Neuromuscular-blocking drug

1868:. This muscarinic blocking effect is related to the acetylcholine moiety on the A ring on pancuronium. Making the N atom on the A ring tertiary, the ring loses its acetylcholine moiety, and the resulting compound, vecuronium, has nearly 100 times less affinity to muscarin receptors while maintaining its nicotinic affinity and a similar duration of action. Vecuronium is, therefore, free from cardiovascular effects. The D ring shows excellent properties validating Beers and Reich's rule with great precision. As a result, vecuronium has the greatest potency and specificity of all mono-quaternary compounds. 1521: 1677: 500: 1144: 1689:

populated conformation may not be the best-fitted one. Very flexible molecules are, in fact, weak neuromuscular inhibitors with flat dose-response curves. On the other hand, stiff or rigid molecules tend to fit well or not at all. If the lowest-energy conformation fits, the compound has high potency because there is a great concentration of molecules close to the lowest-energy conformation. Molecules can be thin but yet rigid. Decamethonium for example needs relatively high energy to change the

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effects. The quaternary and acetyl groups on the A and D ring of pipecuronium prevent it from binding intra-site (binding to two points at the same site). Instead, it must bind as bis-quaternary (inter-site). These structures are very dissimilar from acetylcholine and free pipecuronium from nicotinic or muscarinic side-effects linked to acetylcholine moiety. Also, they protect the molecule from hydrolysis by cholinesterases, which explain its nature of kidney excretion. The four

2522:, as commonly used examples. Of these, edrophonium has a faster onset of action than neostigmine, but it is unreliable when used to antagonize deep neuromuscular block. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors increase the amount of acetylcholine in the neuromuscular junction, so a prerequisite for their effect is that the neuromuscular block is not complete, because in case every acetylcholine receptor is blocked then it does not matter how much acetylcholine is present. 63: 33: 2598:

applied to the foreleg and was injected distal to the tourniquet. The donkey lived while the tourniquet was in place but died after it was removed. The third donkey after injected with curare appeared to be dead but was resuscitated using bellows. Charles Waterton's experiment confirmed the paralytic

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neuromuscular blocking potency, it is presumed to enable them to bind the receptor at two points. A bis-quaternary two point arrangement on A and D-ring (binding inter-site) or a D-ring acetylcholine moiety (binding at two points intra-site) are most likely to succeed. A third group can have variable

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head distance in the longer muscle relaxant chains may quantify their ability to bend and fit its receptive sites. Using computers it is possible to calculate the lowest energy state conformer and thus most populated and best representing the molecule. This state is referred to as the global minimum.

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pressure during laparoscopy. Administration of NMBAs should be individualized according to patient’s parameters. However, many operations can be performed without the need to apply any NMBAs as adequate anesthesia during surgery can achieve many of the theoretical benefits of neuromuscular blockage.

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donor of the receptive site. This also helps explain why gallamine, rocuronium, and rapacuronium are of relatively low potency. In general, methyl quaternization is optimal for potency but, opposing this rule, the trimethyl derivatives of gallamine are of lower potency than gallamine. The reason for

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excretion. The length of the molecule (2.1 nm, close to ideal) and its rigidness make pipecuronium the most potent and clean one-bulk bis-quaternary. Even though the N-N distance (1.6 nm) is far away from what is considered ideal, its onium heads are well-exposed, and the quaternary groups

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to depolarize the endplate. Small molecules may be rigid and potent but unable to occupy or block the area between the receptive sites. Large molecules, on the other hand, may bind to both receptive sites and hinder depolarizing cations independent of whether the ion-channel is open or closed below.

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Adding more than two onium heads in general does not add to potency. Though the third onium head in gallamine seems to help position the two outside heads near the optimum molecular length, it can interfere unfavorably and gallamine turns out to be a weak muscle relaxant, like all multi-quaternary

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Shorter molecules like acetylcholine need two molecules to activate the receptor, one at each receptive site. Decamethonium congeners, which prefer straight line conformations (their lowest energy state), usually span the two receptive sites with one molecule (binding inter-site). Longer congeners

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increase the risk of Phase II block and prolonged paralysis. Phase II block occurs after large doses (>4mg/kg). This occurs when the post-synaptic membrane action potential returns to baseline in spite of the presence of succinylcholine and causes continued activation of nicotinic acetylcholine

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This class of medications helps to reduce patient movement, breathing, or ventilator dyssynchrony and allows lower insufflation pressures during laparoscopy. It has several indications for use in the intense care unit. It can help reduce hoarseness in voice as well as injury to

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surface pointed towards the synapse enhances this effect by repelling cations. The importance of this effect varies between different muscle relaxants and classifying depolarizing from non-depolarizing blocks is a complex issue. The onium heads are usually kept small and the chains connecting the

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Among all NMBA, Succinylcholine establish the most stable and fastest intubating conditions, thus is considered as the preferred NMBA for rapid sequence induction and intubation (RSII). Alternatives for succinylcholine for RSII include high dose rocuronium (1.2mg/kg which is a 4 X ED95 dose), or

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Neuromuscular blocking agents need to fit in a space close to 2 nanometres, which resembles the molecular length of decamethonium. Some molecules of decamethonium congeners may bind only to one receptive site. Flexible molecules have a greater chance of fitting receptive sites. However, the most

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Lithium is structurally similar to other cations such as sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium, this causes lithium to activate potassium channels which inhibit neuromuscular transmission. Patients who take lithium can have a prolonged response to both depolarising and nondepolarising NMBAs.

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test, wherein four such stimuli are given in rapid succession. With no neuromuscular blockade, the resultant muscle contractions are of equal strength, but gradually decrease in case of neuromuscular blockade. It is recommended during use of continuous-infusion neuromuscular blocking agents in

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release is a common attribute of benzylisoquinolinium muscle relaxants. This problem generally decreases with increased potency and smaller doses. The need for larger doses increases the degree of this side-effect. Conformational or structural explanations for histamine release are not clear.

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agents produce their block by binding to and activating the ACh receptor, at first causing muscle contraction, then paralysis. They bind to the receptor and cause depolarization by opening channels just like acetylcholine does. This causes repetitive excitation that lasts longer than a normal

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atoms is greater than the onium head repulsion. In this most populated state, the N-N distance is shorter than the optimal distance of ten carbon atoms and too short to occupy both receptive sites. This similarity between succinyl- and acetyl-choline also explains its acetylcholine-like

1603:. The constant depolarization and triggering of the receptors keeps the endplate resistant to activation by acetylcholine. Therefore, a normal neuron transmission to muscle cannot cause contraction of the muscle because the endplate is depolarized and thereby the muscle paralysed. 1481:

The neurotransmitter, acetylcholine(ACh) binds to the nicotinic receptors on the motor end plate, which is a specialised area of the muscle fibre's post-synaptic membrane. This binding causes the nicotinic receptor channels to open and allow the influx of Na into the muscle fibre.

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skeleton was chosen because of its appropriate size and rigidness. Acetylcholine moieties were inserted to increase receptor affinity. Although having many unwanted side-effects, a slow onset of action and recovery rate it was a big success and at the time the most potent

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that are faster and shorter acting. Both the asymmetric structure of diester isoquinolinium compounds and the acyloxylated benzyl groups on the bisbenzyltropiniums destabilizes them and can lead to spontaneous breakdown and therefore possibly a shorter duration of action.

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Combining two nondepolarising NMBAs of the same chemical class (e.g. rocuronium and vecuronium) produces an additive effect, while combining two nondepolarising NMBAs of different chemical class (e.g. rocuronium and cisatracurium) produces a synergistic response.

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Caldwell JE, Szenohradszky J, Segredo V, Wright PM, McLoughlin C, Sharma ML, et al. (September 1994). "The pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of the metabolite 3-desacetylvecuronium (ORG 7268) and its parent compound, vecuronium, in human volunteers".

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may be administered before and after a nondepolarising NMBA or two different nondepolarising NMBAs are administered in sequence. Combining different NMBAs can result in different degrees of neuromuscular block and management should be guided with the use of a

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Fifty percent of the released ACh is hydrolysed by acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and the remaining bind to the nicotinic receptors on the motor end plate. When ACh is degraded by AChE, the receptors are no longer stimulated and the muscle cannot be depolarized.

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is 2.1 nm. The potency of these compounds follows the same rank of order as their length. Likewise, the leptocurares prefer a similar length. Decamethonium, which measures 2 nm, is the most potent in its category, whereas C11 is slightly too long.

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The administration of succinylcholine on the subsequent administration of a nondepolarising neuromuscular block depends on the drug used. Studies have shown that administration of succinylcholien before a nondepolarising NMBA does not affect the potency of

145:, and secondly to optimize the surgical field by inhibiting spontaneous ventilation, and causing relaxation of skeletal muscles. Because the appropriate dose of neuromuscular-blocking drug may paralyze muscles required for breathing (i.e., the diaphragm), 1799:

have greater N-N distance and molecular length than d-tubocurarine even when bent. To make them fit, they have flexible connections that give their onium heads a chance to position themselves beneficially. This bent N-N scenario probably does not apply to

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despite having low bulk and rigidity is the most potent in its class, and it measures 1.9 nm. Based on this information one can conclude that the optimum length for neuromuscular blocking agents, depolarizing or not, should be 2 to 2.1 nm.

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compounds, which means they are also of lower potency. A possible explanation for this effect is that drug delivery and receptor binding are of a different timescale. Weaker muscle relaxants are given in larger doses so more molecules in the

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Neuromuscular blocking agents exert their effect by modulating the signal transmission in skeletal muscles. An action potential is, in other words, a depolarisation in neurone membrane due to a change in membrane potential greater than the

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extension of the respective O atom (or an equivalent H-bond acceptor) is a determining factor. If the distance is 0.44 nm, the compound shows muscarinic properties—and if the distance is 0.59 nm, nicotinic properties dominate.)

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may enhance the effects of depolarisation and nondepolarising NMBAs through pre and post-synaptic interactions at the NMJ. It may result in blood levels high enough to potentiate NMBA-induced neuromuscular block. Epidurally administered

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Under continuous exposure to succinylcholine, the initial end plate depolarization is reduced, and repolarisation process is initiated. As a result of the widespread sustained depolarization the synapses ultimately begin

1181:, the enzyme responsible for degrading acetylcholine, and can thus more persistently depolarize the muscle fibers. This differs from acetylcholine, which is rapidly degraded and only transiently depolarizes the muscle. 2414:

of post-synpatic nAChRs to ACh. This interaction happens mostly during maintenance of anesthesia. As antibiotics typically are given after a dose of NMBA, this interaction needs to be considered when re-dosing NMBA.

418:: These agents constitute the majority of the clinically relevant neuromuscular blockers. They act by competitively blocking the binding of ACh to its receptors, and in some cases, they also directly block the 1293:

The depolarizing blockers already have ACh-like actions, so these agents have prolonged effect under the influence of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Administration of depolarizing blockers initially produces

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The CAR for long-chain bisquaternary tetrahydroisoquinolines like atracurium, cisatracurium, mivacurium, and doxacurium is hard to determine because of their bulky onium heads and large number of rotatable

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has two receptive sites and activation of the receptor requires binding to both of them. Each receptor site is located at one of the two α-subunits of the receptor. Each receptive site has two subsites, an

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For nondepolarizing NMBAs except vecuronium, pipecuronium, doxacurium, cisatracurium, rocuronium and rapacuronium, they produce certain extent of cardiovascular effect. Moreover, Tubocurarine can produce

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leads to an electrical impulse generation. The electrical impulse travels along the pre-synaptic neurone axon to synapse with the muscle at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) to cause muscle contraction.

5534: 1227:(suxamethonium). It is the only such drug used clinically. It has a rapid onset (30 seconds) but very short duration of action (5–10 minutes) because of hydrolysis by various cholinesterases (such as 2135:

Any short or intermediate acting neuromuscular blocking agents can be applied for endotracheal intubation for long procedures (≥ 30 minutes). Options include succinylcholine, rocuronium, vecuronium,

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in 1942, and it was shown to be the major constituent in curare responsible for producing the paralysing effect. At that time, it was known that curare and, therefore, d-tubocurarine worked at the

1648:. Solvation models take into account the effect of a solvent on the conformation of the molecule. However, no system of solvation can mimic the effect of the complex fluid composition of the body. 2124:

Short-acting neuromuscular blocking agents are chosen for endotracheal intubation for short procedures (< 30minutes), and neuromonitoring is required soon after intubation. Options include

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Inada E, Philbin DM, Machaj V, Moss J, D'Ambra MN, Rosow CE, et al. (November 1986). "Histamine antagonists and d-tubocurarine-induced hypotension in cardiac surgical patients".

492:. What they have in common, and is necessary for their effect, is the structural presence of quaternary ammonium groups, usually two. Some of them are found in nature and others are 2061:

act quickly. Therapeutically this relationship is very inconvenient because low potency, often meaning low specificity can decrease the safety margin thus increasing the chances of

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In larger clinical dose, some of the blocking agent can access the pore of the ion channel and cause blockage. This weakens neuromuscular transmission and diminishes the effect of

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on the subsequent depolarising block induced by succinylcholine. If a nondepolarising NMBA is administered prior to succinycholine, the dose of succinylcholine must be increased.

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led to more research in the field of neuromuscular-blocking drugs. Scientists figured out that the potency of tubocurarine was related to the separation distance between the two

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the straight line conformer is clearly the lowest energy state. Some molecules, on the other hand, have many rotatable bonds and their global minimum can only be approximated.

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compounds. Considering acetylcholine a quaternizing group larger than methyl and an acyl group larger than acetyl would reduce the molecule's potency. The charged N and the

1822:(bent) configuration when bound to the nicotinic receptor. Beers and Reich's studies on cholinergic receptors in 1970 showed a relationship affecting whether a compound was 1933:

binds to the nicotinic receptor. Its D-ring binds to the receptor at two points and the lipophillic side of the molecule repels cations from flowing through the ion-channel

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O atoms are distanced from structures they bind to on receptive sites and, thus, decrease potency. The carbonyl O in vecuronium for example is thrust outward to appose the

1196:, which later spread to and result in depolarization of adjacent membranes. As a result, there is disorganisation of contraction of muscle motor unit. This causes muscular 5968: 5614: 7883: 6014: 1805: 3819:

Donati F, Meistelman C (October 1991). "A kinetic-dynamic model to explain the relationship between high potency and slow onset time for neuromuscular blocking drugs".

