175:." Additionally, the inculpation revealed that the investigation uncovered evidence that the accused had used the JAC as a means for spying and promoting anti-government sentiment. The indictment went on to assert that the accused had been enemies of the government prior to their involvement with the JAC, and that the JAC served as their international network for communicating anti-Soviet views.
407:. After the execution of the defendants, the trial and its results were kept secret. There was not a single reference to the trial or the execution in Soviet newspapers. Defendants' families were charged with "being relatives of traitors to the motherland" and exiled in December 1952. They did not learn about the fates of their family members until November 1955, when the case was reopened.
140:, a Yiddish actor and director, headed the committee. Other members of the committee were prominent Yiddish literary figures, actors, and doctors who wanted to help influence Jewish support for the Soviet Union through their writing and also using radio broadcasts from Russia to different countries. In 1943, Mikhoels and the vice-chairman of the Anti-Fascist Committee,
386:, the lead judge of the trial, confronted with such a great number of discrepancies and contradictions, twice made attempts to appeal to the Soviet leadership to reopen the investigation and was denied both times. Even after sentencing the defendants, Cheptsov attempted to lengthen the process by declining to immediately execute the defendants.
430:. Weeks after Stalin's death, on 5 March 1953, the new Soviet leadership renounced the Doctors' plot, which led to questions about the similar situation with the JAC defendants. Upon the discovery that much of the testimony from the trial was the result of torture and coercion, the proceedings were reexamined. On 22 November 1955, the
394:
The sentence stated that the defendants would receive "the severest measure of punishment for the crimes committed by them jointly: execution, with all of their property to be confiscated." The court also stripped the men of their medals and made petitions to remove military commendations such as the
374:
had the opportunity to cross-examine each other, furthering the trial's intense atmosphere. During the trial, defendants answered some questions from judges which were wholly unrelated to the trial and resulted merely from personal curiosities. For example, the judges often asked the defendants about
373:
as "nothing less than terror masquerading as law." While some defendants admitted their guilt, others plead partially guilty and some maintained their innocence. Since the trial was not public, the defendants made expressive and often lengthy statements professing their innocence. The defendants also
414:
was sentenced to three-and-a-half years in a correctional labour camp, followed by five years of exile; however, after Stalin's death, she was able to return to her home and continue her studies. During the trial, she was determined to be "no less guilty" than the other defendants but was considered
368:
The trial began on 8 May 1952 and lasted until the sentencing on 18 July. The structure of the trial was peculiar due to the fact that there were no prosecutors or defence attorneys, simply three military judges. This was in accordance with Soviet law at the time, but is characterized by historian
381:
With extensive statements, arguments, and inconsistencies between the defendants, the trial lasted much longer than the government had desired. On 26 June, experts were called to give testimony about the issues of treason, but they ultimately acknowledged that "their judgment was incomplete and
178:
Overemphasis on exchanges of relatively innocuous information between the JAC leadership and Jews in other countries, particularly
American journalists, augmented accusations of espionage. Another piece of evidence supporting the indictment was a letter that the leadership of the JAC wrote as a
382:
insufficient." It became clear that some pieces of evidence had been tremendously exaggerated. For example, a statement by Leon Talmy that a particular
Russian village was "not as pretty" as a certain Kan village was used as evidence of his nationalist tendencies.
415:
important to the state because of her research; she, therefore, received a lesser sentence than the others. Officials counted her time spent in prison before the sentencing towards her labour camp term, so she went into exile immediately after the sentencing.
186:
All of the defendants endured incessant interrogations which, for everyone except Itzik Fefer, were coupled with beatings and torture. Eventually, these tactics led to forced, false confessions. One defendant,
33:
1101:
20:
1594:
191:, told the court at the trial, "I was ready to confess that I was the pope's own nephew and that I was acting on his direct personal orders" after a beating. Another defendant,
303:
1398:
155:, the JAC felt it had a duty to change priorities, and focus on the rebuilding of Jewish communities, farms, culture, and identity – including a proposal to establish
2445:
3782:
136:
catalyzed the start of the Jewish Anti-Fascist
Committee (JAC), a committee reaching out to Jews worldwide to support the Soviet war effort against Nazi Germany.
2141:
2328:
1745:
612:
The Last
Lullaby. Ed. and trans. Aaron Kramer. First Paperback ed. N.p.: Dora Teitelboim Foundation, Inc., 1998. 251. Google Books Search. Web. 4 Feb. 2010.
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110:
as well as many other crimes. After their arrests, they were tortured, beaten, and isolated for three years before being formally charged. There were five
2957:
1154:
431:
357:
270:
195:, said he had counted over two thousand blows to his buttocks and heels, but he was the only member of the accused who refused to confess to any crimes.
188:
171:
The charges filed against the accused included mentions of "counterrevolutionary crimes" and organized action meant to "topple, undermine, or weaken the
1852:
1983:
1860:
1108:
418:
During his imprisonment, Solomon
Bregman collapsed and was placed in the prison infirmary. He remained unconscious until his death on 23 January 1953.
349:
1684:
1640:
289:
322:(1895–1953), Deputy Commissar of Foreign Affairs. Fell into a coma after denouncing the trial, and died in prison five months after the executions
1391:
353:
309:
1053:
905:
3485:
2319:
1298:
91:
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340:
Some who were either directly or indirectly connected to the JAC at the time were also arrested in the years surrounding the trial. Although
3682:
280:
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1308:
1024:
245:
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1564:
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220:
403:. On 12 August 1952, thirteen of the defendants (excluding Lina Stern and Solomon Bregman) were executed in the basement of
3737:
3501:
3422:
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1571:
1172:
437:
Many of the surviving members of the JAC emigrated to Israel in the 1970s. A memorial for the JAC victims was dedicated in
2557:
1519:
3194:
1080:
102:
on 12 August 1952. The arrests were first made in
September 1948 and June 1949. All defendants were falsely accused of
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127:
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3059:
2529:
1632:
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2021:
460:, an alleged post-war conspiracy by Jewish doctors to murder Stalinist officials, later proved fictitious.
