43:
361:
268:
1138:
395:. Ngarinyin is found at the centre of the region, and the other Aboriginal languages in the area face similar levels of endangerment. Ngarinyin was previously one of the most prevalent of the Aboriginal languages in Northern Kimberley, but it has since become a language known only by a small number of the elderly.
409:
Ngarinyin places great emphasis on the classification of family members and is similar to the neighbouring
Aboriginal languages of Worrorra and Wunambal to the point of being virtually identical, though it is still considered unusual among those that study
351:
According to Rumsey, Ngarinyin may be applied to either the language or the people who speak it, whereas
Ungarinyin only refers to the language. McGregor reported that "Ngarinyin has been chosen as the preferred language name" by the community.
3401:
1062:
McConvell, P., Keen, I., & Henderey, R. (2013). 7. The
Evolution of Yolngu and Ngarinyin Kinship Terminologies. In, Kinship Systems: Change and Reconstruction (132). University of Utah Press.
376:
language, though there are efforts being made to documenting speech and grammar structures before it becomes extinct, including the specifics on the terms of the kinship system of the language.
835:
820:
725:
209:
414:
of
Aboriginal languages. One of the most noticeable features of this system is the use of identical terms given to kin usually separated by generation level. For instance, the titles
1170:
1163:
383:, and other local languages are found in the surrounding region instead due to the small population of Ngarinyin speakers, including the
401:
is often used by younger generations instead of
Ngarinyin, though some knowledge of the language is still retained by these people.
1156:
696:
3406:
344:
lists Guwidj (Orla), Waladja (Worla), Ngarnawu, Andadjin, Munumburru, Wolyamidi, and
Waladjangarri (Waladjangari) as dialects.
3078:
1129:
796:
3230:
3190:
1319:
1277:
3058:
3274:
3118:
2098:
2054:
1380:
1179:
298:
1112:
3183:
3145:
1353:
3269:
3256:
3136:
302:
3396:
3034:
2506:
1859:
1437:
998:
Capell, A. (1 January 1972). "The
Languages of the Northern Kimberley, W. A.: Some Structural Principles".
254:
847:
740:
671:
662:
646:
641:
625:
620:
615:
601:
596:
591:
586:
581:
569:
564:
559:
554:
549:
499:
487:
482:
470:
465:
3264:
3170:
3093:
3009:
2728:
2183:
804:
3235:
3072:
2061:
2005:
1192:
3083:
398:
873:
3107:
2922:
1739:
1639:
1619:
1579:
1466:
1451:
1329:
1254:
1053:
899:
Capell, Arthur (1 May 2017). "The
Classification of Languages in North and North-West Australia".
3355:
2715:
2530:
2305:
1918:
1324:
1148:
2723:
2692:
2659:
2626:
2354:
1890:
1759:
1443:
1216:
1121:
369:
3279:
3367:
1834:
1827:
1815:
1670:
1646:
2211:
3349:
3224:
3101:
3048:
2892:
2828:
2682:
2677:
2649:
2644:
2636:
2403:
2193:
1784:
1288:
1282:
831:
816:
721:
245:
239:
233:
227:
221:
215:
8:
3307:
3066:
3042:
2998:
2927:
2861:
2851:
2667:
2613:
2590:
2476:
2348:
2333:
2311:
2254:
2237:
1948:
1925:
1676:
1590:
1416:
1314:
1237:
1226:
1221:
1183:
527:
384:
322:
295:
273:
98:
3017:
2823:
2810:
2773:
2621:
2580:
2559:
2423:
2338:
2206:
2172:
2141:
2130:
2067:
2049:
2021:
1897:
1683:
1606:
1562:
1422:
1409:
1260:
1092:
1088:
1038:
1015:
1011:
976:
972:
916:
912:
768:
522:
517:
411:
380:
341:
1881:
1075:
Scheffler, H. W. (1 January 1984). "Meaning and Use in
Ngarinyin Kin Classification".
