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191:. The irregular surface promotes adhesion of the PTFE and also resists abrasion of the PTFE. Then one to seven layers of PTFE are sprayed or rolled on, with a larger number of layers and spraying being better. The number and thickness of the layers and quality of the material determine the quality of the non-stick coating. Better-quality coatings are more durable, and less likely to peel and flake, and keep their non-stick properties for longer. Any PTFE-based coating will rapidly lose its non-stick properties if overheated; all manufacturers recommend that temperatures be kept below, typically, 260 °C (500 °F).
322:
20:
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146:
By 1951 Dupont had developed applications for Teflon in commercial bread and cookie-making; however, the company avoided the market for consumer cookware due to potential problems associated with release of toxic gases if stove-top pans were overheated in inadequately ventilated spaces. While working
346:
or porous substrate with features spaced sufficiently close to stably contain the second layer which is an impregnating liquid that fills in the spaces between the features. The liquid must have a surface energy well-matched to the substrate in order to form a stable film. These surfaces bioimitate
159:
A few years later, a French engineer had begun coating his fishing gear with Teflon to prevent tangles. His wife
Colette suggested using the same method to coat her cooking pans. The idea was successful and a French patent was granted for the process in 1954. The
31:
is engineered to reduce the ability of other materials to stick to it. Non-stick cookware is a common application, where the non-stick coating allows food to brown without sticking to the pan. Non-stick is often used to refer to surfaces coated with
248:
or fat is required to prevent hot food from sticking to the pan's surface. Food does not have the same tendency to stick to a non-stick surface; pans can be used with less, or no oil, and are easier to clean as residues do not stick to the surface.
318:) materials. Droplets hitting this kind of coating can fully rebound. Generally speaking, superhydrophobic coatings are made from composite materials where one component provides the roughness and the other provides low surface energy.
130:
company. The substance was found to have several unique properties, including very good corrosion-resistance and the lowest coefficient of friction of any substance yet manufactured. PTFE was first used to make seals resistant to the
155:
alumnus John
Gilbert was asked to evaluate a newly developed material called Teflon. His experiments using the fluorinated polymer as a surface coating for pots and pans helped usher in a revolution in non-stick cookware.
1111:
295:. The coating layer of Ceramic nonstick pans starts to break down at about 370 °C (700 °F). The coating layer of PTFE cookware starts to break down when heated to 426 °C (800 °F).
194:
Utensils used with PTFE-coated pans can scratch the coating if the utensils are harder than the coating; this can be prevented by using non-metallic (usually plastic or wood) cooking tools.
351:, which uses microscale hairs to create a water slide that causes ants to slip to their death. Slippery surfaces are finding applications in commercial products, anti-fouling surfaces,
909:
Yahua Liu, Lisa
Moevius, Xinpeng Xu, Tiezheng Qian, Julia M Yeomans, Zuankai Wang. "Pancake bouncing on superhydrophobic surfaces." Nature Physics, 10, 515-519 (2014)
179:
used in various applications including non-stick coatings. Teflon is a brand of PTFE, often used as a generic term for PTFE. The metallic substrate is roughened by
143:, and was regarded as a military secret. Dupont registered the Teflon trademark in 1944 and soon began planning for post-war commercial use of the new product.
102:
and cast aluminium cookware may be seasoned before cooking by applying a fat to the surface and heating it to polymerize it. This produces a dry, hard, smooth,
378:
793:
996:
Aizenberg, Joanna; Grinthal, Alison; Hatton, Benjamin D.; Smythe, Elizabeth J.; Tang, Sindy K. Y.; Kang, Sung Hoon; Wong, Tak-Sing (September 2011).
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Richard, Denis, Christophe Clanet, and David Quéré. "Surface phenomena: Contact time of a bouncing drop." Nature 417.6891 (2002): 811-811
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in humans and can be lethal to birds. Concerns have been raised over the possible negative effects of using PTFE-coated cooking pans.
407:
302:
imposing stricter limits on the use of PFAS, some companies are voluntarily replacing their PTFE cookware with ceramic options.
256:(the caramelized drippings that stick to the pan when meat is cooked) sticks to them, and can be turned into pan gravy by
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product manufactured by the DuPont spin-off
Chemours, which seems to pose similar health issues as the now banned PFOA.
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746:
488:
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152:
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587:
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Simpson, John T.; Hunter, Scott R.; Aytug, Tolga (2015). "Superhydrophobic materials and coatings: a review".
