552:
944:
Police of
Nicaragua was a revolutionary agency when created. This body is unaided by the national military, since it exists as a completely separate entity; however, in accordance with Article 92, the President may order the army to intervene on the National Police's behalf. There is also a volunteer police force that aids the National Police force, not just in times of dire need. The National Police Force is organized into several different tiers: the national specialized organizations (i.e. investigation departments), support organizations (i.e. Police Academy), police delegations (i.e. department, municipal), and advisory structures (i.e. National Council). Those wishing to become members of the National Police Force must pass through rigorous hours of training and multiple examinations.
331:
719:. The size of the army declined from a peak strength of 97,000 troops to an estimated 15,200 in 1993, accomplished by voluntary discharges and forced retirements. Under the Sandinistas, the army general staff embodied numerous branches and directorates artillery, combat readiness, communications, Frontier Guards, military construction, intelligence, counterintelligence, training, operations, organization and mobilization, personnel, and logistics. Most of these bodies appear to have been retained, although they have been trimmed and reorganized. The Nicaraguan Air Force and
355:
829:
669:
human rights violations so common under…US-backed regimes.” These organizations were also unable to find any examples of: state-sponsored death squads, use of physical torture propagated by the state, and very few disappearances/executions. Although, the investigations led by human rights organizations excluded unruly soldiers acting violently on their own accord. In this context, it was discovered that the government's “usual response…was to investigate and discipline those responsible.”
712:, continued in his pre-Chamorro position. Facing domestic pressure to remove Humberto Ortega and the risk of curtailment of United States aid as long as Sandinistas remained in control of the armed forces, Chamorro announced that Ortega would be replaced in 1994. Ortega challenged her authority to relieve him and reiterated his intention to remain at the head of the EPS until the army reform program was completed in 1997. This date was later advanced to the first half of 1995.
764:
against any person or entity deemed a threat to the state, society, or economy.” The
Sovereign Security Law provided the Ortega administration the right to infringe upon the basic human rights protected in the Nicaraguan constitution, if deemed necessary. Also, CPCs “have been replaced by Family, Community, and Life Cabinets (Gabinetes).” These cabinets are linked to the police and provide the government with a means to keep communities under constant surveillance.
403:
1614:
463:
379:
661:. Simultaneously, with the introduction of Patriotic Military Service (1983), a conscription system, EPS forces reached approximately 80,000 active-duty members by 1990. Patriotic Military Service required males, ranging in age from seventeen to twenty-six, to serve four years in the military (two years active duty and two years in the reserves). This conscription system did not require women to enlist; however, they could do so voluntarily.
760:
erased the shift towards being an apolitical force from 1995 to 2006. Then in 2014, President Ortega supported a constitutional reform removing the defense and governance ministries “from the security forces’ chain of command, reducing oversight and leaving Ortega in charge of appointing military and police commanders.” This action enhanced
President Ortega’s political and personal control over the nation’s security forces and personnel.
475:
854:
821:
415:
451:
343:
391:
427:
862:
439:
367:
579:
however, the
National Guard soon became the personal tool of the Somoza dynasty. Expanded to more than 10,000 during the civil war of 1978–79, the guard consisted of a reinforced battalion as its primary tactical unit, a Presidential Guard battalion, a mechanized company, an engineer battalion, artillery and antiaircraft batteries, and one security company in each of the country's sixteen departments.
