25:
375:
being misdiagnosed. Indeed, a significant percentage of people initially diagnosed with epilepsy will later heal. In one study, the majority of children referred to a secondary clinic with "fits, faints and funny turns" did not have epilepsy, with
203:
as "a transient occurrence of signs and/or symptoms due to abnormal excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain." Convulsive or non-convulsive seizures can occur in someone who does not have epilepsy – as a consequence of
227:
usually refers to an epileptic seizure. The lay use of this word can also include sudden attacks of illness, loss of control, spasm or stroke. Where the physician is uncertain as to the diagnosis, the medical term
387:
Differentiation of a non-epileptic attack from an epileptic seizure includes the patient keeping their eyes closed and rarely causing themselves harm (both more common in non-epileptic attacks)
380:(fainting) as the most common alternative. In another study, 39% of children referred to a tertiary epilepsy centre did not have epilepsy, with staring episodes in
504:"Epileptic seizures and epilepsy: definitions proposed by the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) and the International Bureau for Epilepsy (IBE)"
717:
1085:
1002:
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children as the most common alternative. In adults, the figures are similar, with one study reporting a 26% rate of misdiagnosis.
220:. A provoked (or an un-provoked, or an idiopathic) seizure must generally occur twice before a person is diagnosed with epilepsy.
83:
Pseudoseizure, dissociative non-epileptic seizure, FNEA (functional non-epileptic attacks), NEAD (non-epileptic attack disorder)
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916:
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979:
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A wide array of phenomena may or may not resemble epileptic seizures, which may lead to people who do not have
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596:"The misdiagnosis of epilepsy in children admitted to a tertiary epilepsy centre with paroxysmal events"
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in the brain. Symptoms may include shaking, loss of consciousness, and loss of bladder control.
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646:"The misdiagnosis of epilepsy and the management of refractory epilepsy in a specialist clinic"
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Fisher R, van Emde Boas W, Blume W, Elger C, Genton P, Lee P, Engel J (2005).
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546:"Diagnoses made in a secondary care "fits, faints, and funny turns" clinic"
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Differential
Diagnosis in Adult Neuropsychological Assessment
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Uldall P, Alving J, Hansen LK, Kibaek M, Buchholt J (2006).
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Joseph H. Ricker; Reilly R. Martinez, eds. (October 2003).
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179:. Diagnosis may be based on the history of the event and
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Hopp, JL (April 2019). "Nonepileptic
Episodic Events".
148:, but do not involve abnormal, rhythmic discharges of
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408:. Springer Publishing Company. p. 109.
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459:
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271:Confusion after returning to consciousness
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661:
644:Smith D, Defalla BA, Chadwick DW (1999).
619:
587:
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492:
429:
427:
425:
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163:conditions. Physiological causes include
1086:Citizens United for Research in Epilepsy
637:
155:They may or may not be caused by either
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183:with support from heart testing and an
1134:
422:
699:
247:
197:International League Against Epilepsy
1003:Dentatorubral–pallidoluysian atrophy
463:
262:Jerky, rhythmic or twitching motions
175:. Psychological causes are known as
18:
1050:Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy
544:Hindley D, Ali A, Robson C (2006).
13:
980:Complex partial status epilepticus
177:psychogenic non-epileptic seizures
14:
1153:
1065:Psychogenic non-epileptic seizure
937:Benign familial neonatal seizures
889:Sleep-related hypermotor epilepsy
683:
351:Paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia
144:events that appear similar to an
35:Psychogenic non-epileptic seizure
690:What are Non-Epileptic Seizures?
521:10.1111/j.0013-9580.2005.66104.x
23:
223:When used on its own, the term
1025:Early myoclonic encephalopathy
998:Progressive myoclonus epilepsy
466:Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn.)
317:, also called startle syndrome
190:
49:Proposed since September 2024.