207:(1895–1952), Yiddish poet, co-founder of the School of Writers, a Yiddish literary school in Soviet Russia
3757:
3509:
2810:
1333:
329:
328:(or Shtern) (1878–1968), a biochemist, physiologist and humanist and the first female academician in the
265:
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3115:
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2644:
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1900:
1464:
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3299:
2980:
1828:
1437:
1272:
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727:
241:
156:
448:
in the 1960s through the 1980s as an example of a particularly grim anti-Jewish act by the
Soviets.
434:
determined that there was "no substance to the charges" against the defendants and closed the case.
3777:
3549:
3533:
3264:
3186:
3170:
2637:
2303:
1737:
1143:
348:, another Yiddish writer, was arrested in 1949, and died in a labour camp in 1950. Literary critic
159:. Not everyone agreed with the direction in which things were headed and many, such as Stalin and
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333:
73:
46:
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1968:
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445:
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532:
Jewish
Virtual Library. The American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise, 2010. Web. 4 Feb. 2010.
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1961:
1932:
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8:
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2295:
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1991:
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1262:
906:"65 Years Ago, The USSR Murdered Its Greatest Jewish Poets. What's Left Of Their Legacy?"
284:
85:
58:
2069:
1045:
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684:
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639:
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251:
192:
507:
Rubenstein, Joshua (2001). "Introduction." In: Rubenstein and
Vladimir Naumov (Eds.),
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996:
512:
485:
481:
404:
370:
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1376:
1031:
Stalin's Secret Pogrom: The
Postwar Inquisition of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee
509:
Stalin's Secret Pogrom: The Postwar Inquisition of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee
3667:
2564:
2473:
2218:
1892:
1844:
1721:
1229:
469:
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457:
427:
341:
261:
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137:
64:
37:
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2501:
2401:
2279:
2211:
2029:
1916:
1777:
1698:
1350:
319:
257:
231:
210:
163:, thought the JAC was "intervening in matters in which it should not interfere."
95:
542:
3653:
3611:
3313:
2781:
2608:
2452:
2423:
2311:
2204:
2093:
2077:
1677:
396:
204:
160:
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2767:
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2037:
1868:
545:
The New Republic 25 Aug. 1997: Research Library, ProQuest. Web. 2 Feb. 2010.
297:
2169:
151:
began and Russian Jewish culture was destroyed by the invading Nazi forces'
3154:
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967:
839:
824:
809:
794:
779:
764:
749:
711:
696:
681:
666:
651:
636:
621:
216:
172:
133:
19:
466:, whose short story "The Twenty-seventh Man" is an allusion to this event.
2197:
1836:
1186:
1149:
225:
141:
444:
The anniversary of the murders was commemorated by the activists of the
2190:
2183:
2109:
1753:
411:
345:
325:
1277:
477:
441:
in 1977, on the 25th anniversary of the Night of the Murdered Poets.
438:
254:(1892–1952), medical director of the Botkin Clinical Hospital, Moscow
152:
103:
2536:
1908:
1407:
300:
leader in Austria and the U.S. before returning to the USSR in 1933
111:
107:
1076:
2508:
1411:
1191:
375:
180:
99:
3587:
90:'Soviet Union Martyrs') was the execution of thirteen
248:, vigorously denounced accusations against himself and others
114:
writers among these defendants, all of whom were part of the
2158:
283:(1893–1952), translator, journalist, a former member of the
1415:
1196:
966:. National Conference on Soviet Jewry. 1973. Archived from
344:
was not arrested, his death was ordered by Stalin in 1948.
316:; editor, International Division, Soviet Information Bureau
336:. She was the only survivor out of the fifteen defendants.
1943:
306:(1901–1952), wife of Ilya Vatenberg, a translator at JAC.
1116:
144:, traveled to the U.S. and England to help raise money.
1077:
Photographs of a 1986 Night of the Murdered Poets vigil
273:(1890–1952), a researcher at the Institute of History,
1406:
78:
51:
1022:
50th anniversary of the Night of the Murdered Poets
881:
879:
877:
855:
853:
851:
432:
Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR
2142:Anti-Jewish violence in Czechoslovakia (1918–1920)
1027:August 12, 2002, Letter from President Bush, links
1040:Seven-fold Betrayal: The Murder of Soviet Yiddish
726:Slutsky, Yehuda; Shmuel Spector, Shmuel (2007). "
426:Stalin continued his oppression of Jews with the
332:and is best known for her pioneering work on the
3783:Persecution of intellectuals in the Soviet Union
3709:
874:
848:
845:Victims of Political Terror in the USSR Database
830:Victims of Political Terror in the USSR Database
815:Victims of Political Terror in the USSR Database
800:Victims of Political Terror in the USSR Database
785:Victims of Political Terror in the USSR Database
770:Victims of Political Terror in the USSR Database
755:Victims of Political Terror in the USSR Database
717:Victims of Political Terror in the USSR Database
702:Victims of Political Terror in the USSR Database
687:Victims of Political Terror in the USSR Database
672:Victims of Political Terror in the USSR Database
657:Victims of Political Terror in the USSR Database
642:Victims of Political Terror in the USSR Database
627:Victims of Political Terror in the USSR Database
121:
63:'Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee affair';
867:
865:
228:(1890–1952), Yiddish poet and children's writer
219:(1900–1952), Yiddish poet, an informer for the
166:
3486:Overland Park Jewish Community Center shooting
1299:Organization for Jewish Colonization in Russia
1016:50 Years After The Night of the Murdered Poets
1456:
1392:
1102:
862:
503:
501:
132:The threat of an attack on Soviet Russia by
3723:Antisemitic attacks and incidents in Europe
921:...they...were executed in the 's basement.
260:(1899–1952), assistant to and successor to
1661:Persecution of Jews during the Black Death
1399:
1385:
1309:National Coalition Supporting Soviet Jewry
1109:
1095:
1025:National Coalition Supporting Soviet Jewry
591:. (New York: The Free Press, 1990) p. 122.
570:
568:
566:
511:. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001.
