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negroes.... The head of this college...was a clergyman of liberal views, who became a stout advocate of intermarriage between whites and negroes: a development, by the way. which is regarded in the South to this day with holy horror, and militated against by severe penalties. But there were no statutes against miscegenation in New York in those days, so that a burly, ambitious negro, heartily in accord with the matrimonial views of the august parent, proceeded to elope one day with his daughter. This unexpected denouement quickly illustrated in a very prosaic way the disparity between theory and practice. Seizing his gun, and taking
Immediate transportation in the most available vehicle, the irate parent pursued the bi-colored couple with all the impetuosity of Pharoah chasing the flying Israelites down into the Red Sea. And then the "New York Central College" for the education of negro youths experienced the sad fate of Pharoah at the hiatus of the purple waters.
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and of every hue, which admits of "no rights exclusive", which holds out the cup of knowledge in its crystal brightness for all to quaff; and if this is fanaticism, I will glory in the name "fanatic." Let me live, let me die a fanatic. I will not seal up in my heart the fountain of love that gushes forth for all the human race. And I am glad I am here because there are none here to say, "thus far thou mayst ascend the hill of
Science and no farther," when I have just learned how sweet are the fruits of knowledge, and when I can see them hanging in such rich clusters, far up the heights, looking so bright and golden, as if they were inviting me to partake. And all the while I can see my brother gathering those golden fruits, and I mark how his eye brightens.... No, there are none here to whisper, "that is beyond thy sphere, thou couldst never scale those dizzy heights"; but, on the contrary, here are kind voices cheering me onward.
27:
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721:, said in an editorial that no such discussions had taken place, even privately. He suggested that instead of the College relocating to Syracuse, Syracuse should relocate to McGrawville, once "it has done with theatres and their appendages, and her other and numerous sources of corruption.... The moral atmosphere of a city is not congenial to the habits of students, nor the growth of an institution founded on the manusl labor principle, and on equality of sex and condition, as is this college."
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scorn, shut out of most, if not all, of the medical colleges in the land. The faculty are physicians of
Syracuse, in high standing and repute." Nothing came of this, although there is a reference to a Professor of Anatomy at the college. The medical college was established in New York City. Similarly, in 1850 there was an unsuccessful attempt to get the legislature to fund an "Agricultural Professorship".
284:; valorous in their onset upon cologne bottles; and prodigies of prowess among spices of Rosemary..... this MODEL COLLEGE, based on the republican rock of changeless truth, and canopied by the star-jeweled firmament of philosophy, which is in truth, designed to rebuke the withering spirit of caste, and make all forms of useful industry respectable, and furnish community with practical men and women.
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process nor documents required. Personal contacts and correspondence played a big role. The difference between the courses and teachers for the large preparatory or high school division, and the smaller college division, was not rigid. Two faculty (Caldwell, Smith) began as students and joined the faculty upon their graduation; one (Stickney) was teaching in advance of her graduation.
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trouble. "Everything that an able faculty could do to advance the interests of the
Institution has been done, and yet the College has not prospered. Its friends are discouraged, and the Board of Directors disheartened. Present appearances indicate that the College will either pass into the hands of its colored friends, or be purchased by the citizens of M'Grawville [
216:", informed the legislature than an outsider (a legislator) had misled the students, who "disclaim all sympathy with abolition societies". The anti-slavery petition was unauthorized by the faculty, and "at variance with the principles of the college government, and with the judgment and feeling of every officer of the institution". The appropriation was immediately restored.
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200:, over the issue of slavery, more specifically whether slaveowners could be members, missionaries, or donors to the society. From the beginning, the College was to be open to all, whatever the "race" or gender. At the presentation to the citizens of McGrawville, its description begins by atatinflg it will differ from the
272:, including farmwork, was to be part of students' daily activities. This was not just for finances, although it brought in a little money, nor to prepare students for careers, to which the labor was usually unrelated, but was seen as psychologically and spiritually beneficial. At the time, this was an innovative view.
864:. They married—the first black male–white female marriage in the country's history—and immediately left for England, never to return. This event exacerbated already lingering social and political opposition to the school. Marlene Parks has published a collection of press clippings, which show the hostility.
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he world will frown upon me, because I am a student of this unpopular institution, and I expect to get the name that I have heard applied to all who come here, "fanatic". I am glad that I am here because I love this institution. I love the spirit that welcomes all to its halls, those of every tongue,
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According to the New York State
Department of Education, New York Central Academy, organized by citizens of McGrawville, was chartered May 4, 1864. It operated from 1864 to 1867. It purchased the buildings and land for $ 6,500 (~$ 103,081 in 2023) from Gerrit Smith in 1864. In 1868 it became part of
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and others. A proposed appropriation to New York
Central College in 1851 was the topic of much comment, the subject "the center of attractions ...for some hours". A New York legislator said that rather than giving a state appropriation to that "vile sink of pollution", it would be better given to "a
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Because of its equalitarian treatment of Black students and its Black professors, the "nigger college at McGrawville", as it was called by racists, as well as the "McGrawville
African College", received a lot of public vituperation. "It would be bad enough, in our estimation, to bring together girls
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was "under the supervision of Luther
Wellington, a Practical Farmer, a kind and benevolent man, on a farm of 187 acres (76 ha)." Under the "careful training" of the President students took a Rhetorical Class "with daily exercises in Extemporaneous Speaking", "not to be overlooked in this day of
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Speaking at the laying of the cornerstone, Grosvenor "vindicated the character of Women, repelled the idea of her inferiority to man, and maintained the necessity of giving to our daughters an education equal to that given to our sons." Of the students whose gender can be determined, 35% were women.
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The college was primarily a large preparatory school, and lasted about 10 years. Students at the college level were never more than a small minority of the student body. At the first commencement in 1855, there were five graduates among a student body of well over 100, including some enrolled at the
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The student body was relatively poor, required to pay its own tuition, room and board, and transportation. With a student body composed half of
Negroes, and most of whom were at the high school level, and 30% female, could neither make the school financially prosperous nor even self-sufficient. The
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In 1852, according to
Professor William G. Allen, "There is now a project on foot to attach a medical department to New York Central College. — A glorious idea this, as, if it should be successful, it will afford an opening for study to the very many colored young men who are now, by prejudice and
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Tuition was set low to accommodate the students it attracted, inadequate to cover expenses. In the college division it was first $ 24, then $ 30 per year (equivalent to $ 1,099 in 2023), and in the preparatory (high school) division, $ 15. The vast majority of students were in the preparatory
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Shortly after its opening, the College and McGrawville were hit by a smallpox outbreak. An 1851 student resolution gives the names of two, Homer Haskell and Erskine Spring. Four students died and the College had to close briefly. Another source says six students died. At that time, there were 150
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tribe.... A runaway slave sat near her, while her father, husband, and brother were in view. After supper, the stewardess with some of the female students, sang: "Be kind to each other" . The Onondagas then gave one in their own tongue, Mahomah chanted one in Arabic. Miss Havens sang in Latin and
204:(now Colgate University) in only one feature: "it lays down as a broad platform, the rights and privileges of all classes of citizens as of paramount importance. It will be an Institution of Learning from which no individual will be rejected." Hamilton had a reputation for not opposing slavery;
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called it a "treasonable college", an "obnoxious edifice" where, "if things are suffered to go on at this rate, this whole region will become infected with Abolitionism; the contagion of Free Speech will spread til the Fugitive Slave law will become a nullity and the Union will collapse!" Others
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The affairs of the college were conducted with a high degree of informality and lack of rules relative to today's standards. There was no "mission statement", no academic ranks, no specific degree requirements (that would have been difficult to maintain with an ever-changing, variably qualified
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delivered an inaugural address, on the topic "Harmony of the Principles of the College with Man's True Destiny and the Tendencies of the Present Age." It was described in the press as "full of clear comprehensive, philosophical thought, clothed in a neat and classical dress." President Grosvenor
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In a circular of 1854 we find that "this Institution is now in prosperous condition. It has struggled through darkness, and mounted difficulties, until its permanency and success are placed entirely beyond doubt." However, only a few years later it became clear that the College was in financial
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There is a pretentious wooden structure, of a semi-classic exterior, standing in the little village of McGrawville, Cortland County, N.Y., which was formerly the seat of what was known, in the anti-slavery days, as the "New York Central College." This institution was devoted to the education of
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It is said that manual labor connected with colleges and literary institutions will have a tendency to fill our learned professions with a race of slovens. Let it be so. Let the sacramental host be led on to victory, and the portals of the scientific arcana, be opened and lit up by the blazing
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There were no written criteria for selecting faculty; some came with a college degree, but many did not. Apparently the President, Grosvenor and then Calkins, decided himself whom to hire and what they would teach. There was no public announcement of vacancies, neither was there an application
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The student body has been well studied by Marlene Parks. There are 1,062 known students; most were in the preparatory (high school) program. Of them, 64% were men, 35% female, 1% unknown. As no records were kept of it, the skin color ("race") of the students is not known; however, there were
900:, became the proprietor of the insolvent college. He assumed its debts, which exceeded its assets; as a newspaper put it, "he became the owner of the property when the college was abandoned." A modern scholar has suggested that Smith's breakdown and hospitalization after public discovery of
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George Lester Brockett (1827–1880), graduate of Hamilton College in 1851, was described in an obituary as professor of Elocution and German. However, he also taught Greek, German, and Physiology. "In 1852, he was also a tutor and the Librarian." His father had been a warm personal friend of
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It was chartered by New York State in April 1848, laid the cornerstone of its main building on July 4, and opened in September 1849. The school was further distinguished by both being radically anti-slavery and committed to the equality of the sexes. It has been called a predecessor of
732:(Colgate). A few weeks later, another report says that the college received an appropriation of $ 25,000 (equivalent to $ 915,600 in 2023), but a college solicitation in 1855 said the College had received no appropriations from the state. A Baptist report of 1851 states that its
212:"in behalf of the oppressed free colored citizens of the state", this made them "guilty of the awful crime of abolitionism", and the Legislature almost immediately withdrew the College's $ 5,000 appropriation. The President and five professors, with the support of "citizens of
421:, it had no wealthy donors, and over its short history and few college-level graduates no meaningful alumni pool to draw upon. The American Baptist Free Mission Society gave what support it could, especially at the beginning, but it was a small group with limited resources.
