3456: 3445: 3443: 3440: 3438: 3436: 3433: 3432: 3429: 3426: 3423: 3420: 3419: 3416: 3413: 3410: 3407: 3406: 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2453: 2449: 2445: 2440: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2416: 2413: 2410: 2406: 2401: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2362: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2347:MIT Media Lab 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2318: 2308: 2305: 2303: 2298: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2282: 2276: 2273: 2271: 2267: 2262: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2235: 2233: 2229: 2228:Supreme Court 2225: 2221: 2217: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2196: 2194: 2188: 2184: 2183: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2169:Reed Hastings 2166: 2162: 2158: 2153: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2073: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2058: 2055: 2051: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2020: 2009: 2006:December 2021 1997: 1992: 1983: 1982: 1974: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1950: 1946: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1907: 1904: 1900: 1897: 1893: 1890: 1887: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1873: 1870: 1867: 1864: 1861: 1857: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1831: 1828: 1825: 1822: 1818: 1815: 1811: 1808: 1805: 1802: 1799: 1796: 1792: 1789: 1786: 1782: 1779: 1776: 1773: 1770: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1754: 1748: 1746: 1745: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1727: 1726:Anna M. Gomez 1722: 1713: 1711: 1707: 1697: 1688: 1685: 1680: 1675: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1659: 1653: 1648: 1638: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1622:Susan Collins 1619: 1615: 1605: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1590: 1585: 1583: 1577: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1558: 1553: 1551: 1548: 1544: 1541: 1535: 1527: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1511: 1509: 1505: 1494: 1481: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1441: 1436: 1431: 1429: 1425: 1424: 1419: 1418: 1412: 1410: 1406: 1403: 1398: 1393: 1390: 1385: 1383: 1377: 1375: 1370: 1366: 1360: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1341: 1336: 1325: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1309: 1307: 1303: 1295: 1291: 1283: 1279: 1270: 1266: 1264: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1242: 1239: 1232: 1229:FCC Chairman 1227: 1213: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1173: 1170: 1166: 1165: 1158: 1150: 1145: 1142: 1138: 1133: 1129: 1127: 1123: 1112: 1110: 1107: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1087: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1062: 1059: 1053: 1049: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1013: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 976: 962: 959: 955: 949: 946: 942: 936: 928: 923: 921: 912: 910:applications; 908: 904: 900: 897: 894: 893: 892: 889: 884: 881: 874: 864: 862: 858: 853: 846: 843: 840: 837: 836: 835: 833: 829: 824: 822: 818: 808: 806: 801: 796: 793: 788: 784: 778: 776: 772: 768: 767:Andrew Norton 764: 760: 756: 752: 746: 738: 733: 726: 723: 720: 717: 716: 715: 712: 707: 705: 701: 697: 691: 689: 685: 681: 671: 663: 659: 655: 654:voice over