781:
72:
936:
61:
81:
52:
623:
813:, but it was given such a low priority that the British had ample supplies of their own designs by the time it was ready for production. The first USAAF unit using the P-61 did not move to Britain until February 1944; operational use did not start until the summer, and was limited throughout the war. Colonel Winston Kratz, director of night-fighter training in the USAAF, considered the P-61 as adequate in its role, "It was a good night fighter. It did not have enough speed".
631:
563:, for homing-in on German night fighters. The British also experimented with mounting pilot-operated AI Mark 6 radar sets in single-seat fighters, and the Hurricane II C(NF), a dozen of which were produced in 1942, became the first radar-equipped, single-seat night fighter in the world. It served with 245 and 247 Squadrons briefly and unsuccessfully before being sent to India to 176 Squadron, with which it served until the end of 1943. A similarly radar-equipped
571:
316:
658:, Scotland, by a defecting Luftwaffe crew, allowed British radio engineers to develop jamming equipment to counter it. A race developed with the Germans attempting to introduce new sets and the British attempting to jam them. The early Lichtenstein B/C was replaced by the similar UHF-band Lichtenstein C-1, but when the German night fighter defected and landed in Scotland in April 1943, that radar was quickly jammed. The low
532:, which offered significantly higher performance than the pre-war Blenheims; it was the highest performance aircraft capable of carrying the bulky early aircraft interception radars used for night fighter operations, and quickly became invaluable as a night fighter. Over the next few months, more and more Beaufighters arrived and the success of the night fighters roughly doubled every month until May, when the
611:; with only one or two searchlights or radars available per "cell", the system was able to handle perhaps six interceptions per hour. By flying all of the bombers over a cell in a short period, the vast majority of the bombers flew right over them without ever having been plotted, let alone attacked. German success against the RAF plummeted, reaching a nadir on 30/31 May 1942, when the first
832:. The Japanese Navy had long screened new recruits for exceptional night vision, using the best on their ships and aircraft instead of developing new equipment for this role. VF(N)-75 was established as the first USN night fighter squadron on 10 April 1943. Six pilots with six aircraft were sent to the South Pacific on 1 August 1943. A Night Fighter Training Unit (NFTU) was established at
293:, most combatants had little capability of flying at night, and little need to do so. The only targets that could be attacked with any possibility of being hit in limited visibility would be cities, an unthinkable target at the time. The general assumption of a quick war meant no need existed for strategic attacks.
777:-equipped fighter was typically a complete surprise to the bomber crew, who would only realise that a fighter was close by when they came under fire. Particularly in the initial stage of operational use until early 1944, the sudden fire from below was often attributed to ground fire rather than a fighter.
1042:
was the Navy's all-weather fighter. The
Phantom was developed as the Navy's first supersonic, all-weather, radar-equipped fighter armed with radar-guided missiles. However, compared to early air-superiority designs such as the F-100 or F-8, the massive Phantom, nevertheless, had enough raw power from
591:
to "paint" the target, allowing the fighters to attack them without on-board aids. The searchlights were later supplanted with short-range radars that tracked both the fighters and bombers, allowing ground operators to direct the fighters to their targets. By July 1940, this system was well developed
954:
During the immediate postwar era, the RAF launched studies into new fighter designs, but gave these projects relatively low priority. By the time of the Soviet bomb test, the night-fighter design was still strictly a paper project, and the existing
Mosquito fleet was generally unable to successfully
919:
Other forces did not have the pressing need to move to the jet engine; Britain and the US were facing enemies with aircraft of even lower performance than their existing night fighters. However, the need for new designs was evident, and some low-level work started in the closing stages of the war,
503:
aircraft, having been selected for this role as its fuselage was sufficiently roomy to accommodate the additional crew member and radar apparatus; the first prototype system went into service in
November 1939, long before the opening of major British operations. These early systems had significant
338:
and cash prizes totaling ÂŁ3,500 put up by a number of individuals. This downing was not an isolated victory; five more German airships were similarly destroyed between
October and December 1916, and caused the airship campaign to gradually be diminished over the next year with fewer raids mounted.
967:
was also introduced; this was originally developed by the company as a private venture and initially ordered by Egypt, instead the RAF took over the order to serve an interim measure between the retirement of the
Mosquito night fighter and the Meteor night fighter's introduction. These types were
433:
as night fighters. Pilot José Falcó had equipped his fighter with a radio receiver for land-based guidance for interception. One of the I-15s configured for night operations, fitted with tracer and explosive .30 rounds, scored a daylight double victory against Bf 109s in the closing stages of the
478:
The promising implications of the test were not lost on planners, who reorganised radar efforts and gave them increased priority. This led to efforts to develop an operational unit for aircraft interception (AI). The size of these early AI radars required a large aircraft to lift them, and their
792:
were dedicated to daytime bombing over
Germany and Axis allies, that statistically were much more effective. The British night-bombing raids showed a success rate of only one out of 100 targets successfully hit. At the urging of the British, who were looking to purchase US-made aircraft, US day
356:
aircraft that gradually took over the offensive. While their early daylight raids in May 1917 were able to easily evade the weak defenses of London, the strengthening of the home defence fighter force led to the
Germans switching to night raids from 3 September 1917. To counter night attacks,
275:
in aircraft. The addition of greatly improved landing and navigation equipment combined with radar led to the use of the term all-weather fighter or all-weather fighter attack, depending on the aircraft capabilities. The use of the term night fighter gradually faded away as a result of these
373:
were considered unsafe for firing incendiary ammunition. Further modification led to the cockpit being moved rearwards. The modified aircraft were nicknamed the "Sopwith Comic". To provide suitable equipment for Home
Defence squadrons in the north of the UK,
890:
so seriously upset aircraft design that the need for dedicated jet-powered night fighters became clear. Both the
British and Germans spent some effort on the topic, but as the Germans were on the defensive, their work was given a much higher priority. The
582:
German aircraft interception radar efforts at this point were about two years behind the
British. Unlike in Britain, where the major targets lay only a few minutes' flight time from the coast, targets in Germany after the occupation of France in 1940 were
217:
on night missions, but these tended to work only under very favourable circumstances and were not widely successful. The war would see the first aircraft ever that was explicitly designed from the outset to function as a night fighter, the
524:
adapted for night flying to shoot them down visually. This proved almost impossible to arrange in practice, and the Cat Eye fighters had little luck during the closing months of 1940. The Turbinlite squadrons were disbanded in early 1943.
991:
aircraft capable of performing rapid ascents and attaining an altitude of 45,000 feet. However, due to rapid advances in aircraft capabilities, the Javelin quickly became considered to be outdated and the type was retired during 1968. In
587:, which gave German air defenses long times to deal with intruding bombers. Instead of airborne radar, they relied on ground-based systems; the targets would first be picked up by radar assigned to a "cell", the radar would then direct a
189:
but would not see widespread use until WWII. The term would be supplanted by âall-weather fighter/interceptorâ post-WWII, with advancements in various technologies permitting the use of such aircraft in virtually all conditions.
721:
bomb-aiming radar, operating at a higher 10 GHz frequency for both RAF Pathfinder Mosquitos and USAAF B-24 Liberators that premiered their use over Europe, deployed a bombing radar that could not be detected by the German
511:
Through this period, the RAF experimented with many other aircraft and interception methods in an effort to get a working night fighter force. One attempt to make up for the small number of working radars was to fit an AI to a
666:(stag's antlers) antennae that slowed their fighters as much as 25 mph, making them easy prey for British night fighters that had turned to the offensive role. The capture in July 1944 of a Ju 88G-1 night fighter of
699:, were equipped only with a direction finder and landing lights to allow them to return to base at night. For the fighter to find their targets, other aircraft, which were guided from the ground, would drop strings of
401:
could fly about twice as fast, at over twice the altitude, with much greater bomb loads. They flew fast enough that the time between detecting them and the bombers reaching their targets left little time to launch
924:. When the Soviet plans to build an atomic bomb became known in the west in 1948, this project was still long from being ready to produce even a prototype, and in March 1949, they started development of both the
1687:
Madison, Rodney. "Air Warfare, Strategic Bombing". The Encyclopedia of World War I: A Political, Social and Military History, Volume 1, Spencer C. Tucker, ed. (Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2005), pp. 45â46.
