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319:, using two long Dutch pipes. During holidays, the group’s games spilled onto the streets of Moscow. At Christmas, the Jolly Company, led by Zotov, would traverse the city on sleighs, singing songs. Zotov, seated on a sleigh drawn by twelve bald men, donned an eccentric costume embellished with playing cards, a tin hat, and a barrel for a seat. In the first week of
477:, as “solemnized by the court in masks,” took place on 27 and 28 January 1715. The event, prepared over three months, was characterized by its inversion of norms. The Jolly Company donned absurd attire, and many attendees behaved contrary to convention. The wedding procession included stammering invitation deliverers, crippled bridesmen,
216:, after which Zotov initiated his instruction with the alphabet and the Prayer Book. He taught Peter the Bible, from which Peter memorized extensive passages that he could recite even four decades later. Zotov also taught Peter to sing, a skill Peter often utilized to accompany church choirs in his later years.
219:
Despite being initially assigned to teach only reading and writing, Zotov recognized Peter’s intellectual curiosity and expanded his lessons to include
Russian history, battles, and heroes. To keep Peter engaged, Zotov, with the Tsaritsa’s approval, introduced engravings of foreign cities, palaces,
183:
to learn the alphabet. Two years later, Tsar Feodor recommended that Peter commence his studies. The exact year of the start of Peter’s tutoring is disputed, with some sources suggesting as early as 1677 and others as late as 1683. However, many references pinpoint 12 March 1677 as the commencement
498:
as Zotov’s successor in the role of “Prince-Pope,” electing him on 28 December 1717 and officially appointing him on 10 January 1718. In the autumn of 1721, Peter arranged for Zotov’s widow to marry
Buturlin. A dispute arose between Konon Zotov and his stepmother over the distribution of Nikita
167:
Education in 17th-century Moscow was minimal, with low literacy rates even among the nobility. The curriculum typically included basic reading, writing, and rudimentary history and geography. Religious scholars, however, often received instruction in grammar, mathematics, and foreign languages.
362:, a fellow member of the All-Joking Company, to organize a victory parade in the capital. The triumphant return on October 10 was marked not by a traditional Orthodox reception, but by a procession through an arch symbolically supported by
156:, returned to Moscow to serve as Chief Minister. The Miloslavsky family, having lost their influence due to Alexis’s remarriage, harbored animosity towards the Naryshkin family, which included Peter, Natalia, and Natalia’s foster father,
107:. Zotov held a number of state posts, including from 1701 a leading position in the Tsar's personal secretariat. Three years before his death, Zotov married a woman 50 years his junior. He died in December 1717 of unknown causes.
451:
According to Robert K. Massie and
Lindsey Hughes, in October 1713, Peter expressed his intention for Zotov to remarry, specifically to Anna Pashkova, a widow fifty years Zotov’s junior. This was despite Zotov’s desire to retire to a
485:
or shaming ceremonies, demonstrating the Tsar’s control over his subjects’ lives. During the wedding, the
Drunken Synod sang carols in Moscow’s streets and solicited money, which effectively became a New Year tax for the affluent.
385:
and immediately returned from Vienna. After quelling the rebellion, he ordered the secret torture of the instigators, a task carried out by members of his Jolly
Company, including Fyodor Romodanovsky, Boris Golitsyn, and himself.
64:
255:
defended him for providing Peter with a stimulating and diverse education that suited his curiosity and self-reliance. Zotov’s intimacy with the Tsar aroused the jealousy and suspicion of other government officials, such as
200:
Nikita Zotov, although not a religious scholar, was well-versed in the Bible, a trait highly valued by
Tsaritsa Natalia. Before commencing his work, he received generous gifts from Feodor, the Tsaritsa, and
231:, and printing. Unusually for Russian nobility of the time, Peter also received instruction in sailing and shipbuilding. These tutors also engaged Peter in vigorous outdoor games involving live ammunition.
275:
and Zotov when the latter returned from Crimea. Peter focused on natural and military sciences, but also learned some theology from his tutors. Zotov, and later his sons, helped Peter translate books on
1655:
160:. Despite attempts by Miloslavsky to arrest the Naryshkins, Feodor intervened, allowing only for Matveyev’s exile. Feodor permitted Peter and Natalia to live in private apartments within the
184:
date. Nikita Zotov, a former church clerk or “Duma secretary” from the tax-collection department of the government bureaucracy, was selected to instruct Peter in reading and writing.
