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to the outside. As the stem increases in diameter due to production of secondary xylem and secondary phloem, the cortex and epidermis are eventually destroyed. Before the cortex is destroyed, a cork cambium develops there. The cork cambium divides to produce waterproof cork cells externally and
740:
Dermal tissue covers the outer surface of the stem and usually functions to protect the stem tissue, and control gas exchange. The predominant cells of dermal tissue are epidermal cells. The dermal tissue of aquatic plants stems may lack the waterproofing found in aerial stems.
406:. Bulbs often function in reproduction by splitting to form new bulbs or producing small new bulbs termed bulblets. Bulbs are a combination of stem and leaves so may better be considered as leaves because the leaves make up the greater part.
324:. The phloem tissue arises from the cell facing outside and consists of sieve tubes and their companion cells. The function of phloem tissue is to distribute food from photosynthetic tissue to other tissues. The two tissues are separated by
762:
in the center, with vascular bundles forming a distinct ring visible when the stem is viewed in cross section. The outside of the stem is covered with an epidermis, which is covered by a waterproof cuticle. The epidermis also may contain
1523:
1552:
744:
Ground tissue usually consists mainly of parenchyma cells and fills in around the vascular tissue. It sometimes functions in photosynthesis. Most or all ground tissue may be lost in woody stems.
798:
or phellogen. The vascular cambium forms between the xylem and phloem in the vascular bundles and connects to form a continuous cylinder. The vascular cambium cells divide to produce
818:
is commercially important as wood. The seasonal variation in growth from the vascular cambium is what creates yearly tree rings in temperate climates. Tree rings are the basis of
2726:
361:: Used to describe stems in plants that appear to be stemless. Actually these stems are just extremely short, the leaves appearing to rise directly out of the ground, e.g. some
966:, which have vertical stems that can grow up to about 20 metres. The stem anatomy of ferns is more complicated than that of dicots because fern stems often have one or more
284:
Support for and the elevation of leaves, flowers, and fruits. The stems keep the leaves in the light and provide a place for the plant to keep its flowers and fruits.
2731:
876:
in monocot stems is more elongated. Leaf sheathes grow up around it, protecting it. This is true to some extent of almost all monocots. Monocots rarely produce
475:
Internode: An interval between two successive nodes. It possesses the ability to elongate, either from its base or from its extremity depending on the species.
270:" is often confused with "stems"; "shoots" generally refers to new fresh plant growth, including both stems and other structures like leaves or flowers.
872:
stem, although concentrated towards the outside. This differs from the dicot stem that has a ring of vascular bundles and often none in the center. The
2864:
1430:
747:
Vascular tissue provides long distance transport and structural support. The arrangement of the vascular tissues varies widely among plant species.
448:
519:
Pseudostem: A false stem made of the rolled bases of leaves, which may be 2 to 3 m (6 ft 7 in to 9 ft 10 in) tall, as in
811:, which replaces the epidermis in function. Areas of loosely packed cells in the periderm that function in gas exchange are called lenticels.
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1586:
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988:
1609:
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There are thousands of species whose stems have economic uses. Stems provide a few major staple crops such as potato and
107:
938:
974:. In cross section, the vascular tissue does not form a complete cylinder where a leaf gap occurs. Fern stems may have
79:
2788:
1495:
1471:
678:
126:
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Sapwood: A woody stem, the layer of secondary phloem that surrounds the heartwood; usually active in fluid transport
376:: A bud which grows at the point of attachment of an older leaf with the stem. It potentially gives rise to a shoot.
1683:
543:: A type of stolon, horizontally growing on top of the ground and rooting at the nodes, aids in reproduction. e.g.
293:
Production of new living tissue. The normal lifespan of plant cells is one to three years. Stems have cells called
86:
2122:
900:
are woody plants. Their stems are similar in structure to woody dicots except that most gymnosperms produce only
581:: A horizontal stem that produces rooted plantlets at its nodes and ends, forming near the surface of the ground.
231:
The nodes are the points of attachment for leaves and can hold one or more leaves. There are sometimes axillary
2603:
656:
208:, engages in photosynthesis, stores nutrients, and produces new living tissue. The stem can also be called the
64:
168:
30:
This article is about the stem part of a plant. For the use of stem node in phylogenetics and cladistics, see
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17:
93:
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1874:
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being notable exceptions. However, many monocot stems increase in diameter via anomalous secondary growth.