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What a sight at the tables! The interview will remain in our memory as one of the most happy events in our life! ...Professor Reason sat at the head of one table, Rev. Dr. Bush on his left, and on his right President Grosvenor, ourself, still flanked by Benedict of the
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Lydia A. Caldwell, enrolled as a student when the College opened in 1849. The year in which she graduated and became a teacher, if she did in fact graduate, is unknown, but she remained until 1855 as "Professor of Rhetoric and English Literature". She died in 1857 of
942:, was from McGraw, and studied as a child at the Central Academy, "the successor of a queer institution, known as the New York Central College, established by Gerrit Smith and other abolitionists, for the education of boys and girls without regard to color."
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Funds available to pay faculty, therefore, were very limited, and doubtless contributed to the high faculty turnover. Except for Grosvenor, whose children were grown, faculty were unmarried and did not have families, as their salaries would not permit it.
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With emotions of irresistible joy, I hail the dawning of the day in which, by the influence of the system of CENTRAL COLLEGE all aristocratic distinctions in societry, created by wealth, sect, party or learning, shall be brought down to a REPUBLICAN LEVEL.
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program. An estimated 100 preparatory students per year, at $ 15 each, is $ 1,500. An estimated 20 college students at $ 30 each would bring in $ 600, for a total of $ 2,100 (equivalent to $ 76,910 in 2023). By comparison, 15 years previously the
4236:. Part 1. Newspaper Articles concerning the College, November 1847—December, 1849. Part 2. Alphabetical Biographical Sketches Abbott—Lyons. Part 3. Newspaper Articles concerning the College, March, 1850—December, 1850. McGraw Historical Society.
4255:. Part 1. Newspaper Articles concerning the College, January, 1851—December, 1853. Part 2. Alphabetical Biographical Sketches Lyons—Young. Part 3. Newspaper Articles concerning the College, March, 1854—August, 1861. McGraw Historical Society.
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epidemic struck McGrawville in 1860. The effects of the outbreak, coupled with the lingering social and political opposition and financial difficulties, caused the college to close that same year. Another source says it closed in 1859.
692:. Reason was the first black college professor in the country. Allen was Professor of Rhetoric and Greek; in 1850, when he was appointed, he was "well known as a lecturer upon the origin, literature, and destiny of the African race."
1128:, founded in 1868 by another branch of Free Baptists, was the second college in the United States open to all, regardless of skin color and gender. Like New York Central, most of its instruction was at the secondary school level.
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that "o where is the state of things more favorable to the colored man's progress than in McGrawville, and no where would he receive a warmer welcome." At the time—1852—Allen was the only Black college professor in the country.
343:, we believe—a noble looking man, urbane and polished in his manners, and his countenance the undisguised index of goodness and truth. To the left of Dr. Bush, were two negro students. still further down was Mahomah [
171:. The first college in the United States founded on the principle that all qualified students were welcome, it was sponsored by the American Baptist Free Mission Society, of which Grosvenor was a vice-president.
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Most of the faculty's time was spent in contact with students, teaching formally or informally. McGrawville was a small town, most attended the same church, and all interested heard the same visiting lecturers.
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In 1851 it was one of 11 colleges to receive New York State legislative funding; it received $ 1,500 (equivalent to $ 54,936 in 2023), the same amount as New York University, Fordham University,
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There were no financial plans or budgets at the college, and little fundraising. As a result, the school's financial affairs were disorganized and difficult. In contrast with its predecessor the
3798:"Col. Daniel Lamont—The Youngest Member of Mr. [Grover] Cleveland's Cabinet—A Young Man who Has Enjoyed the Friendship of Democratic Leaders from Samuel J. Tilden Down to the Present Day"
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of Utica, who spoke at the meeting, as President. Its location not yet determined, it was referred to as the "Baptist Free Mission Institution". Construction commenced on June 26, 1848, and the
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The local hostility to the college was a factor in its demise. As it was put in a typically inaccurate newspaper column, which mistakenly puts Mary King's father at the head of the college:
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French. The President made some remarks in Hebrew by way of carrying out the idea, and with hearts warmer with kindly feelings, the interview terminated. May we all meet again as happily.
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242:, had offered $ 10,000. The initial community meeting in McGrawville to discuss the proposed college was held on November 22, 1847. It already had a board of trustees, with Reverend
509:). He resigned at the end of 1851. He was replaced by Leonard G. Calkins, "a finished scholar, an accomplished orator, and a true gentleman, a deep thinker, of active temperament".
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Central was the first college to hire African-American faculty. There were three very well qualified African-American professors, who successively occupied the same position:
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The subjects taught varied depending on available personnel. There was, therefore, not a faculty in the sense of a body of full-time employees, and turnover was frequent.
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was laid on July 4. In the cornerstone was a box with 20 items, many of them abolitionist newspapers or pamphlets. By then it was referred to as the Free Central College.
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had accepted African-American students, and Oberlin female students, New York Central College was the first institution in the country founded to accept all students.
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and boys, young men and women, of the same race and color, under the same roof, in the same halls, and at the same table. But to mix together the descendants of
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Grosvenor "proposed a 'free institution,' for the 'literary, scientific, moral, and physical education of both sexes and of all classes of youth.'" The school's
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Boys and men were in the dormitory occupying one floor of the main building; girls (no adult female students are recorded) were in a separate residence, with a
559:(literature). After the departure of Grosvenor, who taught Hebrew, Allen was listed as teaching it. After Allen's departure in 1853, his position was filled by
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who wished to move the College to their city, but nothing came of it. The Corresponding Secretary of the Trustees, A. H. Benedict, who was also editor of the
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In 1856 there were 226 students and 9 faculty, and approximately 50% were African-American. Most were in the college's preparatory (high school) program.
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30% of the students who were female were also anything but prosperous. Some money was brought in through the manual labor department, but not enough.
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resigned from their Board of Trustees "on the grounds that the school was insufficiently anti-slavery". When Hamilton students sent a petition to the
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A Woman of the Century: Fourteen Hundred-seventy Biographical Sketches Accompanied by Portraits of Leading American Women in All Walks of Life
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President Calkins left for a position at "an eminent law school in Albany"; the trustees persuaded Grosvenor to take up the leadership again.
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John Quincy Cowee (1830–1921), Kansan farmer, described as "a scholar and a gentleman", with "an enviable reputation for truth and sobriety".
779:. There is no reference to any housing specifically for colored students. However, there was a separate cemetery for Black college students.
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American Baptist Free Mission Society (1847). "Fourth Annual Report of the Board of Trustees of the American Baptist Free Mission Society".
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In 1857 Howard W. Gilbert was hired as Professor of Modern Languages. A news article refers to his mastery of French, German, and Italian.
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1961:
767:), an Academic Department preparing high school students for college, and a Collegiate Department. There was a class in public speaking.
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965:. Graduated in 1855 with the first class. During her last year she also taught; among her students was her eventual husband, astronomer
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In May 1850 there were over a hundred students enrolled, and college housing being full, students had to take rooms in private houses.
414:, no one went calling on possible donors, and the college did not publicize itself, either to raise its esteem or attract applicants.
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faculty). Only board of trustees minutes and financial records were kept, supplemented by correspondence and many newspaper articles.
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607:("consumption"). Effusive prose pieces and poetry by Caldwell appeared in several newspapers; the references here are only examples.