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was introduced operationally for the first time. Initially, these systems were unwieldy, and development of IR systems continued. Realizing that radar was a far more practical solution to the problem,
304:
aircraft (the infamous "Fokker Fodder") were modified into the first night fighters. After lack of success while using darts and small incendiary bombs to attack Zeppelins from above, ultimately a
441:
occurred among all of the major forces, but in practice, these proved almost unusable. The only such system to see any sort of widespread operational use was the Spanner Anlage system used on the
418:
invested almost all of their efforts in developing a night bomber force, with the Central Flying School responsible for one of the most important developments in the period by introducing "
824:
on 18 April 1942 to develop night fighting equipment and tactics. Aircraft selection was limited to single-engine, single-seat planes by the requirement to be capable of operating from
848:
fighters fitted with compact, microwave-band radar sets in wing-mounted pods. The specially trained night fighter and torpedo planes of Night Air Group 41 (NAG-41) began flying from
840:
training aircraft to allow instructors to accompany student pilots. USN carrier-launched fighter combat missions began in January 1944 with six-plane detachments of single-engined
495:
The war opened on 1 September 1939, and by this time, the RAF were well advanced with plans to build a radar â then called 'RDF' in Britain â equipped night-fighter fleet. The
959:
bomber it was expected to face. This led to rushed programs to introduce new, interim night-fighter designs; these efforts led to several night-fighter versions of ubiquitous
185:: fighters and interceptors designed primarily for use during the day or during good weather. The concept of the night fighter was developed and experimented with during the
769:
during World War II, with the first victories for the Luftwaffe and IJNAS each occurring in May 1943. This innovation allowed the night fighters to approach and attack
410:
to attack them, badly limiting the number of guns available. At night, or with limited visibility, these problems were compounded. The widespread conclusion was that "
1434:
3358:
2919:
551:
As the German effort wound down, the RAF's own bombing campaign was growing. The Mosquitos had little to do over the UK, so a number of squadrons were formed within
654:(mattress) antenna array. This late date, and slow introduction, combined with the capture of a Ju 88R-1 night fighter equipped with it in April 1943 when flown to
2959:
319:
Operational B.E.2c with RAF 1a engine, "V" undercarriage, streamlined cowling on sump, and cut-out in upper centre section to improve field of fire for gunner
1222:
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from below, where they were outside the bomber crew's field of view. Few bombers of that era carried defensive guns in the ventral position. An attack by a
1378:
975:, the first model of which having been introduced during 1953. More advanced night fighter models of the Venom would follow, as well as of the navalised
912:
methods, rather than AI radar-controlled interception. Several Me 262 pilots were able to attain a high number of kills in the type such as Oberleutnant
437:
Nevertheless, some new technologies appeared to offer potential ways to improve night-fighting capability. During the 1930s, considerable development of
1863:
1782:
1406:
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could take on the role of night fighters, thus the class went into decline. Examples of these latter-day interceptor/night-fighters include the
300:
facilities in Cologne and DĂŒsseldorf. Although defences had been set up, all of them proved woefully inadequate. As early as 1915, a number of
1606:
The Mosquito increased German night-fighter losses to such an extent the Germans were said to have awarded two victories for shooting one down.
1440:
1011:
Into the 1960s, night fighters still existed as a separate class of aircraft. However, as they continued to grow in capability, radar-equipped
3351:
1630:" literally means "slanted" or "oblique"; it also has a secondary meaning of "weird", "strange", "off-key", or "abnormal" as in the English "
1428:
528:
By early 1941, the first examples of a production-quality radar, AI Mk. IV, were beginning to arrive. This coincided with the arrival of the
951:
without loss, as the MiG-15s lacked radar to shoot down individual fighters, though they were effective against bomber formations at night.
662:-band SN-2 unit that replaced the C-1 remained relatively secure until July 1944, but only at the cost of using huge, eight-dipole element
536:
ended their bombing efforts. Although night bombing never ended, its intensity was greatly decreased, giving the RAF time to introduce the
2401:
1079:
was also an interceptor with enhanced agility, but did not carry the Phoenix in preference to the role of an air-superiority fighter.
205:
or other systems for providing some sort of detection capability in low visibility. Many night fighters of the conflict also included
3344:
464:
in the mid-1930s. In September 1937, he gave a working demonstration of the concept when a test aircraft was able to detect three
296:
Things changed on 22 September and 8 October 1914, when the Royal Naval Air Service bombed the production line and hangars of the
983:
along with other operators. An advanced night-fighter design was eventually introduced to RAF service in 1956 in the form of the
828:. Urgency for the night-fighting role increased when Japanese aircraft successfully harassed naval forces on night raids in the
312:, was mounted at an angle of 45° to fire upwards, to attack the enemy from below. This technique proved to be very effective.
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Cotton, Frederick Sidney and William Helmore. "An improved method and means for intercepting night flying hostile aircraft."
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as the preferred platform for aircraft interception radars, and in May 1939, the first experimental flight took place, on a
1123:
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In the Korean War, after the Starfire proved to be ineffective against the latest Soviet-supplied aircraft, Marine Corps
397:
In the meantime, aircraft performance had improved tremendously; compared to their First World War counterparts, modern
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active search radars, as were Focke-Wulf Fw 190 A-6/R11 aircraft: these served as radar-equipped night-fighters with
110:
378:
K trainers were converted to night fighters by removing the front cockpit and mounting a Lewis gun on the top wing.
1031:
1075:, which on top of the heavy Phoenix, retained the Phantom's versatility and improved agility for dogfighting. The
3196:
Nightfighter Navigator: Recollections of Service in the RAF, Compiled from Flying Log Books and Personal Records.
1099:
1064:
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Both the Meteor and Vampire conversions were rapidly followed by a more capable night fighter in the form of the
821:
895:, the first operational jet fighter in the world, was adapted to the role, such as the installation of on-board
780:
3388:
1103:
260:
193:
During the Second World War, night fighters were either purpose-built night fighter designs, or more commonly,
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in front of the bombers. In other cases, the burning cities below provided enough light to see their targets.
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also widely exported; Meteor night fighters were acquired by France, Syria, Egypt and Israel amongst others.
17:
1779:
1076:
426:
369:
mounted over the wings, as the flash from the Vickers tended to dazzle the pilot when they were fired, and
301:
2858:
Encyclopedia of U.S. Air Force Aircraft and Missile Systems: Volume 1 Post-World War II Fighters 1945â1973
449:. These were often also fitted with a large IR searchlight to improve the amount of light being returned.
3639:
3509:
3450:
1060:
596:, and proved able to deal with the small raids by isolated bombers the RAF was carrying out at the time.
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have allowed even smaller modern fighters to have night-interception capability. In the US Air Force's
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1024:
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264:
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1001:
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802:
674:, revealed the secrets of the later, longer-wavelength replacement for the earlier B/C and C-1 sets.