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358:
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2608:
652:
60:
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stems also have hundreds of uses, including in paper, buildings, furniture, boats, musical instruments,
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or variations of them. Many fern stems have phloem tissue on both sides of the xylem in cross-section.
75:
2738:
529:: A horizontal underground stem that functions mainly in reproduction but also in storage, e.g. most
31:
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2721:
1771:
641:
588:
645:
53:
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Foreign chemicals such as air pollutants, herbicides and pesticides can damage stem structures.
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312:. The xylem tissue arises from the cell facing inside and transports water by the action of
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8:
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1585:. Emily Monosson and C. Cleveland, eds. National Council for Science and the Environment
994:
540:
1622:
100:
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2344:
2036:
1822:
1718:
1298:
1255:
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416:): A flattened stem that appears leaf-like and is specialized for photosynthesis, e.g.
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1708:
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in their xylem, not the vessels found in dicots. Gymnosperm wood also often contains
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544:
499:
349:
200:, transports water and dissolved substances between the roots and the shoots in the
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2500:
2393:
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2105:
2029:
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1626:
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1306:, used for furniture and baskets, is made from the stems of tropical vining palms.
1143:
877:
839:
826:
is the use of tree rings as a record of past climates. The aerial stem of an adult
819:
803:
791:
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559:: A stem that holds flowers that comes out of the ground and has no normal leaves.
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454:
317:
274:
150:
144:
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597:: A swollen, underground storage stem adapted for storage and reproduction, e.g.
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and may contain preserved animals. Resins from conifer wood are used to produce
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2009:
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1607:
Speck, T.; Burgert, I. (2011). "Plant Stems: Functional Design and
Mechanics".
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In most plants, stems are located above the soil surface, but some plants have
267:
181:
1656:
834:. The dead, usually darker inner wood of a large diameter trunk is termed the
409:
Caespitose: When stems grow in a tangled mass or clump or in low growing mats.
394:: A short vertical underground stem with fleshy storage leaves attached, e.g.
336:
Stems are often specialized for storage, asexual reproduction, protection, or
2914:
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1956:
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Decumbent: A stem that lies flat on the ground and turns upwards at the ends.
362:
321:
287:
Transport of fluids between the roots and the shoots in the xylem and phloem.
244:
970:
in cross section. A leaf gap is where the vascular tissue branches off to a
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1901:
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Some ornamental plants are grown mainly for their attractive stems, e.g.:
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and in growing media for container plants. It also can become the natural
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Organography of plants, especially of the
Archegoniatae and Spermaphyta
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sometimes phelloderm cells internally. Those three tissues form the
630:
42:
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1951:
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palms showing characteristic bulge, leaf scars and fibrous roots,
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stem cross-section, showing locations of underlying tissues. Ep =
2004:
1999:
1916:
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1357:
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Arborescent: Tree with woody stems normally with a single trunk.
139:
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2213:
2174:
2112:
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2083:
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Raven, Peter H., Ray
Franklin Evert, and Helena Curtis (1981).
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on the stem in seed plants. A node is a very small growth zone.
437:
417:
379:
309:
205:
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1103:
distilled from wood of a tree in the same genus that provides
488:: Stems that serve as the stalk of an individual flower in an
2681:
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2228:
2149:
1807:
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for textiles and rope are obtained from stems of plants like
1239:
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1131:
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971:
913:
905:
815:
755:
715:
594:
560:
472:: Non woody stems which die at the end of the growing season.
426:: Stems that cling or wrap around other plants or structures.
403:
395:
382:: Aerial stems are described as being branched or unbranched.
305:
235:
between the stem and leaf which can grow into branches (with
201:
197:
1114:
Wood is used in thousands of ways; it can be used to create
2532:
2527:
2179:
2019:
1994:
1989:
1973:
1832:
1319:
1315:
1311:
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1123:
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originating from their lateral or secondary meristems: the
759:
719:
695:
564:
530:
513:
479:
466:
Fruticose: Stems that grow shrublike with woody like habit.
433:
429:
423:
391:
252:
236:
189:
185:
1326:. The earliest known paper was obtained from the stems of
1074:
is an important food additive obtained from the trunks of
2452:
2014:
1661:
1183:
1135:
929:
909:
512:: A sharpened extension of the stem's outer layers, e.g.
385:
232:
227:
The stem is normally divided into nodes and internodes:
822:, which dates wooden objects and associated artifacts.
328:, a tissue that divides to form xylem or phloem cells.