53:Dela Yevreyskovo antifashistskovo komiteta
903:
498:
3398:
1481:Jewish revolt against Constantius Gallus
42:Дело Еврейского антифашистского комитета
18:
3683:Antisemitic riots in the North Caucasus
1051:
750:"Юзефович (Шпинак) Иосиф Сигизмундович"
581:
563:
554:
3710:
795:"Ватенберг-Островская Чайка Семеновна"
697:"Лозовский (Дридзо) Соломон Абрамович"
578:(New York: Enigma Books, 2003) p. 222.
292:(1887–1952), translator and editor of
16:1952 execution of thirteen Soviet Jews
3350:Tel Aviv Central bus station massacre
1380:
1090:
234:(1884–1952), a distinguished novelist
3728:Jews and Judaism in the Soviet Union
3502:Hypercacher kosher supermarket siege
3092:Chez Jo Goldenberg restaurant attack
1118:Jews and Judaism in the Soviet Union
953:
3227:
2759:
2350:
183:to become the new Jewish homeland.
68:
13:
1081:American Jewish Historical Society
993:For the Relief of Unbearable Urges
543:"The Night of the Murdered Poets."
484:, was possibly also killed in the
312:(1905–1952), deputy editor of the
14:
3804:
3743:Jews executed by the Soviet Union
3494:Jewish Museum of Belgium shooting
3243:Sbarro restaurant suicide bombing
3236:Dolphinarium discotheque massacre
1314:Student Struggle for Soviet Jewry
1134:The Holocaust in the Soviet Union
1046:Unknown History, Unheroic Martyrs
1009:
961:"The Night of the Murdered Poets"
557:War, the Holocaust, and Stalinism
530:"Anti-Fascist Committee, Jewish."
401:Order of the Red Banner of Labour
80:Harugim malkhes funem Ratnfarband
69:הרוגי מלכות פֿונעם ראַטנפאַרבאַנד
3788:1952 murders in the Soviet Union
3748:Antisemitism in the Soviet Union
3470:Toulouse and Montauban shootings
3371:Maxim restaurant suicide bombing
3293:Matza restaurant suicide bombing
652:"Фефер Исаак (Ицик) Соломонович"
352:died in prison, and journalists
3589:2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel
2688:Kremnička and Nemecká massacres
1489:Jewish revolt against Heraclius
985:
944:
935:
926:
897:
888:
833:
818:
803:
788:
773:
758:
743:
720:
705:
690:
675:
660:
645:
630:
3279:Yeshivat Beit Yisrael massacre
3108:Neve Shalom Synagogue massacre
2118:Tel Aviv and Jaffa deportation
1365:The Black Book of Soviet Jewry
1247:Joseph Stalin and antisemitism
825:"Брегман Сололомон Леонтьевич"
667:"Квитко Лев (Лейба) Моисеевич"
615:
603:
594:
548:
535:
522:
1:
3526:Pittsburgh synagogue shooting
3195:Mahane Yehuda Market bombings
1202:Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee
904:Talya Zax (August 12, 2017).
728:Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee
682:"Бергельсон Давид Рафаилович"
589:Stalin's War Against the Jews
378:meat and synagogue services.
128:Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee
122:Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee
116:Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee
3763:August 1952 events in Europe
3478:Jerusalem synagogue massacre
3385:Haifa bus 37 suicide bombing
3163:Dizengoff Street bus bombing
1595:Massacres at London and York
1283:Dymshits–Kuznetsov hijacking
1179:Jewish Communist Youth Union
712:"Шимелиович Борис Абрамович"
421:
304:Chaika Vatenberg-Ostrovskaya
246:Commissar of Foreign Affairs
221:Ministry of Internal Affairs
167:Interrogation and indictment
7:
3738:Yiddish-language literature
2926:Night of the Murdered Poets
1225:Night of the Murdered Poets
995:. New York: Vintage Books.
451:
389:
330:Russian Academy of Sciences
266:Moscow State Jewish Theater
79:
52:
29:Night of the Murdered Poets
10:
3809:
3357:Davidka Square bus bombing
3068:Antwerp summer camp attack
2942:Shafrir synagogue shooting
2645:Operation Harvest Festival
1754:Massacre of the Assumption
1240:Anti-cosmopolitan campaign
1058:New York Times Book Review
991:Englander, Nathan (1999).
859:Rubenstein, 2001 pp. 53–56
780:"Ватенберг Илья Семенович"
610:"Poetry of the Holocaust."
476:countless Jews during the
275:Soviet Academy of Sciences
198:
125:
3560:
3445:
3423:Tel Aviv shawarma bombing
3378:Shmuel HaNavi bus bombing
3334:
3300:Hebrew University bombing
3256:
3220:
3213:
3130:
3051:
3021:Ben Yehuda Street bombing
2981:Avivim school bus bombing
2972:
2917:
2904:Menarsha synagogue attack
2895:
2868:Ben Yehuda Street bombing
2845:
2795:
2752:
2702:
2658:
2622:
2586:
2437:
2415:
2379:
2341:
2013:
2006:
1812:
1624:
1617:
1546:
1511:
1429:
1422:
1342:
1291:
1273:1970s Soviet Union aliyah
1255:
1210:
1165:
1155:Jewish history in the JAO
1139:Jewish autonomy in Crimea
1124:
885:Rubenstein, 2001 p. 59–62
810:"Теумин Эмилия Исааковна"
637:"Гофштейн Давид Наумович"
360:were shot – all in 1950.
242:Soviet Information Bureau
240:(1878–1952), Director of
213:(1889–1952), Yiddish poet
157:Jewish autonomy in Crimea
41:
3718:1952 in the Soviet Union
3550:Monsey Hanukkah stabbing
3534:Poway synagogue shooting
3431:Jerusalem yeshiva attack
3265:Ghriba synagogue bombing
3187:Island of Peace massacre
2638:Kielce cemetery massacre
1144:Jewish Autonomous Oblast
840:"Штерн Лина Соломоновна"
622:"Маркиш Перец Давидович"
555:Redlich, Shimon (1995).