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237:
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for landing at night, as turning on the runway lights made runways into an easy target for opposing
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1056:
1005:
241:
28:
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as a medium fighter-bomber. The need for close-in dogfighting spelled the end for the specialised
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in August 1944. NAG-41 achieved full night status on 1 October 1944 in time to participate in the
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233:
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complex controls required a multiperson crew to operate them. This naturally led to the use of
323:
After over a year of night Zeppelin raids, on the night of 2â3 September 1916, a BE2c flown by
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2335:
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aircraft were intended to find the targets and illuminate them with the searchlight, allowing
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210:
134:
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2986:(Aircraft in Profile Number 137). Leatherhead, Surrey, UK: Profile Publications Ltd., 1966.
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to mount it. This combination remained the premier night fighter until the end of the war.
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370:
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60:
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its twin J79 engines to prove adaptable as the preferred platform for tangling with agile
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71:
27:"Night Fighters" redirects here. For the 1960 film also known as The Night Fighters, see
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The Hellcat proved to be the best single-engined night fighter deployed in World War II.
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offensive armament fitment was the German name given to installations of upward-firing
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also used single-engined aircraft in the night-fighter role, starting in 1939 with the
643:
513:
457:
106:
96:
3326:
2035:
Odell, William C. (Winter 1989). "The Development of Night Fighters in World War II".
1588:"October 13th 1915... lifted his BE2c into the blackness to search for the intruder."
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as stop-gap measures. All of these fighters entered service during the early 1950s.
696:
608:
552:
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438:
334:, the first German airship to be shot down over Britain. This action won the pilot a
2575:
Secret Projects: British Fighters and Bombers 1935 -1950 (British Secret Projects 3)
801:. The only purpose-built night fighter design deployed during the war, the American
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practical problems, and while work was underway to correct these flaws, by the time
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to shoot them down. Higher altitude bombers also required extremely large and heavy
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3120:
Night Fighter: A First-hand Account of a P-61 Radar Observer in World War II China.
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1256:
1251:
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603:, the RAF changed their raid tactics to gather all of their bombers into a single "
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To Destroy a City: Strategic Bombing and its Human Consequences in World War II.
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emissions of RAF bombers â the April 1944 combat debut of the American-designed
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3272:. New York: Barnes & Noble Publishing, Inc. and Parragon Publishing, 2006.
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593:
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335:
327:
324:
174:
906:("stag's antlers") antennae; intercepts were generally or entirely made using
570:
276:
improvements making the vast majority of fighters capable of night operation.
3658:
3477:
3128:
The Wild Winds, The History of Number 486 RNZAF Fighter Squadron with the RAF
2905:
Rise from the East: The story of 247 (China British) Squadron Royal Air Force
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to replace the Mosquitos during the early 1950s. A similar conversion of the
758:
604:
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442:
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248:
245:
194:
51:
3019:
Queen of the Midnight Skies: The Story of America's Air Force Night Fighters
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2695:
2363:. Warton Aerodrome, UK: English Electric Technical Services, February 1962.
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night-identification light to enhance its night-interception capabilities.
1071:
missiles for fleet defense against bombers. The Navy instead developed the
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radar detectors also were fitted with the low- to mid-VHF band FuG 217/218
622:
480:
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198:
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Postwar Military Aircraft: De Havilland, Vampire, Venom and Sea Vixen v. 5
1051:
fighters over the skies of Vietnam, as well as replacing the US Air Force
630:
173:
adapted or designed for effective use at night, during periods of adverse
3617:
3564:
3093:
Night Fighters: An Unofficial History of the 415th Night Fighter Squadron
2835:
1216:
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1095:
997:
913:
744:. A sole Fw 190 A-6 Wk.Nr.550214 fitted with FuG 217 is a rare survivor.
682:
588:
508:
opened in August 1940, the night fighter fleet was still in its infancy.
214:
182:
3194:
3106:(Osprey Aircraft of the Aces #20). Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 1998.
916:, who claimed a total of 25 Mosquitos downed during nighttime missions.
2759:
Air Force Victory Credits: World War I, World War II, Korea and Vietnam
1347:
1288:
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988:
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887:
878:. In several cases these USN aircraft were used on raids of their own.
793:
fighters were initially adapted to a night role, including the Douglas
754:
600:
517:
499:
radar (AI Mk. II) was being fitted experimentally to a small number of
465:
353:
178:
3302:
Deny Them the Night Sky: A History of the 548th Night Fighter Squadron
3048:
Instruments of Darkness: The History of Electronic Warfare, 1939â1945.
1672:
634:
A restored Bf 110G night fighter with the VHF-band SN-2 radar antennae
228:
systems were greatly miniaturised over time, allowing the addition of
3270:
Fighter: The World's Finest Combat Aircraft â 1913 to the Present Day
908:
714:
691:
678:
556:
541:
505:
472:
446:
366:
315:
305:
3283:
Wixley, Kenneth E. "Gloster Javelin: a production history, Part 2".
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Night Fighters: Luftwaffe and RAF Air Combat over Europe, 1939â1945.
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had already been accepted as a "day" dogfighter, while the subsonic
1083:
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handed the task of developing a radar suitable for aircraft use to
375:
297:
225:
3287:, September 1984, Vol. 17, No 9, pp. 420â422. ISSN 0002-2675.
361:
day fighters were deployed in the night fighter role. The Camels'
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3190:. Aviation News, 30 October â 12 November 1996, pp. 550â554.
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737:
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In 1942, the Germans first started deploying the initial B/C low
616:
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With little money to spend on development, especially during the
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770:
741:
647:
398:
390:, night-fighting techniques changed little until just prior to
138:
124:
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By 1918, only four Zeppelin raids against London were mounted.
670:
equipped with an SN-2 Lichtenstein set, flown by mistake into
607:". This meant that the ground-based portion of the system was
2964:
Washington, DC: Air Force History and Museums Program, 1997.
2824:
Darkly Dangerous: The Northrop P-61 Black Widow Night Fighter
1631:
700:
667:
453:
331:
252:
202:
3366:
2961:
Conquering the Night: Army Air Forces Night Fighters at War.
2907:. Tonbridge, Kent, UK: Air Britain (Historians) Ltd., 1996.
2590:
Storms of Controversy: The Secret Avro Arrow Files Revealed.
2140:
Coniglio, Serigio. "F-94 Starfire (Monopama Special File)."
1098:, but quickly converted to an all-weather role. The similar
626:
The Ju 88R-1 night fighter captured by the RAF in April 1943
3332:
Conquering the Night: Army Air Forces Night Fighters at War
3145:(Modern Fighting Aircraft). New York: Prentice Hall, 1986.
3078:
Nightfighter: A Concise History of Nightfighting since 1914
2979:. Leatherhead, Surrey, UK: Profile Publications Ltd., 1966.
2843:
The Wizard War: British Scientific Intelligence, 1939â1945.
2766:
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1107:
875:
871:
516:
bomber which also carried a searchlight in its nose. These
272:
3228:, June 1995, Vol. 23, No 6, Issue No. 266, pp. 10â24.
3214:, April 1995, Vol. 23, No 4, Issue No. 264, pp. 6â10.
713:"Z" radar receivers for homing in on the 3-gigahertz band
3255:
Military Aircraft of the Cold War (The Aviation Factfile)
3235:, July 1995, Vol. 24 No 1, Issue No. 267, pp. 42â47.
3221:, May 1995, Vol. 23, No 5, Issue No. 265, pp. 18â22.
2669:
Chesham, UK: Steemrok Publishing Services, 1996. No ISBN.
2082:
The World's First Turbojet Fighter - Messerschmitt Me 262
939:
An F3D from VC-4 DET44(N) landing at K-6 airbase in Korea
718:
659:
639:
268:
2805:
Men of Power, The Lives of Rolls-Royce Chief Test Pilots
2366:
2560:
War Planes of the First World War: Volume Two: Fighters
2553:
War Planes of the First World War: Volume One: Fighters
726:
equipment. The Bf 109G series aircraft fitted with the
3173:
de Havilland Mosquito: An Illustrated History Volume 2
3130:. Dunedin, New Zealand: Otago University Press, 1998.