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Miss Sophia M. Lathrop (1828–1913), "Prof. English Literature, &c." Nothing is known about her education. She first taught in
581:. In 1857 his wife Caroline A. Campbell, "the former accomplished teacher in the department of Drawing and Painting", was rehired.
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The College was founded in McGrawville, "a quiet and healthy place" according to the college's advertisement in the abolitionist
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was in 1855, with 5 graduates. One of the graduates, Azariah Smith, was immediately hired to teach Greek, remaining until 1858.
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students were all welcome. It was also the first to have African-American professors, in a position filled by three men: first
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primary level. Nonetheless, it was not an academy, whose studies ended at the high school level, but offered education beyond.
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977:, is named for her. In the biography written by her son Angelo Hall there are two chapters on her experiences at the College.
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684:, another short-lived school which was a predecessor of the college. After Allen's departure (see below) he was replaced by
879:], and be renovated and reorganised into a seminary or academic institution , or finally cease to exist as a College."
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Also in 1857, the college had a Teachers' Department, training, at the high school level, teachers for the primary grades (
664:, which in 1835 began admitting blacks and in 1837 women. However, New York Central College was the first American college
463:) were quickly destroyed by white mob violence. New York Central College avoided such difficulty during its brief tenure.
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genius of sturdy clowns in homespun, with master intellects, and daring spirits, rather than be offered by Knights of the
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At that time, there not being any public colleges in the state, the New York State Legislature would appropriate funds to
347:], a native from the interior of Africa, now a student here, after many vicissitudes. Across from our table...sat a
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652:. The Rev. Grosvenor served as the school's first president, 1849–1851. In a newspaper advertisement we find that the
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A. J. Warner, school principal. attorney, member of Congress from Ohio, President of the American Bimetallic League.
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Pioneer history; or, Cortland County and the border wars of New York, from the earliest period to the present time
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The Bible was "to be introduced as a text-book and test-book from beginning to end of the course of instruction."
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the McGrawville Union School, and remained in use as a high school until a new building was constructed in 1885.
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New York Central College, 1849-1860, McGrawville, N.Y.: the first college in the U.S. to employ black professors
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Anti-slavery missions: review of the operations of the American Baptist Free Mission Society, for the past year
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Anti-slavery missions: review of the operations of the American Baptist Free Mission Society, for the past year
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objected, with less outrage, to "the amalgamation of sexes, as well as of races." These were, according to the
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In 1850 the trustees and then the students of the college published resolutions they had passed in support of
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also spoke. There was a "congregation" of more than 2,000 at the induction of the faculty, the following day.
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533:. She only taught at Central for one year; afterwards she was Preceptress at the Hamilton Female Seminary in
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As part of an unsuccessful attempt to have a medical school open to all students established in McGrawville,
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mob that will raze it to the ground", because it "was at war with every principle of American liberty". The
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on the principle that all are created equal: black and white, male and female. Qualified Black, female, and
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There are two known lists of the faculty (in newspaper announcements). The original faculty, in 1849, were:
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Alcohol was prohibited even to faculty, and (even more more unusual) tobacco also forbidden in the college.
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Catalogue of the officers and students of New York Central College, for the year 1852–3, McGrawville, NY
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The school was later denied funding by the New York State Legislature, and it was bankrupt by 1858.
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G. L. Brockett, A. B., tutor. She was still employed in 1858, when she spoke "forcibly" against the
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Crouch, Henry G. (March 12, 1850). "Promiscuous—Central College, at McGrawville". Reprinted in the
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1024:, graduated in 1852, possibly the first black woman to graduate with a four year college degree
856:, became engaged to a white student, Mary King. To escape violent repercussions, Allen fled to
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Some opposition from those with means of the labor requirement was met with a stinging reply:
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American Baptist Free Mission Society report on the New York Central College, McGrawville, NY
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537:. Her sister Maria E. Lathrop (1833–1908) studied at Central and also taught painting there.
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Marlene Parks has published an exhaustive collection of information about Central's alumni.
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Pre-Cornell and Early Cornell VIII. Cornell's Three Precursors. I. New York Central College
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Pre-Cornell and Early Cornell VIII. Cornell's Three Precursors. I. New York Central College
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The American prejudice against color: William G. Allen, Mary King, and Louisa May Alcott
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charged $ 75 for tuition, meaning the tuition paid by its 24 students totalled $ 1,800.
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676:. An unexplained disagreement with Grosvenor led to his departure. His replacement was
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520:(science). Reason was the first African-American faculty member in an American college.
517:
436:, and others routinely received. If there was legislative support, it was not ongoing.
417:
Inadequately funded from beginning to end, the college ended in bankruptcy. Except for
292:
New York Central College was the name decided on, and the College was chartered by the
281:
201:
176:
1388:
4293:
4256:
4237:
4205:
3974:
3939:
3909:
3903:
3524:
3475:
3435:
2142:
2054:
1838:
1828:
1597:
1426:
1398:
1222:
1197:
1189:
Early Negro American writers: selections with biographical and critical introductions
1105:
970:
954:
789:
673:
513:
479:
377:
300:
4015:
3581:
3333:
3148:
3095:
3044:
2998:
2790:
2450:
2295:
2034:
2016:
1630:
1183:
1057:
1027:
939:
935:
853:
819:
814:
725:
681:
677:
626:
548:
541:
By 1852, three years later, the faculty were completely different (100% turnover):
498:
483:
411:
317:
304:
spoke on "Education: Physical, Mental, and Moral." The abolitionist philanthropist
258:
233:
157:
89:
1991:. Reproduced in Parks, vol. I, part 1, . New York. September 27, 1849. p. 59.
4330:
4158:
4123:
3862:
3813:
3276:
1656:
1067:
Emma Grosvenor (ca. 1852–1853), daughter of founder Cyrus Grosvenor, died aged 21
1061:
1009:
689:
661:
526:
Mrs. Eliza M. Haven, "Matron, and Prof. French Language, Music, Drawing, &c."
361:
352:
339:, his mouth watering for the baked beans and Graham bread. Professor Reason is a
254:
239:
93:
33:
The first two floors held classrooms and the third a dormitory for male students.
2896:. Included in Parks, vol. II, part 2, under John Metcalf Smith. October 9, 1855.
1112:
who studied in Germany, became a philosopher, and taught in German universities.
4162:
4144:
4069:
4031:
3991:
3955:
3879:
3783:
3452:
3350:
3314:
3153:
3100:
2984:
2941:
2876:
2852:
2768:
2732:
2604:
2528:
2395:
2158:
1973:
1635:
1606:
1578:
1504:
1442:
1390:
Abolition's axe: Beriah Green, Oneida Institute, and the Black freedom struggle
1327:
1275:
1121:
1021:
556:
1842:
4377:
4295:
New York Central College: An Experiment in Education in McGrawville 1848-1860
4183:
3808:
3402:
3309:
2892:
1952:
990:
984:
974:
962:
857:
825:
810:
764:
739:
622:
456:
429:
127:
114:
1933:. Letter is dated December 22, 1848. (Reproduced in Parks, vol. I, part 1, .
4010:
2964:
2547:
2415:
893:
604:
578:
574:
502:
418:
321:
305:
205:
196:
The American Baptist Free Mission Society broke away from its parent, the
4369:
McGraw Historical Society collection of New York Central College material
3471:
1115:
797:
736:
raised $ 30,000 (equivalent to $ 1,098,720 in 2023) for the college.
247:
4202:
New York Central College, Volume 3. Condensed Version of Volumes 1 and 2
1799:(August 5, 1848), "Letter to the Trustees of the Free Central College",
1674:
of November and December, 1847. (Reproduced in Parks, vol. I, part 1, ).
800:, and the ruddy-cheeked boy with the Ethiopian maid, is stilt [
328:
3671:
2815:
Benedict, A.H. (March 21, 1850). "About the college—Removel , &c".
2046:
1070:
Sarah Grosvenor, her sister, married a Baptist minister and died at 92.
1043:
980:
966:
901:
889:
754:
641:
516:, Professors of Greek, Latin and French Languages, and Mathematics and
425:
861:
2678:
1648:
1216:
2038:
1196:
in 1935. Freeport, New York: Books for Libraries Press. p. 13.
4434:
Antebellum educational institutions that admitted African Americans
3738:
Gardner, Cecile (August 28, 1953). "McGrawville Academu Building".
3118:. Included in Parks, vol. II, part 2. January 18, 1902. p. 59.
1079:, D.D. (1837–1906), Congregational minister, professor at Oberlin,
912:
892:, and discontinued operations. The philanthropist and abolitionist
618:
552:
344:
299:
The College began activities on September 4, 1849. Black professor
164:
2651:. Included in Parks, vol. II, part 2, under Spring. June 20, 1850.