440:(Inspector General of Decrees) in November 1715. Despite his official role of overseeing the Senate and enforcing its decrees, Vasily held little political power. The second son,
350:. The first campaign was unsuccessful, but the second, in 1696, resulted in victory. The Russian forces surrounded the city by land and sea, breached the walls, and compelled the
227:
In addition to Zotov, other informal tutors and servants were brought in to instruct Peter in a variety of subjects, such as royal and military history, blacksmithing, carpentry,
95:. Zotov was mockingly appointed "Prince-Pope" of the Synod, and regularly led them in games and celebrations. He accompanied Peter on many important occasions, such as the
315:
Zotov soon became an integral part of these mock celebrations. He would initiate the gatherings by toasting to everyone’s health and then “blessing” the group with the
1940:
323:, a procession of “penitents” followed Zotov through the city, riding on donkeys, oxen, and sleighs pulled by various animals, including goats, pigs, and bears.
301:
92:
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to surrender honorably. This victory, the first since the reign of Peter’s father Alexis, astounded the people of Moscow. Peter delayed his return to allow
272:
209:. Overwhelmed by the Tsaritsa’s request, Zotov was eager to educate Peter and quickly formed a close bond with him, which lasted until Zotov’s death.
91:
in 1680 and returned to Moscow before 1683. He became part of the "Jolly
Company", a group of several dozen of Peter's friends that eventually became
304:. This assembly was a satirical imitation of religious gatherings. Zotov, known for his sobriety and fasting, was appointed the “Prince-Pope” of the
495:
481:-ridden runners, and a purportedly centenarian (and blind) priest. Lindsey Hughes suggests that the event may have been a variation on the Western
1611:
370:. Breaking with tradition, Peter did not lead the procession; instead, it was led by 18 horsemen escorting carriages carrying Zotov and war hero
152:, mother to Peter. Upon Alexis’s death in 1676, Feodor ascended the throne, and his uncle Ivan Miloslavsky, previously exiled as the Governor of
426:
530:
1344:
The First
Romanovs. (1613–1725): A History of Moscovite Civilisation and The Rise of Modern Russia Under Peter The Great and His Forerunners
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Zotov’s estate. To avoid sharing the inheritance with his stepmother’s family, Konon attempted to invalidate Nikita’s second marriage.
271:
two years later, where he distanced himself from the traditional subjects taught by his siblings’ tutors. He resumed his studies with
247:
Zotov was one of Peter’s earliest and closest friends. His role as Peter’s tutor has been evaluated differently by historians.
1626:Никита Зотов ... 12 марта 1677 года начал учение царевича (Nikita Zotov ... on 12 March 1677 started teaching the young Tzar).
1945:
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448:(1690–30 December 1742), pursued his studies in England and held various positions in the Russian Navy and judicial system.
1935:
1826:(2001) . "Глава третья. Продолжение царствования Петра I Алексеевича" [Chapter 3. Ruling of Peter I (continued)].
1689:
87:
Not much is known about Zotov's life aside from his connection to Peter. Zotov left Moscow for a diplomatic mission to
1426:
Bushkovitch, Paul A. (1990). "The
Epiphany Ceremony of the Russian Court in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries".
280:
from
Western European languages into Russian. Peter lacked or forgot much of the mathematical knowledge he needed for
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1844:
1702:
1470:
1416:
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and fortification, and he later regretted not having a more comprehensive education. He tried to give his daughters
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1750:
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Peter began his education at a young age. Around 1674 or 1675, when he was three, Tsar Alexis provided him with a
466:, suggest that Zotov himself proposed the marriage in 1714 and that his monastic aspirations were merely a jest.
312:. Despite Zotov’s claims of illness and fatigue, Peter insisted on his participation in the group’s festivities.
192:
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sailing ships, weapons, and historical events into the study room. These, along with a relatively accurate
169:
1950:
1823:
463:
202:
494:
Nikita Zotov passed away in December 1717 due to unspecified causes. Peter the Great promptly appointed
1621:
1518:
371:
1744:
470:
268:
1653:
LeDonne, John P. (July–December 1987). "Ruling Families in the Russian Political Order. 1689–1825".