3065:. London: Ballantine Books, 1998, First edition 1957.
2892:. Gdansk, Poland: AJ Press Monografie Lotnicze, 1994.
2354:
2318:
2192:
619:, losing only four aircraft to German night fighters.
2860:. Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History, 1978.
2469:
2340:. Washington D.C.: Defense Dept (U.S.). p. 241.
34:
Fighter aircraft adapted or designed for use at night
3224:
Williams, Ray. "Meteor Night Fighters: Part Three".
2211:
2177:
1671:
Cooper, Ralph, Jean-Claude Cailliez and Gian Picco.
1548:
Vought F4U-5N/F4U-5NL Corsair/Goodyear FG-1E Corsair
3231:Williams, Ray. "Meteor Night Fighters: Part Four".
3050:London: Greenhill Books, 2006, First edition 1978.
695:(wild boar). In this case, the fighters, typically
3217:Williams, Ray. "Meteor Night Fighters: Part Two".
3210:Williams, Ray. "Meteor Night Fighters: Part One".
3175:. Manchester, UK: Crécy Publishing Limited, 2006.
2947:: 422nd Night Fighter Squadron Association, 1982.
2776:Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 2008.
2592:Toronto: Stoddart, third paperback edition, 1998.
1737:"The War in the Air: Bombers: Germany, Zeppelins."
3253:Winchester, Jim, ed. "Convair F-106 Delta Dart."
2993:The F-15 Eagle: Origins and Development 1964â1972
2721:. Cambridge, UK: Patrick Stephens Limited, 1981.
3656:
2845:New York: Coward, McCann & Geoghegan, 1978.
2757:Haulman, Daniel L. and William C. Stancik, eds.
2735:Night Fighters: A Development and Combat History
2282:
567:was also developed, but no production followed.
3242:(Bomber War Trilogy 2). London: Phoenix, 2008.
2977:The Bristol Blenheim I (Aircraft in Profile 93)
2921:Combat Squadrons of the Air Force, World War II
707:had G6N and similar models fitted with FuG 350
646:, and in extremely limited numbers, using a 32-
3240:Men of Air: The Doomed Youth of Bomber Command
3123:Rome, Georgia: Family of James R. Smith, 2004.
2605:Aviator Extraordinary: The Sidney Cotton Story
2394:
1754:
1491:Gloster/Armstrong-Whitworth Meteor NF 11/12/14
860:. Night fighter patrols effectively countered
137:night fighter, with centimetric radar in nose
3352:
2442:
2385:
2309:
2260:
1745:
1034:was offered to the US Navy; at the time, the
452:Immediately prior to the opening of the war,
3298:
3037:Pilot's Manual for Northrop P-61 Black Widow
2789:Handbook of Infrared Detection Technologies.
2333:
2147:
1059:for continental interception duties and the
3080:. Shepperton, Surrey, UK: Ian Allan, 1988.
2928:, Alabama: USAF Historical Division, 1982.
2577:. Leicester, UK: Midland Publishing, 2004.
2510:. Somerset, UK: Patrick Stevens Ltd, 1996.
2424:
2377:sfnp error: no target: CITEREFBeamont1985 (
2361:Pilot's Notes, Lightning F Mk.1 and F Mk.1A
2157:. Leicester, UK: Midland Publishing, 2001.
1722:
1720:
1678:19 November 2005. Retrieved: 15 April 2011.
3359:
3345:
2996:(Today's Best Military Writing ed.).
2493:Postwar Military Aircraft: Gloster Javelin
2433:
2233:
2203:sfn error: no target: CITEREFJackson1987 (
2056:
2054:
1124:Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.2 Night fighter
181:. Such designs were in direct contrast to
2739:New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1976.
2334:Converse III, Elliott V. (12 June 2012).
1892:
1890:
1888:
1742:22 August 2009. Retrieved: 13 April 2011.
836:, on 25 August 1943 using radar-equipped
555:and fitted with special systems, such as
201:adapted for the mission, often employing
99:NF.51 (J 33), during night operation 1954
3104:German Night Fighter Aces of World War 2
2791:Rio de Janeiro: Elsevier Science, 2002.
2603:Cotton, Sidney as told to Ralph Barker.
1717:
1094:was originally envisaged as inexpensive
934:
820:(USN) Project Affirm was established at
779:
689:models, which they later referred to as
629:
621:
569:
314:
3327:Luftwaffe Night Fighter Control methods
3017:Pape, Garry R. and Ronald C. Harrison.
2989:
2802:
2694:
2648:Dorr, Robert F. and Chris Bishop, eds.
2475:
2372:
2224:
2198:
2051:
1876:
1822:
1067:, which was armed only with long-range
947:shot down six aircraft, including five
14:
3657:
3158:United States Navy Aircraft since 1911
3156:Swanborough, Gordon and Peter Bowers.
2674:German Aircraft of the First World War
2652:. London: Aerospace Publishing, 1996.
2337:Rearming for the Cold War 1945 -- 1960
2273:
2030:
2028:
1885:
342:Because of airships' limitations, the
3340:
2888:Ledwoch, Janusz and Adam Skupiewski.
2702:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
2288:
2078:
2034:
1533:North American F-82F/G/H Twin Mustang
1144:
1000:developed its own night fighter, the
213:. Some experiments tested the use of
165:) is a largely historical term for a
2772:Heaton, Colin and Anne-Marie Lewis.
2391:Swanborough and Bowers 1976, p. 301.
2016:
1402:Grumman F6F-3E/F6F-3N/F6F-5N Hellcat
2637:James Lorimer & Company, 1997.
2134:
2025:
1464:
1129:Sopwith Camel "Comic" Night fighter
1030:During this transition period, the
490:
43:Night fighter / All-weather fighter
24:
3440:Airborne early warning and control
3292:
3257:. London: Grange Books plc, 2006.
3061:Rawnsley, C.F. and Robert Wright.
2984:The Bristol Beaufighter I & II
2622:. London: Crecy Publishers, 1999.
1780:"Los chatos noctumos" (in Spanish)
1501:
1486:de Havilland Venom NF 2/2A/3/51/54
1417:Vought F4U-2/F4U-4E/F4U-4N Corsair
1282:
1117:
920:including the US contract for the
767:Imperial Japanese Army Air Service
763:Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service
759:large, twin-engined night fighters
412:the bomber will always get through
381:
25:
3681:
3320:
2769:Historical Research Center, 1988.
2142:Aviation and Marine International
1914:Rawnsley and Wright 1998, p. 151.
1335:
1134:Sopwith 1œ Strutter Night fighter
1004:, which entered service with the
788:Rather than nighttime raids, the
284:
177:conditions, or in otherwise poor
2787:Henini, Mohamed and M. Razeghi.
2540:. Leicester, UK; Aerofax, 1993.
2430:Dorr and Bishop 1996, pp. 48â49.
1977:Scutts and Weal 1998, pp. 46â47.
1959:Jones 1978, pp. Preface, p. 500.
1801:Henini and Razeghi 2002, p. 128.
1708:
1407:Lockheed P-38M "Night Lightning"
1384:
1032:McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II
799:Lockheed P-38M "Night Lightning"
79:
70:
59:
50:
2923:(Perennial Works in Sociology).
2877:New York: Da Capo Press, 2003.
2672:Gray, Peter and Owen Thetford.
2536:Blazer, Gerald and Mike Dario.
2484:
2466:Gunston and Spick 1983, p. 112.