492:
363:
296:, newspaper of the JAC;
23:Order to arrest Lozovsky
3084:Vienna synagogue attack
3060:Paris synagogue bombing
2304:The Bloody Day in Jaffa
1334:Jackson–Vanik amendment
894:Rubenstein, 2001 p. 492
765:"Тальми Леон Яковлевич"
740:. Retrieved 2021-07-04.
600:Rubenstein, 2001, p. 51
3733:Soviet rehabilitations
3407:Beersheba bus bombings
3013:Kiryat Shmona massacre
2934:Scorpion Pass massacre
2631:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
2062:Second Kishinev pogrom
1802:Portuguese Inquisition
1446:2nd Alexandrian pogrom
1343:Media and publications
1292:International activism
1268:Anti-Zionist Committee
1173:Jewish Communist Party
738:Jewish Virtual Library
24:
3307:Rishon LeZion bombing
3029:Coastal Road massacre
2030:First Kishinev pogrom
1821:Chmielnicki massacres
1730:Schaffhausen Massacre
1649:Armleder persecutions
1603:Rintfleisch massacres
1304:Soviet Jewry movement
1235:Rootless cosmopolitan
1054:"Yiddish in the USSR"
950:Lustiger 2003, p. 246
941:Lustiger 2003, p. 349
932:Lustiger 2003, p. 243
871:Lustiger 2003, p. 236
733:Encyclopaedia Judaica
446:Soviet Jewry Movement
314:Diplomatic Dictionary
22:
3542:Jersey City shooting
3415:Ashdod Port bombings
2997:Lod Airport massacre
2958:Purge of Polish Jews
2882:Kfar Etzion massacre
2388:Częstochowa massacre
2149:1920 Nebi Musa riots
1969:Fourth Odessa pogrom
1925:Second Odessa pogrom
1220:1931 Menshevik Trial
541:Rubenstein, Joshua.
277:, trade union leader
153:genocidal operations
3364:Café Hillel bombing
2732:Tripolitania pogrom
2530:Kamianets-Podilskyi
2054:Fifth Odessa pogrom
1992:1898 Algerian riots
1933:Third Odessa pogrom
1877:First Odessa pogrom
1762:Spanish Inquisition
1738:Moroccan revolution
1618:14th – 19th century
1548:Rhineland massacres
1263:Soviet anti-Zionism
1212:Soviet antisemitism
973:on 23 November 2015
576:Stalin and the Jews
334:blood–brain barrier
285:Communist Party USA
264:as director of the
179:formal request for
3758:Soviet show trials
3462:Burgas bus bombing
3147:Crown Heights riot
3100:Ras Burqa massacre
2811:Haifa Oil Refinery
2667:Ardeatine massacre
2602:Dzyatlava massacre
2022:Częstochowa pogrom
1633:Shepherds' Crusade
1438:Alexandrian pogrom
1423:1st – 13th century
1052:Shneiderman, S.L.
1033:(introduction) by
843:Memorial (society)
828:Memorial (society)
813:Memorial (society)
798:Memorial (society)
783:Memorial (society)
768:Memorial (society)
753:Memorial (society)
715:Memorial (society)
700:Memorial (society)
685:Memorial (society)
670:Memorial (society)
655:Memorial (society)
640:Memorial (society)
625:Memorial (society)
384:Alexander Cheptsov
252:Boris Shimeliovich
193:Boris Shimeliovich
25:
3705:
3704:
3701:
3700:
3677:
3676:
3518:Halamish stabbing
3510:Tel Aviv shooting
3441:
3440:
3394:
3393:
3330:
3329:
3286:Passover massacre
3252:
3251:
3209:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3171:Beit Lid massacre
3126:
3125:
3047:
3046:
3037:Nahariya massacre
2968:
2967:
2913:
2912:
2891:
2890:
2841:
2840:
2804:Fajja bus attacks
2791:
2790:
2748:
2747:
2698:
2697:
2654:
2653:
2618:
2617:
2582:
2581:
2433:
2432:
2411:
2410:
2375:
2374:
2359:Tiberias massacre
2288:Constantine riots
2235:
2234:
2160:Russian Civil War
2002:
2001:
1978:
1977:
1714:Brussels massacre
1708:
1707:
1613:
1612:
1581:
1580:
1507:
1506:
1497:Battle of Khaybar
1473:Bar Kokhba revolt
1374:
1373:
1319:Cleveland Council
1048:by Jonathan Tobin
1042:by Joseph Sherman
1035:Joshua Rubenstein
587:Rapoport, Louis,
528:Redlich, Shimon.