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of -95mV to -50mV (above the threshold potential -55V) which causes an action potential to spread throughout the fibre. This potential travels along the surface of the

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Blobner M, Frick CG, Stäuble RB, Feussner H, Schaller SJ, Unterbuchner C, et al. (March 2015). "Neuromuscular blockade improves surgical conditions (NISCO)".

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Inhaled anesthetics inhibit nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) and potentiate neuromuscular blockage with nondepolarising NMBAs. It depends on the type of

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on the quaternary N atoms make it less lipophilic than most aminosteroids. This also affects pipecuroniums metabolism by resisting hepatic uptake, metabolism, and

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heads usually keep the N-N distance at 10 N or O atoms. Keeping the distance in mind the structure of the chain can vary (double bonded, cyclohexyl, benzyl, etc.)

1317:

Depolarizing blockers do not cause the tetanic fade. However, a clinically similar manifestation called Phase II block occurs with repeated doses of suxamethonium.

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will occur. Succinylcholine was originally known as diacetylcholine because structurally it is composed of two acetylcholine molecules joined with a methyl group.

1903:

this is that gallamine has a suboptimal N-N distance. Substituting the ethyl groups with methyl groups would make the molecular length also shorter than optimal.

1298:(a sudden twitch just before paralysis occurs). This is due to depolarization of the muscle. Also, post-operative pain is associated with depolarizing blockers. 7443: 2776:

is originally developed for preventing muscle contractions during surgical procedures. However, it is no longer marketed in the United States according to the

2753:-quaternary steroid, and subsequently other drugs that had better pharmacological properties. Research on these molecules helped improve understanding of the 8314: 7202: 7226: 7207: 560:

This drug needs to block about 70–80% of the ACh receptors for neuromuscular conduction to fail, and hence for effective blockade to occur. At this stage,

7107: 7103: 7099: 7095: 7072: 7068: 2813: 7588: 5619: 3907:

Strange C, Vaughan L, Franklin C, Johnson J (November 1997). "Comparison of train-of-four and best clinical assessment during continuous paralysis".

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Jahromi, Behdad, Knezevic, Nebojsa & Nick MD, PhD. (2020). Neuromuscular Block Monitoring in Patients With Facial Rejuvenation: A Case Report.

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Brunton LL, Lazo JS, Parker KL (2006). "Goodman & Gilman's The pharmacological basis of Therapeutics". New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 220–223.

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Methods for estimating the degree of neuromuscular block include valuation of muscular response to stimuli from surface electrodes, such as in the

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to derive an effective antidote to curare. In 1942, Wintersteiner and Dutcher (two scientists working for Squibb and Sons) isolated the alkaloid

1135:). Nondepolarizing NBAs may also block prejunctional sodium channels which interfere with the mobilization of acetylcholine at the nerve ending. 2732: 7745: 6659: 6655: 6651: 6647: 5884: 5841: 5792: 365: 2594:

in 1814 when he injected three donkeys with curare. The first donkey was injected in the shoulder and died afterward. The second donkey had a

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Pancuronium remains one of the few muscle relaxants logically and rationally designed from structure-action / effects relationship data. A

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structural base, which provides a rigid and bulky body. Most of the agents in this category would also be classified as non-depolarizing.

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for example has a molecular length of 3.6 nm when stretched out, far from the 2 to 2.1 nm optimum. Mivacurium, atracurium, and

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effect while Pancuronium can lead to moderate increase in heart rate and small increase in cardiac output with little or no increase in

7448: 6584: 4887: 571:

The speed of onset depends on the potency of the drug, greater potency is associated with slower onset of block. Rocuronium, with an ED

1200:(muscle twitches) while they are depolarizing the muscle fibers. Eventually, after sufficient depolarization has occurred, phase II ( 7725: 7668: 7633: 7608: 7513: 7338: 7333: 6329: 5817: 3780:"Molar potency is predictive of the speed of onset of neuromuscular block for agents of intermediate, short, and ultrashort duration" 2720:

in 1957. Suxamethonium showed different blocking effect in that its effect was achieved more quickly and augmented a response in the

1986:. When working with bisbenzyl-isoquinolinium types of molecules, inserting proper features into the molecule such as an appropriate 1501:

that are located deep in the muscle fibre. For the action potential to reach the myofibrils, the action potential travels along the

390:

In recent years much research has been devoted to new types of quaternary ammonium muscle relaxants. These are asymmetrical diester

7750: 6524: 4639: 2579: 294: 1474:, which causes the influx of Ca. Ca will stimulate the release of neurotransmitter in the neurotransmitter containing vesicles by 8023: 6284: 6159: 3672:

Spivak CE, Waters JA, Aronstam RS (July 1989). "Binding of semirigid nicotinic agonists to nicotinic and muscarinic receptors".

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Jahromi B, Knezevic NN (November 2020). "Neuromuscular Block Monitoring in Patients With Facial Rejuvenation: A Case Report".

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drugs since non-depolarizing blockers are competitive antagonists at the ACh receptor so can be reversed by increases in ACh.

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Clinical duration of action (time from drug administration to recovery of single twich to 25% of baseline) is 7-12 minutes.

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Ostergaard D, Engbaek J, Viby-Mogensen J (1989). "Adverse reactions and interactions of the neuromuscular blocking drugs".

1325:

Comparison of a typical nondepolarizing muscle relexant (tubocarine) and a depolarizing muscle relexant (succinylcholine).

3033:"Open channel and competitive block of the embryonic form of the nicotinic receptor of mouse myotubes by (+)-tubocurarine" 579:

of 0.05mg/kg. Steroidal compounds, such as rocuronium and vecuronium, are intermediate-acting drugs while Pancuronium and

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of tetrahydroisoquinolinium agents seems to improve their potency. How methoxylation improves potency is still unclear.

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is less likely to occur. It is generally accepted that non-depolarizing agents block by acting as reversible competitive

7050: 5854: 4792: 4736: 2590:. This observation led to the conclusion that curare can paralyse the respiratory muscles. It was also experimented by 360:

ring through an ether linkage. Many other different structures have been used for their muscle relaxant effect such as

2057:, which is the space within the mouth of the receptor, of the body. After delivery to the effect compartment then all 7260: 4445: 3862:

Paradelis AG, Triantaphyllidis C, Logaras G (1976). "Neuromuscular Blocking Activity of Aminoglycoside Antibiotics".

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and it is important that the drug does not accumulate if certain elimination pathways are not active, for example in

1736:

atoms, like decamethonium. Yet it has been reported that it takes two molecules, as with acetylcholine, to open one

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required for conformational changes may give a more precise and quantitative picture. Energy required for reducing

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procedures. It can reduce patient movement, muscle tone, breathing or coughing against ventilator and allow lower

8345: 4955: 4811: 4725: 1701: 1629: 1512:

which stores the Ca needed for muscle contraction and causes Ca to be released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

1128: 3075: 7683: 7279: 5673: 4880: 4797: 4032: 3944:"Neostigmine and edrophonium antagonism of moderate neuromuscular block induced by pancuronium or tubocurarine" 3540: 2725: 2648: 2511: 2423:

Patients receiving chronic treatment are relatively resistance to nondepolarising NMBAs due to the accelerated

1287: 3637:

Lee C (May 2003). "Conformation, action, and mechanism of action of neuromuscular blocking muscle relaxants".

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Some drugs enhance or inhibit the response to NMBAs which require the dosage adjustment guided by monitoring.

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This discrepancy is diagnostically useful in case of intoxication of an unknown neuromuscular-blocking drug.

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and his resident Enid Johnson at the Homeopathic Hospital administered curare to a young patient undergoing

2655:, that he try using it. Gill brought 25 pounds of raw curare from Ecuador. The raw curare was then given to 1700:

In general, molecular rigidity contributes to potency, while size affects whether a muscle relaxant shows a

8309: 7197: 6936: 5550: 4920: 4910: 4786: 4558: 2285: 2166:

Nondepolarizing NMBAs can be used to induce muscle relaxation that improves surgical conditions, including

1220:. Once repolarized, the membrane is still less susceptible to additional depolarization (phase II block). 7373: 6144: 4474: 4171: 4153: 1890:

help to bring together the onium heads to the anionic centers of the receptors without chirality issues.

533:, is the prototypical non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocker. It has a slow onset (<5 min) and a long 1664:

The global minimum for some simple molecules can be discovered quite easily with certainty. Such as for

1173:. Depolarizing blocking agents work by depolarizing the plasma membrane of the muscle fiber, similar to 464:

The quaternary ammonium muscle relaxants belong to this class. Quaternary ammonium muscle relaxants are

343:

are also in this category. Most of the agents in this category would be classified as non-depolarizing.

7697: 7423: 7293: 6829: 6807: 4540: 4379: 4366: 4337: 4282: 2794: 2411: 2150:

Intraoperative relaxation can be maintained as necessary with additional dose of nondepolarizing NMBA.

2042: 1959: 1314:

Non-depolarizing blockers have this effect on patients, probably by an effect on presynaptic receptors.

48: 2037:

is not very well known except that the time of onset appears inversely related to potency. In general

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acetylcholine excitation and is most likely explained by the resistance of depolarizing agents to the

1208:. At this point, full neuromuscular block has been achieved. Phase I block effect can be increased by 8340: 5578: 5399: 4873: 4836: 4353: 2644: 2624: 2586:, and found that the animals stopped breathing but could be kept alive by inflating their lungs with 1209: 529: 5512: 2260:, increased intragastric pressure, increased intraocular pressure, increased intracranial pressure, 2226:

are blocked, these drugs may cause autonomic symptoms. Also, neuromuscular blockers may facilitate

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In depolarizing the musculature, suxamethonium may trigger a transient release of large amounts of

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If IV access is unavailable, intramuscular administration 3-4mg/kg. Paralysis occurs at 4 minutes.

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topology as others, which means that they do not fit between the receptive sites without bending.

8355: 7413: 4831: 4802: 4770: 4600: 4405: 4361: 4312: 4243: 2762: 2717: 2671: 2272:. As a result, it is contraindicated for patients with susceptibility to malignant hyperthermia, 2118: 1788: 1684:

binds to the nicotinic receptor. The onium heads bind to two separate subunits of the ion-channel

1541: 142: 5127: 3894: 440:. This persistent depolarization makes the muscle fiber resistant to further stimulation by ACh. 7702: 5106: 5067: 5062: 5017: 4712: 4518: 2773: 2629: 2352: 2320: 2248:

from muscle fibers. This puts the patient at risk for life-threatening complications, such as

2238: 2143:. The choice among these NMBA depends on availability, cost and patient parameters that affect 1545: 1509: 514: 312: 158: 146: 119: 7218: 5149: 1489:

If enough Na enter the muscle fibre, it causes an increase in the membrane potential from its

8268: 8217: 8178: 6942: 6863: 5493: 5324: 5077: 4960: 4843: 4687: 4420: 4307: 2452: 2231: 2062: 1497:. The sarcolemma is an excitable membrane that surrounds the contractile structures known as 1228: 1162: 454: 3470: 1972:

in position 17 on the other hand are generally weak muscle relaxants. In the development of

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The main difference is in the reversal of these two types of neuromuscular-blocking drugs.

195:

Leptocurares, which are thin and flexible molecules that tend to have depolarizing activity.

8263: 8128: 8108: 7948: 7893: 7808: 7598: 6792: 6139: 5659: 5354: 5057: 5047: 5002: 4992: 4981: 4915: 4848: 4692: 4545: 4498: 3708: 2656: 2261: 1831: 1754: 1600: 1520: 1270: 1178: 580: 340: 177: 130:. This is accomplished via their action on the post-synaptic acetylcholine (Nm) receptors. 2806: 2021:

is very similar to atracurium except it is more potent and has a weaker tendency to cause

157:

the vocal cord during intubation. In addition, it plays an important role in facilitating

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was the first synthetic NMBA used clinically. Further research led to the development of

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and d-tubocurarine both are very rigid and measure close to 1.8 nm in total length.

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The greater energy a molecule needs to bend and fit usually results in lower potency.

8288: 8008: 7888: 7768: 7122: 7064: 7041: 7030: 6569: 6444: 6394: 6344: 6224: 6024: 4765: 4670: 4493: 4286: 4125: 4121: 4090: 4028: 4006: 3965: 3924: 3875: 3836: 3801: 3796: 3779: 3760: 3724: 3681: 3654: 3590: 3536: 3476: 3432: 3388: 3378: 3211: 3165: 3130: 3058: 3013: 2963: 2903: 2868: 2355:, it speeds up the onset, increases the potency and prolongs the duration of action. 2015: 2003: 1490: 1236: 662:

No longer manufactured secondary to marketing, manufacturing, and financial concerns

278: 7787: 7783: 7711: 7126: 4137: 3848: 3223: 3177: 2459:. Mivacurium causes prolonged paralysis for patients chronically taking sertraline. 1470:

When the action potential reaches the axon terminal, it triggers the opening of the

730:(lowering seizure threshold); greater accumulation in individuals with renal failure 499: 8158: 7968: 7863: 7735: 7298: 7274: 7156: 7137: 6833: 6634: 6629: 6624: 6619: 6614: 6609: 6604: 6409: 6289: 6279: 6109: 5567: 5464: 4755: 4549: 4464: 4218: 4117: 4080: 3996: 3955: 3916: 3867: 3828: 3791: 3736: 3716: 3646: 3580: 3507: 3203: 3157: 3120: 3112: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3003: 2953: 2945: 2895: 2860: 2835: 2689:

molecules with different curariform effects, depending on the distance between the

2591: 2574:, a chemist and physician in the 16th century brought samples of crude curare from 2467: 2300: 2089: 2054: 2050: 1652: 1625: 1579: 1188:), succinylcholine interacts with nicotinic receptor to open the channel and cause 399: 394:

compounds and bis-benzyltropinium compounds that are bistropinium salts of various

165: 81: 4865: 2708:-quaternary compound. Following research with decamethonium, scientists developed 2121:. This can decrease the incidence of postintubation hoarseness and airway injury. 1204:) sets in and the muscle is no longer responsive to acetylcholine released by the 7813: 7091: 7060: 6974: 6969: 6777: 6064: 6054: 6034: 5333: 5319: 5283: 5135: 4897: 4683: 4595: 4433: 4428: 4298: 4262: 4252: 4235: 3920: 3871: 2864: 2839: 2777: 2571: 2510:

The effect of non-depolarizing neuromuscular-blocking drugs may be reversed with

2472: 2399: 2223: 2144: 2125: 2074: 2066: 2034: 1725: 1224: 1170: 1166: 1143: 473: 458: 127: 7715: 7707: 2681:

The 1940s, 1950s and 1960s saw the rapid development of several synthetic NMBA.