1559:
943:
The
National Police of Nicaragua, established in 1979, was created to maintain domestic tranquility, prevent crime, ensure security for all civilians, prosecute offenders, and enforce any other nationally mandated laws. As a non-political, non-partisan, and non-deliberative organization, the National
917:
The
Nicaraguan military, Fuerzas Armadas de Nicaragua, exists in a top-down hierarchy and is partitioned into multiple ranks. In order to become a Lieutenant, Captain, Major, Lieutenant Colonel or Colonel, a candidate must attend Staff College (ESEM). Alternatively, one may begin a military career as
934:
Nicaragua has a small military force with only 9,412 members as of 2010. This number includes 1,500 officers (16%), 302 non-commissioned officers (3%), and 7,610 troops (81%). This relatively small armed force is supported by an extremely small $ 41 million-dollar defense budget (2010). Such a small
664:
The
Patriotic Military Service system was an extremely unpopular initiative taken by the Sandinista government. Draft dodging was rampant as young men fled the country in order to avoid conscription. Additionally, massive demonstrations and antidraft protests plagued the country. The unpopularity of
570:
The long years of strife between the liberal and conservative political factions and the existence of private armies led the United States to sponsor the
National Guard as an apolitical institution to assume all military and police functions in Nicaragua. The marines provided the training, but their
605:
in 1957 over a border dispute, the
National Guard was not involved in any conflict with its neighbors. The guard's domestic power, however, gradually broadened to embrace not only its original internal security and police functions but also control over customs, telecommunications, port facilities,
578:
Upon the advent of the United States Good
Neighbor Policy in 1933, the marines withdrew. Having reached a strength of about 3,000 by the mid-1930s, the guard was organized into company units, although the Presidential Guard component approached battalion size. Despite hopes for an apolitical force,
767:
In the contemporary period, multiple changes have taken place in the military regarding purpose and structure. The military currently serves as a force for national defense, public security, civil defense, and national development. In 2014, an expansion of institutional powers granted the military
759:
Under President Ortega, multiple changes have occurred strengthening FSLN control over the national military. During 2010, the national assembly “passed changes that allowed politicization of the country’s security forces, while expanding these agencies’ domestic powers.” This change effectively
668:
Armed Forces performed very well in terms of human rights under the Sandinistas. Upon visiting Nicaragua, human rights organizations such as Amnesty International, Americas Watch, and the Human Rights Commission of the Organization of American States found “little evidence of the extreme types of
921:
The Nicaraguan navy offers training other than that offered through ESEM, a bachelor's degree in Military Sciences, and Officers School. Candidates seeking to advance in the Nicaraguan navy may attend navy-specific training to become Lieutenant Commanders, Commanders, Captains, fleet Admirals,
763:
President Ortega has also strengthened his ability to control the general population through two different national security initiatives. In 2015, the Sovereign Security Law, “erased barriers between internal and external security, and gave the Ortega government wide discretion to use coercion
750:
In 1995, the National Army of Nicaragua (Ejército de Nicaragua), having never previously been fully apolitical evolved, through constitutional reforms, into a more traditional Central American military. As ties to the FSLN weakened, military leaders turned over power regularly without “fuss,”
696:
Chamorro's authority over the EPS was very limited. There were no Ministry of Defense offices and no vice ministers to shape national defense policies or exercise civilian control over the armed forces. Under the Law of Military Organization of the Sandinista Popular Army enacted just before
925:
Despite offering advancement through ESEM training, Officers School, and a bachelor's degree in Military Sciences, most high-ranking officers choose to receive their formal military education from training opportunities in Mexico, Spain, France, China, Russia, and Cuba.
575:. Sandino opposed the United States-backed military force, which was composed mostly of his political enemies, and continued to resist the marines and the fledgling National Guard from a stronghold in the mountainous areas of northern Nicaragua.
737:
In November and December 1992, the EPS was deployed alongside the National Police to prevent violence during demonstrations by the National Workers' Front for improved pay and benefits. The EPS and the Frontier Guards also assist the police in
918:
a Lieutenant, with the opportunity for advancement, by obtaining a bachelor's degree in Military Sciences. Individuals may also attend Officers School, to gain the rank of Major, Lieutenant Colonel, Colonel, and General Staff or Army General.
935:
military budget has resulted in severe deficiencies in terms of manpower (i.e. cannot supply and employ) and modern weaponry. This budget represents approximately 2.84% of the country's overall expenditures.
551:
768:
with the opportunity for greater involvement in international security initiatives. The National Army of Nicaragua also has the highest public approval ratings of any Nicaraguan institution.
689:, former defense minister and commander in chief of the EPS under the Sandinistas, remained at the head of the armed forces. By a law that took effect in April 1990, the EPS became
48:
593:
United States military aid to the National Guard continued under the Rio de Janeiro Treaty of Mutual Defense (1947), but stopped in 1976 after relations with the administration of
597:(1967–72, 1974–79) worsened. Some United States equipment of World War II vintage was also purchased from other countries—Staghound armored cars and M4 Sherman medium tanks from
2472:
995:
645:
582:
The National Guard's main arms were rifles and machine guns, later augmented by antiaircraft guns and mortars. Although Nicaragua was not actively involved in
1357:
2185:
742:
control. A small EPS contingent works alongside demobilized Contras in a Special Disarmament Brigade to reduce the arsenal of weapons in civilian hands.