486:Lubyanka Building
482:War Refugee Board
371:Joshua Rubenstein
358:Miriam Zheleznova
271:Joseph Yuzefovich
189:Joseph Yuzefovich
89:
77:
62:
50:
3800:
3793:Executed writers
3753:Trials in Russia
3694:
3691:Dagestan attacks
3686:
3670:
3663:
3656:
3649:
3642:
3635:
3628:
3621:
3614:
3607:
3600:
3585:
3584:
3580:
3577:Beersheba attack
3572:
3553:
3545:
3537:
3529:
3521:
3513:
3505:
3497:
3489:
3481:
3473:
3465:
3457:
3434:
3426:
3418:
3410:
3396:
3395:
3387:
3380:
3373:
3366:
3359:
3352:
3345:
3332:
3331:
3323:
3316:
3309:
3302:
3295:
3288:
3281:
3274:
3267:
3254:
3253:
3245:
3238:
3225:
3224:
3218:
3217:
3198:
3190:
3182:
3174:
3166:
3158:
3150:
3142:
3139:Cairo bus attack
3128:
3127:
3119:
3111:
3103:
3095:
3087:
3079:
3071:
3063:
3049:
3048:
3040:
3032:
3024:
3016:
3008:
3005:Ma'alot massacre
3000:
2992:
2984:
2970:
2969:
2961:
2953:
2945:
2937:
2929:
2915:
2914:
2906:
2893:
2892:
2884:
2877:
2870:
2863:
2856:
2843:
2842:
2834:
2827:
2820:
2813:
2806:
2793:
2792:
2784:
2777:
2770:
2757:
2756:
2741:
2734:
2727:
2720:
2718:Topoľčany pogrom
2713:
2711:Deutsch Schützen
2700:
2699:
2691:
2683:
2681:Sărmașu massacre
2676:
2669:
2656:
2655:
2647:
2640:
2633:
2620:
2619:
2611:
2604:
2597:
2595:Dünamünde Action
2584:
2583:
2575:
2567:
2560:
2558:Kaunas (October)
2553:
2546:
2539:
2532:
2525:
2518:
2511:
2504:
2497:
2490:
2483:
2476:
2469:
2462:
2455:
2448:
2435:
2434:
2426:
2413:
2412:
2404:
2397:
2390:
2377:
2376:
2368:
2361:
2348:
2347:
2334:
2332:
2315:
2307:
2299:
2291:
2283:
2275:
2267:
2259:
2257:
2244:
2241:Zavirtcha pogrom
2228:
2221:
2214:
2207:
2200:
2193:
2186:
2179:
2172:
2156:
2155:
2151:
2144:
2137:
2129:
2121:
2113:
2105:
2097:
2089:
2081:
2073:
2070:Białystok pogrom
2065:
2057:
2049:
2041:
2033:
2025:
2011:
2010:
1995:
1987:
1971:
1964:
1957:
1941:
1940:
1936:
1928:
1920:
1912:
1904:
1896:
1888:
1880:
1872:
1864:
1861:Algiers massacre
1856:
1848:
1845:Massacre of Uman
1840:
1832:
1824:
1805:
1797:
1789:
1781:
1773:
1765:
1757:
1749:
1741:
1733:
1725:
1717:
1701:
1694:
1687:
1680:
1673:
1657:
1656:
1652:
1644:
1636:
1622:
1621:
1606:
1598:
1590:
1574:
1567:
1560:
1544:
1543:
1539:
1536:Granada massacre
1531:
1523:
1520:Córdoba massacre
1500:
1492:
1484:
1476:
1468:
1465:The Great Revolt
1454:
1453:
1449:
1441:
1427:
1426:
1401:
1394:
1387:
1378:
1377:
1111:
1104:
1097:
1088:
1087:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1060:. Archived from
1018:By Shai Franklin
1004:
989:
983:
982:
980:
978:
972:
965:
957:
951:
948:
942:
939:
933:
930:
924:
923:
918:
916:
901:
895:
892:
886:
883:
872:
869:
860:
857:
846:
837:
831:
822:
816:
807:
801:
792:
786:
777:
771:
762:
756:
747:
741:
724:
718:
709:
703:
694:
688:
679:
673:
664:
658:
649:
643:
634:
628:
619:
613:
607:
601:
598:
592:
585:
579:
574:Lustiger, Arno,
572:
561:
560:
552:
546:
539:
533:
526:
520:
505:
470:Raoul Wallenberg
464:Nathan Englander
342:Solomon Mikhoels
262:Solomon Mikhoels
238:Solomon Lozovsky
138:Solomon Mikhoels
84:
82:
72:
70:
57:
55:
45:
43:
36:
3808:
3807:
3803:
3802:
3801:
3799:
3798:
3797:
3778:1952 in Judaism
3708:
3707:
3706:
3697:
3689:
3681:
3673:
3666:
3659:
3652:
3645:
3638:
3631:
3624:
3617:
3610:
3603:
3596:
3583:
3575:
3567:
3556:
3548:
3540:
3532:
3524:
3516:
3508:
3500:
3492:
3484:
3476:
3468:
3460:
3452:
3437:
3429:
3421:
3413:
3405:
3390:
3383:
3376:
3369:
3362:
3355:
3348:
3341:
3326:
3319:
3312:
3305:
3298:
3291:
3284:
3277:
3270:
3263:
3248:
3241:
3234:
3201:
3193:
3185:
3177:
3169:
3161:
3153:
3145:
3137:
3122:
3114:
3106:
3098:
3090:
3082:
3076:Antwerp bombing
3074:
3066:
3058:
3043:
3035:
3027:
3019:
3011:
3003:
2995:
2989:Munich massacre
2987:
2979:
2964:
2956:
2948:
2940:
2932:
2924:
2909:
2902:
2887:
2880:
2873:
2866:
2859:
2852:
2837:
2830:
2823:
2816:
2809:
2802:
2787:
2780:
2773:
2766:
2744:
2737:
2730:
2723:
2716:
2709:
2694:
2686:
2679:
2672:
2665:
2650:
2643:
2636:
2629:
2614:
2607:
2600:
2593:
2578:
2570:
2563:
2556:
2549:
2542:
2535:
2528:
2521:
2514:
2507:
2500:
2493:
2486:
2479:
2472:
2465:
2458:
2451:
2444:
2429:
2422:
2407:
2400:
2393:
2386:
2371:
2364:
2357:
2337:
2322:
2318:
2310:
2302:
2294:
2286:
2280:Campbell pogrom
2278:
2272:Hebron massacre
2270:
2262:
2251:
2247:
2239:
2231:
2224:
2217:
2210:
2203:
2196:
2189:
2182:
2175:
2168:
2154:
2147:
2140:
2132:
2124:
2116:
2108:
2100:
2092:
2084:
2076:
2068:
2060:
2052:
2044:
2038:Zablotov pogrom
2036:
2028:
2020:
1998:
1990:
1982:
1974:
1967:
1960:
1953:
1939:
1931:
1923:
1917:Damascus affair
1915:
1907:
1899:
1891:
1883:
1875:
1867:
1859:
1851:
1843:
1835:
1827:
1819:
1808:
1800:
1792:
1784:
1778:Lisbon massacre
1776:
1768:
1760:
1752:
1744:
1736:
1728:
1720:
1712:
1704:
1697:
1690:
1683:
1676:
1669:
1655:
1647:
1639:
1631:
1609:
1601:
1593:
1585:
1577:
1570:
1563:
1556:
1542:
1534:
1526:
1518:
1503:
1495:
1487:
1479:
1471:
1463:
1452:
1444:
1436:
1418:
1405:
1375:
1370:
1351:Am Yisrael Chai
1338:
1287:
1251:
1206:
1161:
1120:
1115:
1067:
1065:
1012:
1007:
990:
986:
976:
974:
970:
963:
959:
958:
954:
949:
945:
940:
936:
931:
927:
914:
912:
902:
898:
893:
889:
884:
875:
870:
863:
858:
849:
838:
834:
823:
819:
808:
804:
793:
789:
778:
774:
763:
759:
748:
744:
725:
721:
710:
706:
695:
691:
680:
676:
665:
661:
650:
646:
635:
631:
620:
616:
608:
604:
599:
595:
586:
582:
573:
564:
553:
549:
540:
536:
527:
523:
506:
499:
495:
454:
424:
405:Lubyanka Prison
392:
366:
350:Yitzhak Nusinov