1830:. They showed that the distance from the centre of the quaternary N atom to the 7993: 7643: 7438: 7383: 6384: 6304: 6059: 6029: 5869: 5212: 4375: 4230: 4213: 4045: 3116: 2660: 2607: 2568: 2563: 2499: 2292: 2207: 1784: 1217: 1189: 859: 429: 7719: 6692: 3699:

Beers WH, Reich E (December 1970). "Structure and activity of acetylcholine".

2899: 1816:

It has been concluded that acetylcholine and related compounds must be in the

8334: 8273: 8103: 8073: 8013: 7963: 7958: 7848: 7818: 7764: 7593: 7408: 7343: 6762: 6594: 6369: 6334: 6209: 5864: 5543: 5429: 5419: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5235: 5192: 5177: 5158: 5117: 4611: 4510: 4502: 4485: 4424: 2709: 2698: 2575: 2448: 2384: 2140: 1955: 1899: 1818: 1780: 1741: 1681: 1665: 1570:

A decrease in binding of acetylcholine leads to a decrease in its effect and

1561: 1537: 1525: 1240: 1232: 1197: 1174: 741: 327:

would fall in this category. They have a long and flexible chain between the

228: 224: 213: 209: 91: 3392: 1212:

which further delay the action of metabolism and removal by cholinesterase.

297:

and other HS- compounds are aminosteroidal agents. They have in common the

274: 8188: 8118: 8113: 8028: 7838: 7828: 7779: 7760: 7558: 7478: 7468: 7118: 6909: 6802: 6757: 6722: 6712: 6707: 6554: 6434: 6339: 6244: 6069: 5879: 5762: 5747: 5479: 5338: 5309: 5172: 5167: 4901: 4590: 4456: 4439: 4194: 4129: 4094: 4010: 3960: 3943: 3658: 3594: 3585: 3568: 3471:

Flower, Rod, Rang, Humphrey P., Dale, Maureen M., Ritter, James M. (2007).

3134: 3017: 3008: 2991: 2967: 2949: 2907: 2872: 2675: 2611: 2480: 2395: 2249: 2183: 2167: 2155: 2093: 1965: 1951: 1944: 1882: 1877: 1766: 1705: 1592: 941:

Comparison of properties of nondepolarising neuromuscular blocking agents.

908: 841: 630: 620: 520: 517:

against acetylcholine at the site of postsynaptic acetylcholine receptors.

437: 336: 286: 266: 249: 231:

chains, of the appropriate length and with two methonium, heads have small

3969: 3928: 3840: 3805: 3764: 3728: 3685: 3215: 3169: 3161: 3062: 2331:

The administration of nondepolarising neuromuscular blocking agent has an

1852:

available. Pancuronium and some other neuromuscular blocking agents block

188:

Neuromuscular blocking drugs are often classified into two broad classes:

8293: 8258: 8238: 8153: 8143: 8098: 8078: 7998: 7928: 7918: 7908: 7903: 7873: 7663: 7658: 7648: 7638: 7583: 7548: 7538: 7533: 7528: 7518: 7458: 7433: 7428: 7348: 7146: 6984: 6904: 6848: 6742: 6589: 6354: 6254: 6129: 6084: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5851: 5812: 5757: 5742: 5722: 5707: 5474: 5459: 5449: 5409: 5404: 5389: 5384: 5301: 5273: 5187: 5182: 4747: 4720: 4653: 4346: 4226: 3569:"Molecular conformation-activity relationship of decamethonium congeners" 3530: 3528: 2746: 2664: 2633: 2519: 2515: 2476: 2407: 2376: 2281: 2273: 2265: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1758: 1713: 1132: 921: 894: 855: 822: 808: 727: 720: 691: 684: 654: 546: 538: 282: 254: 70: 6687: 4027:, 8th ed. A. G. Gilman et al. (eds.). New York: Pergamon Press. p. 167. 2724:

before block. Also, tubocurarine effects were known to be reversible by

8253: 8233: 8193: 8168: 8133: 8123: 8068: 8058: 8053: 8043: 8018: 7983: 7938: 7933: 7913: 7898: 7858: 7823: 7755: 7740: 7730: 7483: 7473: 7418: 7378: 7363: 7171: 7167: 6899: 6889: 6884: 6797: 6772: 6732: 6727: 6717: 6702: 6643: 6638: 6449: 6309: 6294: 6264: 6239: 6214: 6169: 6164: 6154: 6124: 6094: 5958: 5948: 5893: 5888: 5859: 5836: 5802: 5767: 5752: 5717: 5692: 5546: 5501: 5469: 5439: 5424: 5414: 5394: 5255: 5245: 5230: 5220: 4573: 4388: 3832: 3207: 2754: 2595: 2529: 2525: 2444: 2403: 2380: 2372: 2136: 2129: 2114: 1973: 1940: 1823: 1796: 1792: 1762: 1718: 1498: 1494: 1475: 1205: 786: 763: 707: 670: 640: 477: 433: 419: 373: 361: 332: 324: 320: 316: 290: 270: 262: 258: 134: 76: 3985:"Sugammadex: another milestone in clinical neuromuscular pharmacology" 3525: 3508:"Neuromuscular Junction | Structure, Function, Summary & Clinical" 1235:

due to the depolarisation of muscle neurone fibres and seconds later,

199:

It is also common to classify them based on their chemical structure.

8093: 8088: 8063: 8038: 8033: 8003: 7953: 7943: 7923: 7793: 7578: 7573: 7563: 7388: 7368: 7358: 7353: 7308: 7010: 6894: 6843: 6752: 6747: 6737: 6579: 6514: 6509: 6499: 6454: 6424: 6419: 6404: 6389: 6359: 6324: 6314: 6219: 6099: 6089: 6079: 6049: 6044: 6039: 5963: 5938: 5903: 5832: 5807: 5777: 5737: 5687: 5542: 5379: 5250: 5240: 5197: 4582: 4532: 4163: 3720: 2992:"Structure, conformation, and action of neuromuscular blocking drugs" 2728:, whereas decamethonium and suxamethonium block were not reversible. 2712:, which is a double acetylcholine molecule that was connected at the 2682: 2603: 2578:

back to the Old-World. The effect of curare was experimented with by

2557: 2456: 2296: 2245: 2227: 2196: 2175: 2070: 2058: 2022: 1925: 1908: 1827: 1801: 1771: 1586:

and that leaves fewer receptors available for acetylcholine to bind.

1193: 880: 542: 353: 227:. Just like acetylcholine, succinylcholine, decamethonium and other 216: 192:

Pachycurares, which are bulky molecules with nondepolarizing activity

173: 138: 123: 53: 1619: 8247: 8173: 7988: 7978: 7798: 7553: 7543: 7503: 7498: 7488: 7453: 7403: 7398: 7303: 7177: 6879: 6812: 6767: 6697: 6665: 6564: 6544: 6534: 6399: 6319: 6249: 6234: 6119: 6114: 6019: 5953: 5898: 5822: 5772: 5702: 5682: 5444: 5434: 5359: 5291: 5225: 5202: 4942: 4623: 3431:(8th ed.). Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill. pp. 446–461. 2678:. This was the first use of NMBA as muscle relaxant in anesthesia. 2619: 2203:, mechanical ventilation should be at hand to provide respiration. 2179: 2073:, for example, is weak and slow. When fast onset is necessary then 1999: 1987: 1943:

at position 3 results in a very active metabolite. In the case of

1895: 1733: 1694: 1690: 1633: 1554: 1147: 503: 480:. It is necessary to prevent spontaneous movement of muscle during 4108:

McKenzie AG (June 2000). "Prelude to pancuronium and vecuronium".

3749: 1505:(T-tubules) that connects the sarcolemma and center of the fibre. 356:

is a trisquaternary ether with three ethonium heads attached to a

238:

heads and flexible links. They all exhibit a depolarizing block.

8243: 8223: 7803: 7774: 7628: 7623: 7618: 7613: 7603: 7507: 7393: 7328: 7323: 6914: 6822: 6787: 6559: 6459: 6429: 6414: 6364: 6259: 6204: 6199: 6194: 6189: 6184: 6179: 6174: 6149: 6104: 5998: 5993: 5913: 5908: 5782: 5454: 5101: 4247: 2758: 2587: 2552: 2257: 2171: 1982: 1904: 1844: 1709: 1644: 1550: 575:

of 0.3 mg/kg IV has a more rapid onset than Vecuronium with an ED

481: 298: 4054:

Leçons sur les effets des substances toxiques et médicamenteuses

3861: 3031:

Bufler J, Wilhelm R, Parnas H, Franke C, Dudel J (August 1996).

1184:

There are two phases to the depolarizing block. During phase I (

775:

Few, may cause prolonged paralysis and promote muscarinic block

62: 32: 7833: 7653: 7463: 7248: 6439: 6229: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5787: 5561: 4939: 4760: 4329: 4209: 2745:

and showed curariform activity. This led to the synthetic drug

2721: 2713: 2702: 2583: 2548: 2410:

potentiate neuromuscular blockage by inhibiting ACh release or

2097: 2007: 1969: 1948: 1937: 1749: 1656: 1638: 1597: 1575: 1571: 1560:

head and a site that binds to the blocking agent by donating a

1528:

molecules bind to its receptive sites on the nicotinic receptor

1307: 524: 485: 357: 232: 27:

Type of paralyzing anesthetic including lepto- and pachycurares

4025:

Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics

3778:

Kopman AF, Klewicka MM, Kopman DJ, Neuman GG (February 1999).

3193: 2716:

end. The discovery and development of suxamethonium lead to a

2632:. The isolation of tubocurarine and its marketing as the drug 2303:

also have neuromuscular blocking action as their side-effect.

2113:

Administration of neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBA) during

1958:

moiety is unchanged they retain their muscle relaxing effect.

1177:. However, these agents are more resistant to degradation by 8203: 6817: 6539: 6529: 6379: 6274: 5624: 3906: 3562: 3560: 3558: 3556: 3554: 3552: 3304:"Clinical use of neuromuscular blocking agents in anesthesia" 2011: 1954:

is even more potent than rapacuronium. As long as the D-ring

1636:-based conformational searches assume that the molecules are 1310:

at sufficiently high frequencies of electrical stimulation.

587:

Comparison of non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents

564:(EPPs) can still be detected, but are too small to reach the 554: 469: 220: 133:

In clinical use, neuromuscular block is used adjunctively to

5969:

Octamethylene-bis(5-dimethylcarbamoxyisoquinolinium bromide)

2663:. Soon after, they developed a preparation of curare called 1753:

side-effects. Comparing molecular lengths, the pachycurares

1712:

must be able to flow through the trans-membrane tube of the

7082: 6995: 6015:

2-Ethoxycarbonyl-1-methylvinyl cyclohexyl methylphosphonate

2885: 2065:. In addition, even though low potency usually accelerates 1886: 1729: 1632:

studies do not specify environmental factors on molecules.

1456: 541:, which is partially explained by its effect of increasing 395: 40: 7051: 3909:

American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine

3777: 3549: 2814:"Dorlands Medical Dictionary:neuromuscular blocking agent" 7261: 3753:

The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics

3101:"Neuromuscular blocking drugs: discovery and development" 3030: 100:

For similar term named Cholinesterase–blocking drug, see

1536:

and inhibit or interfere with the binding and effect of

694:, greater accumulation in individuals with renal failure 2276:, major burns after 48 hours, and severe hyperkalemia. 1740:. The conformational explanation for this is that each 7684: 7280: 3147: 3941: 3094: 3092: 3090: 3088: 2528:

is a newer drug for reversing neuromuscular block by

1243:

is sometimes, but rarely, used in clinical practice.

4056:(in French). Paris: J.B. Baillière. pp. 369–80. 3942:

Shorten GD, Ali HH, Goudsouzian NG (February 1993).