640:
705:
presented to the government. Only an overall budget had to be submitted to the legislature, thus avoiding a line-item review by the National Assembly.
590:. Additional shipments of small arms and transportation and communication equipment followed, as well as some training and light transport aircraft.
1423:
697:
Chamorro's election victory, Humberto Ortega retained authority over promotions, military construction, and force deployments. He contracted for
2464:
2452:
1304:
2306:
1547:"Capabilities of Police and Military Forces in Central America – A Comparative Analysis of Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras and Nicaragua"
654:, Eastern Europe, and the Soviet Union. Opposition to the overwhelming FSLN influence in the security forces did not surface until 1980.
975:
1963:
1657:
208:
708:
Sandinista officers remained at the head of all general staff directorates and military regions. The chief of the army, Major General
730:
and to deal with internal disturbances. Its primary task has been to prevent disorder and violence wrought by armed bands of former
2048:
715:
The army reform measures were launched with deep cuts in personnel strengths, the abolition of conscription, and disbanding of the
2178:
1811:
1197:
Millett, Richard L. (2018). "Nicaragua: An Uncertain Future". In Kline, Harvey F.; Wade, Christine J.; Wiarda, Howard J. (eds.).
657:
Meanwhile, the EPS developed, with support from Cuba and the Soviet Union, into the largest and best equipped military force in
2349:
2246:
1889:
716:
650:. These two groups, contrary to the original Puntarenas Pact were controlled by the Sandinistas and trained by personnel from
1711:
1341:
1729:
1721:
1734:
2296:
2131:
2028:
1701:
1670:
2171:
1862:
1696:
1316:
751:
refrained from becoming involved in the political realm, and the overall size of the military significantly decreased.
1546:
992:
2448:
2311:
2206:
1904:
1587:
2236:
1761:
1368:
1973:
1958:
1786:
1766:
2520:
2402:
1852:
1806:
1650:
2096:
1997:
1968:
1953:
1884:
1691:
2101:
2091:
1874:
1796:
1776:
201:
179:
2476:
2251:
2211:
1801:
1791:
1756:
847:
2492:
2432:
2316:
2231:
693:
to President Chamorro as commander in chief. Chamorro also retained the Ministry of Defense portfolio.
627:
565:
2261:
2138:
2018:
1940:
1842:
1643:
1575:
682:
2422:
2382:
2354:
2291:
2271:
2071:
1930:
1867:
1837:
594:
507:
709:
572:
2468:
2407:
2301:
2086:
2013:
1857:
632:
615:
586:, it qualified for United States Lend-Lease military aid in exchange for U.S. base facilities at
1012:
2216:
2033:
2023:
1983:
1899:
1847:
1744:
300:
186:
665:
the draft was believed to have been a large factor in the Sandinista election defeat in 1990.
2387:
2276:
2266:
2226:
2076:
2043:
1894:
1825:
961:
891:
495:
1945:
2427:
2372:
2334:
2281:
2241:
2221:
2124:
2058:
1978:
1935:
1918:
1678:
540:
310:
141:
8:
2484:
2456:
2444:
2417:
2412:
2397:
2392:
2377:
2344:
2038:
1579:
979:
601:
and F-51 Mustang fighter aircraft from Sweden. Except for minor frontier skirmishes with
2147:
2081:
2066:
1781:
1771:
1283:
1235:
587:
2480:
2339:
1686:
1593:
1583:
1337:
1312:
1287:
1239:
151:
2152:
1619:
1275:
1227:
806:
678:
520:
37:
2500:
2496:
999:
727:
720:
686:
658:
536:
532:
290:
136:
131:
123:
2488:
2366:
1706:
360:
2514:
2460:
2362:
1716:
1563:
1303:
502:
191:
2163:
1597:
834:
583:
231:
2256:
1279:
1262:
1231:
1214:
726:
Since 1990 the mission of the EPS has been to ensure the security of the
690:
408:
685:(Unión Nacional Oppositora – UNO) and the defeated FSLN party, General
609:
1666:
1635:
1569:
814:
528:
468:
384:
853:
820:
739:
602:
47:
2358:
1724:
1562:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
731:
555:
Nicaraguan military members train during a visit by the U.S. Navy
480:
156:
1074:
Bras, Marisabel. "Consolidation of the Revolution, 1979-80". In
867:
702:
698:
598:
444:
432:
420:
1627:
1358:"Communist Military Aid to Nicaragua:Trends and Implications"
886:
606:
radio broadcasting, the merchant marine, and civil aviation.