1547:
1545:
962:
have rhizomes with no vertical stem. The exception is
1280:
are obtained from the wood of certain trees, such as
1022:– crispy stems are the edible parts of this vegetable
767:
for gas exchange and multicellular stem hairs called
1464:
Britannica
Lessons Class VI Science The Living World
1542:
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
920:. In contrast, softwoods are gymnosperms, such as
432:: A short enlarged underground storage stem, e.g.
1432:Plant Stems: Physiology and Functional Morphology
2912:
842:. The outer, living wood is termed the sapwood.
908:ducts. Woody dicots are called hardwoods, e.g.
779:(starch containing cells) is present above the
1507:
1266:are an important building material for use in
1088:, is obtained from trunks of the chicle tree.
262:The internodes distance one node from another.
1677:
2783:International Association for Plant Taxonomy
1606:
868:Vascular bundles are present throughout the
388:: An embryonic shoot with immature stem tip.
786:Woody dicots and many nonwoody dicots have
659:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
607:: Hard textured stems with secondary xylem.
478:Node: A point of attachment of a leaf or a
143:Stem showing internode and nodes plus leaf
1684:
1670:
1001:
679:Learn how and when to remove this message
297:that annually generate new living tissue.
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
2727:International Code of Nomenclature (ICN)
1013:
849:
690:
447:
342:
304:Stems have two pipe-like tissues called
180:is one of two main structural axes of a
167:
149:
138:
725:Stem usually consist of three tissues:
14:
2913:
1512:. New York: Hofner publishing company.
1262:are often used for building. Stems of
1091:Medicines obtained from stems include
1009:
160:has lost its leaves, but is producing
1665:
1340:sap from tree trunks; it is used for
880:and are therefore seldom woody, with
251:may also be produced from the nodes.
1631:10.1146/annurev-matsci-062910-100425
1458:
1456:
1454:
1452:
657:adding citations to reliable sources
624:
331:
65:adding citations to reliable sources
36:
1610:Annual Review of Materials Research
1034:stems are a major source of sugar.
891:
280:Stems have several main functions:
27:Structural axis of a vascular plant
24:
1600:
25:
2932:
2732:ICN for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP)
1638:
1449:
1288:is obtained from the bark of the
1111:from the bark of tropical vines.
614:
2895:
2894:
1644:
987:
937:
845:
629:
41:
1352:. Tree bark is often used as a
1296:is obtained from the trunks of
758:stems with primary growth have
52:needs additional citations for
1571:
1516:
1501:
1490:. New York: Worth Publishers.
1480:
1423:
750:
13:
1:
1416:
953:
2773:History of plant systematics
2360:Thorns, spines, and prickles
1383:Harry Lauder's walking stick
7:
1466:. Popular Prakashan. 2002.
1399:
1070:is bark from a tree trunk.
1038:is obtained from trunks of
340:, including the following:
10:
2937:
2589:Alternation of generations
1691:
1330:by the ancient Egyptians.
1107:, and the muscle relaxant
618:
502:: A stem that supports an
154:This above-ground stem of
29:
2890:
2838:
2802:
2739:Cultivated plant taxonomy
2702:Biological classification
2692:
2565:
2481:
2377:
2327:
2052:
1982:
1925:
1887:
1861:
1797:
1717:
1699:
1084:, the main ingredient in
771:. A cortex consisting of
32:Phylogenetic nomenclature
2599:Evolutionary development
1657:Overview of stem anatomy
1577:C. Michael Hogan. 2010.
1508:Goebel, K.E.v. (1969) .
1435:. Elsevier. 1995-07-19.
775:(collenchyma cells) and
2250:Hypanthium (Floral cup)
1210:is widely used to make
1002:Relation to xenobiotics
591:with a sharpened point.
2865:by author abbreviation
2789:Plant taxonomy systems
2707:Botanical nomenclature
1553:"Stems - Stem Anatomy"
1258:. Trunks of palms and
1023:
865:
783:and vascular bundles.
722:
459:
354:
184:, the other being the
173:
165:
147:
2872:Botanical expeditions
1583:Encyclopedia of Earth
1392:Red, peeling bark of
1017:
853:
838:and is the result of
694:
506:or a solitary flower.
451:
346:
290:Storage of nutrients.
171:
153:
142:
2604:Evolutionary history
2594:Double fertilization
2446:Cellular respiration
1653:at Wikimedia Commons
1377:Twisted branches of
1254:, plant stakes, and
653:improve this section
550:Chlorophytum comosum
61:improve this article
1823:Non-vascular plants
1623:2011AnRMS..41..169S
1226:and some important
1140:musical instruments
1010:Economic importance
995:Tasmanian tree fern
412:Cladode (including
2328:Surface structures
2123:Flower development
1593:. Washington, D.C.