320:Solomon Bregman
258:Benjamin Zuskin
232:David Bergelson
211:Dovid Hofshteyn
201:
169:
149:German invasion
130:
124:
96:Lubyanka Prison
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3806:
3796:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3773:1952 in Russia
3770:
3768:1952 in Moscow
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3703:
3702:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3695:
3687:
3678:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3671:
3664:
3657:
3650:
3643:
3636:
3629:
3622:
3615:
3608:
3601:
3593:
3591:
3582:
3581:
3573:
3564:
3562:
3558:
3557:
3555:
3554:
3546:
3538:
3530:
3522:
3514:
3506:
3498:
3490:
3482:
3474:
3466:
3458:
3449:
3447:
3443:
3442:
3439:
3438:
3436:
3435:
3427:
3419:
3411:
3402:
3400:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3388:
3381:
3374:
3367:
3360:
3353:
3346:
3338:
3336:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3324:
3317:
3314:Matzuva attack
3310:
3303:
3296:
3289:
3282:
3275:
3268:
3260:
3258:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3246:
3239:
3231:
3229:
3222:
3215:
3211:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3199:
3191:
3183:
3179:Purim massacre
3175:
3167:
3159:
3151:
3143:
3134:
3132:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3120:
3116:Purim stabbing
3112:
3104:
3096:
3088:
3080:
3072:
3064:
3055:
3053:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3041:
3033:
3025:
3017:
3009:
3001:
2993:
2985:
2976:
2974:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2954:
2950:Tripoli pogrom
2946:
2938:
2930:
2921:
2919:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2907:
2899:
2897:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2885:
2878:
2875:Cairo bombings
2871:
2864:
2857:
2849:
2847:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2835:
2828:
2821:
2814:
2807:
2799:
2797:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2785:
2778:
2771:
2763:
2761:
2754:
2750:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2742:
2735:
2728:
2721:
2714:
2706:
2704:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2692:
2684:
2677:
2674:Luduș massacre
2670:
2662:
2660:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2648:
2641:
2634:
2626:
2624:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2612:
2609:Sarny massacre
2605:
2598:
2590:
2588:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2576:
2568:
2561:
2554:
2547:
2540:
2533:
2526:
2519:
2512:
2505:
2498:
2491:
2484:
2477:
2470:
2463:
2456:
2449:
2441:
2439:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2427:
2424:Dorohoi pogrom
2419:
2417:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2405:
2398:
2395:Dynów massacre
2391:
2383:
2381:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2369:
2362:
2354:
2352:
2345:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2335:
2316:
2312:Przytyk pogrom
2308:
2300:
2296:Thrace pogroms
2292:
2284:
2276:
2268:
2264:Safed massacre
2260:
2245:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2229:
2222:
2215:
2208:
2201:
2194:
2187:
2180:
2173:
2165:
2163:
2153:
2152:
2145:
2138:
2130:
2122:
2114:
2106:
2098:
2090:
2082:
2078:Siedlce pogrom
2074:
2066:
2058:
2050:
2042:
2034:
2026:
2017:
2015:
2008:
2004:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1996:
1988:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1972:
1965:
1958:
1950:
1948:
1945:Russian Empire
1938:
1937:
1929:
1921:
1913:
1905:
1901:Safed massacre
1897:
1889:
1881:
1873:
1865:
1857:
1853:Tétouan pogrom
1849:
1841:
1833:
1829:Safed massacre
1825:
1816:
1814:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1806:
1798:
1790:
1782:
1774:
1766:
1758:
1750:
1746:Cordoba pogrom
1742:
1734:
1726:
1718:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1702:
1695:
1688:
1681:
1674:
1666:
1664:
1654:
1653:
1645:
1641:Navarre pogrom
1637:
1628:
1626:
1619:
1615:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1607:
1599:
1591:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1575:
1568:
1561:
1553:
1551:
1541:
1540:
1532:
1524:
1515:
1513:
1509:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1501:
1493:
1485:
1477:
1469:
1460:
1458:
1457:Jewish revolts
1451:
1450:
1442:
1433:
1431:
1424:
1420:
1419:
1404:
1403:
1396:
1389:
1381:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1368:
1361:
1354:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1336:
1331:
1329:Freedom Sunday
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1288:
1286:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1259:
1257:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1249:
1244:
1243:
1242:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1216:
1214:
1208:
1207:
1205:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1183:
1182:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1162:
1160:
1159:
1158:
1157:
1152:
1141:
1136:
1130:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1114:
1113:
1106:
1099:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1083:, New York, NY
1074:
1064:on 16 Mar 2012
1049:
1043:
1037:
1028:
1019:
1011:
1010:External links
1008:
1006:
1005:
984:
952:
943:
934:
925:
896:
887:
873:
861:
847:
832:
817:
802:
787:
772:
757:
742:
736:. 2nd ed. Via
719:
704:
689:
674:
659:
644:
629:
614:
602:
593:
580:
562:
559:. p. 123.
547:
534:
521:
519:. p. 504.