IP 651: 646: 645:Madison River 638: 635: 632: 629: 628: 627: 624: 620: 610: 608: 603: 600: 596: 594: 589: 585: 581: 580:Ninth Circuit 576: 571: 563: 553: 549: 546: 542: 537: 535: 526: 520: 515: 512: 510: 506: 501: 497: 493: 487: 485: 481: 477: 473: 469: 465: 455: 451: 446: 442: 439: 435: 430: 427: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 405: 402: 401: 397: 393: 389: 385: 382: 381: 377: 373: 368: 365: 362: 361: 358: 357: 353: 349: 344: 341: 340: 336: 332: 327: 323: 319: 315: 310: 305: 300: 282: 279: 275: 270: 268: 267: 262: 258: 257: 252: 251: 246: 241: 239: 238: 233: 232:Supreme Court 229: 225: 221: 217: 213: 208: 206: 202: 198: 194: 190: 178: 173: 171: 166: 164: 159: 158: 156: 155: 148: 144: 143:United States 140: 138: 135: 133: 130: 128: 125: 123: 120: 118: 115: 113: 110: 108: 105: 103: 100: 99: 98: 97: 93: 92: 87: 84: 82: 79: 77: 74: 72: 69: 67: 64: 62: 59: 57: 54: 52: 49: 47: 44: 43: 42: 41: 37: 36: 33: 28: 27: 23: 22: 19: 14261:Sint Maarten 14241:Saint Martin 14155: 13995: 13985: 13968: 13894: 13873:November 28, 13871:. Retrieved 13862: 13852: 13830: 13825:February 14, 13823:, retrieved 13819:the original 13813: 13807: 13784: 13779:February 14, 13777:, retrieved 13771: 13764: 13742: 13737:February 14, 13735:, retrieved 13729: 13721: 13698:February 14, 13696:, retrieved 13687: 13679: 13670:February 14, 13668:, retrieved 13662: 13655: 13643:. Retrieved 13639:Ars Technica 13637: 13627: 13604:February 14, 13602:, retrieved 13595:the original 13586: 13578: 13569:February 16, 13567:, retrieved 13558: 13551: 13542:February 16, 13540:, retrieved 13534: 13527: 13518:February 14, 13516:, retrieved 13507: 13500: 13491:February 14, 13489:, retrieved 13480: 13473: 13464:February 14, 13462:, retrieved 13460:, Tennessean 13456: 13423:February 14, 13421:, retrieved 13415: 13408: 13385:February 13, 13383:, retrieved 13377: 13370: 13347: 13342:February 13, 13340:, retrieved 13331: 13324: 13315:February 13, 13313:, retrieved 13307: 13300: 13278: 13273:February 13, 13271:, retrieved 13265: 13258: 13249:February 13, 13247:, retrieved 13241: 13222:February 13, 13220:, retrieved 13214: 13207: 13198:February 13, 13196:, retrieved 13190: 13183: 13174:February 13, 13172:, retrieved 13165: 13158: 13149:February 13, 13147:, retrieved 13140: 13133: 13110: 13105:February 13, 13103:, retrieved 13097: 13089: 13080: 13075:February 13, 13073:, retrieved 13067: 13060: 13051:February 13, 13049:, retrieved 13042: 13035: 13027: 13022:February 13, 13020:, retrieved 13011: 13004: 12995:February 13, 12993:, retrieved 12987: 12980: 12971:February 13, 12969:, retrieved 12963: 12956: 12929:February 12, 12927:, retrieved 12920:the original 12911: 12903: 12894:February 17, 12892:, retrieved 12889:North Jersey 12888: 12878: 12869:February 14, 12867:, retrieved 12861: 12842:February 14, 12840:, retrieved 12831: 12823:February 12, 12821:, retrieved 12815: 12808: 12785:February 12, 12783:, retrieved 12773: 12766: 12757:February 12, 12755:, retrieved 12748:the original 12739: 12732: 12723:February 12, 12721:, retrieved 12715: 12708: 12699: 12694:February 12, 12692:, retrieved 12687: 12677: 12654:February 12, 12652:, retrieved 12646: 12639: 12630:February 12, 12628:, retrieved 12622: 12600:February 12, 12598:, retrieved 12592: 12585: 12576:February 12, 12574:, retrieved 12568: 12562: 12541:February 12, 12539:, retrieved 12532: 12525: 12516:February 12, 12514:, retrieved 12508: 12501: 12492:February 