1955:
548:
339:
42:
1827:
425:
Nikita Zotov was married twice and fathered three sons from his first marriage. His eldest son,
212:
Peter’s education began the day after Zotov’s appointment. The books were first sanctified with
205:, including an apartment, new clothing, and 100 rubles. He was also elevated to the status of a
148:, who would later become Tsar despite his frail health. Following Maria’s death, Alexis married
1571:
1894:
1590:
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criticized him for failing to teach Peter the skills and knowledge expected of a future tsar.
1633:
1544:
1401:
Boguslavsky, Vladimir V. (2004). "Зотов Никита Моисеевич" [Zotov Nikita Moiseevich].
267:
in 1680, but it is unclear whether this was before or after he tutored Peter. Peter moved to
1930:
1925:
1890:
1739:
444:(1687–1723), resided and studied in France, where he worked as a translator. The youngest,
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8:
289:
141:
1361:"Всешутейший патриарх: Очерк их серии "Феномен шутовства в русской культуре XVIII века""
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69:) (1644 – December 1717) was a childhood tutor and lifelong friend of Russian
57:
1809:
1766:
1788:
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73:
1896:
The Historians' History of the World: Switzerland (concluded), Russia and Poland
1635:
The Russian Empire in the Eighteenth Century: Searching for a Place in the World
1870:
1784:
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In 1692, Peter, who had by then become Tsar of Russia, formed a group known as
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1380:
Brechka, Frank T. (Winter 1982). "Peter the Great: The Books He Owned".
213:
1773:
Science and literature in Russian during (the rule of) Peter the Great
1447:
436:), received his education abroad and was appointed Revisor-General of
482:
453:
153:
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was established a year later, Zotov was appointed to oversee it.
228:
161:
120:
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176:’s religious scholars, gaining proficiency in Latin and Polish.
1908:(in German). Vol. 1. Göttingen: Vandenhoek & Ruprecht.
264:
239:
88:
1230:: Ф. А. Брокгауз & И. А. Ефрон. 1890–1907. Archived from
1161:: Ф. А. Брокгауз & И. А. Ефрон. 1890–1907. Archived from
547:: Ф. А. Брокгауз & И. А. Ефрон. 1890–1907. Archived from
437:
418:
398:
351:
305:
281:
221:
172:, were among those who received comprehensive education from
1620:] (in Russian). Типография Ф.И. Эльснера. Archived from
523:
224:, served to divert Peter when he grew tired of his studies.
1346:. Russell & Russell, A Division of Atheneum House Inc.
478:
394:
389:
In 1701, Zotov was appointed head of the newly established
355:
320:
173:
70:
1632:
Kamenskiĭ, Aleksandr (1987). Griffiths, David Mark (ed.).
84:
criticizes the education that he gave to the future tsar.
76:. Historians disagree on the quality of Zotov's tutoring.
1409:
Slavic encyclopedia: 17th century, in 2 volumes, volume 1
19:
1505:(in German). Vol. 2. Zurich: Büchergilde Gutenberg.
1404:Славянская энциклопедия: XVII век в 2-х томах, Volume 1
1206:
302:
The All-Joking, All-Drunken Synod of Fools and Jesters
93:
The All-Joking, All-Drunken Synod of Fools and Jesters
47:
348:
two campaigns against the Turkish stronghold of Azov
292:
the same level of education as European princesses.
1458:Peter the Great: The Struggle for Power, 1671–1725
1177:
263:Zotov left for a three-year diplomatic mission to
1790:The Oxford Handbook of the History of Mathematics
1595:. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press.
1263:
1261:
1029:
837:
675:
673:
671:
563:
377:During a European tour in 1698, Peter learned of
1917:
1816:On the Senate during the rule of Peter the Great
1638:. Translated by Griffiths. London: M.E. Sharpe.
1077:
917:
915:
308:, earning him the occasional title of Patriarch
1839:] (in Russian). Vol. 16. Moscow: AST.