456:
372:
336:
55:
754:
651:
621:
396:
348:
2495:) are not listed. The uninhabited disputed territories of
1424:"The 'New' Nicaraguan Military: Sandinista To The 'Corps'"
167:
1098:
Tartter, Jean R. "Sandinista People's Army, 1979-90". In
1201:(Ninth ed.). New York: Westview Press. p. 387.
745:
571:
efforts were complicated by a guerrilla movement led by
976:"World Factbook Redirect — Central Intelligence Agency"
630:, the Sandinistas established a new national army, the
1331:
672:
1609:
922:Generals, Major Generals and Generals of the Army.
610:
Military under the Sandinista government, 1979–1990
1261:
1213:
1002:Rank Order – Military expenditures – dollar figure
1544:
1528:
1516:
1504:
1492:
1480:
1468:
1456:
1444:
1409:
1397:
1336:(Repr ed.). Oxford: Osprey. p. 20, 45.
723:were also subordinate to the army general staff.
2512:
1332:Caballero Jurado, Carlos; Thomas, Nigel (2005).
1702:Federal Republic of Central America (1823–1838)
1176:Tartter, Jean R. "Armed forces after 1990". In
1052:Tartter, Jean R. "National Guard, 1927-79". In
1013:"NationMaster – Nicaraguan Military statistics"
2193:
2179:
1651:
1553:– via Florida International University.
1305:International Institute for Strategic Studies
781:
60:
29:
2479:) is not listed. The uninhabited islands of
1545:De LeĂłn-Escribano, Carmen Rosa (July 2011).
1121:. New York: Praeger Publishers. p. 114.
559:
1551:Western Hemisphere Security Analysis Center
1299:
1297:
929:
677:Under an agreement between President-elect
2186:
2172:
1658:
1644:
897:
46:
1311:(1st ed.). Routledge. p. 444.
1294:
755:National Army of Nicaragua, 2006–present
550:
1567:
1199:Latin American Politics and Development
1196:
1177:
1099:
1075:
1053:
2513:
1665:
1259:
1211:
1116:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1042:
320:Industria Militar Coronel Santos LĂłpez
260:1,129,649 females, age 15–49
258:1,051,425 males, age 15–49,
248:1,315,186 females, age 15–49
246:1,309,970 males, age 15–49,
2167:
1639:
1421:
1393:
1391:
1389:
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1249:
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1148:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1022:
746:National Army of Nicaragua, 1995–2006
701:procurement and drafted the military
1712:United States occupation (1912–1933)
1263:"Nicaragua: A Return to Caudillismo"
1215:"Nicaragua: A Return to Caudillismo"
1146:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1112:
1110:
1108:
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1084:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1062:
912:
13:
1574:(3rd ed.). Washington, D.C.:
1386:
1246:
1183:
1019:
938:
880:
673:Nicaraguan Armed Forces, 1990–1995
14:
2532:
2449:Federal Dependencies of Venezuela
1605:
1367:. 8 December 1987. Archived from
1125:
1105:
1081:
1059:
637:(Ejército Popular Sandinista—EPS)
2307:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
1612:
1557:
1334:Central American wars, 1959 - 89
860:
852:
827:
819:
531:. There are three branches: the
473:
461:
449:
437:
425:
413:
401:
389:
377:
365:
353:
341:
329:
1522:
1510:
1498:
1486:
1474:
1462:
1450:
1438:
1422:Premo, Daniel L. (March 1996).
1415:
1403:
1350:
1325:
1205:
1119:Nicaragua: The First Five Years
1735:Post-Sandinista period (1990–)
1538:
1005:
986:
968:
954:
209:Commander-in-Chief of the Army
1:
1730:Sandinista period (1979–1990)
1434:: 117 – via Gale Group.
1260:Thaler, Kai M. (April 2017).
1212:Thaler, Kai M. (April 2017).