1589:2013-06-08 at the
1557:LibreTexts Biology
1528:LibreTexts Biology
1299:Hevea brasiliensis
1024:
944:The trunk of this
866:
802:to the inside and
723:
460:
452:Decumbent stem in
355:
314:transpiration pull
249:Adventitious roots
174:
166:
162:adventitious roots
148:
2908:
2907:
2547:Herbaceous plants
2373:
2372:
1649:Media related to
1488:Biology of Plants
1442:978-0-08-053908-9
1406:Edible plant stem
1276:used for tanning
1236:cellulose acetate
1095:from the bark of
1054:, cactus pads or
948:tree is its stem.
824:Dendroclimatology
689:
688:
681:
545:garden strawberry
350:Senecio angulatus
347:Climbing stem of
332:Specialized terms
275:underground stems
137:
136:
129:
111:
16:(Redirected from
2928:
2898:
2897:
2877:Individual trees
2552:Secondary growth
2523:Succulent plants
2511:Prostrate shrubs
2394:Apical dominance
2379:Plant physiology
2340:Epicuticular wax
1885:
1884:
1878:
1869:Plant morphology
1686:
1679:
1672:
1663:
1662:
1648:
1634:
1594:
1579:"Abiotic factor"
1575:
1569:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1549:
1540:
1539:
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1535:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1505:
1499:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1460:
1447:
1446:
1427:
1387:Corylus avellana
1379:corkscrew willow
1144:sports equipment
1018:White and green
991:
941:
892:Gymnosperm stems
878:secondary growth
820:dendrochronology
804:secondary phloem
792:vascular cambium
788:secondary growth
684:
677:
673:
670:
664:
633:
625:
455:Cucurbita maxima
318:capillary action
172:Xylem and Phloem
132:
125:
121:
118:
112:
110:
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45:
37:
21:
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2930:
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2925:
2911:
2910:
2909:
2904:
2886:
2855:Botanical terms
2848:
2834:
2798:
2744:Citrus taxonomy
2722:Author citation
2688:
2582:
2561:
2483:
2477:
2473:Turgor pressure
2381:
2369:
2323:
2138:Floral symmetry
2056:
2048:
1978:
1967:Vascular bundle
1962:Vascular tissue
1921:
1881:
1872:
1871:
1857:
1828:Vascular plants
1793:
1789:Plant pathology
1713:
1695:
1690:
1641:
1603:
1601:Further reading
1598:
1597:
1591:Wayback Machine
1576:
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1443:
1429:
1428:
1424:
1419:
1402:
1394:paperbark maple
1270:in some areas.
1154:, fence posts,
1046:from stems are
1012:
1004:
997:
992:
956:
949:
942:
894:
857:Roystonea regia
848:
800:secondary xylem
753:
735:vascular tissue
685:
674:
668:
665:
650:
634:
623:
621:Stele (biology)
617:
334:
300:Photosynthesis.
164:from the nodes.
133:
122:
116:
113:
70:
68:
58:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2845:Related topics
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2794:Taxonomic rank
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2712:Botanical name
2704:
2698:
2696:
2694:Plant taxonomy
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2689:
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2686:
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2684:
2679:
2678:
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2670:Megasporangium
2667:
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2658:Microsporangia
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1524:"Stem Anatomy"
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1530:. 11 May 2024
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72:Find sources:
66:
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50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
18:Node (botany)
2825:Horticulture
2815:Floriculture
2717:Correct name
2567:Reproduction
2557:Woody plants
2482:Plant growth
2441:Gas Exchange
2426:Phytomelanin
2304:Plant embryo
2054:Reproductive
2041:
1902:Phragmoplast
1614:
1608:
1582:
1573:
1561:. Retrieved
1556:
1532:. Retrieved
1527:
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980:dictyosteles
976:solenosteles
957:
895:
867:
855:
830:is called a
813:
796:cork cambium
785:
754:
746:
743:
739:
724:
675:
666:
651:Please help
639:
548:
453:
374:Axillary bud
363:
348:
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255:may produce
226:
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175:
155:
123:
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
76:"Plant stem"
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
2641:Pollen tube
2636:Pollinators
2626:Pollination
2621:Germination
2436:Respiration
2419:Chlorophyll
2265:Pedicellate
2199:Gametophyte
2118:Aestivation
2069:Antheridium
2064:Archegonium
1912:Plasmodesma
1889:Plant cells
1752:Paleobotany
1747:Ethnobotany
1732:Astrobotany
1651:Plant stems
1617:: 169–193.