201:
3199:
3112:
2983:
2963:
2907:
2881:
2869:
2838:
2783:
2700:
2585:
2543:
2409:
2382:
2369:
2289:
2152:
2112:
2081:
2076:
2010:
2000:
1731:
1724:
1718:
1691:
1613:
1555:
1489:
1457:
1429:
1295:
1125:
772:
760:
608:
532:
392:
388:
373:
330:
326:
306:
56:
741:"The sociocultural dynamics of indigenous multilingualism in northwestern Australia"
3177:
3154:
2958:
2796:
2791:
2768:
2760:
2750:
2742:
2672:
2515:
2492:
2438:
2387:
2373:
2316:
2216:
2201:
2135:
1976:
1970:
1961:
1934:
1796:
1772:
1745:
1599:
1520:
1513:
1084:
1007:
968:
908:
752:
634:
756:
3289:
3023:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2846:
2520:
2343:
2284:
2278:
2166:
2160:
2120:
1941:
1911:
1904:
1808:
1752:
1653:
1570:
1529:
1477:
1404:
1399:
1386:
1372:
1268:
1231:
537:
337:
90:
259:
3302:
3297:
2912:
2604:
2564:
2471:
2443:
2248:
2242:
2232:
2030:
2015:
1852:
1547:
1359:
1049:
544:
148:
1142:
3390:
3344:
3316:
2988:
2818:
2705:
2453:
2448:
1540:
1501:
1392:
764:
345:
2917:
155:
47:
Worrorran languages (purple), among other non-Pama-Nyungan languages (grey)
959:
Rumsey, Alan (1 January 1981). "Kinship and
Context among the Ngarinyin".
934:
184:
177:
3339:
448:
1096:
1019:
980:
920:
3361:
576:
460:
453:
42:
3312:
3205:
836:
Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
821:
Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
726:
Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
657:
494:
477:
368:
With only 38 people recorded as speaking the language at home in the
310:
194:
168:
66:
3322:
3241:
840:
360:
3163:
1178:
372:, Ngarinyin is considered a critically endangered and currently
1141:
Text may be copied from this source, which is available under a
1068:
An intra-sentence grammar of Ungarinjin, north-western Australia
267:
3402:
Endangered indigenous Australian languages in Western Australia
694:
834:
Waladjangari at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database,
2124:
1137:
70:
16:
Aboriginal Australian language of northern Western Australia
724:
Ngarinyin at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database,
819:
Ngarnawu at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database,
1044:. Canberra: Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies.
1114:
Worrorra: a language of the north-west Kimberley coast
340:, and may be considered more than a single language;
874:"Census 2016, Language spoken at home by Sex (SA2+)"
1035:
379:Ngarinyin is found only within the local region of
1055:Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development
1037:
1026:
3388:
728: (see the info box for additional links)
1164:
801:Anggarrgoon: Australian languages on the web
797:How Many Languages Were Spoken in Australia?
348:(2011) lists Ngarinyin, Andajin, and Worla.
316:
848:"Master List of Australian Languages, v1.2"
1171:
1157:
1143:Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
266:
41:
1074:
717:
715:
713:
1058:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1036:Coate, H. H. J.; Oates, Lynette (1970).
1031:. Sydney: Oceania Linguistic Monographs.
791:
789:
695:Australian Bureau of Statistics (2021).
359:
1110:
426:in English all share the same title of
3389:
1065:
1027:Coate, H. H. J.; Elkin, A. P. (1974).
997:
958:
898:
738:
710:
1152:
1048:
786:
731:
13:
1104:
1089:10.1002/j.1834-4461.1984.tb02060.x
1012:10.1002/j.1834-4461.1972.tb01196.x
973:10.1002/j.1834-4461.1981.tb01448.x
913:10.1002/j.1834-4461.1940.tb00292.x
14:
3418:
1136:
1070:. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
404:
3275:South Australian Pidgin English
952:
927:
852:Historical and Pama-Nyungan Lab
892:
866:
825:
810:
688:
364:Sign in the Ngarinjin language
299:Australian Aboriginal language
1:
3407:Kimberley (Western Australia)
3270:Broome Pearling Lugger Pidgin
757:10.1016/j.langcom.2018.04.011
507:
381:Northern Kimberley, Australia
2645:Malak-Malak (Nguluk Wanggar)
1029:Ngarinjin-English Dictionary
745:Language & Communication
697:"Cultural diversity: Census"
433:
7:
3265:Port Jackson Pidgin English
2627:Pungu Pungu (Kandjerramalh)
10:
3423:
2404:Kungarakany (KoongurrukuƱ)
991:
3332:
3288:
3255:
3215:
3153:
3144:
3131:
3092:
3057:
3033:
3008:
2997:
2976:
2936:
2900:
2891:
2860:
2837:
2809:
2782:
2759:
2741:
2714:
2691:
2658:
2635:
2612:
2603:
2573:
2552:
2539:
2529:
2505:
2485:
2465:Eastern (Goulburn Island)
2464:
2431:
2422:
2396:
2368:
2326:
2298:
2271:
2264:
2225:
2192:
2182:
2151:
2111:
2094:
2039:
1993:
1960:
1880:
1873:
1847:
1828:Wilson River (Wangkumara)
1771:
1711:
1704:
1663:
1632:YimidhirrāYalanjiāYidinic
1631:
1589:
1476:
1371:
1349:
1342:
1307:
1247:
1209:
1202:
1191:
498:
438:
317:Classification and naming
265:
253:
208:
192:
166:
161:
145:
112:
87:
77:
62:
52:
40:
33:
28:
23:
2701:Matngele (Werret/Dakayu)
2175:(Kurnindirri, southwest)
681:
355:
321:Ngarinyin is one of the
286:language, also known as
2544:Gulumoerrgin (Larrakia)
1278:Central New South Wales
795:Bowern, Claire. 2011. "
3024:Southwestern Tasmanian
3018:Northwestern Tasmanian
2308:(Kunwinjku, Gunwinggu)
2138:(Ganggalida, Nyangga)
1122:University of Adelaide
1111:Clendon, Mark (2014).