3671: 2567:, originally brought to Europe by explorers such as 2210:

effects, since they are not fully selective for the

2002:, breaks down spontaneously in the body to inactive 1748:(bent, cis) state. The attraction between the N and 4895: 4101: 3466: 3464: 2387:), the concentration and the duration of exposure. 1655:to rigid and non-rigid is at most qualitative. The 568:needed for activation of muscle fiber contraction. 444: 4060: 3085: 2241:in rare cases in patients who may be susceptible. 1876:Two functional groups contribute significantly to 141:, firstly to paralyze the vocal cords, and permit 5579: 3534: 3377:. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. p. 151. 2555:from certain South American plants in the genera 1620:Structural and conformational action relationship 164:Patients are still aware of pain even after full 8332: 3897:Citing: Mosby's Medical Dictionary, 8th edition. 3821:Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics 3818: 3461: 2739:-quaternary steroid was isolated from the plant 2606:, due in part to the studies of scientists like 2483:and delay recovery from neuromuscular blockade. 1671: 1478:(vesicle fuses with the pre-synpatic membrane). 4938: 2850: 1246:It is indicated for rapid sequence intubation. 1223:The prototypical depolarizing blocking drug is 1138: 398:. These classes have been developed to create 204:Acetylcholine, suxamethonium, and decamethonium 8179:Trimetaphan camsilate (trimethaphan camsylate) 6924:Many of the other AChE inhibitors listed above 3196:Medical Toxicology and Adverse Drug Experience 3189: 3187: 1628:is relatively new and developing. Traditional 1306:is the failure of muscles to maintain a fused 513:Below are some more common agents that act as 8320:Acetylcholine metabolism/transport modulators 7234: 6864: 5528: 4881: 4179: 3743: 2931: 2929: 2927: 2925: 2923: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2006:and being especially useful in patients with 955:Approximate Potency Relative to Tubocurarine 8315:Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor modulators 7203:Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor modulators 5660: 3632: 3630: 3628: 3626: 3624: 3301: 3297: 3295: 3293: 3291: 3289: 3287: 3285: 3283: 3281: 3279: 3277: 3275: 3273: 3271: 3269: 3267: 3265: 3263: 3261: 3259: 3257: 3255: 3253: 2288:, which is unique in nondeploarizing NMBAs. 1390:Initial excitatory effect on skeletal muscle 1269:Use of succinylcholine infusion or repeated 7208:Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulators 7087:Tooltip Vesicle-associated membrane protein 7000:Tooltip Vesicular acetylcholine transporter 6954: 3812: 3771: 3665: 3622: 3620: 3618: 3616: 3614: 3612: 3610: 3608: 3606: 3604: 3372: 3368: 3366: 3364: 3362: 3360: 3358: 3356: 3354: 3352: 3350: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3251: 3249: 3247: 3245: 3243: 3241: 3239: 3237: 3235: 3233: 3184: 3141: 3098: 2602:It was known in the 19th century to have a 1231:in the blood). The patient will experience 66:Detailed view of a neuromuscular junction: 7241: 7227: 7056:Tooltip Synaptosomal-associated protein 25 5535: 5521: 4888: 4874: 4186: 4172: 4066: 3698: 3692: 3342: 3340: 3338: 3336: 3334: 3332: 3330: 3328: 3326: 3324: 3024: 2985: 2983: 2981: 2979: 2977: 2914: 2462: 2161: 2108: 2041:-quaternary aminosteroids are faster than 1286:Non-depolarizing blockers are reversed by 7266:Tooltip Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors 4387: 4156:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine 4084: 4000: 3959: 3795: 3584: 3454:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine 3124: 3078:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine 3052: 3007: 2957: 1249: 1159:depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent 149:should be available to maintain adequate 36:Global view of a neuromuscular junction: 7809:Candocuronium iodide (chandonium iodide) 4107: 3895:thefreedictionary.com > train-of-four 3601: 3566: 3422: 3230: 3105:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 1924: 1811: 1808:, which prefer a straight conformation. 1675: 1613:must bend when fitting receptive sites. 1582:. That is, they bind to the receptor as 1532:Quaternary muscle relaxants bind to the 1519: 1457:Physiology at the Neuromuscular Junction 1260:Paralysis occurs in one to two minutes. 1142: 498: 61: 31: 6160:Dimethyl 4-(methylthio)phenyl phosphate 4044: 3426: 3420: 3418: 3416: 3414: 3412: 3410: 3408: 3406: 3404: 3402: 3321: 2974: 2314: 2132:is available for rapid reversal block. 1524:Fig.1 A simple illustration of how two 488:transmission to muscle by blocking the 14: 8333: 7689:Tooltip negative allosteric modulators 7285:Tooltip positive allosteric modulators 4193: 3982: 3150:Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2935: 2647:learned about curare and suggested to 2362: 1744:moiety of succinylcholine prefers the 1515: 1277: 723:, transiently, by release of histamine 687:, transiently, by release of histamine 657:(transiently), by release of histamine 7222: 6350:Methylfluorophosphonylcholine (MFPCh) 5600:2-(α-Naphthoyl)ethyltrimethylammonium 5516: 4869: 4167: 3502: 3500: 3498: 3496: 3494: 3492: 2768: 2418: 2206:In addition, these drugs may exhibit 2069:, it does not guaranty a fast onset. 527:of the South American plant Pareira, 331:heads, except for the double bond of 161:in patients with poor lung function. 3475:. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. 3399: 3076:Neuromuscular+Nondepolarizing+Agents 2944:. 147 Suppl 1 (Suppl 1): S277–S286. 2582:when he injected small animals with 2486: 2154:avoidance of NMBAs with a high dose 1787:. These agents must follow the same 1508:Later, action potential reaches the 753:does not cause release of histamine 549:, as well as its effect of blocking 451:neuromuscular non-depolarizing agent 348:Gallamine and other chemical classes 7147: 5650:N,N-Dimethylaminoethylchloroacetate 3636: 2989: 2230:release, which causes hypotension, 1929:Fig.3 A simple illustration of how 1921:Metabolism and Hofmann elimination 1915: 1680:Fig.2 A simple illustration of how 635:Withdrawn due to Bronchospasm risk 508:Neuromuscular nondepolarizing agent 24: 4793:Angiotensin II receptor antagonist 4737:Endocannabinoid reuptake inhibitor 4002:10.1213/01.ane.0000244594.63318.fc 3489: 2439: 2190: 1838: 411:These drugs fall into two groups: 306:Tetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives 219:and has the same number of heavy 212:was synthesised by connecting two 25: 8367: 7894:Dimethyltubocurarine (metocurine) 5584:Tooltip Choline acetyltransferase 4684:Acetylcholine receptor antagonist 4446:Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor 4147: 4086:10.1034/j.1600-0773.2003.920402.x 3452:Neuromuscular+Depolarizing+Agents 2237:Succinylcholine may also trigger 2218:. If nicotinic receptors of the 2029:Structure relations to onset time 1976:the main idea was to make use of 1362:Administration of succinylcholine 1254:IV dose 1-1.5mg/kg or 3 to 5 x ED 406: 7250:Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor 6644:Fasciculins (green mamba toxins) 6135:Dicyclohexyl phosphorofluoridate 4122:10.1046/j.1365-2044.2000.01423.x 3797:10.1097/00000542-199902000-00016 2538:selective relaxant binding agent 2319:In some clinical circumstances, 1534:nicotinic acetylcholine receptor 1152:Neuromuscular depolarizing agent 537:(30 mins). Side-effects include 490:nicotinic acetylcholine receptor 445:Non-depolarizing blocking agents 416:Non-depolarizing blocking agents 87:Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor 8274:Meclofenoxate (centrophenoxine) 7599:Suxethonium (succinyldicholine) 7594:Suxamethonium (succinylcholine) 6575:Tetraethyl pyrophosphate (TEPP) 6300:Hexaethyl tetraphosphate (HETP) 4812:Vasopressin receptor antagonist 4726:Cannabinoid receptor antagonist 4038: 4017: 3976: 3935: 3900: 3888: 3855: 3639:Pharmacology & Therapeutics 3445: 3429:Basic and Clinical Pharmacology 2942:British Journal of Pharmacology 2726:acetylcholinesterase inhibitors 2693:groups. One of the synthesized 2512:acetylcholinesterase inhibitors 2306: 2033:The effect of structure on the 1129:acetylcholinesterase inhibitors 183: 5645:N,N-Dimethylaminoethylacrylate 4798:Endothelin receptor antagonist 4662:Acetylcholine receptor agonist 4421:Adrenergic receptor antagonist 3948:British Journal of Anaesthesia 3573:British Journal of Anaesthesia 3473:Rang & Dale's pharmacology 3069: 3045:10.1113/jphysiol.1996.sp021575 2996:British Journal of Anaesthesia 2879: 2844: 2820: 2670:At the same time in Montreal, 2390: 2326:neuromuscular function monitor 2214:and hence may have effects on 2128:, rocuronium or vecuronium if 2103: 1404:Response to a tetanic stimulus 1348:Administration of tubocurarine 1288:acetylcholinesterase inhibitor 422:activity of the ACh receptors. 176:must also be given to prevent 13: 1: 8310:Receptor/signaling modulators 7964:Hexamethonium (benzohexonium) 7198:Receptor/signaling modulators 6970:Hemicholinium-3 (hemicholine) 6869:Tooltip Butyrylcholinesterase 4630:Glutamate receptor antagonist 4546:Serotonin receptor antagonist 4499:Histamine receptor antagonist 4274:Negative allosteric modulator 4268:Positive allosteric modulator 4154:Neuromuscular+blocking+agents 4073:Pharmacology & Toxicology 3651:10.1016/S0163-7258(03)00030-5 3302:Renew JR, Naguib M, Brull S. 3039:. 495 ( Pt 1) (Pt 1): 83–95. 2800: 2268:is the most common type) and 1765:measure 1.9 nm, whereas 1672:Molecular length and rigidity 798:may promote muscarinic block 457:that does not depolarize the 118:), block transmission at the 112:Neuromuscular blocking agents 18:Neuromuscular blocking agents 5665:Tooltip Acetylcholinesterase 4787:Adenosine reuptake inhibitor 4721:Cannabinoid receptor agonist 4640:Glutamate reuptake inhibitor 4559:Serotonin reuptake inhibitor 4470:Dopamine receptor antagonist 4067:Nedergaard OA (April 2003). 3921:10.1164/ajrccm.156.5.9701079 3872:10.1007/978-1-4684-3123-0_51 2865:10.1213/XAA.0000000000001334 2840:10.1213/XAA.0000000000001334 2286:systemic vascular resistance 2195:Since these drugs may cause 1998:. Atracurium, the resulting 1626:neuromuscular blocking drugs 1139:Depolarizing blocking agents 426:Depolarizing blocking agents 108:Neuromuscular-blocking drugs 7: 8044:Methorphan (racemethorphan) 7374:Bephenium hydroxynaphthoate 6959:Tooltip Choline transporter 6905:Profenamine (ethopropazine) 6145:Diisopropyl fluorophosphate 5610:4-(1-Naphthylvinyl)pyridine 5595:1-(-Benzoylethyl)pyridinium 4475:Dopamine reuptake inhibitor 4397:Adrenergic receptor agonist 3864:Pharmacology of Antibiotics 3567:Lee C, Jones T (May 2002). 3099:Raghavendra T (July 2002). 2783: 2651:, a patient suffering from 2505: 1994:should occur at conditions 484:. Muscle relaxants inhibit 223:between methonium heads as 10: 8372: 7424:Dimethylphenylpiperazinium 6808:Dimethylcarbamoyl fluoride 5615:Acetylseco hemicholinium-3 4766:Opioid receptor antagonist 4620:Glutamate receptor agonist 4541:Serotonin receptor agonist 4494:Histamine receptor agonist 4069:"Curare: the flying death" 3117:10.1177/014107680209500713 2936:Bowman WC (January 2006). 2795:Cholinergic blocking drugs 2543: 2430: 1871: 1472:calcium ion gated channels 726:Harmful metabolite called 247: 99: 8302: 8216: 7677: 7273: 7259: 7190: 7136: 7040: 7023: 6993: 6952: 6935: 6862: 5658: 5577: 5560: 5492: 5347: 5318: 5300: 5282: 5264: 5211: 5157: 5148: 5126: 5115:Polyalkylene derivatives: 5091: 4969: 4929: 4909: 4824: 4779: 4746: 4711: 4652: 4610: 4581: 4572: 4531: 4484: 4465:Dopamine receptor agonist 4455: 4374: 4360: 4345: 4328: 4321: 4201: 3037:The Journal of Physiology 2900:10.1007/s00464-014-3711-7 2625:Chondrodendron tomentosum 1856:and therefore affect the 1806:decamethylene bisatropium 1427:Post-tetanic facilitation 1334: 1331: 1329: 1210:cholinesterase inhibitors 1115:Liver (75-90%) and kidney 1101:Liver (75-90%) and kidney 960:Isoquinoline derivatives 553:. It is excreted in the 530:Chondrodendron tomentosum 466:quaternary ammonium salts 8284:Phosphatidylethanolamine 6678:Methanesulfonyl fluoride 4731:Endocannabinoid enhancer 4677:Cholinesterase inhibitor 4596:GABA receptor antagonist 4158:Medical Subject Headings 3989:Anesthesia and Analgesia 3456:Medical Subject Headings 3080:Medical Subject Headings 2256:. Other effects include 2092:can have very different 2081:are usually preferable. 