4182:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1085:
Truman J. Ellinwood, for 35 years stenographer of the sermons of
340:
4253:
New York Central College, 1849–1860, McGrawville, N.Y.: Volume 2
4234:
New York Central College, 1849–1860, McGrawville, N.Y.: Volume 1
2072:. Reproduced by Parks, Vol. 1, Part 3, . First published in the
569:
A. B. Campbell, A. M, professor of Latin language and Literature
2875:. Boston, Massachusetts. 15 August 1851. p. 4 – via
1503:. Boston, Massachusetts. April 21, 1837. p. 1 – via
793:
776:
506:
373:
4221:"McGraw producers to screen film on interracial college to DC"
2328:
The Paynes of Hamilton, a genealogical and biographical record
1871:
Heath, S.B., M.D. (November 2, 1848). "Letter to the editor".
852:
A scandal arose when, in 1853, an African-American professor,
497:
C. P. Grosvenor, President, and Professor of Intellectual and
311:
4389:
Defunct private universities and colleges in New York (state)
1109:
585:
348:
1900:
Heath, S.B., M.D. (April 12, 1849). "Letter to the editor".
551:, African-American professor of Greek and German Languages,
186:
4429:
Agricultural universities and colleges in the United States
2109:. Reproduced in Parks, Vol. I, part 1, . November 13, 1849.
1827:. 2 volumes. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.
923:, with which there is no known connection, began in 1853.
796:, the ebony sons of Africa with the fair daughters of the
455:
Previously schools with "racially" integrated bodies (the
1929:
Potter, S. H. (January 4, 1849). "Letter to the editor".
875:
802:
742:
in 1851 spoke at the college on the English abolitionist
296:
on April 12, 1848. The Board of Trustees had 24 members.
3179:. Included in Parks, volume II, part 3, . June 29, 1854.
1262:. Boston, Massachusetts. November 20, 1857o. p. 3.
566:
E. R. Akin, A. M., D. M., professor of natural sciences
364:
Native Americans enrolled in the Preparatory Division.
4394:
Baptist universities and colleges in the United States
2755:. Boston, Massachusetts. October 11, 1850. p. 1.
2622:. Reprinted by Parks, volume I, part 3, . May 2, 1850.
1773:. (Reproduced in Parks, vol. I, part 1, ). p. 1.
1634:. Washington, D.C. 23 Jul 1857. p. 4 – via
1118:, a black college professor in sixteenth-century Spain
908:, of late 1859, contributed to the college's closure.
4444:
Buildings and structures in Cortland County, New York
4151:
3504:. August 17, 1855 – via accessiblearchives.com.
2719:. Boston, Massachusetts. October 4, 1850. p. 1.
2176:. Reproduced in Parks, vol. I, part 1, . August 1849.
2023:(ed.). "Letters from Negro Leaders to Gerrit Smith".
1002:
Eldridge Eugene Fish, scientist and school principal.
329:
A description of the people at a college dinner, 1850
4089:. Vol. 3, no. 1. October 1906. p. 53.
2515:. Boston, Massachusetts. March 24, 1854. p. 3.
1565:. Boston, Massachusetts. April 21, 1837. p. 1.
1329:
An Astronomer's Wife: The Biography of Angeline Hall
3626:. Included in Parks, vol. II, part 2, under Smith.
3580:. Included in Parks, vol. II, part 2, under Smith.
3234:. Boston, Massachusetts. July 18, 1851. p. 1.
1718:
of June and July, 1848. (Reproduced in Parks, I, ).
1034:, after serving in the Civil War as surgeon in the
4354:Commencement exercises of New York Central College
1856:Benedict, A.H. (July 6, 1848). "The Celebration".
1765:"Education—Moral, Intellectual and Physical—Woman"
1362:, ISBN 1548505757, Volume 1, ). November 25, 1847.
3313:. New York. June 28, 1851. p. 2 – via
3091:"College Commencements. New York Central College"
2033:(4). Letter to Gerrit Smith: 432–453, at p. 439.
1762:
599:A. J. Chamberlain, teacher of French and drawing.
428:(s) from the New York State Legislature, such as
4375:
4291:
4157:
389:
4404:Educational institutions disestablished in 1860
3085:
3083:
545:Wm. Tillinghast, A.M., professor of mathematics
228:New York Central College at its opening in 1849
202:Hamilton Literary & Theological Institution
3144:"New York Central College Academic Exhibition"
3116:Publishers' Weekly American Book-Trade Journal
2679:American Baptist Free Mission Society (1851).
1217:American Baptist Free Mission Society (1851).
938:(1851–1905), Secretary of War under President
4399:Universities and colleges established in 1849
3672:New York Constitutional Convention, 1867–68.
3667:
3665:
3003:"[Letter to the editor, May 6, 1852]"
2674:
2672:
2551:. Washington, D.C. April 8, 1854. p. 3.
983:, astronomer, known for his discovery of the
848:William G. Allen § Marriage to Mary King
3080:
2342:"Obituary—Death of Prof. Geo. L. Brockett".
1914:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1885:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
372:This is how the college was described by an
16:Liberal arts college in New York state, U.S.
3720:The academy system of the State of New York
3699:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
3515:Elbert, Sarah, ed. (2002). "Introduction".
3216:
3214:
2232:
2230:
1849:
1354:"The Institution, Public Meeting, &c".
926:
782:
312:Overviews of the Central College experience
4419:1860 disestablishments in New York (state)
4343:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4107:. Vol. 3, no. 2. pp. 57–60.
3662:
3368:. Included in Parks, volume II, part 1, .
3275:. Included in Parks, volume II, part 1, .
3057:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2695:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2669:
1904:. (Reproduced in Parks, vol. I, part 1, ).
1875:. (Reproduced in Parks, vol. I, part 1, ).
1347:
1235:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
219:
25:
4424:Liberal arts colleges in New York (state)
3712:
3710:
2411:"The Story of Conservative [sic]"
2331:. New York: Tobias A. Wright. p. 77.
1942:
1940:
1803:, (Reproduced in Parks, vol. I, part 1, )
1795:
1423:Buffalo Patriot and Commercial Advertiser
1248:
1246:
906:John Brown's failed raid on Harpers Ferry
706:, in jail for helping two slaves escape.
688:, the first African-American graduate of
635:
187:The American Baptist Free Mission Society
3742:. Included in Parks, vol. II, part 3, .
3548:. Included in Parks, vol. II, part 3, .
3211:
3152:. March 20, 1857. p. 7 – via
2814:
2473:
2471:
2441:Caldwell, Lydia A. (September 6, 1855).
2440:
2408:
2227:
2205:. Included in Parks, vol. II, part 1, .
1855:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1605:. April 27, 1837. p. 2 – via
1358:. (Reproduced In Marlene K. Parks, ed.,
367:
223:
4414:1849 establishments in New York (state)
4292:Kimberly, Carl; Kimberly, Mary (2018).
3820:from the original on September 27, 2020
3737:
3410:from the original on September 27, 2020
3341:from the original on September 27, 2020
3238:from the original on September 27, 2020
3019:from the original on September 27, 2020
2843:from the original on September 27, 2020
2555:from the original on September 27, 2020
2325:White, Augusta Francelia Payne (1912).
2302:from the original on September 27, 2020
2236:
2149:from the original on September 27, 2020
1964:from the original on September 27, 2020
1777:from the original on September 27, 2020
1569:from the original on September 27, 2020
1557:"Legislature of New York. Abolitionism"
1533:from the original on September 27, 2020
1471:from the original on September 27, 2020
1433:from the original on September 27, 2020
1386:
1182:
1040:South Carolina House of Representatives
841:
156:, was a short-lived college founded in
4409:Education in Cortland County, New York
4376:
4298:. Cortland County Historical Society.
4269:
4218:
4099:
3870:from the original on 27 September 2020
3716:
3707:
3514:
3508:
3428:
3166:Parks, vol. I, part 2, under Baquaqua.
3076:. Included in Parks, vol. I, part 3, .
3071:
2932:from the original on 27 September 2020
2819:. Included in Parks, vol. I, part 3, .
2488:from the original on December 25, 2018
2386:from the original on 27 September 2020
1937:
1928:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1288:
1243:
1164:from the original on November 19, 2010
1148:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1108:(c. 1703 – c. 1759), a black man from
867:
424:There are contradictory reports about
4250:
4231:
4199:
4165:(1893). "O'DONNELL, Mrs. Martha B.".
3901:
3470:. McGraw Historical Society, through
3465:
2997:
2468:
2346:. Included in Parks, vol. I, part 2.
2324:
2258:. Included in Parks, vol. I, part 2.
2015:
1899:
1870:
1822:
1807:
523:Victor M. Kingsley (1821–1897), Tutor
198:American Baptist Home Mission Society
150:New York Central College, McGrawville
4219:McAdam, Todd R. (January 16, 2017).
3099:. 6 Aug 1855. p. 3 – via
2409:Caldwell, Lydia A. (June 15, 1854).