2460:
2451:
2327:
2251:
2242:
2168:
2108:
2105:Blazer and Dorio 1993, pp. 1â3.
2099:
2072:
2063:
2060:Gunston 1976, pp. 112, 183â184.
2007:
1998:
1989:
1980:
1971:
1962:
1953:
1944:
1935:
1926:
1917:
1908:
1899:
1861:"1459 Flight and 538 Squadron."
1853:
1840:
1831:
1813:
1804:
1795:
1772:
1763:
1729:
1726:Gray and Thetford 1962, p. 130.
1637:
1609:
1600:
1369:de Havilland Mosquito NF series
1318:
1100:McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet
866:attacks timed to arrive during
822:Naval Air Station Quonset Point
3043:: Aviation Publications, 1977.
2525:. Ian Allan Publishing, 1999.
2315:Campagna 1998, pp. 66â67.
2289:Peden, Murray (1 April 2003).
1699:
1690:
1681:
1665:
1656:
1591:
1582:
1538:North American F-86D/K/L Sabre
1523:McDonnell F2H-2N/F2H-4 Banshee
1471:de Havilland Mosquito NF 36/38
1082:The reduced size and costs of
886:Even while the war raged, the
761:by the Luftwaffe and both the
705:Messerschmitt Bf 109G variants
348:began to introduce long-range
13:
1:
3102:Scutts, Jerry and John Weal.
2683:. Los Angeles: Tomash, 1987.
2607:. Chatto & Windus, 1969.
2045:United States Naval Institute
1570:
1481:de Havilland Vampire NF 10/54
1476:de Havilland Sea Hornet NF 21
1181:Messerschmitt Bf 110D/F-4/G-4
2941:422nd Night Fighter Squadron
1986:Ledwoch and Skupiewski 1994
1650:
1618:was derived from the German
1077:McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle
497:Aircraft Interception Mk. II
427:Spanish Republican Air Force
7:
3299:Shulenberger, Eric (2005).
2939:McEwen, Charles McEwen Jr.
2807:. Barnsley: Pen and Sword.
2562:. London: Macdonald, 1968.
2457:Spick 2000, pp. 72â74, 112.
2448:Gunston 1978, pp. 8, 10â15.
2116:"William F. Barns Archives"
1941:Sortehaug 1998, pp. 23, 30.
1553:
1447:
1231:CN Serie I, II, III "Falco"
1061:Republic F-105 Thunderchief
809:and then saw action in the
10:
3686:
3199:London: V.P. White, 2004.
3023:West Chester, Pennsylvania
2555:. London: Macdonald, 1965.
1513:Grumman F7F-1N/2N Tigercat
1354:Boulton Paul Defiant Mk II
1348:Douglas Havoc (Turbinlite)
1149:
1053:Convair F-102 Delta Dagger
1025:English Electric Lightning
926:North American F-86D Sabre
881:
279:
265:inertial navigation system
207:instrument landing systems
26:
3583:
3432:
3425:
3376:
2890:Messerschmitt Me.109 Cz.2
2305:– via Google Books.
1905:Thirsk 2006, pp. 124â127.
1873:Retrieved: 1 August 2011.
1837:Cotton 1969, pp. 205â211.
1792:Retrieved: 4 August 2013.
1673:"Alfred Comte 1895â1965."
1626:Music" (the German word "
1452:
1422:
1412:Northrop P-61 Black Widow
1110:, was ordered with a 0.6
834:Charlestown, Rhode Island
803:Northrop P-61 Black Widow
784:A wartime P-61A in flight
576:instrument landing system
238:instrument landing system
220:Northrop P-61 Black Widow
121:Northrop P-61 Black Widow
3160:. London: Putnam, 1976.
2990:Neufeld, Jacob (2007) .
2841:Jones, Reginald Victor.
2408:, Boeing, archived from
2239:Birtles 1999, pp. 75â76.
2079:Hecht, Heinrich (1990).
1785:28 December 2009 at the
1714:Knell 2003, pp. 109â111.
1662:Winchester 2006, p. 184.
1575:
1435:Morane-Saulnier M.S. 408
1252:Mitsubishi Ki-46-III KAI
1235:
1204:
1057:Convair F-106 Delta Dart
1021:Convair F-106 Delta Dart
1006:Royal Canadian Air Force
979:, which served with the
949:Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15s
902:high-VHF band radar and
805:was introduced first in
585:far from Allied airbases
445:Z night fighters of the
242:microwave landing system
111:Messerschmitt Bf 110 G-4
29:A Terrible Beauty (film)
3188:India's Night Guardians
2856:Knaack, Marcelle Size.
2719:Fighters of the Fifties
2676:. London: Putnam, 1961.
2650:Vietnam Air War Debrief
2324:Winchester 2006, p. 55.
2270:September 1984, p. 422.
2155:Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15
1871:Nightfighter navigator.
234:terrain-following radar
159:all-weather interceptor
2958:McFarland, Stephen L.
2926:Maxwell Air Force Base
2830:: Bomber Books, 1981.
2822:Johnsen, Frederick A.
2763:Maxwell Air Force Base
2538:Northrop F-89 Scorpion
2144:, Issue 34, June 1976.
2013:Heaton and Lewis 2008
1896:Hastings 1979, p. 240.
1760:Bruce 1965, pp. 35â36.
1543:Northrop F-89 Scorpion
1528:McDonnell F-101 Voodoo
1518:Lockheed F-94 Starfire
1374:Fairey Firefly NF Mk 5
1364:Bristol Blenheim Mk IF
977:de Havilland Sea Venom
945:Douglas F3D Skyknights
940:
930:Lockheed F-94 Starfire
922:Northrop F-89 Scorpion
785:
635:
627:
579:
328:William Leefe Robinson
320:
3091:Sargent, Frederic O.
2754:Michael Joseph, 1979.
2681:Radar in World War II
2620:Battle Under the Moon
2174:Buttler 2004, p. 193.
2069:Gunston 1976, p. 184.
1950:Robinson 1988, p. 68.
1819:Robinson 1988, p. 28.
1810:Robinson 1988, p. 34.
1769:Robinson 1988, p. 24.
1508:Douglas F3D Skyknight
1139:Supermarine Nighthawk
938:
838:Douglas SBD Dauntless
783:
642:-band version of the
633:
625:
578:indicator, built 1943
573:
546:de Havilland Mosquito
318:
310:incendiary ammunition
135:de Havilland Mosquito
123:night fighter with a
105:The nose of a German
3285:Aircraft Illustrated
2803:Jackson, R. (2006).
2439:Knaack 1974, p. 274.
2268:Aircraft Illustrated
2248:Gunston 1981, p. 56.
2230:Birtles 1999, p. 72.
2120:This Day in Aviation
1705:Gunston 1976, p. 27.
1696:Evans 1996, pp. 3â4.
1565:Interceptor aircraft
1379:Supermarine Spitfire
1312:Messerschmitt Me 210
1306:Messerschmitt Bf 110
1300:Messerschmitt Bf 109
1186:Messerschmitt Me 262
1008:(RCAF) during 1952.
965:de Havilland Vampire
893:Messerschmitt Me 262
858:Battle of Leyte Gulf
687:Messerschmitt Bf 109
352:, starting with the
289:At the start of the
171:interceptor aircraft
3510:Electronic warfare
3305:. E. Shulenberger.
3076:Robinson, Anthony.
3041:Appleton, Wisconsin
2982:Moyes, Philip J.R.
2975:Moyes, Philip J.R.
2945:Birmingham, Alabama
2903:Marchant, David J.
2666:The Dragon Slayers.
2588:Campagna, Palmiro.
2508:Flying to the Limit
2495:. Ian Allan, 1999.