1040:A Grammar of Ngarinjin
424:wife's father's father
370:2016 Australian census
365:
181: ā Ngarinyin
2622:Batjamalh (Wadjiginy)
2614:Wagaydyic (Anson Bay)
2605:Daly River Sprachbund
1835:Bulloo River (Galali)
1354:Western Torres Strait
1180:Australian Aboriginal
803:, December 23, 2011 (
739:Rumsey, Alan (2018).
363:
249: Worla (Waladja)
225: Guwidj (Orla),
83:59 (2021 census)
3225:Torres Strait Creole
3137:Aboriginal Englishes
2901:Western (Nyulnyulic)
1797:ArabanaāWangkangurru
1269:Anewan (Nganyaywana)
878:stat.data.abs.gov.au
188: ā Andajin
3397:Worrorran languages
3162:Roper River Kriol (
3113:Southeast Tasmanian
3002:family-level groups
1248:New South Wales PāN
1066:Rumsey, A. (1982).
385:Worrorran languages
323:Worrorran languages
274:Worrorran languages
3079:Lhotsky/Blackhouse
3043:Northern Tasmanian
2265:Gunwinyguan proper
2099:Proto-PamaāNyungan
1962:Ngarna/Warluwarric
1712:ArandicāThuraāYura
1536:GuwaāYanda ?
366:
342:Robert M. W. Dixon
331:(Western) Worrowan
3384:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3251:
3250:
3200:Mornington Island
3176:Kimberley Kriol (
3127:
3126:
3073:Tyerrernotepanner
2972:
2971:
2805:
2804:
2737:
2736:
2599:
2598:
2501:
2500:
2432:Central (Warrkbi)
2418:
2417:
2364:
2363:
2184:Macro-Gunwinyguan
2107:
2106:
2090:
2089:
2055:KanyaraāMantharta
1869:
1868:
1780:Northern (Palku)
1700:
1699:
1514:BidyaraāGungabula
1338:
1337:
1131:978-1-922064-59-2
854:. 6 February 2012
807:February 6, 2012)
679:
678:
505:
504:
307:Western Australia
292:Eastern Worrorran
280:
279:
237: Wolyamidi,
231: Munumburu,
219: Ngarinyin,
57:Western Australia
29:Eastern Worrorran
3414:
3231:Cape York Creole
3189:Westside Kriol (
3155:Australian Kriol
3151:
3150:
3142:
3141:
3006:
3005:
2937:Eastern (Dyukun)
2898:
2897:
2757:
2756:
2610:
2609:
2553:LimilnganāWulna?
2537:
2536:
2429:
2428:
2269:
2268:
2190:
2189:
1878:
1877:
1709:
1708:
1640:Guugu Yimidihirr
1347:
1346:
1207:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1173:
1166:
1159:
1150:
1149:
1140:
1135:
1119:
1100:
1071:
1059:
1045:
1043:
1032:
1023:
985:
984:
956:
950:
949:
947:
945:
931:
925:
924:
896:
890:
889:
887:
885:
870:
864:
863:
861:
859:
844:
838:
829:
823:
814:
808:
793:
784:
783:
781:
779:
735:
729:
719:
708:
707:
705:
703:
692:
673:
664:
648:
643:
627:
622:
617:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
571:
566:
561:
556:
551:
512:
511:
501:
489:
484:
472:
467:
443:
442:
270:
248:
242:
236:
230:
224:
218:
204:
187:
180:
171:
151:
93:
45:
21:
20:
3422:
3421:
3417:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3412:
3411:
3387:
3386:
3385:
3376:
3328:
3290:Mixed languages
3284:
3280:Pidgin Ngarluma
3247:
3217:
3211:
3169:Bamyili Kriol (
3135:
3133:
3132:New Indigenous
3123:
3108:Little Swanport
3088:
3075:(North Midland)
3053:
3029:
3026:(Toogee) ?