947:
527:) are the military forces of
2433:United States Virgin Islands
2378:Collectivity of Saint Martin
1428:MACLAS Latin American Essays
907:
902:
771:
525:Fuerzas Armadas de Nicaragua
202:Rosa Adelina Barahona Castro
31:Fuerzas Armadas de Nicaragua
16:Military forces of Nicaragua
7:
2049:Water supply and sanitation
213:Julio César Avilés Castillo
110:; 29 years ago
79:; 99 years ago
10:
2537:
2473:San Andrés and Providencia
1571:Nicaragua: a country study
1568:Merrill, Tim, ed. (1994).
1117:Walker, Thomas W. (1985).
782:Armoured fighting vehicles
639:, and a police force, the
619:
613:
566:National Guard (Nicaragua)
563:
546:
187:Supreme Commander-in-Chief
2441:
2418:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
2325:
2199:
2194:Military of North America
2118:
2057:
2009:
2005:
1996:
1926:
1917:
1833:
1824:
1752:
1743:
1717:Somoza Family (1936–1979)
1677:
1576:Federal Research Division
1309:The Military Balance 2024
1290:– via Project Muse.
1242:– via Project Muse.
805:
734:and Sandinista soldiers.
683:National Opposition Union
560:National Guard, 1925–1979
501:
491:
486:
324:
316:
309:
299:
289:
284:
276:
264:
252:
240:
230:
222:
217:
207:
197:
185:
178:
162:
150:
122:
104:
73:
66:
54:
45:
28:
23:
2428:Turks and Caicos Islands
1838:Administrative divisions
1697:Mexican rule (1822–1823)
962:"Nicaragua Armed Forces"
930:Military size (manpower)
595:Anastasio Somoza Debayle
508:Nicaragua military ranks
67:"Fatherland and Freedom"
898:Anti-aircraft equipment
776:
633:Sandinista Popular Army
616:Sandinista Popular Army
517:Nicaraguan Armed Forces
24:Nicaraguan Armed Forces
2350:British Virgin Islands
1529:De LeĂłn-Escribano 2011
1517:De LeĂłn-Escribano 2011
1505:De LeĂłn-Escribano 2011
1493:De LeĂłn-Escribano 2011
1481:De LeĂłn-Escribano 2011
1469:De LeĂłn-Escribano 2011
1457:De LeĂłn-Escribano 2011
1445:De LeĂłn-Escribano 2011
1410:De LeĂłn-Escribano 2011
1398:De LeĂłn-Escribano 2011
556:
524:
92:; 45 years ago
61:
30:
2521:Military of Nicaragua
2467:) is not listed. The
2455:) is not listed. The
2355:Caribbean Netherlands
2297:Saint Kitts and Nevis
1280:10.1353/jod.2017.0032
1232:10.1353/jod.2017.0032
892:Type 58 assault rifle
710:JoaquĂn Cuadra Lacayo
573:Augusto CĂ©sar Sandino
554:
496:Nicaraguan Revolution
90:2 September 1979
1905:Territorial disputes
1307:(13 February 2024).
1268:Journal of Democracy
1220:Journal of Democracy
2445:dependent territory
2312:Trinidad and Tobago
2207:Antigua and Barbuda
1580:Library of Congress
1180:, pp. 207–210.
1056:, pp. 195–197.
272:63,133 females
198:Minister of Defense
88:(as National Guard)
2247:Dominican Republic
1974:Telecommunications
1374:on 23 January 2017
998:2007-09-30 at the
842:65 more in store.
646:PolicĂa Sandinista
557:
317:Domestic suppliers
2508:
2507:
2481:Clipperton Island
2328:other territories
2161:
2160:
2114:
2113:
2110:
2109:
1992:
1991:
1913:
1912:
1890:Political parties
1885:National Assembly
1853:Foreign relations
1820:
1819:
1519:, pp. 29–30.
1495:, pp. 28–29.