1642:, which is not the case 1624:Conformational study on 690:Toxic metabolite called 102:Cholinesterase inhibitor 8064:Morphanol (racemorphan) 8004:Laudexium (laudolissin) 7414:Desformylflustrabromine 5855:+glycopyrronium bromide 4771:Enkephalinase inhibitor 4761:Opioid receptor agonist 4601:GABA reuptake inhibitor 4306:♦ Miscellaneous: 3983:Naguib M (March 2007). 2990:Lee C (November 2001). 2718:Nobel Prize in medicine 2672:Harold Randall Griffith 2463:Local anesthetics (LAs) 2162:Facilitation of surgery 2119:endotracheal intubation 2109:Endotracheal intubation 1990:withdrawing group then 1980:of the muscle relaxant 1568:Non-depolarizing agents 1553:site that binds to the 583:are long-acting drugs. 515:competitive antagonists 311:Compounds based on the 143:endotracheal intubation 8346:Neuromuscular blockers 5605:3-Chloro-4-stillbazole 5128:ACh release inhibitors 5010:intermediate duration: 4354:Ion channel modulators 3674:Molecular Pharmacology 2950:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706404 2774:Gallamine triethiodide 2742:Malouetia bequaertiana 2630:neuromuscular junction 2291:Certain drugs such as 2274:denervating conditions 2239:malignant hyperthermia 2053:must diffuse into the 1934: 1685: 1529: 1510:sarcoplasmic reticulum 1250:Dosing/onset of action 1154: 1073:Kidney (60%) and liver 868:(by histamine release) 862:and histamine release) 510: 428:: These agents act by 313:tetrahydroisoquinoline 159:mechanical ventilation 147:mechanical ventilation 120:neuromuscular junction 97: 59: 8269:Glycerophosphocholine 4979:ultra-short duration: 4591:GABA receptor agonist 3162:10.1038/clpt.1986.226 2938:"Neuromuscular block" 2481:amino-steroidal NMBAs 2453:butyrylcholinesterase 1928: 1812:Beers and Reich's law 1738:nicotinic ion channel 1732:distance between its 1679: 1523: 1376:Effect of neostigmine 1229:butyrylcholinesterase 1165:that depolarizes the 1163:neuromuscular blocker 1150:showing a summary of 1146: 952:Clearance (mL/kg/min) 506:showing a summary of 502: 455:neuromuscular blocker 168:has occurred; hence, 65: 35: 8264:Dimethylethanolamine 8129:Rapacuronium bromide 8109:Pipecuronium bromide 7949:Gantacurium chloride 7909:Dizocilpine (MK-801) 7494:MEM-63,908 (RG-3487) 7444:Ethoxysebacylcholine 7166:Atracotoxins (e.g., 6793:Tetrahydrocannabinol 6140:Diisopropylphosphate 5355:Arbaclofen placarbil 5048:Dimethyltubocurarine 4956:Dimethyltubocurarine 4023:Taylor, P. (1990). 3961:10.1093/bja/70.2.160 3586:10.1093/bja/88.5.692 3373:Rang, H. P. (2003). 3009:10.1093/bja/87.5.755 2455:and cause prolonged 2315:Combination of NMBAs 2262:cardiac dysrhythmias 2216:muscarinic receptors 1755:dimethyltubocurarine 1601:acetylcholinesterase 1574:transmission to the 1271:bolus administration 1179:acetylcholinesterase 1051:Steroid derivatives 562:end-plate potentials 341:dimethyltubocurarine 178:anesthesia awareness 8279:Phosphatidylcholine 8164:Threohydrobupropion 8149:Stercuronium iodide 8084:Pancuronium bromide 7152:Tooltip Latrophilin 6854:Trimedoxime bromide 6783:Stercuronium iodide 6600:Tricresyl phosphate 6075:Chlorpyrifos-methyl 5102:Choline derivatives 4911:Peripherally acting 4807:receptor antagonist 3713:1970Natur.228..917B 3427:Katzung BG (2011). 2691:quaternary ammonium 2638:quaternary ammonium 2580:Sir Benjamin Brodie 2534:general anaesthesia 2369:volatile anesthetic 2363:Inhaled anesthetics 2333:antagonistic effect 2254:cardiac arrhythmias 2234:, and tachycardia. 2051:central compartment 1992:Hofmann elimination 1978:Hofmann elimination 1590:Depolarizing agents 1516:Mechanism of action 1464:threshold potential 1326: 1278:Comparison of drugs 1202:desensitizing phase 942: 866:Bronchoconstriction 588: 566:threshold potential 482:surgical operations 476:, most commonly in 170:general anesthetics 8199:Vecuronium bromide 8139:Rocuronium bromide 8049:Methyllycaconitine 7974:Hydroxynorketamine 7869:Dextropropoxyphene 7854:Dehydronorketamine 7844:Dacuronium bromide 6671:Onchidella binneyi 6013:Organophosphates: 5266:Nonbenzodiazepines 4971:4° ammonium agents 4195:Pharmacomodulation 3833:10.1007/BF01062962 3208:10.1007/bf03259917 2888:Surgical Endoscopy 2790:Ganglionic blocker 2769:Outdated treatment 2697:-quaternaries was 2653:multiple sclerosis 2622:was isolated from 2599:effect of curare. 2536:. It is the first 2532:and vecuronium in 2419:Anti-seizure drugs 2270:allergic reactions 2212:nicotinic receptor 2094:metabolic pathways 2055:effect compartment 1935: 1850:neuromuscular drug 1686: 1609:nicotinic receptor 1530: 1503:transverse tubules 1324: 1186:depolarizing phase 1155: 998:Mostly Spontaneous 940: 586: 535:duration of action 511: 98: 60: 8328: 8327: 8289:Phosphorylcholine 8227: 8212: 8211: 8009:Levacetylmethadol 7889:Dihydrochandonium 7769:sodium thiopental 7439:Ethanol (alcohol) 7216: 7215: 7186: 7185: 7034: 7019: 7018: 6946: 6931: 6930: 6570:Tetrachlorvinphos 6445:Pirimiphos-methyl 6395:Oxydemeton-methyl 6345:Methyl phenkapton 5571: 5510: 5509: 5488: 5487: 5144: 5143: 5109:(Succinylcholine) 5087: 5086: 4863: 4862: 4859: 4858: 4820: 4819: 4648: 4647: 4568: 4567: 4338:Enzyme inhibition 3881:978-1-4684-3125-4 3707:(5275): 917–922. 3482:978-0-443-06911-6 3384:978-0-443-07145-4 2731:Another compound 2604:paralysing effect 2487:Estimating effect 2220:autonomic ganglia 2139:, atracurium and 1491:resting potential 1454: 1453: 1237:flaccid paralysis 1125: 1124: 938: 937: 934:non-refrigerated 928:(no hypotension) 903:non-refrigerated 836:non-refrigerated 829:(no hypotension) 803:non-refrigerated 781:non-refrigerated 551:autonomic ganglia 474:muscle relaxation 279:dihydrochandonium 16:(Redirected from 8363: 8341:Muscle relaxants 8221: 8159:Thiocolchicoside 7969:Hydroxybupropion 7864:Dextromethorphan 7736:Allopregnanolone 7690: 7686: 7589:Suberyldicholine 7299:6-Chloronicotine 7286: 7282: 7271: 7270: 7267: 7263: 7243: 7236: 7229: 7220: 7219: 7153: 7149: 7088: 7084: 7057: 7053: 7038: 7037: 7028: 7001: 6997: 6960: 6956: 6950: 6949: 6940: 6870: 6866: 6834:Asoxime chloride 6410:Parathion-methyl 6110:Demeton-S-methyl 5666: 5662: 5585: 5581: 5575: 5574: 5565: 5537: 5530: 5523: 5514: 5513: 5465:Thiocolchicoside 5320:Anticholinergics 5284:Thienodiazepines 5155: 5154: 5150:Centrally acting 5080:(Hexafluorenium) 4936: 4935: 4931:Non-depolarizing 4927: 4926: 4898:muscle relaxants 4890: 4883: 4876: 4867: 4866: 4837:Enzyme cofactors 4756:Opioid modulator 4713:Cannabinoidergic 4579: 4578: 4385: 4384: 4372: 4371: 4326: 4325: 4188: 4181: 4174: 4165: 4164: 4142: 4141: 4105: 4099: 4098: 4088: 4064: 4058: 4057: 4042: 4036: 4021: 4015: 4014: 4004: 3980: 3974: 3973: 3963: 3939: 3933: 3932: 3915:(5): 1556–1561. 3904: 3898: 3892: 3886: 3885: 3859: 3853: 3852: 3816: 3810: 3809: 3799: 3775: 3769: 3768: 3759:(3): 1216–1222. 3747: 3741: 3740: 3721:10.1038/228917a0 3696: 3690: 3689: 3669: 3663: 3662: 3634: 3599: 3598: 3588: 3564: 3547: 3546: 3532: 3523: 3522: 3520: 3519: 3512:The Human Memory 3504: 3487: 3486: 3468: 3459: 3449: 3443: 3442: 3424: 3397: 3396: 3370: 3319: 3318: 3316: 3314: 3299: 3228: 3227: 3191: 3182: 3181: 3145: 3139: 3138: 3128: 3096: 3083: 3073: 3067: 3066: 3056: 3028: 3022: 3021: 3011: 2987: 2972: 2971: 2961: 2933: 2912: 2911: 2883: 2877: 2876: 2853:A&A Practice 2848: 2842: 2828:A&A Practice 2824: 2818: 2817: 2810: 2592:Charles Waterton 2301:fluoroquinolones 2295:antibiotics and 2090:Muscle relaxants 1916:Pharmacokinetics 1653:muscle relaxants 1651:The division of 1441:Rate of recovery 1335:Succinylcholine 1327: 1323: 1169:. An example is 949:Elimination Site 943: 939: 589: 585: 436:of the skeletal 400:muscle relaxants 385:Novel NMB agents 166:conduction block 128:skeletal muscles 126:of the affected 82:Synaptic vesicle 21: 8371: 8370: 8366: 8365: 8364: 8362: 8361: 8360: 8351:Muscular system 8331: 8330: 8329: 8324: 8298: 8220: 8208: 7814:Chlorisondamine 7688: 7681: 7673: 7284: 7277: 7265: 7255: 7247: 7217: 7212: 7182: 7151: 7132: 7092:Botulinum toxin 7086: 7061:Botulinum toxin 7055: 7027: 7015: 6999: 6989: 6975:Triethylcholine 6958: 6939: 6927: 6868: 6858: 6778:Rosmarinic acid 6545:Sulfotep (TEDP) 6215:Ethylsarin (GE) 6095:Cyclosarin (GF) 6065:Chlorfenvinphos 6055:Carbophenothion 6035:Azinphos-methyl 5664: 5654: 5620:Acryloylcholine 5583: 5564: 5556: 5541: 5511: 5506: 5494:Directly acting 5484: 5343: 5334:Cyclobenzaprine 5325:Antimuscarinics 5322: 5314: 5296: 5278: 5260: 5213:Benzodiazepines 5207: 5140: 5136:Botulinum toxin 5122: 5083: 4965: 4919: 4913: 4905: 4894: 4864: 4855: 4816: 4806: 4775: 4742: 4707: 4644: 4606: 4564: 4553: 4527: 4522: 4514: 4506: 4480: 4451: 4365: 4356: 4341: 4317: 4263:Inverse agonist 4253:Partial agonist 4197: 4192: 4150: 4145: 4106: 4102: 4065: 4061: 4043: 4039: 4022: 4018: 3981: 3977: 3940: 3936: 3905: 3901: 3893: 3889: 3882: 3866:. p. 359. 3860: 3856: 3817: 3813: 3776: 3772: 3748: 3744: 3697: 3693: 3670: 3666: 3635: 3602: 3565: 3550: 3543: 3533: 3526: 3517: 3515: 3506: 3505: 3490: 3483: 3469: 3462: 3450: 3446: 3439: 3425: 3400: 3385: 3371: 3322: 3312: 3310: 3300: 3231: 3192: 3185: 3146: 3142: 3097: 3086: 3074: 3070: 3029: 3025: 2988: 2975: 2934: 2915: 2884: 2880: 2849: 2845: 2825: 2821: 2812: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2786: 2778:FDA orange book 2771: 2657:Squibb and Sons 2572:Edward Bancroft 2546: 2508: 2489: 2473:levobupivacaine 2465: 2442: 2440:Antidepressants 2433: 2421: 2412:desensitisation 2400:aminoglycosides 2393: 2365: 2321:succinylcholine 2317: 2309: 2224:adrenal medulla 2193: 2191:Adverse effects 2164: 2145:drug metabolism 2126:succinylcholine 2117:can facilitate 2111: 2106: 2075:succinylcholine 2067:onset of action 2035:onset of action 1918: 1874: 1841: 1839:Rational design 1814: 1726:Succinylcholine 1674: 1622: 1607:Binding to the 1518: 1459: 1280: 1257: 1252: 1225:succinylcholine 1171:succinylcholine 1167:motor end plate 1141: 679:30 min or less 605: 598: 578: 574: 459:motor end plate 447: 409: 315:moiety such as 252: 186: 105: 96: 58: 45:Motor end-plate 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8369: 8359: 8358: 8356:Neurochemistry 8353: 8348: 8343: 8326: 8325: 8323: 8322: 8317: 8312: 8307: 8303: 8300: 8299: 8297: 8296: 8291: 8286: 8281: 8276: 8271: 8266: 8261: 8256: 8251: 8241: 8236: 8230: 8228: 8214: 8213: 8210: 8209: 8207: 8206: 8201: 8196: 8191: 8186: 8181: 8176: 8171: 8166: 8161: 8156: 8151: 8146: 8141: 8136: 8131: 8126: 8121: 8116: 8111: 8106: 8101: 8096: 8091: 8086: 8081: 8076: 8071: 8066: 8061: 8056: 8051: 8046: 8041: 8036: 8031: 8026: 8021: 8016: 8011: 8006: 8001: 7996: 7994:Kynurenic acid 7991: 7986: 7981: 7976: 7971: 7966: 7961: 7956: 7951: 7946: 7941: 7936: 7931: 7926: 7921: 7916: 7911: 7906: 7901: 7896: 7891: 7886: 7881: 7876: 7871: 7866: 7861: 7856: 7851: 7846: 7841: 7836: 7831: 7826: 7821: 7816: 7811: 7806: 7801: 7796: 7791: 7788:κ-bungarotoxin 7784:α-bungarotoxin 7777: 7772: 7758: 7753: 7748: 7743: 7738: 7733: 7728: 7723: 7722:, many others) 7712:α-bungarotoxin 7705: 7700: 7694: 7692: 7675: 7674: 7672: 7671: 7666: 7661: 7656: 7651: 7646: 7644:Tribendimidine 7641: 7636: 7631: 7626: 7621: 7616: 7611: 7606: 7601: 7596: 7591: 7586: 7581: 7576: 7571: 7569:Sebacylcholine 7566: 7561: 7556: 7551: 7546: 7541: 7536: 7531: 7526: 7521: 7516: 7511: 7501: 7496: 7491: 7486: 7481: 7476: 7471: 7466: 7461: 7456: 7451: 7446: 7441: 7436: 7431: 7426: 7421: 7416: 7411: 7406: 7401: 7396: 7391: 7386: 7384:Butyrylcholine 7381: 7376: 7371: 7366: 7361: 7356: 7351: 7346: 7341: 7336: 7331: 7326: 7321: 7316: 7311: 7306: 7301: 7296: 7290: 7288: 7268: 7257: 7256: 7246: 7245: 7238: 7231: 7223: 7214: 7213: 7211: 7210: 