2402:"Phantom 'Phirsts'"
2257:Allward 1983, p. 6.
2189:April 1995, p. 6â7.
2004:Currie 1999, p. 11.
1751:Bruce 1968, p. 151.
1396:Bristol Beaufighter
1359:Bristol Beaufighter
1330:Yakovlev Yak-9M PVO
1247:Kawasaki Ki-45 KAIc
1223:Caproni-Vizzola F-5
1088:lightweight fighter
1073:Grumman F-14 Tomcat
1040:McDonnell F3H Demon
1036:Vought F-8 Crusader
842:Grumman F6F Hellcat
155:all-weather fighter
3451:Counter-insurgency
3193:White, E.G., OBE.
3097:Madison, Wisconsin
3025:: Schiffer, 1992.
2828:Tacoma, Washington
2679:Guerlac, Henry E.
2491:Allward, Maurice.
2122:. 21 February 2019
2022:Pape 1992, p. 208.
1995:Wilson 2008, p. 3.
1968:Price 2006, p. 67.
1866:2011-07-09 at the
1740:firstworldwar.com,
1676:earlyaviators.com,
1459:Avro Canada CF-100
1398:(British supplied)
973:de Havilland Venom
941:
846:Vought F4U Corsair
818:United States Navy
790:US Army Air Forces
786:
697:Focke-Wulf Fw 190s
644:Lichtenstein radar
636:
628:
580:
458:Robert Watson-Watt
439:infrared detectors
321:
308:loaded with novel
127:nose for its radar
107:Lichtenstein radar
97:de Havilland Venom
3652:
3651:
3648:
3647:
3505:Close air support
3369:military aircraft
3312:978-0-9767355-0-2
3268:Winchester, Jim.
3248:978-0-7538-2398-9
3233:Aeroplane Monthly
3226:Aeroplane Monthly
3219:Aeroplane Monthly
3212:Aeroplane Monthly
3205:978-1-871330-08-3
3126:Sortehaug, Paul.
3112:978-1-85532-696-5
3071:978-0-907579-67-0
3056:978-1-85367-616-1
3031:978-0-88740-415-3
3003:978-1-4299-1069-9
2934:978-0-405-12194-4
2918:Maurer, Maurer.
2851:978-0-698-10896-7
2814:978-1-84415-427-2
2797:978-1-85617-388-9
2782:978-1-59114-360-4
2745:978-0-7509-3410-7
2689:978-0-7503-0659-1
2628:978-0-85979-109-0
2506:Beamont, Roland.
2501:978-0-711-01323-0
2221:June 1995, p. 12.
2219:Aeroplane Monthly
2186:Aeroplane Monthly
1882:Moyes 1966, p. 5.
1848:GB Patent 574970,
1828:Moyes 1966, p. 6.
1325:Petlyakov Pe-3bis
1257:Mitsubishi Ki-109
1198:Focke-Wulf Fw 190
1192:Focke-Wulf Fw 189
1166:Focke-Wulf Ta 154
1161:Dornier Do 217J/N
826:aircraft carriers
613:1,000-bomber raid
599:At the urging of
553:No. 100 Group RAF
538:AI Mk. VIII radar
408:antiaircraft guns
371:synchronised guns
365:were replaced by
16:(Redirected from
3677:
3665:Fighter aircraft
3513:
3430:
3429:
3412:
3361:
3354:
3347:
3338:
3337:
3316:
3186:Thomas, Andrew.
3099:: Sargent, 1946.
3014:
3012:
3010:
2871:Knell, Hermann.
2818:
2713:
2521:Birtles, Philp.
2479:
2473:
2467:
2464:
2458:
2455:
2449:
2446:
2440:
2437:
2431:
2428:
2422:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2398:
2392:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2375:, p. 51-52.
2370:
2364:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2331:
2325:
2322:
2316:
2313:
2307:
2306:
2292:Fall of an Arrow
2286:
2280:
2279:Dow 1997, p. 72.
2277:
2271:
2264:
2258:
2255:
2249:
2246:
2240:
2237:
2231:
2228:
2222:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2196:
2190:
2181:
2175:
2172:
2166:
2151:
2145:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2112:
2106:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2076:
2070:
2067:
2061:
2058:
2049:
2048:
2032:
2023:
2020:
2014:
2011:
2005:
2002:
1996:
1993:
1987:
1984:
1978:
1975:
1969:
1966:
1960:
1957:
1951:
1948:
1942:
1939:
1933:
1930:
1924:
1921:
1915:
1912:
1906:
1903:
1897:
1894:
1883:
1880:
1874:
1857:
1851:
1850:29 January 1946.
1844:
1838:
1835:
1829:
1826:
1820:
1817:
1811:
1808:
1802:
1799:
1793:
1778:LĂĄzaro, Carlos.
1776:
1770:
1767:
1761:
1758:
1752:
1749:
1743:
1733:
1727:
1724:
1715:
1712:
1706:
1703:
1697:
1694:
1688:
1685:
1679:
1669:
1663:
1660:
1644:
1641:
1635:
1613:
1607:
1604:
1598:
1595:
1589:
1586:
1229:Reggiane Re.2001
1188:A-1a/U2, B-1a/U1
1176:Junkers Ju 88C/G
1145:Second World War
1106:variant for the
501:Bristol Blenheim
491:Second World War
475:in bad weather.
431:Polikarpov I-15s
388:Great Depression
345:LuftstreitkrÀfte
163:Second World War
153:(later known as
83:
74:
63:
54:
44:
21:
3685:
3684:
3680:
3679:
3678:
3676:
3675:
3674:
3655:
3654:
3653:
3644:
3579:
3555:Maritime patrol
3528:Air superiority
3511:
3421:
3410:
3372:
3371:types and roles
3365:
3323:
3313:
3295:
3293:Further reading
3290:
3238:Wilson, Kevin.
3046:Price, Alfred.
3008:
3006:
3004:
2815:
2752:Bomber Command.
2750:Hastings, Max.
2732:Gunston, Bill.
2717:Gunston, Bill.
2710:
2573:Buttler, Tony.
2487:
2482:
2474:
2470:
2465:
2461:
2456:
2452:
2447:
2443:
2438:
2434:
2429:
2425:
2415:
2413:
2412:on 29 June 2011
2400:
2399:
2395:
2390:
2386:
2376:
2371:
2367:
2359:
2355:
2348:
2332:
2328:
2323:
2319:
2314:
2310:
2303:
2287:
2283:
2278:
2274:
2265:
2261:
2256:
2252:
2247:
2243:
2238:
2234:
2229:
2225:
2216:
2212:
2202:
2197:
2193:
2182:
2178:
2173:
2169:
2153:Gordon, Yefim.
2152:
2148:
2139:
2135:
2125:
2123:
2114:
2113:
2109:
2104:
2100:
2093:
2077:
2073:
2068:
2064:
2059:
2052:
2033:
2026:
2021:
2017:
2012:
2008:
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1467:
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1338:
1321:
1285:
1283:Hungary/Romania
1277:Yokosuka P1Y1-S
1272:Yokosuka D4Y2-S
1267:Nakajima J1N1-S
1262:Nakajima C6N1-S
1242:Aichi S1A Denko
1238:
1207:
1152:
1147:
1120:
1118:First World War
985:Gloster Javelin
884:
830:Solomon Islands
540:working in the
493:
416:Royal Air Force
384:
382:Interwar period
291:First World War
287:
282:
230:radar altimeter
187:First World War
147:
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86:
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3601:Reconnaissance
3598:
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3575:Strike fighter
3572:
3570:Fighter-bomber
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3321:External links
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2406:Phabulous 40th
2393:
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2201:, p. 484.