1325:
1266:from the original on October 9, 2020
973:, the largest crater on Mars's moon
3429:Benham, George A. (19 March 1899).
3040:Ten lectures on medical electricity
3027:– via accessiblearchives.com.
1825:New York Central College, 1849–1860
1751:
1613:
1360:New York Central College, 1849–1860
1314:
1210:
1139:
405:
13:
4307:
4193:
4100:Tenney, Henry M. (November 1906).
3774:from the original on July 25, 2019
2723:from the original on June 24, 2021
2519:from the original on July 25, 2019
1523:Vermont Watchman and State Journal
1461:Vermont Watchman and State Journal
1380:
1194:University of North Carolina Press
92:(at the time called McGrawville),
14:
4455:
4362:
4135:from the original on 26 July 2020
4060:from the original on 26 July 2020
4022:from the original on 26 July 2020
4006:"Noted civil and criminal lawyer"
3982:from the original on July 6, 2020
3946:from the original on July 4, 2020
3717:Miller, George Frederick (1922).
3474:Independent Publishing Platform.
3443:from the original on 26 July 2020
2975:from the original on July 4, 2020
2759:from the original on July 4, 2020
2595:from the original on July 3, 2019
2477:
1332:. Baltimore: Nunn & Company.
1056:George B. Davis, Esq., attorney,
461:Canterbury Female Boarding School
446:Canterbury Female Boarding School
4302:from the original on 2021-12-12.
4177:
4056:. 22 September 1921. p. 1.
2890:"The New York Central College".
2747:"Resolutions of Central College"
2591:. December 16, 1850. p. 2.
1987:"The New York Central College".
1095:(1836-1925), temperance activist
590:National Dress Reform Convention
4111:
4093:
4076:
4038:
3998:
3962:
3922:
3895:
3886:
3850:
3790:
3750:
3731:
3682:from the original on 2020-09-27
3630:. September 6, 1929. p. 2.
3616:
3570:
3537:
3488:
3459:
3422:
3390:
3357:
3321:
3305:"Literature in the Legislature"
3297:
3264:
3169:
3160:
3136:
3107:
3065:
3031:
2991:
2948:
2928:. 2 September 1851. p. 2.
2914:
2883:
2859:
2823:
2808:
2797:from the original on 2020-09-27
2775:
2739:
2703:
2640:
2611:
2571:
2535:
2499:
2457:from the original on 2020-10-09
2434:
2423:from the original on 2020-10-09
2402:
2368:
2335:
2318:
2280:
2247:
2194:
2165:
2127:
2094:
2061:
2009:
1980:
1922:
1893:
1864:
1789:
1707:
1663:
1642:
1585:
1549:
1511:
1487:
1449:
1336:from the original on 2016-07-30
1303:from the original on 2020-11-14
191:
4276:. Studies in History, no. 23.
3942:. October 1, 1885. p. 2.
2967:. August 16, 1851. pp. 1–
2419:. Washington, D.C. p. 1.
1411:
1282:
1192:. Originally published by the
1176:
1160:. October 1, 1995. p. 7.
744:George Thompson (abolitionist)
660:The college was modeled after
1:
4439:American manual labor schools
4270:Wright, Albert Hazen (1960).
4204:. McGraw Historical Society.
3902:Smith, Jessie Carney (1996).
3816:. March 29, 1893. p. 6.
3770:. March 14, 1893. p. 6.
3521:Northeastern University Press
3364:"Extraordinary Legislation".
3329:"Central College Anniversary"
2793:. March 14, 1850. p. 2.
2298:. April 10, 1856. p. 4.
1860:. (Reproduced in Parks, I, ).
1529:. April 25, 1837. p. 2.
1289:Wright, Albert Hazen (1960).
1132:
860:, where he was joined by his
770:
390:Faculty, students, curriculum
4018:. 15 April 1899. p. 2.
3905:Notable Black American women
3406:. July 14, 1851. p. 1.
3337:. July 29, 1856. p. 6.
2839:. June 18, 1851. p. 3.
2443:"Shadows from an Old Church"
2145:. July 24, 1851. p. 3.
1467:. April 4, 1837. p. 2.
1429:. April 5, 1837. p. 1.
1126:Harpers Ferry, West Virginia
1038:. Served three terms in the
44:Central College, McGrawville
7:
4163:Livermore, Mary Ashton Rice
4131:. 30 June 1906. p. 5.
3978:. May 25, 1895. p. 8.
3908:. New York: Gale Research.
1387:Sernett, Milton C. (1986).
1099:
611:
10:
4460:
4251:Parks, Marlene K. (2017).
4232:Parks, Marlene K. (2017).
4200:Parks, Marlene K. (2018).
4159:Willard, Frances Elizabeth
3866:. 18 Mar 1894. p. 9.
3675:New York Convention Manual
3496:"New York Central College"
3466:Parks, Marlene K. (2017).
3222:"New York Central College"
3114:"Obituary—Azariah Smith".
2783:"New York Central College"
2543:"New York Central College"
2507:"New York Central College"
2376:"New York Central College"
2288:"Hamilton Female Seminary"
2243:. New York: A. B. Burdick.
1823:Parks, Marlene K. (2017).
1763:R, G G. (August 2, 1848).
1626:"New York Central College"
1254:"New York Central College"
1048:President Ulysses S. Grant
1032:Charleston, South Carolina
999:, former slave, missionary
845:
466:
294:New York State Legislature
3501:Frederick Douglass' Paper
3008:Frederick Douglass' Paper
2382:. 6 May 1853. p. 2.
2201:"Central College, N.Y.".
2105:. First published in the
1395:Syracuse University Press
945:
921:New York Central Railroad
84:
76:
66:
56:
48:
38:
24:
4384:New York Central College
4285:
3812:, March 27, 1893, p. 6.
3544:"Green's Local Column".
2956:"George Thompson, M. P."
2647:"N.Y. Central College".
2292:Greene Chenango American
2068:"Cayuga Chief's Visit".
2026:Journal of Negro History
1062:George Breckenrith Davis
1016:U.S. Patent Commissioner
927:New York Central Academy
783:Hostility to the college
146:New York Central College
20:New York Central College
4105:Oberlin Alumni Magazine
4087:Oberlin Alumni Magazine
3892:Parks, vol. II, part 2.
3806:. Also appeared in the
3431:"One woman's influence"
3074:Cortland County Express
2817:Cortland County Express
2649:Cortland County Express
2620:Cortland County Express
2174:Cortland County Express
2070:Cortland County Express
1593:"Income of the surplus"
1419:"In Assembly, March 23"
997:Mahommah Gardo Baquaqua
896:, who lived nearby, in
719:Cortland County Express
654:Manual Labor Department
617:relatively few Blacks:
220:Founding of its college
4084:"Judson Smith, O.T.S."
4050:Enterprise-Chronicle (
4046:"Death of J. Q. Cowee"
3858:"Eldridge Eugene Fish"
3842:: CS1 maint: others (
3723:. Ph.D. dissertation,
3562:: CS1 maint: others (
3398:"Amalgamation college"
3382:: CS1 maint: others (
3289:: CS1 maint: others (
3256:: CS1 maint: others (
3128:: CS1 maint: others (
2960:The Anti-Slavery Bugle
2926:Buffalo Daily Republic
2906:: CS1 maint: others (
2831:"New York Legislature"
2685:. Bristol . p. 8.
2661:: CS1 maint: others (
2632:: CS1 maint: others (
2481:Personal recollections
2380:Buffalo Daily Republic
2360:: CS1 maint: others (
2272:: CS1 maint: others (
2260:Fayetteville, New York
2254:"Victor M. Kingsley".
2237:Goodwin, H. C (1859).
2219:: CS1 maint: others (
2186:: CS1 maint: others (
2119:: CS1 maint: others (
2086:: CS1 maint: others (
2001:: CS1 maint: others (
1770:New York Daily Tribune
1372:: CS1 maint: others (
1154:"Cyrus Pitt Grosvenor"
839:
636:Curriculum and faculty
387:
358:
290:
229:
4173:Charles Wells Moulton
3678:. State of New York.
3230:. Reprinted from the
2589:Newport, Rhode Island
1797:Grosvenor, Cyrus Pitt
1714:. Clippings from the
1670:. Clippings from the
1652:Fourth Annual Meeting
1326:Hall, Angelo (1908).
834:
382:
368:Summary by a graduate
332:
277:
227:
68:Religious affiliation
4102:"Judson Smith, D.D."
3830:newspaperarchive.com
3758:"Col. Daniel Lamont"
3584:. September 4, 1858.
3552:. September 5, 1860.
2836:Brooklyn Daily Eagle
2565:newspaperarchive.com
2312:newspaperarchive.com
1960:. November 2, 1849.