3001:
2993:
2968:
2932:
2923:Djabirr-Djabirr
2887:
2856:
2833:
2801:
2778:
2755:
2733:
2729:Nganāgityemerri
2710:
2687:
2654:
2631:
2595:
2569:
2548:
2525:
2497:
2481:
2460:
2414:
2392:
2360:
2357:(Enindhilyagwa)
2322:
2294:
2260:
2221:
2178:
2163:(Garrwa, north)
2147:
2103:
2086:
2035:
1989:
1956:
1865:
1843:
1767:
1696:
1659:
1627:
1585:
1472:
1467:Flinders Island
1438:Southwest Paman
1367:
1334:
1303:
1243:
1195:
1187:
1177:
1132:
1117:
1107:
1105:Further reading
1050:Dixon, R. M. W.
994:
989:
988:
957:
953:
943:
941:
933:
932:
928:
897:
893:
883:
881:
872:
871:
867:
857:
855:
846:
845:
841:
830:
826:
815:
811:
794:
787:
777:
775:
736:
732:
720:
711:
701:
699:
693:
689:
684:
510:
441:
436:
412:kinship systems
407:
358:
338:dialect cluster
336:It is itself a
319:
276:
244:
243: Andajin,
238:
232:
226:
220:
214:
200:
183:
182:
176:
175:
167:
152:
147:
133:Worla (Waladja)
108:
94:
91:Language family
89:
80:
79:Native speakers
73:(Waladjangarri)
48:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3420:
3410:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3382:
3381:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3374:
3373:Murdi Language
3371:
3365:
3359:
3353:
3347:
3342:
3336:
3334:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3326:
3320:
3310:
3305:
3303:Gurindji Kriol
3300:
3298:Light Warlpiri
3294:
3292:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3261:
3259:
3253:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3245:
3239:
3236:Lockhart River
3233:
3228:
3221:
3219:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3209:
3203:
3197:
3194:
3191:Victoria River
3187:
3181:
3178:Fitzroy Valley
3174:
3167:
3159:
3157:
3148:
3139:
3134:languages and
3129:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3121:
3116:
3110:
3105:
3098:
3096:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3070:
3069:(Northeastern)
3063:
3061:
3055:
3054:
3052:
3051:
3046:
3039:
3037:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3027:
3021:
3014:
3012:
3003:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2991:
2986:
2980:
2978:
2974:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2940:
2938:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2904:
2902:
2895:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2885:
2879:
2873:
2866:
2864:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2854:
2849:
2843:
2841:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2815:
2813:
2807:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2799:
2794:
2788:
2786:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2776:
2771:
2765:
2763:
2754:
2753:
2747:
2745:
2739:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2731:
2726:
2720:
2718:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2708:
2703:
2697:
2695:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2685:
2683:Marramaninjsji
2680:
2675:
2670:
2664:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2652:
2647:
2641:
2639:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2629:
2624:
2618:
2616:
2607:
2601:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2577:
2575:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2567:
2562:
2556:
2554:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2540:
2534:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2523:
2518:
2512:
2510:
2507:MarrkuāWurrugu
2503:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2495:
2489:
2487:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2479:
2474:
2468:
2466:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2458:
2457:
2456:
2451:
2441:
2435:
2433:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2412:
2407:
2400:
2398:
2397:Other isolates
2394:
2393:
2391:
2390:
2385:
2379:
2377:
2366:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2358:
2352:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2330:
2328:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2320:
2314:
2309:
2302:
2300:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2275:
2273:
2266:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2258:
2252:
2246:
2240:
2235:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2198:
2196:
2187:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2176:
2170:
2169:(Wanji, south)
2164:
2157:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2145:
2139:
2133:
2128:
2117:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2101:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2073:
2072:
2059:
2058:
2057:
2052:
2043:
2041:
2040:South-West PāN
2037:
2036:
2034:
2033:
2028:
2027:
2026:
2018:
2013:
2003:
1997:
1995:
1994:Desert Nyungic
1991:
1990:
1988:
1987:
1986:
1985:
1982:
1974:
1966:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1938:
1931:
1930:
1929:
1922:
1912:DhuwalāDhuwala
1908:
1901:
1894:
1886:
1884:
1875:
1871:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1863:
1856:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1841:
1840:
1839:
1831:
1821:
1820:
1819:
1812:
1802:
1801:
1800:
1790:
1789:
1788:
1777:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1765:
1764:
1763:
1756:
1749:
1737:
1736:
1735:
1728:
1715:
1713:
1706:
1702:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1694:
1689:
1688:
1687:
1680:
1667:
1665:
1661:
1660:
1658:
1657:
1650:
1643:
1635:
1633:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1625:
1624:
1623:
1620:Lower Burdekin
1610:
1603:
1595:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1583:
1580:Lower Burdekin
1577:
1576:
1575:
1567:
1553:
1552:
1551:
1544:
1534:
1526:
1525:
1524:
1517:
1507:
1506:
1505:
1495:
1494:
1493:
1482:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1470:
1463:
1462:
1461:
1452:Southern Paman
1449:
1448:
1447:
1435:
1434:
1433:
1430:Mbarrumbathama
1426:
1414:
1413:
1412:
1407:
1397:
1396:
1395:
1390:
1381:Northern Paman
1377:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1366:
1365:
1364:
1363:
1360:Kalaw Lagaw Ya
1350:
1344:
1340:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1333:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1311:
1309:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1301:
1300:
1299:
1292:
1285:
1275:
1274:
1273:
1265:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1244:
1242:
1241:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1213:
1211:
1204:
1197:
1189:
1188:
1176:
1175:
1168:
1161:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1130:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1101:
1083:(4): 310ā322.
1072:
1063:
1060:
1046:
1033:
1024:
993:
990:
987:
986:
967:(3): 181ā192.
951:
926:
907:(3): 241ā272.
891:
865:
839:
824:
809:
785:
730:
709:
686:
685:
683:
680:
677:
676:
674:
669:
667:
665:
660:
654:
653:
651:
649:
644:
639:
637:
631:
630:
628:
623:
618:
613:
611:
605:
604:
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
573:
572:
567:
562:
557:
552:
547:
541:
540:
535:
530:
525:
520:
515:
509:
506:
503:
502:
497:
491:
490:
485:
480:
474:
473:
468:
463:
457:
456:
451:
446:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:in Ngarinyin.
416:wife's brother
406:
403:
357:
354:
318:
315:
309:spoken by the
278:
277:
271:
263:
262:
257:
251:
250:
212:
206:
205:
198:
190:
189:
172:
164:
163:
162:Language codes
159:
158:
153:
149:Writing system
146:
143:
142:
141:
140:
137:
134:
131:
128:
125:
122:
119:
114:
110:
109:
107:
106:
97:
95:
88:
85:
84:
81:
78:
75:
74:
64:
60:
59:
54:
50:
49:
46:
38:
37:
31:
30:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3419:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3372:
3369:
3366:
3363:
3360:
3357:
3354:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3345:Nunga English
3343:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3331:
3324:
3321:
3318:
3317:Tennant Creek
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3291:
3287:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3258:
3254:
3243:
3240:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3216:Northeastern
3214:
3207:
3204:
3201:
3198:
3195:
3192:
3188:
3185:
3182:
3179:
3175:
3172:
3168:
3165:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3156:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3130:
3120:
3117:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:(Paredarerme)
3103:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3095:
3091:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3074:
3071:
3068:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3060:
3056:
3050:
3047:
3044:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3036:
3032:
3025:
3022:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3011:
3007:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2975:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2935:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2890:
2883:
2880:
2877:
2874:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2859:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2836:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2808:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2781:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2758:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2740:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2724:Murrinh-patha
2722:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2716:Southern Daly
2713:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2690:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2661:
2657:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2637:Northern Daly
2634:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2602:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2572:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2551:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2538:
2535:
2532:
2531:Darwin Region
2528:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2504:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2488:
2484:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2463:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2421:
2411:
2408:
2405:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2395:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2356:
2353:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2307:
2306:Bininj Kunwok
2304:
2303:
2301:
2297:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2270:
2267:
2263:
2256:
2253:
2250:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2224:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2191:
2188:
2185:
2181:
2174:
2171:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2150:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2093:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2070:
2069:
2065:
2064:
2063:
2060:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2038:
2032:
2029:
2024:
2023:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1945:
1944:
1943:
1939:
1937:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1927:
1923:
1921:
1920:
1919:DjambarrpuyÅu
1916:
1915:
1914:
1913:
1909:
1907:
1906:
1902:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1893:
1892:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1879:
1876:
1872:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1849:
1846:
1837:
1836:
1832:
1830:
1829:
1825:
1824:
1822:
1818:
1817:
1813:
1811:
1810:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1799:
1798:
1794:
1793:
1791:
1787:
1786:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1770:
1762:
1761:
1760:Adnyamathanha
1757:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1748:
1747:
1743:
1742:
1741:
1738:
1734:
1733:
1729:
1727:
1726:
1722:
1721:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1710:
1707:
1703:
1693:
1690:
1686:
1685:
1681:
1679:
1678:
1674:
1673:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1666:
1662:
1656:
1655:
1651:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1630:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1615:
1611:
1609:
1608:
1604:
1602:
1601:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1588:
1581:
1578:
1573:
1572:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1550:
1549:
1545:
1543:
1542:
1538:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1522:
1521:MarganyāGunya
1518:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1504:
1503:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1492:
1491:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1459:
1455:
1454:
1453:
1450:
1446:
1445:
1444:Kuuk Thayorre
1441:
1440:
1439:
1436:
1432:
1431:
1427:
1425:
1424:
1420:
1419:
1418:
1415:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1401:
1398:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1388:
1384:
1383:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1370:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1356:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1341:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1325:Gumbaynggiric
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1279:
1276:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1258:
1257:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1240:
1239:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1212:
1210:Victorian PāN
1208:
1205:
1201:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1185:
1181:
1174:
1169:
1167:
1162:
1160:
1155:
1154:
1151:
1144:
1139:
1133:
1127:
1123:
1116:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1069:
1064:
1061:
1057:
1056:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1041:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
996:
995:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
955:
940:
936:
930:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
895:
879:
875:
869:
853:
849:
843:
837:
833:
828:
822:
818:
813:
806:
802:
798:
792:
790:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
737:Adapted from
734:
727:
723:
718:
716:
714:
698:
691:
687:
675:
670:
668:
666:
661:
659:
656:
655:
652:
650:
645:
640:
638:
636:
633:
632:
629:
624:
619:
614:
612:
610:
607:
606:
600:
595:
590:
585:
580:
578:
575:
574:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
546:
543:
542:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
513:
496:
493:
492:
486:
481:
479:
476:
475:
469:
464:
462:
459:
458:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
444:
431:
429:
425:
421:
420:wife's father
417:
413:
405:Kinship terms
402:
400:
396:
394:
390:
386:
382:
377:
375:
371:
362:
353:
349:
347:
346:Claire Bowern
343:
339:
334:
332:
328:
325:, along with
324:
314:
312:
308:
304:
300:
297:
293:
289:
285:
275:
269:
264:
261:
258:
256:
252:
247:
241:
235:
229:
223:
217:
213:
211:
207:
203:
199:
197:
196:
191:
186:
179:
173:
170:
165:
160:
157:
154:
150:
144:
138:
135:
132:
129:
126:
123:
121:Guwidj (Orla)
120:
117:
116:
115:
111:
105:
102:
101:
100:
96:
92:
86:
82:
76:
72:
68:
65:
61:
58:
55:
51:
44:
39:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
3196:Barkly Kriol
3119:Bruny Island
3059:Northeastern
3045:(Tommeginne)
2875:
2829:Gajirrawoong
2693:Eastern Daly
2660:Western Daly
2355:Anindilyakwa
2066:
2062:KartuāNhanda
2020:
2006:NgumpināYapa
1969:
1947:
1940:
1933:
1924:
1917:
1910:
1903:
1896:
1889:
1858:
1851:
1833:
1826:
1816:Yandruwandha
1814:
1807:
1795:
1783:
1758:
1751:
1744:
1730:
1723:
1682:
1675:
1652:
1647:Kuku Yalanji
1645:
1638:
1612:
1605:
1598:
1569:
1561:
1546:
1539:
1528:
1519:
1512:
1500:
1488:
1465:
1456:
1442:
1428:
1421:
1410:Umbindhamuic
1400:Middle Paman
1385:
1358:
1320:Bandjalangic
1294:
1287:
1267:
1259:
1236:
1217:Lower Murray
1203:Southeastern
1193:PamaāNyungan
1113:
1080:
1076:
1067:
1054:
1039:
1028:
1006:(1): 54ā65.