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2015:
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1923:Marchant 1996
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1171:Heinkel He 219
1168:
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1156:Arado Ar 68E-1
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1119:
1116:
1069:AIM-54 Phoenix
1065:Grumman F-111B
961:Gloster Meteor
955:intercept the
883:
880:
870:conditions at
854: (CVL-22)
747:The effective
672:RAF Woodbridge
594:Kammhuber Line
565:Hawker Typhoon
544:band, and the
492:
489:
383:
380:
336:Victoria Cross
286:
285:Early examples
283:
281:
278:
195:heavy fighters
175:meteorological
142:
141:
128:
114:
100:
89:
88:
87:
78:
77:
69:
68:
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58:
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3506:
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3501:
3498:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3478:Medium bomber
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3464:
3461:
3457:
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3448:
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3333:
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3328:
3325:
3324:
3314:
3308:
3304:
3303:
3297:
3296:
3286:
3282:
3279:
3278:0-7607-7957-0
3275:
3271:
3267:
3264:
3263:1-84013-929-3
3260:
3256:
3252:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3234:
3230:
3227:
3223:
3220:
3216:
3213:
3209:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3197:
3192:
3189:
3185:
3182:
3181:0-85979-115-7
3178:
3174:
3171:Thirsk, Ian.
3170:
3167:
3166:0-370-10054-9
3163:
3159:
3155:
3152:
3151:0-13-055237-2
3148:
3144:
3141:Spick, Mike.
3140:
3137:
3136:1-877139-09-2
3133:
3129:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3116:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3087:
3086:0-7607-7957-0
3083:
3079:
3075:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3063:Night Fighter
3060:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3042:
3038:
3035:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3005:
2999:
2995:
2994:
2988:
2985:
2981:
2978:
2974:
2971:
2970:0-16-049672-1
2967:
2963:
2962:
2957:
2954:
2953:0-89201-092-4
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2917:
2914:
2913:0-85130-244-0
2910:
2906:
2902:
2899:
2898:83-86208-02-3
2895:
2891:
2887:
2884:
2883:0-306-81169-3
2880:
2876:
2875:
2870:
2867:
2866:0-912799-59-5
2863:
2859:
2855:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2816:
2810:
2806:
2801:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2753:
2749:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2736:
2731:
2728:
2727:0-85059-463-4
2724:
2720:
2716:
2711:
2709:0-684-15753-5
2705:
2701:
2697:
2696:Gunston, Bill
2693:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2675:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2662:
2659:
2658:1-874023-78-6
2655:
2651:
2647:
2644:
2643:1-5502855-4-8
2640:
2636:
2632:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2614:
2613:0-7011-1334-0
2610:
2606:
2602:
2599:
2598:0-7737-5990-5
2595:
2591:
2587:
2584:
2583:1-85780-179-2
2580:
2576:
2572:
2569:
2568:0-356-01473-8
2565:
2561:
2557:
2554:
2550:
2547:
2546:0-942548-45-0
2543:
2539:
2535:
2532:
2531:0-71101-566-X
2528:
2524:
2520:
2517:
2516:1-85260-553-7
2513:
2509:
2505:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2489:
2478:, p. 49.
2477:
2472:
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2454:
2445:
2436:
2427:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2397:
2388:
2380:
2374:
2369:
2362:
2357:
2349:
2347:9780160911323
2343:
2339:
2338:
2330:
2321:
2312:
2304:
2302:9781459717749
2298:
2294:
2293:
2285:
2276:
2269:
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2254:
2245:
2236:
2227:
2220:
2214:
2206:
2200:
2195:
2188:
2187:
2180:
2171:
2164:
2163:1-85780-105-9
2160:
2156:
2150:
2143:
2137:
2121:
2117:
2111:
2102:
2094:
2092:9780887402340
2088:
2084:
2083:
2075:
2066:
2057:
2055:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2037:Naval History
2031:
2029:
2019:
2010:
2001:
1992:
1983:
1974:
1965:
1956:
1947:
1938:
1929:
1920:
1911:
1902:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1879:
1872:
1869:
1865:
1862:
1859:White, E. G.
1856:
1849:
1843:
1834:
1825:
1816:
1807:
1798:
1791:
1788:
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1781:
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1732:
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1721:
1711:
1702:
1693:
1684:
1677:
1674:
1668:
1659:
1655:
1640:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1620:colloquialism
1617:
1616:SchrÀge Musik
1612:
1603:
1594:
1585:
1581:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1560:Heavy fighter
1558:
1557:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
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1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
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1511:
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1506:
1505:
1502:United States
1497:
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1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1385:United States
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1342:Douglas Havoc
1340:
1339:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1298:
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1290:
1287:
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1278:
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1212:
1209:
1208:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1090:program, the
1089:
1085:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1009:
1007:
1003:
1002:CF-100 Canuck
999:
995:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
969:
966:
962:
958:
952:
950:
946:
937:
933:
931:
927:
923:
917:
915:
911:
910:
905:
901:
900:
894:
889:
879:
877:
873:
869:
865:
864:
859:
855:
853:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
814:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
791:
782:
778:
776:
775:SchrÀge Musik
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
751:
750:SchrÀge Musik
745:
743:
739:
735:
734:
729:
725:
720:
716:
712:
711:
706:
702:
698:
694:
693:
688:
684:
680:
675:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
632:
624:
620:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
597:
595:
590:
586:
577:
572:
568:
566:
562:
558:
554:
549:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
526:
523:
519:
515:
514:Douglas Havoc
509:
507:
502:
498:
488:
486:
485:Fairey Battle
482:
481:light bombers
476:
474:
470:
469:capital ships
467:
463:
462:'Taffy' Bowen
459:
455:
450:
448:
444:
443:Dornier Do 17
440:
435:
432:
428:
423:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
400:
395:
393:
389:
379:
377:
372:
368:
364:
360:
359:Sopwith Camel
355:
351:
350:heavy bombers
347:
346:
340:
337:
333:
329:
326:
317:
313:
311:
307:
303:
299:
294:
292:
277:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
249:weather radar
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
221:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
199:light bombers
196:
191:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
151:night fighter
140:
136:
132:
131:Bottom right:
129:
126:
122:
118:
115:
113:night fighter
112:
108:
104:
101:
98:
94:
91:
90:
82:
73:
62:
53:
37:
30:
19:
18:Night-fighter
3670:Night flying
3613:Surveillance
3591:Experimental
3547:
3473:Light bomber
3468:Heavy bomber
3301:
3284:
3269:
3254:
3239:
3232:
3225:
3218:
3211:
3195:
3187:
3172:
3157:
3142:
3127:
3119:
3117:Smith, J.R.
3103:
3092:
3077:
3062:
3047:
3036:
3018:
3007:. Retrieved
2992:
2983:
2976:
2960:
2940:
2920:
2904:
2889:
2873:
2857:
2842:
2823:
2804:
2788:
2773:
2758:
2751:
2734:
2718:
2699:
2680:
2673:
2665:
2649:
2634:
2633:Dow, James.
2619:
2604:
2589:
2574:
2559:
2558:Bruce, J.M.
2552:
2551:Bruce, J.M.
2537:
2522:
2507:
2492:
2485:Bibliography
2476:Neufeld 2007
2471:
2462:
2453:
2444:
2435:
2426:
2414:, retrieved
2410:the original
2405:
2396:
2387:
2368:
2360:
2356:
2336:
2329:
2320:
2311:
2291:
2284:
2275:
2267:
2262:
2253:
2244:
2235:
2226:
2218:
2213:
2199:Jackson 1987
2194:
2184:
2179:
2170:
2154:
2149:
2141:
2136:
2124:. Retrieved
2119:
2110:
2101:
2085:. Schiffer.