12, 12490:, retrieved 12486: 12476: 12467:February 12, 12465:, retrieved 12460: 12450: 12427:February 12, 12425:, retrieved 12420: 12409: 12400: 12391: 12330:February 12, 12328:, retrieved 12318: 12311: 12288:February 12, 12286:, retrieved 12277: 12270: 12261:February 11, 12259:, retrieved 12255: 12230:February 12, 12228:, retrieved 12222: 12215: 12206: 12187: 12177:September 6, 12175:. Retrieved 12168:the original 12154: 12144:December 17, 12142:. Retrieved 12128: 12118: 12099: 12068:February 26, 12066:. Retrieved 12062: 12053: 12043:February 26, 12041:. Retrieved 12036: 12024: 12012:. Retrieved 12006: 11996: 11981: 11971:February 26, 11969:. Retrieved 11963: 11938:. Retrieved 11935:Ars Technica 11934: 11924: 11912:. Retrieved 11909:Ars Technica 11908: 11898: 11887: 11878: 11864: 11850: 11840:December 17, 11838:. Retrieved 11834: 11825: 11815:December 17, 11813:. Retrieved 11809: 11800: 11790:February 26, 11788:. Retrieved 11782: 11773: 11765:the original 11760: 11751: 11743: 11738: 11726:. Retrieved 11722:the original 11717: 11708: 11692: 11680:. Retrieved 11675: 11655: 11650: 11636: 11608: 11588: 11580: 11575: 11565:December 24, 11563:. Retrieved 11553: 11543:December 24, 11541:. Retrieved 11531: 11519:. Retrieved 11509: 11494: 11480: 11469: 11460: 11441: 11428:Hu-Berlin.de 11420:December 26, 11418:. Retrieved 11411:the original 11405: 11384: 11342:. Retrieved 11338: 11328: 11318:December 24, 11316:. Retrieved 11306: 11295: 11285: 11273:. Retrieved 11269: 11259: 11247:. Retrieved 11241: 11231: 11219:. Retrieved 11213: 11203: 11191:. Retrieved 11187:the original 11180: 11170: 11158:. Retrieved 11152: 11142: 11130:. Retrieved 11124: 11114: 11102:. Retrieved 11098:the original 11093: 11069:. Retrieved 11065: 11055: 11045:February 28, 11043:. Retrieved 11029: 11020: 11003: 10991:. Retrieved 10984:the original 10979: 10967: 10957:February 26, 10955:. Retrieved 10948: 10939: 10929:February 26, 10927:. Retrieved 10922: 10913: 10903:February 26, 10901:. Retrieved 10897: 10888: 10878:December 18, 10876:. Retrieved 10872: 10863: 10853:December 14, 10851:. Retrieved 10845: 10835: 10827:the original 10813: 10802: 10793: 10782: 10772: 10764:the original 10750: 10738:. Retrieved 10727: 10695:December 17, 10693:. Retrieved 10688: 10679: 10667:. Retrieved 10662: 10652: 10642:December 26, 10640:. 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Retrieved 7020:Ars Technica 7019: 7010: 6999:, retrieved 6993: 6986: 6975:, retrieved 6969: 6958: 6948:– via 6942:. Retrieved 6927: 6915:. Retrieved 6911:Ars Technica 6909: 6899: 6887:. Retrieved 6881: 6871: 6859:. Retrieved 6853: 6843: 6831:. Retrieved 6825: 6815: 6803:. Retrieved 6797: 6784: 6772:. Retrieved 6766: 6756: 6744:. Retrieved 6738: 6725: 6713:. Retrieved 6707: 6697: 6685:. Retrieved 6679: 6669: 6659:February 27, 6657:. Retrieved 6651: 6641: 6631:February 28, 6629:. Retrieved 6625:the original 6621:CIO Magazine 6620: 6595:February 26, 6593:. Retrieved 6579: 6569:February 26, 6567:. Retrieved 6561: 6551: 6541:February 26, 6539:. Retrieved 6533: 6520: 6508:. Retrieved 6499: 6487:. Retrieved 6483:the original 6458:. Retrieved 6449: 6437:. Retrieved 6428: 6416:. Retrieved 6410: 6400: 6388:. Retrieved 6382: 6375:Wheeler, Tom 6369: 6359:February 25, 6357:. Retrieved 6351: 6328:February 24, 6326:. Retrieved 6322:the original 6315: 6290:. Retrieved 6284: 6274: 6262:. 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