1543:newspaperarchive.com
1481:newspaperarchive.com
1006:Herman Ossian Armour
842:William Allen affair
753:The college's first
734:Free Mission Society
709:There were those in
680:, a graduate of the
657:'public speaking'".
650:agricultural science
531:Friendship, New York
244:Cyrus Pitt Grosvenor
210:New York Legislature
169:Cyrus Pitt Grosvenor
61:Cyrus Pitt Grosvenor
31:Main building, 1850.
4129:Birmingham, Alabama
4119:"Judson Smith dead"
3803:Wichita Daily Eagle
3768:South Bend, Indiana
3725:Columbia University
3654:CS1 maint: others (
3608:CS1 maint: others (
3203:CS1 maint: others (
3047:. 1862. p. 14.
3013:Rochester, New York
2787:McGrawville Express
2172:"Central College".
2101:"Indian Students".
1958:Baltimore, Maryland
1948:"Colored Professor"
1931:McGrawville Express
1902:McGrawville Express
1873:McGrawville Express
1858:McGrawville Express
1801:McGrawville Express
1742:CS1 maint: others (
1716:McGrawville Express
1698:CS1 maint: others (
1672:McGrawville Express
1527:Montpelier, Vermont
1465:Montpelier, Vermont
1356:McGrawville Express
1093:Martha B. O'Donnell
1036:U.S. Colored Troops
868:Decline and closure
686:George Boyer Vashon
646:Classical education
594:Bloomers (clothing)
561:George Boyer Vashon
488:George Boyer Vashon
128:42.5961°N 76.0931°W
124: /
21:
4278:Cornell University
4052:Burlingame, Kansas
3763:South Bend Tribune
3744:Cortland, New York
3628:Cortland, New York
3550:Cortland, New York
3366:Orleans Republican
2867:"Hunker Eloquence"
2618:"As We Expected".
2584:Newport Daily News
2348:Lockport, New York
2209:. January 1, 1852.
2207:Syracuse, New York
2203:Religious Recorder
1603:New York, New York
1297:Cornell University
1087:Henry Ward Beecher
888:The College faced
730:Madison University
704:William L. Chaplin
535:Hamilton, New York
518:Natural Philosophy
230:
177:Cornell University
148:, commonly called
19:
4225:Cortland Standard
3975:Salt Lake Tribune
3940:Concordia, Kansas
3915:978-0-8103-9177-2
3740:Cortland Standard
3643:Missing or empty
3624:Cortland Standard
3597:Missing or empty
3546:Republican Banner
3436:Los Angeles Times
3192:Missing or empty
2143:Buffalo, New York
2076:. March 12, 1850.
2021:Quarles, Benjamin
1731:Missing or empty
1687:Missing or empty
1427:Buffalo, New York
1223:Bristol, New York
1184:Brawley, Benjamin
1106:Anton Wilhelm Amo
1046:of Charleston by
1014:Edgar M. Marble,
955:Angeline Stickney
674:Charles L. Reason
514:Charles L. Reason
512:L. H. Waters and
486:(1852–1853), and
480:Charles L. Reason
378:Angeline Stickney
301:Charles L. Reason
143:
142:
133:42.5961; -76.0931
4451:
4358:
4357:. July 11, 1855.
4348:
4342:
4334:
4320:
4303:
4281:
4266:
4247:
4228:
4215:
4187:
4181:
4180:
4176:
4155:
4149:
4148:
4142:
4140:
4115:
4109:
4108:
4097:
4091:
4090:
4080:
4074:
4073:
4067:
4065:
4042:
4036:
4035:
4029:
4027:
4016:Elmira, New York
4002:
3996:
3995:
3989:
3987:
3970:"General Warner"
3966:
3960:
3959:
3953:
3951:
3935:Concordia Empire
3926:
3920:
3919:
3899:
3893:
3890:
3884:
3883:
3877:
3875:
3854:
3848:
3847:
3841:
3833:
3827:
3825:
3794:
3788:
3787:
3781:
3779:
3754:
3748:
3747:
3735:
3729:
3728:
3714:
3705:
3704:
3698:
3690:
3688:
3687:
3669:
3660:
3659:
3652:
3646:
3641:
3639:
3631:
3620:
3614:
3613:
3606:
3600:
3595:
3593:
3585:
3582:Oneida, New York
3574:
3568:
3567:
3561:
3553:
3541:
3535:
3534:
3512:
3506:
3505:
3492:
3486:
3485:
3463:
3457:
3456:
3450:
3448:
3426:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3415:
3394:
3388:
3387:
3381:
3373:
3370:Albion, New York
3361:
3355:
3354:
3348:
3346:
3334:New York Tribune
3325:
3319:
3318:
3301:
3295:
3294:
3288:
3280:
3268:
3262:
3261:
3255:
3247:
3245:
3243:
3218:
3209:
3208:
3201:
3195:
3190:
3188:
3180:
3173:
3167:
3164:
3158:
3157:
3149:New York Tribune
3140:
3134:
3133:
3127:
3119:
3111:
3105:
3104:
3096:New York Tribune
3087:
3078:
3077:
3069:
3063:
3062:
3056:
3048:
3045:Auburn, New York
3035:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3001:(May 20, 1852).
2995:
2989:
2988:
2982:
2980:
2952:
2946:
2945:
2939:
2937:
2918:
2912:
2911:
2905:
2897:
2887:
2881:
2880:
2863:
2857:
2856:
2850:
2848:
2827:
2821:
2820:
2812:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2802:
2791:McGraw, New York
2779:
2773:
2772:
2766:
2764:
2743:
2737:
2736:
2730:
2728:
2711:"Wm. L. Chaplin"
2707:
2701:
2700:
2694:
2686:
2676:
2667:
2666:
2660:
2652:
2644:
2638:
2637:
2631:
2623:
2615:
2609:
2608:
2602:
2600:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2562:
2560:
2539:
2533:
2532:
2526:
2524:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2475:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2462:
2451:Houma, Louisiana
2438:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2428:
2406:
2400:
2399:
2393:
2391:
2372:
2366:
2365:
2359:
2351:
2350:. April 5, 1880.
2339:
2333:
2332:
2322:
2316:
2315:
2309:
2307:
2296:Greene, New York
2284:
2278:
2277:
2271:
2263:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2234:
2225:
2224:
2218:
2210:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2185:
2177:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2156:
2154:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2118:
2110:
2098:
2092:
2091:
2085:
2077:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2013:
2007:
2006:
2000:
1992:
1989:Sabbath Recorder
1984:
1978:
1977:
1971:
1969:
1944:
1935:
1934:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1913:
1905:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1884:
1876:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1820:
1805:
1804:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1760:
1749:
1747:
1740:
1734:
1729:
1727:
1719:
1711:
1705:
1703:
1696:
1690:
1685:
1683:
1675:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1646:
1640:
1639:
1631:The National Era
1622:
1611:
1610:
1598:The Evening Post
1589:
1583:
1582:
1576:
1574:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1540:
1538:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1491:
1485:
1484:
1478:
1476:
1453:
1447:
1446:
1440:
1438:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1371:
1363:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1342:
1341:
1323:
1312:
1311:
1309:
1308:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1273:
1271:
1250:
1241:
1240:
1234:
1226:
1214:
1208:
1207:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1150:
1058:Ithaca, New York
1028:Benjamin Boseman
1010:Armour & Co.
1008:, co-founder of
940:Grover Cleveland
936:Daniel S. Lamont
854:William G. Allen
820:New York Tribune
815:Hamilton College
726:Hamilton College
682:Oneida Institute
678:William G. Allen
627:Benjamin Boseman
549:William G. Allen
499:Moral Philosophy
484:William G. Allen
434:Columbia College
412:Oneida Institute
406:College finances
376:and instructor,
318:William G. Allen
158:McGraw, New York
139:
138:
136:
135:
134:
129:
125:
122:
121:
120:
117:
29:
22:
18:
4459:
4458:
4454:
4453:
4452:
4450:
4449:
4448:
4374:
4373:
4365:
4351:
4336:
4335:
4331:Homer, New York
4323:
4313:
4310:
4308:Primary sources
4288:
4263:
4244:
4212:
4196:
4194:Further reading
4191:
4190:
4178:
4156:
4152:
4138:
4136:
4124:Birmingham News
4117:
4116:
4112:
4098:
4094:
4082:
4081:
4077:
4063:
4061:
4044:
4043:
4039:
4025:
4023:
4004:
4003:
3999:
3985:
3983:
3968:
3967:
3963:
3949:
3947:
3928:
3927:
3923:
3916:
3900:
3896:
3891:
3887:
3873:
3871:
3863:Buffalo Courier
3856:
3855:
3851:
3835:
3834:
3823:
3821:
3814:Wichita, Kansas
3796:
3795:
3791:
3777:
3775:
3756:
3755:
3751:
3736:
3732:
3715:
3708:
3692:
3691:
3685:
3683:
3670:
3663:
3653:
3644:
3642:
3633:
3632:
3622:
3621:
3617:
3607:
3598:
3596:
3587:
3586:
3576:
3575:
3571:
3555:
3554:
3543:
3542:
3538:
3531:
3513:
3509:
3494:
3493:
3489:
3482:
3464:
3460:
3446:
3444:
3427:
3423:
3413:
3411:
3396:
3395:
3391:
3375:
3374:
3372:. July 9, 1851.