1125:
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295:
1941:18th-century educators from the Russian Empire
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728:
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668:
187:
1783:
1768:Наука и литература в России при Петре Великом
1113:: Ф. А. Брокгауз & И. А. Ефрон. 1890–1907
975:
933:
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35:
1818:] (in Russian). Moscow: Katkov & Co.
1282:
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1196:
1194:
1192:
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878:
876:
825:
762:
1454:
1425:
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1222:Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary
1153:Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary
1137:
1105:Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary
867:
791:
789:
750:
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685:
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647:
645:
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539:Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary
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459:Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary
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1837:History of Russia from the Earliest Times
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124:Zotov teaches young Peter I, painting by
1889:
1822:
1717:Catherine the Great: Portrait of a Woman
1549:(2 ed.). Harvard University Press.
1479:
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963:
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786:
638:
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508:
456:. However, other sources, including the
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191:
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80:, for example, praises his efforts, but
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1738:Nikiforov, Leonid Alekseyevich (2009).
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1811:О Сенате в царствование Петра Великого
1711:
1683:
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1515:Peter the Great: Emperor of All Russia
1411:] (in Russian). Olma Media Group.
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397:. Peter elevated Zotov to the rank of
346:In 1695 and 1696, Peter the Great led
110:
1793:. New York: Oxford University Press.
1779:: Товарищество "Общественная польза".
140:, was married twice. His first wife,
56:
1656:Cahiers du Monde Russe et Soviétique
1567:Russia in the Age of Peter the Great
1546:Russia: People and Empire, 1552–1917
1509:
1483:The Church Reform of Peter the Great
1338:
1218:[Zotov, Nikita Moiseevich].
1071:
1059:
945:
780:
535:[Zotov, Nikita Moiseevich].
393:, a body similar to the now-defunct
58:[nʲ'kʲtamoɨ'sʲɛɪvʲɪt͡ɕ'zotv]
1690:Peter the Great: His Life and World
697:
13:
1832:История России с древнейших времен
16:Tutor, friend to Peter I of Russia
14:
1967:
1853:from the original on 9 March 2009
1787:; Stedall, Jacqueline A. (2009).
1775:] (in Russian). Vol. I.
1220:Энциклопедия Брокгауза и Эфрона (
1151:Энциклопедия Брокгауза и Эфрона (
1149:[Zotov, Konon Nikitich].
1103:Энциклопедия Брокгауза и Эфрона (
537:Энциклопедия Брокгауза и Эфрона (
1101:[Zotov, Ivan Nikitich].
408:
336:Morning of Execution of Streltsy
164:, despite the political unrest.
1331:
849:
1465:: Cambridge University Press.
1382:The Journal of Library History
469:Zotov’s wedding, described by
326:
1:
1751:Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
1740:"Peter I (emperor of Russia)"
1486:. Stanford University Press.
1455:Bushkovitch, Paul A. (2001).
502:
115:
32:Count Nikita Moiseevich Zotov
27:by Alexandr Osipov, 1882–1883
1946:Counts of the Russian Empire
1592:Peter the Great: A Biography
1525:: J. B. Lippincott Company.
1501:Gitermann, Valentin (1945).
431:
296:Prince-Pope of Drunken Synod
168:Feodor and his half-sister,
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48:
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1904:Wittram, Reinhard (1964).
1899:. Vol. 17. The Times.
1875:. New York: E. P. Dutton.
1618:History of Peter the Great
417:Marriage of Zotov in 1714
1765:Pekarskyi, P. P. (1862).
1663:(3/4): 233–293, 295–322.
1574:: Yale University Press.
934:Robson & Stedall 2009
471:Friedrich Christian Weber
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1564:Hughes, Lindsey (1998).
1480:Cracraft, James (1971).
1214:
1145:
1097:
531:
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340:Vasily Ivanovich Surikov
196:Nikita Zotov and Peter I
49:Nikita Moiseyevich Zotov
1808:Petrovskyi, S. (1875).
1745:Encyclopædia Britannica
1359:Бердников, Лев (2007).
1215:Зотов, Никита Моисеевич
532:Зотов, Никита Моисеевич
99:and the torture of the
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1572:New Haven, Connecticut
846:, pp. 71, 806–807
422:
401:in 1710, and when the
343:
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37:Никита Моисеевич Зотов
28:
1891:Williams, Henry Smith
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416:
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123:
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1503:Geschichte Russlands
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473:, the ambassador of
1824:Solovyov, Sergey M.