1389:'Contorta')
1373:paper birch
1308:Bast fibers
1256:scaffolding
1252:water pipes
1086:chewing gum
1036:Maple sugar
898:gymnosperms
751:Dicot stems
708:bast fibres
414:phylloclade
359:Acaulescent
259:from nodes.
2663:Microspore
2653:Sporangium
2631:Artificial
2319:Sporophyte
2314:Sporophyll
2309:Receptacle
2204:Gynandrium
2074:Androecium
1983:Vegetative
1853:Angiosperm
1848:Gymnosperm
1742:Dendrology
1417:References
1346:turpentine
1338:fossilized
1260:tree ferns
1234:, such as
1224:cellophane
1216:paperboard
1160:toothpicks
1072:Gum arabic
1044:Vegetables
964:tree ferns
954:Fern stems
874:shoot apex
814:Secondary
777:endodermis
773:hypodermis
669:March 2022
619:See also:
470:Herbaceous
266:The term "
117:March 2022
87:newspapers
2860:Botanists
2778:Herbarium
2675:Megaspore
2573:Evolution
2516:Subshrubs
2484:and habit
2409:Nutrition
2404:Cellulose
2399:Bulk flow
2382:Materials
2345:Epidermis
2209:Gynoecium
2190:Endosperm
2185:Dispersal
2101:Staminode
2037:Sessility
2025:Cataphyll
1945:Mesophyll
1897:Cell wall
1838:Lycophyte
1818:Bryophyte
1772:Geobotany
1757:Phycology
1282:quebracho
1268:thatching
1222:sponges,
1220:cellulose
1208:Wood pulp
1190:handles,
1128:airplanes
1120:furniture
1116:buildings
1056:nopalitos
1048:asparagus
1032:Sugarcane
1020:asparagus
968:leaf gaps
902:tracheids
836:heartwood
781:pericycle
769:trichomes
700:epidermis
640:does not
442:gladiolus
295:meristems
157:Polygonum
2915:Category
2900:Category
2820:Forestry
2810:Agronomy
2803:Practice
2754:Cultivar
2749:Cultigen
2609:timeline
2501:Rosettes
2389:Aleurone
2365:Trichome
2282:Perianth
2094:Filament
1952:Meristem
1875:glossary
1737:Bryology
1587:Archived
1400:See also
1290:cork oak
1232:textiles
1228:plastics
1204:firewood
1200:charcoal
1182:staves,
1176:shingles
1105:cinnamon
1097:cinchona
1068:cinnamon
1060:kohlrabi
809:periderm
794:and the
500:Peduncle
424:Climbing
400:daffodil
380:Branched
367:species.
257:tendrils
145:petioles
2578:Ecology
2335:Cuticle
2165:Capsule
2155:Anatomy
2106:Tapetum
2030:Petiole
2005:Rhizome
2000:Rhizoid
1927:Tissues
1917:Vacuole
1907:Plastid
1709:Outline
1704:History
1619:Bibcode
1563:11 June
1362:lichens
1358:habitat
1342:jewelry
1328:papyrus
1278:leather
1274:Tannins
1172:coffins
1168:plywood
1164:matches
1156:pilings
1138:parts,
1101:camphor
1099:trees,
1093:quinine
1080:trees.
1042:trees.
946:redwood
870:monocot
864:, India
862:Kolkata
840:tylosis
765:stomata
718:; Pi =
706:; BF =
661:removed
646:sources
527:Rhizome
510:Prickle
486:Pedicel
326:cambium
245:flowers
222:thyrsus
194:flowers
101:scholar
2882:Plants
2785:(IAPT)
2538:Lianas
2506:Shrubs
2458:Starch
2350:Nectar
2270:Raceme
2236:Stigma
2224:Locule
2214:Carpel
2175:Pyrena
2113:Flower
2089:Anther
2084:Stamen
2079:Pollen
1801:groups
1693:Botany
1534:11 May
1494:
1470:
1439:
1304:Rattan
1294:Rubber
1244:Bamboo
1196:veneer
1180:barrel
1132:wagons
1109:curare
1082:Chicle
1062:, and
926:spruce
918:walnut
886:bamboo
733:, and
714:; X =
712:phloem
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