1003:
999:
964:
960:
954:
942:. Retrieved
938:
929:
904:
900:
894:
882:. Retrieved
877:
868:
856:. Retrieved
851:
842:
827:
812:
800:
776:. Retrieved
748:
744:
733:
700:. Retrieved
690:
427:
423:
419:
415:
408:
397:
378:
367:
350:
335:
320:
291:
287:
283:
281:
272:Map showing
193:
139:Waladjangari
103:
34:
18:
3340:Neo-Nyungar
3313:Wumpurrarni
3308:Modern Tiwi
3227:(Yumplatok)
3049:Port Sorell
3020:(Peerapper)
2678:Marrithiyel
2673:Merranunggu
2668:Marri Ngarr
2444:GarigāIlgar
2123:(register:
1949:GanhalpuyÅu
1891:DhaÅuāDjaÅu
1785:Pitta-Pitta
1671:Kalkatungic
1308:North Coast
1289:Barranbinja
935:"Ngarinyin"
3391:Categories
3184:Daly River
3115:(Nuenonne)
3102:Oyster Bay
3067:Pyemmairre
2928:Nimanburru
2893:Nyulnyulan
2872:(Northern)
2852:Gooniyandi
2591:Bugurnidja
2574:Umbugarlic
2477:Manangkari
2349:Nunggubuyu
2334:Rembarrnga
2319:(Ngalkbun)
2312:Kunbarlang
2255:Mangarrayi
2238:Warndarang
2194:Maningrida
1740:ThuraāYura
1677:Kalkatungu
1330:WakaāKabic
1283:Wiradhuric
1255:YuināKuric
1238:Bungandidj
939:Ethnologue
884:30 October
858:7 November
778:7 November
751:: 91ā101.
702:13 October
508:Consonants
305:region of
296:endangered
288:Ungarinjin
124:Munumburru
35:Ungarinjin
3368:Cherbourg
3315:English (
3206:Kowanyama
2999:Tasmanian
2884:(Western)
2878:(Eastern)
2876:Ngarinyin
2862:Worrorran
2824:Miriwoong
2774:Jaminjung
2581:Umbugarla
2560:Limilngan
2370:Yangmanic
2339:Ngalakgan
2212:NdjƩbbana
2207:Gurr-goni
2173:Gunindiri
2142:Mingginda
2131:Kayardild
2068:Yinggarda
2022:Warumungu
1926:GupapuyÅu
1898:RitharrÅu
1860:Paakantyi
1684:Yalarnnga
1607:Warrgamay
1591:Dyirbalic
1563:Dharumbal
1509:Southern
1485:Northern
1423:Umbuygamu
1417:Lamalamic
1315:Durubalic
1261:Dhanggati
1227:Gippsland
1222:Yotayotic
1196:subgroups
1186:languages
1184:Tasmanian
805:corrected
773:150007441
765:0271-5309
658:Semivowel
528:Retroflex
434:Phonology
311:Ngarinyin
303:Kimberley
284:Ngarinyin
260:Ngarinyin
195:Glottolog
169:ISO 639-3
127:Wolyamidi
118:Ngarinyin
104:Ngarinyin
99:Worrorran
67:Ngarinjin
63:Ethnicity
24:Ngarinyin
3323:Alyawarr
3242:Napranum
3035:Northern
2984:Giimbiyu
2977:isolates
2964:Ngumbarl
2908:Nyulnyul
2882:Worrorra
2870:Wunambal
2811:Jarrakan
2650:Tyerraty
2586:Ngurmbur
2486:Southern
2424:Iwaidjan
2410:Gaagudju
2383:Wardaman
2290:Uwinymil
2281:(Djauan)
2144:(Minkin)
2050:Ngayarda
2046:Pilbara
1977:Southern
1823:Eastern
1804:Central
1792:Western
1732:Kaytetye
1725:Arrernte
1614:Nyawaygi
1558: ?
1497:Eastern
1490:Warrongo
1458:Mbabaram
1405:Umpilaic
1343:Northern
1296:Muruwari
1145:licence.
1097:40330770
1052:(2002).
1020:40330037
981:40332242
921:40327769
523:Alveolar
518:Bilabial
393:Worrorra
389:Wunambal
374:moribund
327:Wunambal
313:people.