496:
494:
491:
490:
489:
467:
461:
453:
450:
423:
420:
410:The defendant
397:Order of Lenin
391:
388:
365:
362:
338:
337:
323:
317:
307:
301:
290:Ilya Vatenberg
287:
278:
268:
255:
249:
235:
229:
223:
214:
208:
205:Peretz Markish
200:
197:
168:
165:
161:Mikhail Suslov
126:Main article:
123:
120:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3805:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3715:
3713:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3679:
3669:
3665:
3662:
3658:
3655:
3651:
3648:
3644:
3641:
3640:Netiv HaAsara
3637:
3634:
3630:
3627:
3623:
3620:
3616:
3613:
3609:
3606:
3605:Ein HaShlosha
3602:
3599:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3590:
3586:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3565:
3563:
3559:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3454:Itamar attack
3451:
3450:
3448:
3444:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3403:
3401:
3397:
3386:
3382:
3379:
3375:
3372:
3368:
3365:
3361:
3358:
3354:
3351:
3347:
3344:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3333:
3322:
3321:Hebron ambush
3318:
3315:
3311:
3308:
3304:
3301:
3297:
3294:
3290:
3287:
3283:
3280:
3276:
3273:
3272:Hadera attack
3269:
3266:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3255:
3244:
3240:
3237:
3233:
3232:
3230:
3226:
3223:
3219:
3216:
3212:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3129:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3050:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2971:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2916:
2905:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2894:
2883:
2879:
2876:
2872:
2869:
2865:
2862:
2858:
2855:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2844:
2833:
2829:
2826:
2822:
2819:
2815:
2812:
2808:
2805:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2783:
2779:
2776:
2772:
2769:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2758:
2755:
2751:
2740:
2736:
2733:
2729:
2726:
2725:Kraków pogrom
2722:
2719:
2715:
2712:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2701:
2689:
2685:
2682:
2678:
2675:
2671:
2668:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2657:
2646:
2642:
2639:
2635:
2632:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2621:
2610:
2606:
2603:
2599:
2596:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2585:
2573:
2572:The Holocaust
2569:
2566:
2562:
2559:
2555:
2552:
2551:Švenčionėliai
2548:
2545:
2541:
2538:
2534:
2531:
2527:
2524:
2520:
2517:
2513:
2510:
2506:
2503:
2499:
2496:
2492:
2489:
2485:
2482:
2478:
2475:
2471:
2468:
2467:Kaunas (June)
2464:
2461:
2457:
2454:
2450:
2447:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2436:
2425:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2414:
2403:
2402:Silc massacre
2399:
2396:
2392:
2389:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2378:
2367:
2366:Kristallnacht
2363:
2360:
2356:
2355:
2353:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2340:
2330:
2326:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2255:
2250:
2249:Oradea pogrom
2246:
2242:
2238:
2237:
2227:
2223:
2220:
2216:
2213:
2209:
2206:
2202:
2199:
2195:
2192:
2188:
2185:
2181:
2178:
2174:
2171:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2157:
2150:
2146:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2126:Kielce pogrom
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2086:Shiraz pogrom
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2009:
2005:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1980:
1970:
1966:
1963:
1959:
1956:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1942:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1893:Hebron pogrom
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1869:Hep-Hep riots
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1811:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1786:Hebron pogrom
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1710:
1700:
1696:
1693:
1689:
1686:
1682:
1679:
1675:
1672:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1658:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1620:
1616:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1583:
1573:
1569:
1566:
1562:
1559:
1555:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1545:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1455:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1402:
1397:
1395:
1390:
1388:
1383:
1382:
1379:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1248:
1245:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1230:Doctors' plot
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1168:
1166:Organizations
1164:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1112:
1107:
1105:
1100:
1098:
1093:
1092:
1089:
1082:
1078:
1075:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1002:
1001:0-375-40492-9
998:
994:
988:
969:
962:
956:
947:
938:
929:
922:
911:
907:
900:
891:
882:
880:
878:
868:
866:
856:
854:
852:
844:
841:
836:
829:
826:
821:
814:
811:
806:
799:
796:
791:
784:
781:
776:
769:
766:
761:
754:
751:
746:
739:
735:
734:
729:
723:
716:
713:
708:
701:
698:
693:
686:
683:
678:
671:
668:
663:
656:
653:
648:
641:
638:
633:
626:
623:
618:
611:
606:
597:
590:
584:
577:
571:
569:
567:
558:
551:
544:
538:
531:
525:
518:
517:9780300129397
514:
510:
504:
502:
497:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
468:
465:
462:
459:
458:Doctors' plot
456:
455:
449:
447:
442:
440:
435:
433:
429:
428:Doctors' plot
419:
416:
413:
408:
406:
402:
398:
387:
385:
379:
377:
372:
361:
359:
355:
354:Shmuel Persov
351:
347:
343:
335:
331:
327:
324:
321:
318:
315:
311:
310:Emilia Teumin
308:
305:
302:
299:
298:Labor Zionist
295:
291:
288:
286:
282:
279:
276:
272:
269:
267:
263:
259:
256:
253:
250:
247:
243:
239:
236:
233:
230:
227:
224:
222:
218:
215:
212:
209:
206:
203:
202:
196:
194:
190:
184:
182:
176:
174:
164:
162:
158:
154:
150:
145:
143:
139:
135:
129:
119:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
87:
81:
75:
66:
60:
54:
48:
39:
35:
30:
21:
3569:Israel riots
3561:2020–present
3214:21st century
3155:AMIA bombing
2925:
2739:Cairo pogrom
2320:Brest pogrom
2110:Skver pogrom
2007:20th century
1984:Corfu pogrom
1885:Tzfat pogrom
1794:Safed pogrom
1770:Arles pogrom
1722:1391 pogroms
1587:Ham massacre
1528:Fez massacre
1363:
1358:Jews on Land
1356:
1349:
1224:
1066:. Retrieved
1062:the original
1057:
992:
987:
975:. Retrieved
968:the original
955:
946:
937:
928:
920:
913:. Retrieved
909:
899:
890:
835:
820:
805:
790:
775:
760:
745:
731:
722:
707:
692:
677:
662:
647:
632:
617:
605:
596:
588:
583:
575:
556:
550:
537:
524:
508:
480:through the
443:
436:
425:
417:
409:
393:
380:
367:
339:
313:
293:
217:Itzik Feffer
185:
177:
173:Soviet Union
170:
146:
134:Nazi Germany
131:
28:
26:
2918:1950s–1960s
2690:(1944–1945)
2574:(1941–1945)
2323: [
2252: [
2162:(1918–1920)
2134:Lwów pogrom
2102:Lwów pogrom
2046:Kiev pogrom
1947:(1881–1884)
1837:Mawza Exile
1823:(1648–1657)
1663:(1348–1350)
1651:(1336–1339)
1597:(1189–1190)
1187:Yevsektsiya
1150:Birobidzhan
977:22 November
910:The Forward
226:Leib Kvitko
142:Itzik Fefer
92:Soviet Jews
3712:Categories
2775:Kunmadaras
2184:Justingrad
1692:Strasbourg
915:August 12,
412:Lina Stern
346:Der Nister
326:Lina Stern
281:Leon Talmy
3446:2010–2019
3399:2004–2009
3221:2000–2009
2753:1946–1999
2474:Szczuczyn
2446:Bucharest
2343:1938–1945
2219:Proskurov
2177:Radomyshl
2094:The Tritl
2014:1900–1937
1813:1600–1899
1625:1300–1599
1512:1000–1299
1491:(614–617)
1483:(351–352)
1475:(132–136)
1408:Massacres
1278:Refusenik
478:Holocaust
439:Jerusalem
422:Aftermath
244:, Deputy
147:Once the
104:espionage
74:romanized
47:romanized
34:‹See Tfd›
3633:Nahal Oz
3626:Kissufim
3619:Kfar Aza
3343:Istanbul
2537:Babi Yar
2502:Jedwabne
1909:Allahdad
1499:(628 CE)
1414:against
452:See also
399:and the
390:Sentence
294:Eynikeyt
3668:Yakhini
3536:(2019)
2861:Djerada
2854:Tripoli
2782:Miskolc
2565:Rumbula
2523:Tykocin
2453:Antwerp
2314:(1936)
2198:Zviahel
1467:(66–73)
1412:pogroms
1256:Zionism
1126:History
1079:at the
1068:12 July
474:rescued
199:Victims
112:Yiddish
108:treason
94:in the
88:
76::
65:Yiddish
61:
49::
38:Russian
3693:(2024)
3685:(2023)
3647:Nir Oz
3598:Be'eri
3579:(2022)
3571:(2021)
3552:(2019)
3544:(2019)
3528:(2018)
3520:(2017)
3512:(2016)
3504:(2015)
3496:(2014)
3488:(2014)
3480:(2014)
3472:(2012)
3464:(2012)
3456:(2011)
3433:(2008)
3425:(2006)
3417:(2004)
3409:(2004)
3197:(1997)
3189:(1997)
3181:(1996)
3173:(1995)
3165:(1994)
3157:(1994)
3149:(1991)
3141:(1990)
3118:(1989)
3110:(1986)
3102:(1985)
3094:(1982)
3086:(1981)
3078:(1981)
3070:(1980)
3062:(1980)
3039:(1979)
3031:(1978)
3023:(1975)
3015:(1974)
3007:(1974)
2999:(1972)
2991:(1972)
2983:(1970)
2960:(1968)
2952:(1967)
2944:(1956)
2936:(1954)
2928:(1952)
2832:Manama
2825:Aleppo
2768:Kielce
2544:Odessa
2516:Ponary
2509:Farhud
2495:Wąsosz
2333:(1937)
2306:(1936)
2298:(1934)
2290:(1934)
2282:(1931)
2274:(1929)
2266:(1929)
2258:(1927)
2243:(1921)
2212:Fastov
2136:(1918)
2128:(1918)
2120:(1917)
2112:(1917)
2104:(1914)
2096:(1912)
2088:(1910)
2080:(1906)
2072:(1906)
2064:(1905)
2056:(1905)
2048:(1905)
2040:(1903)
2032:(1903)
2024:(1902)
1994:(1898)
1986:(1891)
1962:Warsaw
1935:(1871)
1927:(1859)
1919:(1840)
1911:(1839)
1903:(1838)
1895:(1834)
1887:(1834)
1879:(1821)
1871:(1819)
1863:(1805)
1855:(1790)
1847:(1768)
1839:(1679)
1831:(1660)
1804:(1536)
1796:(1517)
1788:(1517)
1780:(1506)
1772:(1484)
1764:(1478)
1756:(1474)
1748:(1473)
1740:(1465)
1732:(1401)
1724:(1391)
1716:(1370)
1699:Zurich
1685:Speyer
1671:Erfurt
1643:(1328)
1635:(1320)
1605:(1298)
1589:(1143)
1572:Mainz
1565:Speyer
1550:(1096)
1538:(1066)
1530:(1033)
1522:(1013)
1192:Komzet
1181:(EKSM)
1175:(EKP)
1146:(JAO)
999:
515:
472:, who
376:kosher
181:Crimea
100:Moscow
3661:Re'im
3654:Nirim
3612:Holit
3131:1990s
3052:1980s
2973:1970s
2460:Gabès
2331:]
2256:]
2205:Pinsk
2191:Skver
1678:Basel
1558:Worms
1430:1–999
1324:Nativ
971:(PDF)
964:(PDF)
493:Notes
364:Trial
3335:2003
3257:2002
3228:2001
2896:1949
2846:1948
2818:Aden
2796:1947
2760:1946
2703:1945
2659:1944
2623:1943
2587:1942
2488:Lviv
2481:Iași
2438:1941
2416:1940
2380:1939
2351:1938
2226:Kiev
2170:Lida
1955:Kiev
1448:(66)
1440:(38)
1416:Jews
1197:OZET
1070:2013
997:ISBN
979:2015
917:2017
513:ISBN
356:and
106:and
86:lit.
59:lit.
27:The
1410:or
730:".
98:in
3714::
2329:pl
2327:;
2325:de
2254:hu
1056:.
919:.
908:.
876:^
864:^
850:^
565:^
500:^
118:.
83:,
71:,
67::
56:,
44:,
40::
1400:e
1393:t
1386:v
1110:e
1103:t
1096:v
1072:.
1003:.
981:.
488:.
31:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