7205: 7200: 7195: 7191: 7188: 7187: 7184: 7183: 7181: 7180: 7175: 7160: 7159: 7142: 7140: 7134: 7133: 7131: 7130: 7127:γ-bungarotoxin 7123:β-bungarotoxin 7112: 7111: 7077: 7076: 7046: 7044: 7035: 7021: 7020: 7017: 7016: 7014: 7013: 7004: 7002: 6991: 6990: 6988: 6987: 6978: 6977: 6972: 6963: 6961: 6947: 6933: 6932: 6929: 6928: 6926: 6925: 6922: 6917: 6912: 6907: 6902: 6897: 6892: 6887: 6882: 6873: 6871: 6860: 6859: 6857: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6841: 6836: 6826: 6825: 6820: 6815: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6770: 6765: 6760: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6735: 6730: 6725: 6720: 6715: 6710: 6705: 6700: 6695: 6690: 6681: 6680: 6675: 6663: 6641: 6632: 6627: 6622: 6617: 6612: 6607: 6602: 6597: 6592: 6587: 6582: 6577: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6557: 6552: 6547: 6542: 6537: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6477: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6427: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6407: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6387: 6385:Novichok agent 6382: 6377: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6305:Isofluorophate 6302: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6277: 6272: 6267: 6262: 6257: 6252: 6247: 6242: 6237: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6060:Chlorethoxyfos 6057: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6030:Azinphos-ethyl 6027: 6022: 6017: 6007: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5870:Pyridostigmine 5867: 5862: 5857: 5849: 5844: 5839: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5669: 5667: 5656: 5655: 5653: 5652: 5647: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5588: 5586: 5572: 5558: 5557: 5540: 5539: 5532: 5525: 5517: 5508: 5507: 5505: 5504: 5498: 5496: 5490: 5489: 5486: 5485: 5483: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5351: 5349: 5345: 5344: 5342: 5341: 5336: 5330: 5328: 5316: 5315: 5313: 5312: 5306: 5304: 5298: 5297: 5295: 5294: 5288: 5286: 5280: 5279: 5277: 5276: 5270: 5268: 5262: 5261: 5259: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5217: 5215: 5209: 5208: 5206: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5164: 5162: 5152: 5146: 5145: 5142: 5141: 5139: 5138: 5132: 5130: 5124: 5123: 5121: 5120: 5111: 5110: 5097: 5095: 5089: 5088: 5085: 5084: 5082: 5081: 5071: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5050: 5045: 5040:long duration: 5036: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5006: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4989:short duration 4985: 4984: 4975: 4973: 4967: 4966: 4964: 4963: 4958: 4953: 4947: 4945: 4933: 4924: 4907: 4906: 4893: 4892: 4885: 4878: 4870: 4861: 4860: 4857: 4856: 4854: 4853: 4841: 4828: 4826: 4822: 4821: 4818: 4817: 4815: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4783: 4781: 4777: 4776: 4774: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4752: 4750: 4744: 4743: 4741: 4740: 4734: 4728: 4723: 4717: 4715: 4709: 4708: 4706: 4705: 4699: 4690: 4681: 4680: 4679: 4668: 4658: 4656: 4650: 4649: 4646: 4645: 4643: 4642: 4637: 4627: 4616: 4614: 4608: 4607: 4605: 4604: 4598: 4593: 4587: 4585: 4576: 4570: 4569: 4566: 4565: 4563: 4562: 4556: 4551: 4543: 4537: 4535: 4529: 4528: 4526: 4525: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4496: 4490: 4488: 4482: 4481: 4479: 4478: 4472: 4467: 4461: 4459: 4453: 4452: 4450: 4449: 4443: 4437: 4431: 4418: 4412: 4403: 4393: 4391: 4382: 4369: 4358: 4357: 4351: 4349: 4343: 4342: 4334: 4332: 4323: 4319: 4318: 4316: 4315: 4310: 4303: 4302: 4296: 4290: 4278: 4277: 4271: 4265: 4260: 4255: 4250: 4239: 4238: 4233: 4222: 4221: 4216: 4205: 4203: 4199: 4198: 4191: 4190: 4183: 4176: 4168: 4162: 4161: 4149: 4148:External links 4146: 4144: 4143: 4116:(6): 551–556. 4100: 4079:(4): 154–155. 4059: 4037: 4016: 3995:(3): 575–581. 3975: 3954:(2): 160–162. 3934: 3899: 3887: 3880: 3854: 3827:(5): 537–552. 3811: 3790:(2): 425–431. 3784:Anesthesiology 3770: 3742: 3691: 3680:(1): 177–184. 3664: 3645:(2): 143–169. 3600: 3579:(5): 692–699. 3548: 3541: 3524: 3488: 3481: 3460: 3444: 3437: 3398: 3383: 3320: 3229: 3202:(5): 351–368. 3183: 3156:(5): 575–580. 3140: 3111:(7): 363–367. 3084: 3068: 3023: 3002:(5): 755–769. 2973: 2913: 2878: 2859:(13): e01334. 2843: 2819: 2804: 2802: 2799: 2798: 2797: 2792: 2785: 2782: 2770: 2767: 2661:d-tubocurarine 2645:Walter Freeman 2612:D-tubocurarine 2608:Claude Bernard 2569:Walter Raleigh 2564:Chondrodendron 2545: 2542: 2507: 2504: 2500:intensive care 2488: 2485: 2464: 2461: 2441: 2438: 2432: 2429: 2420: 2417: 2392: 2389: 2364: 2361: 2316: 2313: 2308: 2305: 2293:aminoglycoside 2208:cardiovascular 2192: 2189: 2163: 2160: 2110: 2107: 2105: 2102: 1968:produced with 1917: 1914: 1878:aminosteroidal 1873: 1870: 1840: 1837: 1813: 1810: 1673: 1670: 1621: 1618: 1517: 1514: 1458: 1455: 1452: 1451: 1448: 1445: 1442: 1438: 1437: 1434: 1431: 1428: 1424: 1423: 1417: 1411: 1405: 1401: 1400: 1397: 1396:Fasciculations 1394: 1391: 1387: 1386: 1383: 1380: 1377: 1373: 1372: 1369: 1366: 1363: 1359: 1358: 1355: 1352: 1349: 1345: 1344: 1341: 1337: 1336: 1333: 1330: 1319: 1318: 1315: 1300: 1299: 1296:fasciculations 1291: 1279: 1276: 1255: 1251: 1248: 1218:repolarization 1198:fasciculations 1190:depolarization 1140: 1137: 1123: 1122: 1119: 1116: 1113: 1109: 1108: 1105: 1102: 1099: 1095: 1094: 1091: 1088: 1085: 1081: 1080: 1077: 1074: 1071: 1067: 1066: 1063: 1060: 1057: 1053: 1052: 1048: 1047: 1044: 1041: 1038: 1034: 1033: 1030: 1027: 1024: 1020: 1019: 1016: 1013: 1010: 1006: 1005: 1002: 999: 996: 992: 991: 988: 985: 982: 978: 977: 974: 971: 968: 964: 963: 961: 957: 956: 953: 950: 947: 936: 935: 932: 930: 926: 925: 917: 914: 911: 905: 904: 901: 899: 898: 897: 890: 887: 884: 877: 876: 874: 871: 870: 869: 863: 860:ganglion-block 851: 848: 845: 838: 837: 834: 831: 827: 826: 818: 815: 812: 805: 804: 801: 799: 796: 793: 790: 783: 782: 779: 776: 773: 770: 767: 760: 759: 756: 754: 751: 748: 745: 738: 737: 735: 733: 732: 731: 724: 716: 713: 711: 704: 703: 700: 697: 696: 695: 688: 680: 677: 674: 667: 666: 663: 660: 659: 658: 650: 647: 644: 637: 636: 633: 628: 626: 624: 617: 616: 613: 610: 607: 600: 593: 576: 572: 446: 443: 442: 441: 423: 408: 407:Classification 405: 392:isoquinolinium 388: 387: 351: 350: 337:D-tubocurarine 309: 308: 248:Main article: 246: 245: 207: 206: 197: 196: 193: 185: 182: 95: 94: 89: 84: 79: 74: 67: 57: 56: 51: 46: 43: 37: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8368: 8357: 8354: 8352: 8349: 8347: 8344: 8342: 8339: 8338: 8336: 8321: 8318: 8316: 8313: 8311: 8308: 8305: 8304: 8301: 8295: 8292: 8290: 8287: 8285: 8282: 8280: 8277: 8275: 8272: 8270: 8267: 8265: 8262: 8260: 8257: 8255: 8252: 8249: 8245: 8242: 8240: 8237: 8235: 8232: 8231: 8229: 8225: 8219: 8215: 8205: 8202: 8200: 8197: 8195: 8192: 8190: 8187: 8185: 8182: 8180: 8177: 8175: 8172: 8170: 8167: 8165: 8162: 8160: 8157: 8155: 8152: 8150: 8147: 8145: 8142: 8140: 8137: 8135: 8132: 8130: 8127: 8125: 8122: 8120: 8117: 8115: 8112: 8110: 8107: 8105: 8104:Phencyclidine 8102: 8100: 8097: 8095: 8092: 8090: 8087: 8085: 8082: 8080: 8077: 8075: 8074:Nitrous oxide 8072: 8070: 8067: 8065: 8062: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8052: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8025: 8022: 8020: 8017: 8015: 8014:Levomethadone 8012: 8010: 8007: 8005: 8002: 8000: 7997: 7995: 7992: 7990: 7987: 7985: 7982: 7980: 7977: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7962: 7960: 7959:Hexafluronium 7957: 7955: 7952: 7950: 7947: 7945: 7942: 7940: 7937: 7935: 7932: 7930: 7927: 7925: 7922: 7920: 7917: 7915: 7912: 7910: 7907: 7905: 7902: 7900: 7897: 7895: 7892: 7890: 7887: 7885: 7882: 7880: 7877: 7875: 7872: 7870: 7867: 7865: 7862: 7860: 7857: 7855: 7852: 7850: 7849:Decamethonium 7847: 7845: 7842: 7840: 7837: 7835: 7832: 7830: 7827: 7825: 7822: 7820: 7819:Cisatracurium 7817: 7815: 7812: 7810: 7807: 7805: 7802: 7800: 7797: 7795: 7792: 7789: 7785: 7781: 7780:Bungarotoxins 7778: 7776: 7773: 7770: 7766: 7765:pentobarbital 7762: 7759: 7757: 7754: 7752: 7749: 7747: 7744: 7742: 7739: 7737: 7734: 7732: 7729: 7727: 7724: 7721: 7717: 7713: 7709: 7708:α-Neurotoxins 7706: 7704: 7701: 7699: 7696: 7695: 7693: 7687: 7680: 7676: 7670: 7667: 7665: 7662: 7660: 7657: 7655: 7652: 7650: 7647: 7645: 7642: 7640: 7637: 7635: 7632: 7630: 7627: 7625: 7622: 7620: 7617: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7607: 7605: 7602: 7600: 7597: 7595: 7592: 7590: 7587: 7585: 7582: 7580: 7577: 7575: 7572: 7570: 7567: 7565: 7562: 7560: 7557: 7555: 7552: 7550: 7547: 7545: 7542: 7540: 7537: 7535: 7532: 7530: 7527: 7525: 7522: 7520: 7517: 7515: 7512: 7509: 7505: 7502: 7500: 7497: 7495: 7492: 7490: 7487: 7485: 7482: 7480: 7477: 7475: 7472: 7470: 7467: 7465: 7462: 7460: 7457: 7455: 7452: 7450: 7447: 7445: 7442: 7440: 7437: 7435: 7432: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7422: 7420: 7417: 7415: 7412: 7410: 7409:Decamethonium 7407: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7382: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7362: 7360: 7357: 7355: 7352: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7344:Acetylcholine 7342: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7317: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7292: 7291: 7289: 7283: 7276: 7272: 7269: 7264: 7258: 7254: 7251: 7244: 7239: 7237: 7232: 7230: 7225: 7224: 7221: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7193: 7192: 7189: 7179: 7176: 7173: 7169: 7165: 7162: 7161: 7158: 7155: 7150: 7144: 7143: 7141: 7139: 7135: 7128: 7124: 7120: 7119:Bungarotoxins 7117: 7114: 7113: 7109: 7105: 7101: 7097: 7093: 7090: 7089:inactivators: 7085: 7079: 7078: 7074: 7070: 7066: 7062: 7059: 7058:inactivators: 7054: 7048: 7047: 7045: 7043: 7039: 7036: 7032: 7026: 7022: 7012: 7009: 7006: 7005: 7003: 6998: 6992: 6986: 6983: 6980: 6979: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6965: 6964: 6962: 6957: 6951: 6948: 6944: 6938: 6934: 6923: 6921: 6920:ZINC-12613047 6918: 6916: 6913: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6875: 6874: 6872: 6867: 6861: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6831: 6828: 6827: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6763:Lactucopicrin 6761: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6683: 6682: 6679: 6676: 6673: 6672: 6667: 6664: 6661: 6657: 6653: 6649: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6595:Trichloronate 6593: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6370:Monocrotophos 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6335:Methamidophos 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6210:Echothiophate 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6012: 6011:Irreversible: 6009: 6008: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5875:Quilostigmine 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5865:Physostigmine 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835:; Stigmines: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5733:Chloropropham 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5671: 5670: 5668: 5663: 5657: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5590: 5589: 5587: 5582: 5576: 5573: 5569: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5552: 5548: 5545: 5544:Acetylcholine 5538: 5533: 5531: 5526: 5524: 5519: 5518: 5515: 5503: 5500: 5499: 5497: 5495: 5491: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5430:Methocarbamol 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5420:Mephenoxalone 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5375:Chlorzoxazone 5373: 5371: 5370:Chlorphenesin 5368: 5366: 5365:Chlormezanone 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5352: 5350: 5346: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5321: 5317: 5311: 5308: 5307: 5305: 5303: 5299: 5293: 5290: 5289: 5287: 5285: 5281: 5275: 5272: 5271: 5269: 5267: 5263: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5236:Flunitrazepam 