2081:
2074:
2065:
2040:
2036:
2018:
2009:
2000:
1991:
1982:
1973:
1964:
1955:
1946:
1937:
1932:Thomas 1996
1928:
1919:
1910:
1901:
1878:
1870:
1855:
1847:
1842:
1833:
1824:
1815:
1806:
1797:
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1731:
1710:
1701:
1692:
1683:
1675:
1667:
1658:
1639:
1627:
1615:
1611:
1602:
1593:
1584:
1441:Potez 631 C3
1391:Douglas P-70
1319:Soviet Union
1081:
1029:
1013:interceptors
1010:
970:
957:Tupolev Tu-4
953:
942:
918:
907:
904:Hirschgeweih
903:
898:
885:
861:
852:Independence
851:
815:
787:
774:
748:
746:
731:
727:
723:
708:
690:
676:
664:Hirschgeweih
663:
651:
637:
598:
581:
550:
533:
527:
510:
494:
477:
451:
436:
424:
422:" training.
420:blind flying
404:interceptors
396:
392:World War II
385:
363:Vickers guns
343:
341:
322:
295:
288:
224:
215:day fighters
192:
183:day fighters
158:
154:
150:
148:
130:
117:Bottom left:
116:
102:
92:
36:
3565:Interdictor
3533:Interceptor
3442:(AEW&C)
2765:, Alabama:
2416:27 November
2295:. Dundurn.
1429:Mureaux 114
1219:/CN "Leone"
1217:CANT Z.1018
1096:day fighter
998:Avro Canada
914:Kurt Welter
757:mounted in
683:Arado Ar 68
609:overwhelmed
589:searchlight
530:Beaufighter
414:", and the
330:downed the
255:receivers,
236:, improved
3659:Categories
3584:Non-combat
3560:Multi-role
3493:Pathfinder
3488:Penetrator
3404:Helicopter
3394:Fixed-wing
2663:Evans, J.
2635:The Arrow.
1571:References
1350:(US-built)
1344:(US-built)
1295:MĂVAG HĂ©ja
1289:FIAT CR.42
1211:Fiat CR.42
1017:Avro Arrow
989:delta wing
981:Royal Navy
888:jet engine
797:and later
755:autocannon
685:and early
601:R.V. Jones
574:Luftwaffe
522:Hurricanes
518:Turbinlite
466:Home Fleet
429:used some
367:Lewis guns
354:Gotha G.IV
179:visibility
109:-equipped
103:Top right:
3640:Transport
3538:Emergency
3483:Strategic
3409:Unmanned
2217:Williams
2183:Williams
1651:Citations
909:Wilde Sau
850:USS
692:Wilde Sau
679:Luftwaffe
615:attacked
557:Perfectos
542:microwave
534:Luftwaffe
506:the Blitz
473:North Sea
447:Luftwaffe
306:Lewis gun
211:intruders
119:American
93:Top left:
3518:Intruder
3009:22 April
2836:11043715
2698:(1978).
2047:: 33â35.
1864:Archived
1783:Archived
1554:See also
1448:Post-war
1213:CN Falco
1084:avionics
897:FuG 218
868:twilight
863:kamikaze
656:RAF Dyce
652:Matratze
650:element
376:Avro 504
298:Zeppelin
226:Avionics
95:Swedish
3635:Trainer
3630:Testbed
3596:Liaison
3523:Fighter
3500:Carrier
3456:Gunship
3417:Stealth
3389:Balloon
3384:Airship
3367:Modern
2266:Wixley
1291:"Falco"
1200:A-5/R11
1150:Germany
1102:in its
882:Postwar
811:Pacific
771:bombers
738:NJGr 10
617:Cologne
592:as the
561:Serrate
471:in the
399:bombers
325:Captain
280:History
246:Doppler
167:fighter
3625:Tanker
3543:Escort
3463:Bomber
3446:Attack
3433:Combat
3399:Glider
3309:
3276:
3261:
3246:
3203:
3179:
3164:
3149:
3134:
3110:
3084:
3069:
3054:
3029:
3000:
2968:
2951:
2932:
2911:
2896:
2881:
2864:
2849:
2834:
2811:
2795:
2780:
2743:
2725:
2706:
2687:
2656:
2641:
2626:
2611:
2596:
2581:
2566:
2544:
2529:
2514:
2499:
2344:
2299:
2161:
2126:14 May
2089:
1628:schrÀg
1453:Canada
1423:France
1314:Ca-1/N
1049:MiG-21
1045:MiG-17
1023:, and
994:Canada
899:Neptun
807:Europe
742:NJG 11
733:Neptun
701:flares
648:dipole
605:stream
302:B.E.2c
271:, and
139:radome
125:radome
3618:Scout
3606:Scout
3548:Night
3426:Roles
3411:(UAV)
3377:Types
2700:F-111
2043:(1).
1790:Adar.
1632:queer
1622:for "
1576:Notes
1236:Japan
1205:Italy
1104:CF-18
728:Naxos
724:Naxos
710:Naxos
668:NJG 2
454:radar
434:war.
332:SL 11
261:TACAN
253:LORAN
203:radar
161:post-
3512:(EW)
3307:ISBN
3274:ISBN
3259:ISBN
3244:ISBN
3201:ISBN
3177:ISBN
3162:ISBN
3147:ISBN
3143:B-1B
3132:ISBN
3108:ISBN
3082:ISBN
3067:ISBN
3052:ISBN
3027:ISBN
3011:2017
2998:ISBN
2966:ISBN
2949:ISBN
2930:ISBN
2909:ISBN
2894:ISBN
2879:ISBN
2862:ISBN
2847:ISBN
2832:OCLC
2809:ISBN
2793:ISBN
2778:ISBN
2767:USAF
2741:ISBN
2723:ISBN
2704:ISBN
2685:ISBN
2654:ISBN
2639:ISBN
2624:ISBN
2609:ISBN
2594:ISBN
2579:ISBN
2564:ISBN
2542:ISBN
2527:ISBN
2512:ISBN
2497:ISBN
2418:2012
2379:help
2342:ISBN
2297:ISBN
2205:help
2159:ISBN
2128:2019
2087:ISBN
1624:Jazz
1431:/CN2
1308:G-4d
1108:RCAF
1092:F-16
1055:and
1047:and
987:, a
928:and
876:dusk
872:dawn
844:and
816:The
795:P-70
765:and
740:and
677:The
559:and
425:The
273:GNSS
1437:/CN
1225:/CN
1194:A-1
1112:Mcd
874:or
719:H2X
715:H2S
660:VHF
640:UHF
269:GPS
257:GEE
197:or
169:or
157:or
3661::
3095:.
3039:.
3021:.
2943:.
2826:.
2761:.
2404:,
2118:.
2053:^
2039:.
2027:^
1887:^
1719:^
1634:")
1443:/N
1027:.
1019:,
996:,
487:.
394:.
267:,
263:,
259:,
251:,
244:,
240:,
232:,
222:.
149:A
133:A
3360:e
3353:t
3346:v
3315:.
3280:.
3265:.
3250:.
3207:.
3183:.
3168:.
3153:.
3138:.
3114:.
3088:.
3073:.
3058:.
3033:.
3013:.
2972:.
2955:.
2936:.
2915:.
2900:.
2885:.
2868:.
2853:.
2838:.
2819:.
2817:.
2799:.
2784:.
2747:.
2737:.
2729:.
2714:.
2712:.
2691:.
2660:.
2645:.
2630:.
2615:.
2600:.
2585:.
2570:.
2548:.
2533:.
2518:.
2503:.
2421:.
2381:)
2350:.
2207:)
2165:.
2130:.
2095:.
2041:3
1302:F
31:.
20:)
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