1343:978-0-85045-945-6
878:
877:
807:Main battle tanks
641:Sandinista Police
513:
512:
325:Foreign suppliers
265:Reaching military
223:Military age
62:Patria y Libertad
2528:
2413:Saint Barthélemy
2326:Dependencies and
2200:Sovereign states
2188:
2181:
2174:
2165:
2164:
2141:
2134:
2127:
2097:National symbols
2007:
2006:
2003:
2002:
1954:Economic history
1949:
1924:
1923:
1831:
1830:
1750:
1749:
1692:Spanish conquest
1660:
1653:
1646:
1637:
1636:
1632:
1622:
1620:Nicaragua portal
1617:
1616:
1615:
1601:
1561:
1560:
1554:
1532:
1526:
1520:
1514:
1508:
1502:
1496:
1490:
1484:
1478:
1472:
1466:
1460:
1454:
1448:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1419:
1413:
1407:
1401:
1395:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1373:
1362:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1301:
1292:
1291:
1265:
1257:
1244:
1243:
1217:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1194:
1181:
1174:
1123:
1122:
1114:
1103:
1096:
1079:
1072:
1057:
1050:
1017:
1016:
1009:
1003:
990:
984:
983:
978:. Archived from
972:
966:
965:
958:
913:Military careers
866:
864:
863:
856:
833:
831:
830:
823:
786:
785:
728:national borders
487:Related articles
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477:
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371:
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368:
359:
357:
356:
347:
345:
344:
335:
333:
332:
305:0.9% (2012 est.)
277:Active personnel
255:military service
243:military service
174:
171:
169:
124:Service branches
118:
116:
111:
100:
98:
93:
87:
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80:
68:
64:
50:
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21:
20:
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2511:
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2509:
2504:
2503:are not listed.
2501:Serranilla Bank
2497:Bajo Nuevo Bank
2457:Federated state
2437:
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2102:Public holidays
2053:
1988:
1964:Nicaragua Canal
1947:
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1875:Law enforcement
1816:
1812:Water resources
1797:Protected areas
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1000:Wayback Machine
991:
987:
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969:
964:. 25 July 2006.
960:
959:
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950:
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939:Civilian police
932:
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910:
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883:
881:Light equipment
861:
859:
828:
826:
784:
779:
774:
757:
748:
687:Humberto Ortega
675:
659:Central America
626:To replace the
624:
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562:
549:
474:
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460:
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2489:Navassa Island
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2373:Cayman Islands
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2367:Sint Eustatius
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2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2010:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1969:Stock Exchange
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1927:
1921:
1915:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
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1877:
1872:
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1855:
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1799:
1794:
1792:Municipalities
1789:
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1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1757:Climate change
1753:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1707:Mosquito Coast
1704:
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1648:
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1624:
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1607:
1606:External links
1604:
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1485:
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1318:978-1032780047
1317:
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628:National Guard
614:Main article:
611:
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564:Main article:
561:
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361:Czech Republic
326:
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301:Percent of GDP
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286:
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2029:Ethnic groups
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2017:
2015:
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1629:
1628:Official site
1626:
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1621:
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1599:
1595:
1591:
1589:0-8444-0831-X
1585:
1581:
1577:
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1572:
1565:
1564:public domain
1556:
1552:
1548:
1543:
1542:
1531:, p. 30.
1530:
1525:
1518:
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1507:, p. 29.
1506:
1501:
1494:
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1482:
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1471:, p. 18.
1470:
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1459:, p. 17.
1458:
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1447:, p. 16.
1446:
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1412:, p. 11.
1411:
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241:Available for
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216:
212:
210:
206:
203:
200:
196:
193:
192:Daniel Ortega
190:
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177:
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165:
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63:
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53:
49:
44:
39:
32:
27:
22:
19:
2423:Sint Maarten
2286:
2139:Bibliography
2019:Demographics
1941:Central Bank
1880:Armed Forces
1879:
1863:Human rights
1843:Constitution
1631:(in Spanish)
1570:
1550:
1524:
1512:
1500:
1488:
1476:
1464:
1452:
1440:
1431:
1427:
1417:
1405:
1376:. Retrieved
1369:the original
1364:
1352:
1333:
1327:
1308:
1271:
1267:
1223:
1219:
1207:
1198:
1178:Merrill 1994
1118:
1100:Merrill 1994
1076:Merrill 1994
1054:Merrill 1994
1007:
988:
980:the original
970:
956:
942:
933:
924:
920:
916:
835:Soviet Union
766:
762:
758:
749:
736:
725:
714:
707:
695:
676:
667:
663:
656:
643:
636:
631:
625:
592:
584:World War II
581:
577:
569:
516:
514:
295:$ 32 million
267:age annually
232:Conscription
152:Headquarters
105:Current form
18:
2408:Puerto Rico
2302:Saint Lucia
2252:El Salvador
1931:Agriculture
1868:LGBT rights
1762:Earthquakes
1722:Sandinistas
1539:Works cited
1378:27 December
691:subordinate
409:North Korea
285:Expenditure
2469:Department
2403:Montserrat
2398:Martinique
2393:Guadeloupe
2232:Costa Rica
2087:Mass media
2077:Literature
2014:Corruption
1948:(currency)
1858:Government
1767:Ecoregions
1725:v. Contras
1274:(2): 160.