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5218: 5216: 5214: 5210: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5193:Phenprobamate 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5178:Difebarbamate 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5159:Carbamic acid 5156: 5153: 5151: 5147: 5137: 5134: 5133: 5131: 5129: 5125: 5119: 5118:Hexamethonium 5116: 5113: 5112: 5108: 5107:Suxamethonium 5105: 5103: 5099: 5098: 5096: 5094: 5090: 5079: 5078:Hexafluronium 5076: 5073: 5072: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5038: 5037: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5018:Cisatracurium 5016: 5014: 5011: 5008: 5007: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4990: 4987: 4986: 4983: 4980: 4977: 4976: 4974: 4972: 4968: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4948: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4928: 4925: 4922: 4917: 4916:antinicotinic 4912: 4908: 4903: 4899: 4891: 4886: 4884: 4879: 4877: 4872: 4871: 4868: 4851: 4850: 4845: 4842: 4839: 4838: 4833: 4830: 4829: 4827: 4825:Miscellaneous 4823: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4788: 4785: 4784: 4782: 4778: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4753: 4751: 4749: 4745: 4738: 4735: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4718: 4716: 4714: 4710: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4685: 4682: 4678: 4675: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4663: 4660: 4659: 4657: 4655: 4651: 4641: 4638: 4635: 4631: 4628: 4625: 4621: 4618: 4617: 4615: 4613: 4612:Glutamatergic 4609: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4588: 4586: 4584: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4571: 4560: 4557: 4554: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4538: 4536: 4534: 4530: 4523: 4517: 4515: 4509: 4507: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4491: 4489: 4487: 4486:Histaminergic 4483: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4462: 4460: 4458: 4454: 4447: 4444: 4441: 4438: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4419: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4398: 4395: 4394: 4392: 4390: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4350: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4339: 4333: 4331: 4327: 4324: 4320: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4305: 4304: 4300: 4297: 4294: 4291: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4279: 4275: 4272: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4261: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4240: 4237: 4234: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4223: 4220: 4217: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4206: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4189: 4184: 4182: 4177: 4175: 4170: 4169: 4166: 4159: 4155: 4152: 4151: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4104: 4096: 4092: 4087: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4063: 4055: 4051: 4050:"25th lesson" 4047: 4041: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4020: 4012: 4008: 4003: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3979: 3971: 3967: 3962: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3938: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3903: 3896: 3891: 3883: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3858: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3815: 3807: 3803: 3798: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3774: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3746: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3695: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3668: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3633: 3631: 3629: 3627: 3625: 3623: 3621: 3619: 3617: 3615: 3613: 3611: 3609: 3607: 3605: 3596: 3592: 3587: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3563: 3561: 3559: 3557: 3555: 3553: 3544: 3538: 3531: 3529: 3513: 3509: 3503: 3501: 3499: 3497: 3495: 3493: 3484: 3478: 3474: 3467: 3465: 3457: 3453: 3448: 3440: 3438:9780071179683 3434: 3430: 3423: 3421: 3419: 3417: 3415: 3413: 3411: 3409: 3407: 3405: 3403: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3380: 3376: 3369: 3367: 3365: 3363: 3361: 3359: 3357: 3355: 3353: 3351: 3349: 3347: 3345: 3343: 3341: 3339: 3337: 3335: 3333: 3331: 3329: 3327: 3325: 3309: 3305: 3298: 3296: 3294: 3292: 3290: 3288: 3286: 3284: 3282: 3280: 3278: 3276: 3274: 3272: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3264: 3262: 3260: 3258: 3256: 3254: 3252: 3250: 3248: 3246: 3244: 3242: 3240: 3238: 3236: 3234: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3190: 3188: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3144: 3136: 3132: 3127: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3095: 3093: 3091: 3089: 3081: 3077: 3072: 3064: 3060: 3055: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3027: 3019: 3015: 3010: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2986: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2978: 2969: 2965: 2960: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2924: 2922: 2920: 2918: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2894:(3): 627–36. 2893: 2889: 2882: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2847: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2823: 2815: 2809: 2805: 2796: 2793: 2791: 2788: 2787: 2781: 2779: 2775: 2766: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2743: 2738: 2734: 2729: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2710:suxamethonium 2707: 2704: 2700: 2699:decamethonium 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2679: 2677: 2673: 2668: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2641: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2626: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2600: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2576:South America 2573: 2570: 2566: 2565: 2560: 2559: 2554: 2550: 2541: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2503: 2501: 2496: 2495: 2494:train-of-four 2484: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2469: 2460: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2449:amitriptyline 2446: 2437: 2428: 2426: 2416: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2388: 2386: 2385:nitrous oxide 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2360: 2356: 2354: 2353:cisatracurium 2350: 2346: 2342: 2336: 2334: 2329: 2327: 2322: 2312: 2304: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2289: 2287: 2283: 2277: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2242: 2240: 2235: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2204: 2202: 2198: 2188: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2159: 2157: 2151: 2148: 2146: 2142: 2141:cisatracurium 2138: 2133: 2131: 2127: 2122: 2120: 2116: 2101: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2086: 2082: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2047: 2045: 2040: 2036: 2031: 2030: 2026: 2024: 2020: 2018: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1984: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1966:aminosteroids 1964: 1962: 1957: 1956:acetylcholine 1953: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1939: 1938:Deacetylating 1932: 1927: 1923: 1922: 1913: 1910: 1906: 1905:Methoxylation 1901: 1897: 1891: 1888: 1884: 1883:methyl-groups 1879: 1869: 1867: 1863: 1860:, leading to 1859: 1855: 1851: 1846: 1836: 1833: 1832:van der Waals 1829: 1825: 1821: 1820: 1809: 1807: 1803: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1776: 1773: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1742:acetylcholine 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1720: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1698: 1696: 1692: 1683: 1682:decamethonium 1678: 1669: 1667: 1666:decamethonium 1662: 1658: 1654: 1649: 1647: 1646: 1641: 1640: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1617: 1614: 1611: 1610: 1604: 1602: 1599: 1594: 1591: 1587: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1563: 1562:hydrogen bond 1559: 1556: 1552: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1527: 1526:acetylcholine 1522: 1513: 1511: 1506: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1477: 1473: 1468: 1465: 1449: 1446: 1443: 1440: 1439: 1435: 1432: 1429: 1426: 1425: 1422: 1419:Un-sustained 1418: 1416: 1412: 1410: 1407:Un-sustained 1406: 1403: 1402: 1398: 1395: 1392: 1389: 1388: 1385:Antagonistic 1384: 1381: 1378: 1375: 1374: 1370: 1367: 1364: 1361: 1360: 1356: 1353: 1350: 1347: 1346: 1342: 1339: 1338: 1328: 1322: 1316: 1313: 1312: 1311: 1309: 1305: 1297: 1292: 1289: 1285: 1284: 1283: 1275: 1272: 1267: 1264: 1261: 1258: 1247: 1244: 1242: 1241:Decamethonium 1238: 1234: 1233:fasciculation 1230: 1226: 1221: 1219: 1213: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1182: 1180: 1176: 1175:acetylcholine 1172: 1168: 1164: 1161:is a form of 1160: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1136: 1134: 1130: 1120: 1117: 1114: 1111: 1110: 1106: 1103: 1100: 1097: 1096: 1092: 1089: 1086: 1083: 1082: 1078: 1075: 1072: 1069: 1068: 1064: 1061: 1058: 1055: 1054: 1050: 1049: 1045: 1042: 1039: 1036: 1035: 1031: 1028: 1025: 1022: 1021: 1017: 1014: 1011: 1008: 1007: 1003: 1000: 997: 995:Cisatracurium 994: 993: 989: 986: 983: 980: 979: 975: 972: 969: 966: 965: 962: 959: 958: 954: 951: 948: 945: 944: 933: 931: 929: 923: 920: 919: 918: 915: 912: 910: 907: 906: 902: 900: 896: 893: 892: 891: 888: 885: 882: 879: 878: 875: 872: 867: 864: 861: 857: 854: 853: 852: 849: 846: 843: 840: 839: 835: 832: 830: 824: 821: 820: 819: 816: 813: 810: 807: 806: 802: 800: 797: 794: 791: 788: 785: 784: 780: 777: 774: 771: 768: 765: 762: 761: 758:refrigerated 757: 755: 752: 749: 746: 743: 742:Cisatracurium 740: 739: 736: 734: 729: 725: 722: 719: 718: 717: 714: 712: 709: 706: 705: 702:refrigerated 701: 698: 693: 689: 686: 683: 682: 681: 678: 675: 672: 669: 668: 665:refrigerated 664: 661: 656: 653: 652: 651: 648: 645: 642: 639: 638: 634: 632: 629: 627: 625: 622: 619: 618: 614: 612:Clinical use 611: 609:Side effects 608: 604: 601: 597: 596:Time to onset 594: 591: 590: 584: 582: 569: 567: 563: 558: 556: 552: 548: 544: 540: 536: 532: 531: 526: 522: 518: 516: 509: 505: 501: 497: 495: 491: 487: 483: 479: 475: 471: 467: 462: 460: 456: 453:is a form of 452: 439: 435: 431: 427: 424: 421: 417: 414: 413: 412: 404: 401: 397: 393: 386: 383: 382: 381: 379: 376:(AH8165) and 375: 371: 367: 364:(alloferin), 363: 359: 355: 349: 346: 345: 344: 342: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 307: 304: 303: 302: 300: 296: 292: 288: 284: 280: 276: 272: 268: 264: 260: 256: 251: 244: 243:Aminosteroids 241: 240: 239: 237: 234: 230: 229:polymethylene 226: 225:decamethonium 222: 218: 215: 214:acetylcholine 211: 210:Suxamethonium 205: 202: 201: 200: 194: 191: 190: 189: 181: 179: 175: 171: 167: 162: 160: 154: 152: 148: 144: 140: 136: 131: 129: 125: 121: 117: 113: 109: 103: 93: 92:Mitochondrion 90: 88: 85: 83: 80: 78: 75: 72: 69: 68: 64: 55: 52: 50: 47: 44: 42: 39: 38: 34: 30: 19: 8189:Tubocurarine 8119:Promegestone 8114:Progesterone 8029:Mecamylamine 7839:Cyclopropane 7829:Coronaridine 7761:Barbiturates 7746:Anatruxonium 7716:α-cobratoxin 7559:Sazetidine A 7479:JNJ-39393406 7469:Ispronicline 7163: 7157:α-Latrotoxin 7145: 7115: 7080: 7049: 7007: 6981: 6966: 6910:Rivastigmine 6876: 6830:Reactivators 6803:Ungiminorine 6758:Kobophenol A 6723:Coronaridine 6713:Bulbocapnine 6708:Arisugacin A 6684: 6669: 6555:Tebupirimfos 6435:Phosphamidon 6340:Methidathion 6245:Fenitrothion 6070:Chlorpyrifos 6010: 5885:Terestigmine 5880:Rivastigmine 5842:Eptastigmine 5793:Phenmedipham 5763:Formparanate 5748:Ethiofencarb 5681:Carbamates: 5678: 5672: 5591: 5480:Zoxazolamine 5339:Orphenadrine 5310:Methaqualone 5302:Quinazolines 5173:Cyclarbamate 5168:Carisoprodol 5114: 5100: 5093:Depolarizing 5074: 5058:Pipecuronium 5039: 5009: 4993:Rapacuronium 4988: 4978: 4961:Tubocurarine 4847: 4835: 4701: 4533:Serotonergic 4457:Dopaminergic 4336: 4113: 4109: 4103: 4076: 4072: 4062: 4053: 4040: 4024: 4019: 3992: 3988: 3978: 3951: 3947: 3937: 3912: 3908: 3902: 3890: 3863: 3857: 3824: 3820: 3814: 3787: 3783: 3773: 3756: 3752: 3745: 3704: 3700: 3694: 3677: 3673: 3667: 3642: 3638: 3576: 3572: 3516:. Retrieved 3514:. 