3363:
3362:
3358:
3344:
3342:
3327:
3326:
3322:
3303:
3302:
3298:
3282:
3281:
3279:. July 3, 1851.
3277:Homer, New York
3270:
3269:
3265:
3249:
3248:
3241:
3239:
3232:Albany Register
3220:
3219:
3212:
3202:
3193:
3191:
3182:
3181:
3175:
3174:
3170:
3165:
3161:
3142:
3141:
3137:
3121:
3120:
3113:
3112:
3108:
3089:
3088:
3081:
3070:
3066:
3050:
3049:
3037:
3036:
3032:
3022:
3020:
2996:
2992:
2978:
2976:
2954:
2953:
2949:
2935:
2933:
2920:
2919:
2915:
2899:
2898:
2889:
2888:
2884:
2865:
2864:
2860:
2846:
2844:
2829:
2828:
2824:
2813:
2809:
2800:
2798:
2781:
2780:
2776:
2762:
2760:
2745:
2744:
2740:
2726:
2724:
2709:
2708:
2704:
2688:
2687:
2677:
2670:
2654:
2653:
2646:
2645:
2641:
2625:
2624:
2617:
2616:
2612:
2598:
2596:
2577:
2576:
2572:
2558:
2556:
2541:
2540:
2536:
2522:
2520:
2505:
2504:
2500:
2491:
2489:
2476:
2469:
2460:
2458:
2439:
2435:
2426:
2424:
2407:
2403:
2389:
2387:
2374:
2373:
2369:
2353:
2352:
2341:
2340:
2336:
2323:
2319:
2305:
2303:
2286:
2285:
2281:
2265:
2264:
2256:Weekly Recorder
2253:
2252:
2248:
2235:
2228:
2212:
2211:
2200:
2199:
2195:
2179:
2178:
2171:
2170:
2166:
2152:
2150:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2112:
2111:
2100:
2099:
2095:
2079:
2078:
2067:
2066:
2062:
2039:10.2307/2715186
2014:
2010:
1994:
1993:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1967:
1965:
1946:
1945:
1938:
1927:
1923:
1907:
1906:
1898:
1894:
1878:
1877:
1869:
1865:
1854:
1850:
1835:
1821:
1808:
1794:
1790:
1780:
1778:
1761:
1752:
1741:
1732:
1730:
1721:
1720:
1713:
1712:
1708:
1697:
1688:
1686:
1677:
1676:
1669:
1668:
1664:
1657:Utica, New York
1647:
1643:
1624:
1623:
1614:
1591:
1590:
1586:
1572:
1570:
1555:
1554:
1550:
1536:
1534:
1517:
1516:
1512:
1493:
1492:
1488:
1474:
1472:
1455:
1454:
1450:
1436:
1434:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1405:
1385:
1381:
1365:
1364:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1339:
1337:
1324:
1315:
1306:
1304:
1287:
1283:
1269:
1267:
1252:
1251:
1244:
1228:
1227:
1215:
1211:
1204:
1181:
1177:
1167:
1165:
1152:
1151:
1140:
1135:
1102:
1030:, physician in
948:
929:
870:
850:
844:
785:
773:
670:Native American
638:
614:
469:
408:
392:
370:
331:
314:
286:
285:
240:Perry, New York
222:
194:
189:
154:Central College
132:
130:
126:
123:
118:
115:
113:
111:
110:
109:
108:
104:
100:
96:
94:Cortland County
69:
41:
34:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4457:
4447:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4372:
4371:
4364:
4363:External links
4361:
4360:
4359:
4349:
4321:
4309:
4306:
4305:
4304:
4287:
4284:
4283:
4282:
4267:
4261:
4248:
4242:
4229:
4216:
4210:
4195:
4192:
4189:
4188:
4175:. p. 544.
4150:
4145:newspapers.com
4110:
4092:
4075:
4070:newspapers.com
4037:
4032:newspapers.com
3997:
3992:newspapers.com
3961:
3956:newspapers.com
3930:"A. J. Warner"
3921:
3914:
3894:
3885:
3880:newspapers.com
3849:
3789:
3784:newspapers.com
3749:
3730:
3706:
3661:
3615:
3569:
3536:
3529:
3507:
3487:
3480:
3458:
3453:newspapers.com
3439:. p. 41.
3421:
3389:
3356:
3351:newspapers.com
3320:
3315:newspapers.com
3296:
3271:"(Untitled)".
3263:
3210:
3168:
3159:
3154:newspapers.com
3135:
3106:
3101:newspapers.com
3079:
3064:
3030:
2990:
2985:newspapers.com
2947:
2942:newspapers.com
2913:
2882:
2877:newspapers.com
2858:
2853:newspapers.com
2822:
2807:
2774:
2769:newspapers.com
2738:
2733:newspapers.com
2702:
2668:
2639:
2610:
2605:newspapers.com
2579:"By Telegraph"
2570:
2534:
2529:newspapers.com
2498:
2478:Place, Frank,
2467:
2433:
2401:
2396:newspapers.com
2367:
2334:
2317:
2279:
2246:
2226:
2193:
2164:
2159:newspapers.com
2126:
2093:
2060:
2008:
1979:
1974:newspapers.com
1936:
1921:
1892:
1863:
1848:
1834:978-1548505752
1833:
1806:
1788:
1750:
1706:
1662:
1641:
1636:newspapers.com
1612:
1607:newspapers.com
1584:
1579:newspapers.com
1548:
1510:
1505:newspapers.com
1486:
1448:
1443:newspapers.com
1410:
1403:
1379:
1346:
1313:
1281:
1276:newspapers.com
1242:
1209:
1202:
1175:
1137:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1129:
1122:Storer College
1119:
1113:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1096:
1090:
1083:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1054:
1051:
1025:
1022:Grace A. Mapps
1019:
1012:
1003:
1000:
994:
988:
978:
947:
944:
928:
925:
902:his connection
869:
866:
846:Main article:
843:
840:
806:] worse."
784:
781:
772:
769:
637:
634:
613:
610:
609:
608:
600:
597:
582:
573:abolitionists
570:
567:
564:
557:belles lettres
546:
539:
538:
527:
524:
521:
510:
468:
465:
407:
404:
391:
388:
369:
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54:
53:
50:
46:
45:
42:
39:
36:
35:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4456:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4381:
4379:
4370:
4367:
4366:
4356:
4355:
4350:
4346:
4340:
4332:
4328:
4327:
4322:
4318:
4317:
4312:
4311:
4301:
4297:
4296:
4290:
4289:
4279:
4275:
4274:
4268:
4264:
4262:9781548505752
4258:
4254:
4249:
4245:
4243:9781517478124
4239:
4235:
4230:
4226:
4222:
4217:
4213:
4211:9781729614884
4207:
4203:
4198:
4197:
4185:
4184:public domain
4174:
4170:
4169:
4164:
4160:
4154:
4146:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4125:
4120:
4114:
4106:
4103:
4096:
4088:
4085:
4079:
4071:
4059:
4055:
4053:
4047:
4041:
4033:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4012:
4007:
4001:
3993:
3981:
3977:
3976:
3971:
3965:
3957:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3936:
3931:
3925:
3917:
3911:
3907:
3906:
3898:
3889:
3881:
3869:
3865:
3864:
3859:
3853:
3845:
3839:
3831:
3824:September 25,
3819:
3815:
3811:
3810:
3809:Roanoke Times
3805:
3804:
3799:
3793:
3785:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3764:
3759:
3753:
3746:. p. 12.
3745:
3741:
3734:
3726:
3722:
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3611:
3604:
3591:
3583:
3579:
3578:Oneida Sachem
3573:
3565:
3559:
3551:
3547:
3540:
3532:
3530:9781555535452
3526:
3522:
3518:
3511:
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3497:
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3483:
3481:9781517478124
3477:
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3454:
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3432:
3425:
3414:September 27,
3409:
3405:
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3403:Baltimore Sun
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3273:Cortland Whig
3267:
3259:
3253:
3242:September 27,
3237:
3233:
3229:
3228:
3227:The Liberator
3223:
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3206:
3199:
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3054:
3046:
3042:
3041:
3034:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3009:
3004:
3000:
2999:Allen, Wm. G.