1226:(2): 159.
948:References
620:See also:
180:Leadership
97:1979-09-02
65:(English:
2465:Venezuela
2453:Venezuela
2388:Greenland
2287:Nicaragua
2262:Guatemala
2034:Languages
2024:Education
1984:Transport
1900:President
1848:Elections
1807:Volcanoes
1787:Mountains
1745:Geography
1667:Nicaragua
1288:152214826
1240:152214826
908:Personnel
903:EW radars
798:Quantity
772:Equipment
740:narcotics
541:Air Force
529:Nicaragua
469:Venezuela
385:Indonesia
218:Personnel
142:Air Force
2515:Category
2477:Colombia
2335:Anguilla
2272:Honduras
2242:Dominica
2217:Barbados
2148:Category
2044:Religion
1946:CĂłrdoba
1895:Politics
1826:Politics
1671:articles
1598:30623751
996:Archived
848:T-72B1MS
801:Details
679:Chamorro
603:Honduras
311:Industry
168:ejercito
2383:Curaçao
2359:Bonaire
2345:Bermuda
2277:Jamaica
2257:Grenada
2212:Bahamas
2125:Outline
2092:Museums
2067:Cuisine
2059:Culture
1998:Society
1979:Tourism
1936:Banking
1919:Economy
1777:Islands
1687:Nicarao
1679:History
1365:CIA.gov
993:CIA.gov
795:Origin
717:militia
699:weapons
681:of the
588:Corinto
547:History
521:Spanish
492:History
481:Vietnam
253:Fit for
163:Website
157:Managua
113: (
95: (
82: (
74:Founded
38:Spanish
2487:) and
2485:France
2292:Panama
2282:Mexico
2227:Canada
2222:Belize
2153:Portal
2039:Health
1959:Energy
1802:Rivers
1669:
1596:
1586:
1566::
1340:
1315:
1286:
1238:
868:Russia
865:
832:
809:(~82)
792:Image
789:Model
732:Contra
703:budget
599:Israel
539:, and
535:, the
478:
466:
454:
445:Russia
442:
433:Poland
430:
421:Mexico
418:
406:
394:
382:
370:
358:
346:
334:
291:Budget
280:45,000
34:
2340:Aruba
2267:Haiti
2132:Index
2082:Music
1782:Lakes
1772:Fauna
1372:(PDF)
1361:(PDF)
1284:S2CID
1236:S2CID
887:AK-47
503:Ranks
457:Syria
373:India
337:China
56:Motto
2499:and
2443:The
2365:and
2363:Saba
2237:Cuba
2072:Film
1594:OCLC
1584:ISBN
1380:2023
1338:ISBN
1313:ISBN
839:~62
815:T-55
777:Army
721:Navy
652:Cuba
622:FSLN
537:Army
533:Navy
515:The
397:Iran
349:Cuba
170:.mil
137:Navy
132:Army
115:1995
108:1995
84:1925
77:1925
2471:of
2459:of
2447:of
1276:doi
1228:doi
872:50
172:.ni
2517::
2361:,
1592:.
1582:.
1578:,
1549:.
1432:16
1430:.
1426:.
1388:^
1363:.
1296:^
1282:.
1272:28
1270:.
1266:.
1248:^
1234:.
1224:28
1222:.
1218:.
1185:^
1127:^
1107:^
1083:^
1061:^
1021:^
543:.
523::
236:No
2491:(
2483:(
2475:(
2463:(
2451:(
2369:)
2357:(
2187:e
2180:t
2173:v
1659:e
1652:t
1645:v
1600:.
1382:.
1346:.
1321:.
1278::
1230::
1015:.
648:)
644:(
519:(
117:)
99:)
86:)
69:)
40:)
36:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