2019-11-26 3511: 3472: 3447: 3428: 3375:Pharmacology 3374: 3311:. Retrieved 3307: 3199: 3195: 3153: 3149: 3143: 3108: 3104: 3071: 3036: 3026: 2999: 2995: 2941: 2891: 2887: 2881: 2856: 2852: 2846: 2831: 2827: 2822: 2808: 2772: 2750: 2740: 2736: 2730: 2705: 2694: 2680: 2676:appendectomy 2669: 2649:Richard Gill 2643:Neurologist 2642: 2623: 2618:-quaternary 2615: 2601: 2562: 2556: 2547: 2524: 2509: 2492: 2490: 2466: 2443: 2434: 2422: 2396:Tetracycline 2394: 2366: 2357: 2337: 2330: 2318: 2310: 2307:Interactions 2290: 2278: 2250:hyperkalemia 2243: 2236: 2205: 2194: 2184:insufflation 2168:laparoscopic 2165: 2158:intubation. 2156:remifentanil 2152: 2149: 2134: 2123: 2112: 2088: 2084: 2083: 2063:side-effects 2043: 2038: 2032: 2028: 2027: 2016: 1995: 1981: 1960: 1945:rapacuronium 1936: 1920: 1919: 1892: 1875: 1854:M2-receptors 1842: 1817: 1815: 1777: 1767:pipecuronium 1745: 1724: 1706:depolarizing 1699: 1687: 1650: 1643: 1637: 1623: 1615: 1606: 1605: 1593:Depolarizing 1589: 1588: 1567: 1566: 1546:ACh-receptor 1531: 1507: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1469: 1460: 1450:> 20 min 1420: 1414: 1408: 1379:Antagonistic 1365:Antagonistic 1354:Antagonistic 1332:Tubocurarine 1320: 1304:tetanic fade 1303: 1301: 1295: 1281: 1268: 1265: 1262: 1259: 1253: 1245: 1222: 1214: 1201: 1185: 1183: 1158: 1156: 1151: 1126: 1084:Rapacuronium 1070:Pipecuronium 1059:Kidney (80%) 1026:Kidney (40%) 970:Kidney (40%) 967:Tubocurarine 927: 916:180 or more 909:Pipecuronium 886:300 or more 847:300 or more 842:Tubocurarine 828: 817:180 or more 631:Bronchospasm 621:Rapacuronium 602: 595: 581:pipecuronium 570: 559: 528: 521:Tubocurarine 519: 512: 507: 463: 450: 448: 438:muscle fiber 430:depolarizing 425: 415: 410: 389: 384: 366:anatruxonium 352: 347: 310: 305: 287:pipecuronium 267:rapacuronium 253: 250:Aminosteroid 242: 208: 203: 198: 187: 184:Nomenclature 163: 155: 132: 115: 111: 107: 106: 49:Muscle fiber 29: 8294:Pirisudanol 8259:Cyprodenate 8239:Adafenoxate 8154:Surugatoxin 8144:Sevoflurane 8099:Pentolinium 8079:Norketamine 7999:Laudanosine 7929:Erythravine 7919:Encenicline 7904:Dipyrandium 7874:Dextrorphan 7720:α-conotoxin 7679:Antagonists 7664:WAY-317,538 7659:Varenicline 7649:Tropisetron 7639:Tebanicline 7584:SSR-180,711 7549:Rivanicline 7539:Pozanicline 7534:PNU-282,987 7529:PNU-120,596 7524:PHA-709,829 7519:PHA-543,613 7459:Galantamine 7434:Epiboxidine 7429:Epibatidine 7349:Altinicline 7008:Inhibitors: 6985:Coluracetam 6967:Inhibitors: 6937:Transporter 6877:Inhibitors: 6849:Pralidoxime 6743:Cyclanoline 6693:α-Viniferin 6590:Trichlorfon 6355:Metrifonate 6270:Fosthiazate 6255:Fluorotabun 6130:Dicrotophos 6085:Crotylsarin 5929:Huperzine A 5924:Galantamine 5919:Edrophonium 5852:Neostigmine 5847:Ganstigmine 5813:Propamocarb 5758:Formetanate 5743:Ethienocarb 5723:Carbosulfan 5713:Carbetamide 5708:Carbendazim 5679:Reversible: 5592:Inhibitors: 5475:Tolperisone 5460:Silperisone 5450:Promoxolane 5410:Lanperisone 5405:Inaperisone 5390:Flopropione 5385:Fenyramidol 5274:Eszopiclone 5188:Meprobamate 5183:Febarbamate 5053:Pancuronium 4982:Gantacurium 4914:(primarily 4849:Amino acids 4748:Opioidergic 4654:Cholinergic 4367:transporter 4347:Ion channel 4283:Transporter 4227:Ion channel 4110:Anaesthesia 2747:pancuronium 2735:that was a 2687:synthesized 2665:Intocostrin 2634:Intocostrin 2551:is a crude 2520:edrophonium 2516:neostigmine 2479:potentiate 2477:mepivacaine 2408:clindamycin 2391:Antibiotics 2377:sevoflurane 2282:hypotension 2266:bradycardia 2104:Medical Use 2085:Elimination 2046:-quaternary 2019:-atracurium 1970:deacylation 1963:-quaternary 1866:tachycardia 1862:hypotension 1858:vagus nerve 1759:Pancuronium 1714:ion-channel 1584:antagonists 1415:(not fade) 1274:receptors. 1206:motoneurons 1133:neostigmine 1056:Pancuronium 984:Spontaneous 922:tachycardia 895:tachycardia 883:(Flaxedil) 856:hypotension 823:tachycardia 809:Pancuronium 766:(Norcuron) 728:laudanosine 721:hypotension 692:laudanosine 685:hypotension 673:(Tracrium) 655:hypotension 643:(Mivacron) 547:vasodilator 545:release, a 539:hypotension 523:, found in 496:molecules. 494:synthesized 283:dipyrandium 255:Pancuronium 151:respiration 137:to produce 71:Presynaptic 8335:Categories 8254:Citicoline 8234:Acetyl-coA 8218:Precursors 8194:Vanoxerine 8184:Tropeinium 8169:Toxiferine 8134:Reboxetine 8124:Radafaxine 8069:Neramexane 8059:Mivacurium 8054:Metocurine 8019:Malouetine 7984:Isoflurane 7939:Fazadinium 7934:Esketamine 7914:Doxacurium 7899:Dioscorine 7859:Desflurane 7824:Coclaurine 7756:Atracurium 7741:Amantadine 7731:Alcuronium 7484:Levamisole 7474:Ivermectin 7419:Dianicline 7379:Butinoline 7364:Anatoxin-a 7253:modulators 7172:versutoxin 7168:robustoxin 7042:Inhibitors 7031:modulators 6982:Enhancers: 6943:modulators 6900:Ladostigil 6890:Conodurine 6885:Affinisine 6798:Ungeremine 6773:Phosacetim 6733:Corynoline 6728:Corydaline 6718:Conodurine 6703:Affinisine 6639:Demecarium 6637:; Others: 6550:Tabun (GA) 6540:Soman (GD) 6530:Sarin (GB) 6450:Profenofos 6310:Isoxathion 6295:Guanitoxin 6265:Formothion 6240:Fenamiphos 6170:Disulfoton 6165:Dioxathion 6155:Dimethoate 6125:Dichlorvos 5959:Ladostigil 5949:Ipidacrine 5894:Ambenonium 5889:Acotiamide 5887:; Others: 5860:Phenserine 5837:Distigmine 5828:Thiodicarb 5803:Pirimicarb 5768:Methiocarb 5753:Fenobucarb 5728:Chlorbufam 5718:Carbofuran 5693:Bendiocarb 5674:Inhibitors 5568:modulators 5554:modulators 5547:metabolism 5502:Dantrolene 5470:Tizanidine 5440:Pregabalin 5425:Metaxalone 5415:Mephenesin 5395:Gabapentin 5256:Tetrazepam 5246:Nitrazepam 5231:Clonazepam 5221:Bromazepam 5043:Doxacurium 5033:Vecuronium 5028:Rocuronium 5023:Fazadinium 5013:Atracurium 5003:Chandonium 4998:Mivacurium 4951:Alcuronium 4697:Ganglionic 4688:Muscarinic 4666:Muscarinic 4389:Adrenergic 4258:Antagonist 4033:0071052704 3542:0071624422 3518:2020-04-22 2834:, e01334. 2801:References 2755:physiology 2733:malouétine 2596:tourniquet 2530:rocuronium 2526:Sugammadex 2445:Sertraline 2404:polymyxins 2381:isoflurane 2373:desflurane 2349:vecuronium 2347:. But for 2345:rocuronium 2341:mivacurium 2137:mivacurium 2130:sugammadex 2115:anesthesia 2079:rocuronium 1974:atracurium 1952:metabolite 1949:deacylated 1941:vecuronium 1931:vecuronium 1824:muscarinic 1797:doxacurium 1793:Mivacurium 1763:vecuronium 1719:lipophilic 1702:polarizing 1697:distance. 1580:inhibitors 1499:myofibrils 1495:sarcolemma 1476:exocytosis 1413:sustained 1371:Augmented 1357:Augmented 1112:Vecuronium 1098:Rocuronium 1040:Plasma ChE 1037:Mivacurium 1023:Metocurine 1009:Doxacurium 981:Atracurium 811:(Pavulon) 789:(Zemuron) 787:Rocuronium 764:Vecuronium 710:(Nuromax) 708:Doxacurium 671:Atracurium 641:Mivacurium 606:(minutes) 599:(seconds) 478:anesthesia 434:sarcolemma 420:ionotropic 378:tropeinium 374:fazadinium 362:alcuronium 333:mivacurium 325:doxacurium 321:mivacurium 317:atracurium 293:(HS-310), 291:chandonium 275:malouètine 271:dacuronium 263:rocuronium 259:vecuronium 174:analgesics 135:anesthesia 122:, causing 77:Sarcolemma 8094:Pentamine 8089:Pempidine 8039:Methadone 8034:Memantine 7954:Halothane 7944:Gallamine 7924:Enflurane 7879:Diadonium 7794:Bupropion 7579:SIB-1553A 7574:SIB-1508Y 7564:SB-206553 7389:Carbachol 7369:AR-R17779 7359:Anatabine 7354:Anabasine 7319:A-867,744 7314:A-582,941 7309:A-366,833 7154:agonists: 7138:Enhancers 7011:Vesamicol 6895:Cymserine 6844:Obidoxime 6839:Methoxime 6753:Harmaline 6748:Cymserine 6738:Crimidine 6685:Unsorted: 6580:Triazofos 6520:Ro 3-0433 6515:Ro 3-0422 6510:Ro 3-0419 6505:Ro 3-0417 6500:Ro 3-0412 6495:Ro 3-0411 6490:Ro 3-0397 6485:Ro 3-0352 6480:Ro 3-0351 6475:Ro 3-0347 6470:Ro 3-0346 6465:Ro 3-0340 6455:Prothoate 6425:Phosfolan 6420:Phosalone 6405:Parathion 6390:Omethoate 6360:Mevinphos 6325:Malathion 6315:Leptophos 6220:Endothion 6100:Demephion 6090:Cyanophos 6080:Coumaphos 6050:Cadusafos 6045:Bensulide 6040:BAY-29952 6004:Zanapezil 5964:Minaprine 5944:Huprine Y 5939:Huprine X 5934:Huprine W 5904:Donepezil 5833:Thiofanox 5808:Promecarb 5798:Pinmicarb 5778:Metolcarb 5738:Dimetilan 5698:Bufencarb 5688:Aminocarb 5640:CM-54,903 5551:transport 5380:Eperisone 5251:Temazepam 5241:Lorazepam 5198:Styramate 5075:unsorted: 5068:Gallamine 5063:Laudexium 4943:alkaloids 4921:NMJ block 4896:Skeletal 4844:Precursor 4693:Nicotinic 4671:Nicotinic 4583:GABAergic 4308:Precursor 4293:Inhibitor 4219:Inhibitor 4046:Bernard C 2763:receptors 2683:Gallamine 2558:Strychnos 2457:paralysis 2425:clearance 2299:and some 2297:polymyxin 2246:potassium 2228:histamine 2201:diaphragm 2197:paralysis 2176:abdominal 2100:failure. 2071:Gallamine 2059:molecules 2025:release. 2023:histamine 2014:failure. 2004:compounds 1909:Histamine 1828:nicotinic 1802:laudexium 1789:receptive 1772:Gallamine 1728:has a 10- 1717:Having a 1444:30-60 min 1382:Augmented 1343:Phase II 1194:end plate 881:gallamine 744:(Nimbex) 623:(Raplon) 543:histamine 370:diadonium 354:Gallamine 233:trimethyl 217:molecules 139:paralysis 124:paralysis 54:Myofibril 8306:See also 8248:lecithin 8224:prodrugs 8174:Tramadol 8024:ME-18-MC 7989:Ketamine 7979:Ibogaine 7799:BW284C51 7554:RJR-2429 7544:Pyrantel 7504:Nicotine 7499:Morantel 7489:Lobeline 7454:EVP-6124 7449:EVP-4473 7404:Cytisine 7399:Cotinine 7304:A-84,543 7275:Agonists 7194:See also 7178:Crotoxin 6880:Affinine 6813:BW284C51 6768:Lycorine 6698:Affinine 6688:α-Pinene 6666:Onchidal 6585:Tribufos 6565:Terbufos 6535:Schradan 6400:Paraoxon 6320:Malaoxon 6250:Fenthion 6235:Ethoprop 6120:Diazinon 6115:Dialifor 6020:Acephate 5954:Itopride 5899:Caffeine 5823:Propoxur 5773:Methomyl 5703:Carbaryl 5683:Aldicarb 5445:Pridinol 5435:Phenibut 5360:Baclofen 5292:Etizolam 5226:Diazepam 5203:Tybamate 4832:Cofactor 4702:Muscular 4362:Receptor 4313:Cofactor 4299:Releaser 4287:Enhancer 4281:♦ 4244:Receptor 4242:♦ 4225:♦ 4208:♦ 4138:22476701 4130:10866718 4095:12753415 4048:(1857). 4011:17312211 3849:21373402 3659:12725867 3595:12067008 3393:51622037 3313:20 April 3308:UpToDate 3224:34176853 3178:34560426 3135:12091515 3018:11878528 2968:16402115 2908:25125097 2873:33148963 2784:See also 2620:alkaloid 2540:(SRBA). 2506:Reversal 2451:inhibit 2232:flushing 2180:thoracic 2000:molecule 1988:electron 1896:carbonyl 1708:effect. 1639:in vacuo 1634:Computer 1558:ammonium 1555:cationic 1542:receptor 1368:Additive 1351:Additive 1148:Mind Map 924:(slight) 844:(Jexin) 825:(slight) 615:Storage 603:Duration 504:Mind Map 468:used as 73:terminal 8244:Choline 7804:BW-A444 7782:(e.g., 7775:BNC-210 7763:(e.g., 7726:ABT-126 7710:(e.g., 7669:XY-4083 7634:TC-6683 7629:TC-5619 7624:TC-5214 7619:TC-2216 7614:TC-1827 7609:TC-1734 7604:TC-1698 7514:NS-1738 7508:tobacco 7394:Choline 7339:ABT-894 7334:ABT-560 7329:ABT-418 7324:ABT-202 7164:Others: 7116:Others: 7052:SNAP-25 7025:Release 6915:Tacrine 6823:3152 CT 6788:Taspine 6560:Temefos 6460:R-16661 6430:Phosmet 6415:Phorate 6365:Mipafox 6330:Mazidox 6260:Fonofos 6205:EA-4352 6200:EA-3148 6195:EA-2613 6190:EA-2192 6185:EA-2098 6180:EA-2054 6175:EA-2012 6150:Dimefox 6105:Demeton 5999:Tacrine 5994:TL-1238 5914:EA-4056 5909:EA-3990 5818:Propham 5783:Miotine 5455:Quinine 4789:(AdoRI) 4739:(eCBRI) 4322:Classes 4248:Agonist 4236:Blocker 4214:Inducer 3970:8435259 3929:9372675 3841:1783991 3806:9952148 3765:7932174 3737:4177866 3729:4921376 3709:Bibcode 3686:2747625 3216:2682131 3170:2429800 3126:1279945 3063:8866353 3054:1160726 2959:1760749 2759:neurons 2640:heads. 2588:bellows 2553:extract 2544:History 2431:Lithium 2258:myalgia 2199:of the 2172:robotic 1996:in vivo 1983:in vivo 1887:biliary 1872:Potency 1845:steroid 1710:Cations 1645:in vivo 1551:anionic 1544:. 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