2994:
2986:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2961:
2957:
2951:
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2931:
2927:
2923:
2917:
2909:
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2895:
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2893:New York Post
2886:
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2874:
2873:
2872:The Liberator
2868:
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2854:
2842:
2838:
2837:
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2826:
2818:
2811:
2796:
2792:
2788:
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2770:
2758:
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2752:The Liberator
2748:
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2716:The Liberator
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2566:
2559:September 14,
2554:
2550:
2549:
2544:
2538:
2530:
2518:
2514:
2513:
2512:The Liberator
2508:
2502:
2487:
2483:
2482:
2474:
2472:
2456:
2453:. p. 1.
2452:
2448:
2444:
2437:
2422:
2418:
2417:
2412:
2405:
2397:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2371:
2363:
2357:
2349:
2345:
2344:Daily Journal
2338:
2330:
2329:
2321:
2313:
2306:September 25,
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2283:
2275:
2269:
2262:. March 1897.
2261:
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2250:
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2241:
2233:
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2189:
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2148:
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2107:Auburn Wigwam
2104:
2097:
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2064:
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2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
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2028:
2027:
2022:
2019:(Oct 1942) .
2018:
2017:Allen, Wm. G.
2012:
2004:
1998:
1990:
1983:
1975:
1968:September 23,
1963:
1959:
1955:
1954:
1953:Baltimore Sun
1949:
1943:
1941:
1932:
1925:
1917:
1911:
1903:
1896:
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1781:September 13,
1776:
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1757:
1755:
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1738:
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1710:
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1681:
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1659:. p. 18.
1658:
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1627:
1621:
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1573:September 21,
1568:
1564:
1563:
1562:The Liberator
1558:
1552:
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1537:September 13,
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
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1500:The Liberator
1496:
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1475:September 13,
1470:
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1444:
1437:September 20,
1432:
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1404:9780815623700
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1270:September 27,
1265:
1261:
1260:
1259:The Liberator
1255:
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991:Edmonia Lewis
989:
986:
985:moons of Mars
982:
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963:mathematician
960:
956:
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943:
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865:
863:
859:
858:New York City
855:
849:
838:
833:
830:
828:
827:
826:Baltimore Sun
821:
816:
812:
811:Union College
807:
805:
804:
799:
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791:
780:
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765:normal school
761:
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756:
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740:Samuel J. May
737:
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623:Edmonia Lewis
620:
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511:
508:
504:
500:
496:
495:
494:
491:
490:(1853–1859).
489:
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482:(1849-1852),
481:
476:
473:
464:
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458:
457:Noyes Academy
453:
449:
447:
441:
437:
435:
431:
430:Union College
427:
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214:Oneida County
211:
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180:
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170:
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160:, in 1848 by
159:
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152:, and simply
151:
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4122:
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4049:
4040:
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4011:Star-Gazette
4009:
4000:
3990:– via
3984:. Retrieved
3973:
3964:
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3948:. Retrieved
3933:
3924:
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3861:
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3822:. Retrieved
3807:
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3761:
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3684:. Retrieved
3674:
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3401:
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3332:
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3310:Evening Post
3308:
3299:
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3266:
3240:. Retrieved
3231:
3225:
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3177:Albany Argus
3176:
3171:
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3033:
3021:. Retrieved
3006:
2993:
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2965:Lisbon, Ohio
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2925:
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2916:
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2834:
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2786:
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2750:
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2714:
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2548:National Era
2546:
2537:
2527:– via
2521:. Retrieved
2510:
2501:
2492:December 24,
2490:, retrieved
2480:
2459:. Retrieved
2446:
2436:
2425:. Retrieved
2416:National Era
2414:
2404:
2394:– via
2388:. Retrieved
2379:
2370:
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2327:
2320:
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2304:. Retrieved
2291:
2282:
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2202:
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2167:
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2139:The Advocate
2138:
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2129:
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2102:
2096:
2074:Cayuga Chief
2073:
2069:
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2011:
1988:
1982:
1972:– via
1966:. Retrieved
1951:
1930:
1924:
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1800:
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1779:. Retrieved
1768:
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1460:
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1422:
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1328:
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1291:
1284:
1274:– via
1268:. Retrieved
1257:
1225:. p. 3.
1218:
1212:
1188:
1178:
1168:November 28,
1166:. Retrieved
1158:Morning Star
1157:
1077:Judson Smith
1042:. Appointed
949:
934:
930:
918:
910:
894:Gerrit Smith
887:
884:
881:
874:
871:
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718:
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701:
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694:
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659:
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631:
615:
605:tuberculosis
579:Gerrit Smith
575:Beriah Green
540:
503:epistemology
492:
477:
474:
470:
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450:
442:
438:
423:
419:Gerrit Smith
416:
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393:
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322:Gerrit Smith
315:
306:Gerrit Smith
298:
291:
278:
274:
270:Manual labor
267:
263:
252:
235:National Era
234:
231:
206:Gerrit Smith
195:
192:Abolitionism
181:
173:
162:abolitionist
153:
149:
145:
144:
3472:CreateSpace
2447:Houma Ceres
1116:Juan Latino
957:, teacher,
798:Anglo-Saxon
648:as well as
248:cornerstone
131: /
4378:Categories
3686:2020-07-30
3519:. Boston:
2801:2020-09-21
2461:2021-01-05
2427:2020-10-05
1843:1035557718
1340:2020-05-15
1307:2020-07-30
1203:0836902467
1133:References
1081:missionary
1044:postmaster
993:, sculptor
981:Asaph Hall
967:Asaph Hall
959:suffragist
890:bankruptcy
771:Facilities
699:students.
642:curriculum
629:, others.
426:subvention
119:76°05′35″W
116:42°35′46″N
40:Other name
4339:cite book
3838:cite news
3695:cite book
3636:cite news
3590:cite news
3558:cite news
3378:cite news
3285:cite news
3252:cite news
3185:cite news
3124:cite news
3053:cite book
2902:cite news
2691:cite book
2657:cite news
2628:cite news
2356:cite news
2268:cite news
2215:cite news
2182:cite news
2115:cite news
2082:cite news
2055:150293241
1997:cite news
1910:cite news
1881:cite news
1724:cite news
1680:cite news
1368:cite news
1231:cite book
1018:, 1880–83
898:Peterboro
715:Rochester
644:included
320:wrote to
52:1849–1860
4300:Archived
4133:Archived
4058:Archived
4020:Archived
3980:Archived
3944:Archived
3868:Archived
3818:Archived
3778:July 25,
3772:Archived
3680:Archived
3441:Archived
3408:Archived
3345:June 11,
3339:Archived
3236:Archived
3017:Archived
2973:Archived
2936:23 April
2930:Archived
2847:June 10,
2841:Archived
2795:Archived
2757:Archived
2727:June 20,
2721:Archived
2593:Archived
2553:Archived
2523:July 25,
2517:Archived
2486:archived
2455:Archived
2421:Archived
2384:Archived
2300:Archived
2153:June 11,
2147:Archived
1962:Archived
1775:Archived
1567:Archived
1531:Archived
1469:Archived
1431:Archived
1334:Archived
1301:Archived
1264:Archived
1186:(1976).
1162:Archived
1100:See also
971:Stickney
913:smallpox
711:Syracuse
619:Baquaqua
612:Students
553:rhetoric
459:and the
362:Onondaga
353:Onondaga
345:Baquaqua
282:reticule
165:Baptists
99:New York
85:Location
77:Students
4333:. 1853.
4319:. 1850.
4139:26 July
4064:26 July
4026:26 July
3986:July 4,
3950:July 4,
3447:26 July
3023:May 16,
2979:July 4,
2763:July 4,
2599:July 3,
2047:2715186
862:fiancée
690:Oberlin
666:founded
662:Oberlin
467:Faculty
351:of the
341:mulatto
337:Express
255:Oberlin
167:led by
80:100–200
72:Baptist
57:Founder
4259:
4240:
4208:
3912:
3874:16 May
3527:
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2390:16 May
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961:, and
946:Alumni
794:Japeth
777:matron
728:, and
555:, and
507:ethics
374:alumna
259:Oneida
253:While
90:McGraw
49:Active
4286:Video
2051:S2CID
2043:JSTOR
1124:, in
1110:Ghana
1060:(not
904:with
592:(see
588:at a
586:skirt
349:squaw
103:13101
4345:link
4257:ISBN
4238:ISBN
4206:ISBN
4141:2020
4066:2020
4028:2020
3988:2020
3952:2020
3910:ISBN
3876:2020
3844:link
3826:2020
3780:2019
3701:link
3656:link
3649:help
3610:link
3603:help
3564:link
3525:ISBN
3476:ISBN
3449:2020
3416:2020
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3347:2019
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3244:2020
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3198:help
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3025:2020
2981:2020
2938:2020
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2765:2020
2729:2021
2697:link
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2525:2019
2494:2018
2392:2020
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2308:2020
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1970:2020
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1839:OCLC
1829:ISBN
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1575:2020
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1477:2020
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1272:2020
1237:link
1198:ISBN
1170:2010
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