294:, is an
202:ngar1284
136:Ngarnawu
130:Andadjin
113:Dialects
3325:English
3257:Pidgins
3218:creoles
3171:Barunga
3164:Ngukurr
3146:Creoles
3094:Eastern
3010:Western
2959:Nyigina
2839:Bunuban
2797:Wambaya
2792:Ngarnka
2784:Ngurlun
2769:Nungali
2751:Jingulu
2533: ?
2516:Wurrugu
2509: ?
2493:Amurdag
2439:Iwaidja
2406: ?
2388:Wagiman
2374:Wagiman
2351:(Wubuy)
2327:Eastern
2317:Dalabon
2299:Central
2272:Western
2257: ?
2251: ?
2245: ?
2217:Nakkara
2202:Burarra
2186: ?
2153:Garrwan
2136:Yukulta
2113:Tangkic
2077:Mirning
2071: ?
2025: ?
2011:Ngumpin
2001:Marrngu
1971:Yanyuwa
1874:Western
1838: ?
1746:Wirangu
1719:Arandic
1705:Central
1622: ?
1600:Dyirbal
1582: ?
1574: ?
1566: ?
1556:Kingkel
1533: ?
1272: ?
1264: ?
1077:Oceania
1000:Oceania
992:Sources
961:Oceania
901:Oceania
609:Lateral
533:Palatal
428:waiingi
301:of the
210:AIATSIS
174:Either:
3362:Woorie
3350:Yarrie
3333:Others
3244:Creole
3238:Creole
3208:Creole
3202:Creole
3084:Norman
2954:Warrwa
2949:Dyugun
2944:Yawuru
2847:Bunuba
2761:Yirram
2743:Mirndi
2521:Marrgu
2344:Ngandi
2279:Jawoyn
2226:Marran
2167:Waanyi
2161:Garawa
2121:Lardil
2082:Nyunga
1981:Ngarru
1942:Djinba
1935:DjinaÅ
1809:Diyari
1773:Karnic
1753:Kaurna
1654:Yidiny
1571:Bayali
1530:Bindal
1387:Uradhi
1128:
1095:
1018:
979:
919:
771:
763:
635:Rhotic
439:Vowels
53:Region
3352:Lingo
3186:Kriol
2913:Bardi
2565:Wulna
2472:Maung
2454:Ilgar
2449:Garig
2285:Waray
2249:Alawa
2243:Yugul
2233:Marra
2125:Damin
1984:Thawa
1905:NhaÅu
1882:YolÅu
1853:Yarli
1548:Yanda
1478:Maric
1373:Paman
1232:Kulin
1118:(PDF)
1093:JSTOR
1016:JSTOR
977:JSTOR
944:1 May
917:JSTOR
880:. ABS
769:S2CID
682:Notes
577:Nasal
538:Velar
449:Front
399:Kriol
356:Usage
156:Latin
71:Wurla
3370:Talk
3364:Talk
3358:Talk
3356:Palm
2989:Tiwi
2918:Jawi
2819:Kija
2706:Kamu
2031:Wati
2016:Yapa
1692:Mayi
1664:Gulf
1541:Guwa
1502:Biri
1182:and
1126:ISBN
946:2017
886:2017
860:2020
780:2020
761:ISSN
704:2022
545:Stop
461:High
454:Back
422:and
391:and
329:and
290:and
282:The
1393:Wik
1085:doi
1008:doi
969:doi
909:doi
832:K24
817:K52
799:",
753:doi
722:K18
500:aaĖ
495:Low
478:Mid
471:uuĖ
466:iiĖ
387:of
255:ELP
246:K43
240:K23
234:K26
228:K25
222:K19
216:K18
185:ajn
178:ung
3393::
1124:.
1120:.
1091:.
1081:54
1079:.
1014:.
1004:43
1002:.
975:.
965:51
963:.
937:.
915:.
905:10
903:.
876:.
850:.
788:^
767:.
759:.
749:62
747:.
743:.
712:^
418:,
333:.
69:,
3319:)
3193:)
3180:)
3173:)
3166:)
2376:?
2372:ā
2127:)
1172:e
1165:t
1158:v
1134:.
1099:.
1087::
1022:.
1010::
983:.
971::
948:.
923:.
911::
888:.
862:.
782:.
755::
706:.
672:j
663:w
647:É»
642:r
626:Ź
621:É
616:l
602:Å
597:ɲ
592:ɳ
587:n
582:m
570:k
565:c
560:Ź
555:t
550:p
488:o
483:e
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