1:
390:
126:non-epileptic attack disorder
975:Epilepsia partialis continua
478:10.1212/CON.0000000000000711
366:
256:Crying out or making a noise
58:For epileptic seizures, see
7:
1030:Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy
1008:Unverricht–Lundborg disease
32:It has been suggested that
10:
1158:
947:Myoclonic astatic epilepsy
57:
1098:Epilepsy Action Australia
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1042:
988:
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907:
841:
832:
809:
778:
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286:Possible causes include:
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87:
79:
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1060:Landau–Kleffner syndrome
894:Panayiotopoulos syndrome
534:(Free full text online).
435:"Non-Epileptic Seizures"
64:Seizure (disambiguation)
942:Lennox–Gastaut syndrome
824:Epilepsy and employment
676:(Free full text online)
634:(Free full text online)
612:10.1136/adc.2004.064477
584:(Free full text online)
562:10.1136/adc.2004.062455
382:intellectually disabled
274:Loss of bladder control
874:Temporal lobe epilepsy
794:Electroencephalography
297:Reflex anoxic seizures
114:Non-epileptic seizures
62:. For other uses, see
879:Frontal lobe epilepsy
692:from Cleveland Clinic
663:10.1093/qjmed/92.1.15
304:Breath-holding spells
268:Loss of consciousness
138:dissociative seizures
75:Non-epileptic seizure
1115:Epilepsy Research UK
899:Vertiginous epilepsy
819:Epilepsy and driving
770:Epilepsy in children
439:www.cedars-sinai.edu
181:physical examination
42:into this article. (
1103:Epilepsy Foundation
1070:Epilepsy in animals
750:Aura (warning sign)
218:febrile convulsions
134:functional seizures
990:Myoclonic epilepsy
967:Status epilepticus
248:Signs and symptoms
232:and the lay terms
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1128:
1043:Related disorders
1038:
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884:Rolandic epilepsy
277:Biting the tongue
201:epileptic seizure
199:(ILAE) define an
173:heart arrhythmias
146:epileptic seizure
120:), also known as
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110:
69:Medical condition
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55:
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16:Medical condition
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1120:Epilepsy Society
1109:Epilepsy Outlook
952:Epileptic spasms
864:Gelastic seizure
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765:Neonatal seizure
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957:Febrile seizure
922:Absence seizure
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859:Complex partial
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811:Personal issues
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790:Investigations
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760:Epileptogenesis
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169:sleep disorders
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854:Simple partial
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684:External links
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442:. Retrieved
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361:Hypoglycemia
344:, including
306:of childhood
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265:Falling down
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909:Generalised
444:20 December
342:Parasomnias
293:(fainting)
253:Convulsions
238:funny turns
206:head injury
191:Terminology
80:Other names
932:Automatism
779:Management
391:References
337:Opsoclonus
326:Narcolepsy
259:Stiffening
212:, toxins,
142:paroxysmal
103:psychiatry
508:Epilepsia
367:Diagnosis
332:myoclonus
310:Cataplexy
214:eclampsia
97:Neurology
89:Specialty
1136:Category
870:Epilepsy
850:Seizures
731:epilepsy
727:Seizures
672:10209668
630:16492886
580:16492885
530:15816939
486:30921020
373:epilepsy
321:Migraine
165:fainting
621:2065931
571:2065949
378:syncope
291:Syncope
242:attacks
225:seizure
150:neurons
60:Seizure
44:Discuss
738:Basics
670:
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412:
282:Causes
234:spells
171:, and
140:, are
40:merged
843:Focal
136:, or
1122:(UK)
1111:(UK)
1105:(US)
1094:(UK)
1088:(US)
729:and
668:PMID
626:PMID
576:PMID
526:PMID
482:PMID
446:2019
410:ISBN
356:Tics
195:The
130:NEAD
658:doi
650:QJM
616:PMC
608:doi
566:PMC
558:doi
516:doi
474:doi
240:or
216:or
185:EEG
159:or
132:),
118:NES
38:be
1138::
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494:^
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