1340:Bain, Robert Nisbet
1098:Зотов, Иван Никитич
551:on 25 February 2012
142:Maria Miloslavskaya
111:Tutelage of Peter I
1951:People from Moscow
1624:on July 19, 2011.
1463:Cambridge, England
1367:(in Russian) (249)
1186:, pp. 109–110
1134:, pp. 155–162
1086:, pp. 226–227
1038:, pp. 159–162
984:, pp. 249–255
924:, pp. 136–148
909:, pp. 119–120
682:, pp. 487–488
572:, pp. 120–121
423:
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273:Afanassyi Nesterov
245:
198:
150:Natalia Naryshkina
130:
29:
1800:978-0-19-921312-2
1730:978-0-679-45672-8
1713:Massie, Robert K.
1685:Massie, Robert K.
1645:978-1-56324-575-6
1602:978-0-300-10300-7
1581:978-0-300-07539-7
1556:978-0-674-78119-1
1541:Hosking, Geoffrey
1532:978-0-397-00140-8
1493:978-0-8047-0747-3
771:, pp. 3, 463
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203:Patriarch Joachim
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1234:on 12 July 2010
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1165:on 12 July 2010
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1036:Petrovskyi 1875
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464:Sergey Solovyov
430:
411:
329:
298:
237:
190:
170:Tsarevna Sophia
118:
113:
74:Peter the Great
62:
61:
53:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1969:
1959:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
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1928:
1911:
1910:
1901:
1893:, ed. (1907).
1887:
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1428:Russian Review
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1315:
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1291:
1272:
1257:
1245:
1226:(in Russian).
1205:
1188:
1176:
1157:(in Russian).
1136:
1132:Pekarskyi 1862
1124:
1109:(in Russian).
1088:
1084:Pekarskyi 1862
1076:
1064:
1052:
1040:
1028:
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998:
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911:
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860:
848:
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832:Gitermann 1945
824:
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800:
785:
773:
761:
749:
737:
722:
710:
707:Nikiforov 2009
696:
684:
667:
655:
652:Бердников 2007
637:
633:Kamenskiĭ 1987
625:
598:
586:
574:
562:
543:(in Russian).
522:
506:
504:
501:
496:Peter Buturlin
491:
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421:, 18th century
410:
407:
328:
325:
297:
294:
249:Lindsey Hughes
236:
233:
207:minor nobleman
189:
186:
126:Klavdy Lebedev
117:
114:
112:
109:
97:Azov campaigns
82:Lindsey Hughes
34:(Russian:
23:Nikita Zotov,
15:
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6:
4:
3:
2:
1968:
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1882:0-525-24547-2
1878:
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1867:Troyat, Henri
1864:
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1846:5-17-002536-X
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1336:
1325:, p. 248
1324:
1319:
1313:, p. 229
1312:
1307:
1300:
1299:Cracraft 1971
1295:
1289:, p. 254
1288:
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1270:, p. 110
1269:
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1061:
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1050:, p. 751
1049:
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1032:
1026:
1025:Solovyov 2001
1021:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1008:, p. 238
1007:
1002:
996:, p. 108
995:
990:
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978:
971:
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954:
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942:
936:, p. 355
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26:
21:
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1895:
1871:
1855:. Retrieved
1836:
1828:
1815:
1789:
1772:
1743:
1721:Random House
1719:. New York:
1716:
1693:. New York:
1688:
1660:
1654:
1634:
1625:
1622:the original
1617:
1591:
1566:
1545:
1519:Philadelphia
1514:
1502:
1482:
1457:
1431:
1427:
1408:
1403:
1385:
1381:
1369:. Retrieved
1365:Новый Журнал
1364:
1343:
1332:Bibliography
1318:
1306:
1301:, p. 18
1294:
1248:
1236:. Retrieved
1232:the original
1219:
1208:
1179:
1167:. Retrieved
1163:the original
1150:
1139:
1127:
1115:. Retrieved
1102:
1091:
1079:
1067:
1055:
1043:
1031:
1006:LeDonne 1987
1001:
994:Wittram 1964
989:
977:
972:, p. 18
965:
960:, p. 83
953:
948:, p. 91
941:
929:
902:
897:, p. 31
890:
870:, p. 16
863:
851:
839:
827:
820:Brechka 1982
815:
810:, p. 88
808:Wittram 1964
803:
798:, p. 71
776:
764:
752:
747:, p. 77
745:Hosking 1998
740:
713:
687:
658:
635:, p. 41
628:
623:, p. 27
596:, p. 26
589:
577:
565:
553:. Retrieved
549:the original
536:
525:
493:
468:
457:
450:
427:Vasily Zotov
424:
388:
376:
345:
335:
314:
299:
262:
246:
243:Nikita Zotov
226:
218:
211:
199:
178:
166:
131:
103:after their
86:
31:
30:
1931:1717 deaths
1926:1644 births
1857:6 September
1434:(1): 1–17.
1388:(1): 1–15.
1323:Troyat 1987
1311:Troyat 1987
1287:Hughes 1998
1268:Hughes 2004
1253:Massie 1981
1201:Massie 1981
1184:Hughes 2004
1048:Massie 1981
982:Massie 1981
970:Hughes 1998
958:Troyat 1987
922:Massie 1981
907:Massie 1981
895:Hughes 2004
883:Massie 1981
856:Massie 2011
844:Massie 1981
822:, p. 5
796:Massie 1981
769:Hughes 1998
757:Massie 1981
733:Massie 1981
692:Ламбин 1844
665:, p. 3
663:Hughes 1998
621:Massie 1981
594:Massie 1981
582:Massie 1981
570:Hughes 2004
518:Hughes 1998
446:Konon Zotov
434: 1729
379:a rebellion
327:High office
144:, bore him
25:rotogravure
1920:Categories
1754:Retrieved
503:References
442:Ivan Zotov
214:holy water
116:Background
1869:(1987) .
1511:Grey, Ian
1342:(1967) .
1169:24 August
1117:24 August
1072:Grey 1960
1060:Bain 1967
946:Grey 1960
781:Bain 1967
483:charivari
454:monastery
290:Elizabeth
258:Menshikov
154:Astrakhan
43:romanized
1851:Archived
1715:(2011).
1687:(1981).
1677:20170587
1543:(1998).
1523:New York
1513:(1960).
1394:25541234
1238:9 August
555:9 August
383:Streltsy
364:Hercules
105:uprising
101:Streltsy
1756:28 June
1371:23 July
475:Hanover
381:by the
310:Bacchus
229:joinery
162:Kremlin
138:Peter I
1879:
1843:
1797:
1747:Online
1727:
1701:
1675:
1642:
1599:
1578:
1553:
1529:
1490:
1469:
1448:130080
1446:
1415:
1392:
1352:405625
1350:
438:Ukazes
342:, 1881
265:Crimea
235:Impact
181:primer
146:Feodor
134:Alexis
128:, 1913
89:Crimea
1835:[
1829:IPage
1814:[
1771:[
1673:JSTOR
1616:[
1444:JSTOR
1407:[
1390:JSTOR
490:Death
419:Lubok
399:count
352:Pasha
338:, by
306:Synod
222:globe
132:Tsar
1877:ISBN
1859:2009
1841:ISBN
1795:ISBN
1758:2009
1725:ISBN
1699:ISBN
1640:ISBN
1597:ISBN
1576:ISBN
1551:ISBN
1527:ISBN
1521:and
1488:ISBN
1467:ISBN
1413:ISBN
1373:2009
1348:OCLC
1240:2009
1171:2009
1119:2009
557:2009
479:gout
462:and
395:Duma
368:Mars
366:and
356:Azov
321:Lent
288:and
286:Anne
174:Kiev
71:Tsar
54:IPA:
1665:doi
1436:doi
354:of
1922::
1849:.
1749:.
1742:.
1723:.
1697:.
1671:.
1661:28
1659:.
1570:.
1517:.
1461:.
1442:.
1432:49
1430:.
1386:17
1384:.
1363:.
1275:^
1260:^
1191:^
1013:^
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432:d.
374:.
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1861:.
1803:.
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1707:.
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1667::
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1224:)
1173:.
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1121:.
1107:)
559:.
541:)
429:(
45::
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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