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Not all non-stick pans use Teflon; other non-stick coatings have become available. For example, a mixture of
252:
According to writer Tony
Polombo, pans that are not non-stick are better for producing pan gravy, because the
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When pans are overheated beyond approximately 260°C (500°F) the PTFE coating begins to dissociate, releasing
83:
222:
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Ceramic nonstick pans use a finish of silica (silicon dioxide) to prevent sticking. It is applied using a
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This image shows highly absorbent filter paper coated with a super-hydrophobic paint developed at
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529:"Invention, Innovation and Entrepreneurship Begin at the NYU Polytechnic School of Engineering"
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coating, which is non-stick when food is cooked with a small amount of cooking oil or fat.
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40:. In the twenty-first century, other coatings have been marketed as non-stick, such as
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A Guide to
Materials, Performance, Maintenance, Health, & Smart Buying Decisions
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Cast iron skillets, before seasoning (left) and after several years of use (right)
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998:"Bioinspired self-repairing slippery surfaces with pressure-stable omniphobicity"
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is a thin surface layer that repels water. It is made from superhydrophobic (
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726:. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2018-02-18.
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at 2,000 °C (3,630 °F) to produce a non-stick ceramic coating.
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136:
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19:
1021:
844:"EPA imposes stricter limits on four types of toxic 'forever chemicals'"
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1106:
680:"Teflon Is Great for Politicians, but Is It Safe for Regular People?"
329:. This repels water (which has been dyed orange for greater contrast)
75:
269:
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641:
515:"Inspired by teflon, researchers create super durable proteins"
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127:
115:
45:
37:
995:
161:
870:"Teflon Nonstick Pans Are Bad. Consider These Alternatives"
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Pennie
Stoyles and Peter Pentland (2007). "Non-stick pan".
408:"How to Turn a Stainless Steel Skillet into a Nonstick Pan"
292:
253:
233:
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company was formed in 1956 to manufacture non-stick pans.
1076:
299:
229:, and is now being phased out of use in PTFE processing.
794:"You Can't Always Trust Claims on 'Non-Toxic' Cookware"
342:
consists of two distinct layers. The first is a highly
114:
The modern non-stick pans were made using a coating of
118:(polytetrafluoroethylene or PTFE). PTFE was invented
448:
918:
638:"Safety of Teflon Non-Stick Coatings for Cookware"
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126:in 1938, while working for a joint venture of the
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706:Harmful Teflon Chemical To Be Eliminated by 2015
552: "Thermal spraying of stainless steel", 1988
239:
217:Processing of PTFE in the past used to include
613:"Cookware Safety by Teflon nonstick coatings"
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736:
894:
765:A to Z of Inventions and Inventors: M to P
563:Fluorinated coatings and finishes handbook
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475:
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87:Commercial waffle iron requiring seasoning
1097:How non-stick surface works- Illustration
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667:Teflon and Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA)
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82:
74:
18:
1068:"Science plans 'non-stick' submarine",
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36:(PTFE), a well-known brand of which is
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737:Tony Polombo (2006). "Pots and Pans".
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260:them—dissolving them in liquid.
221:as an emulsifier; however, PFOA is a
1086:"'Virtually non-stick' gum created"
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305:
13:
678:Tugend, Alina (October 14, 2006).
197:
14:
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709:. The Washington Post, 2006-01-26
489:Invention and Technology Magazine
442:
397:How to Season a Wok- Serious Eats
225:and poses both environmental and
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153:NYU Tandon School of Engineering
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971:"US Patent # US 20130032316 A1"
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768:. Black Rabbit Books. pp.
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280:onto the pan surface, and then
244:With other types of pans, some
135:gas used in development of the
921:Reports on Progress in Physics
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16:Coating that prevents sticking
1:
941:10.1088/0034-4885/78/8/086501
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240:Culinary uses and limitations
820:"Is Nonstick Cookware Safe?"
739:Cooking - A Basic Repertoire
359:-resistant medical devices.
232:PFOA is now replaced by the
223:persistent organic pollutant
64:
7:
720:"Basic Information on PFAS"
362:
10:
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724:PFOA, PFOS and Other PFASs
374:Aluminium magnesium boride
340:liquid-impregnated surface
334:Liquid-impregnated surface
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210:compounds which can cause
68:
741:. iUniverse. p. 20.
665:American Cancer Society,
456:Science History Institute
449:Center for Oral History.
427:Science History Institute
327:University College London
482:Anne Cooper Funderburg.
349:Venezuelan pitcher plant
312:superhydrophobic coating
59:
1063:How non-stick pan works
592:Cookingforengineers.com
588:"Cooking For Engineers"
173:Polytetrafluoroethylene
34:polytetrafluoroethylene
23:Food in a non-stick pan
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175:(PTFE) is a synthetic
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80:
24:
1137:Cookware and bakeware
1084:(13 September 2007).
484:"Making Teflon Stick"
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86:
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824:the rational kitchen
574:Excalibur brochure,
561:Laurence W. McKeen,
185:electric-arc sprayed
133:uranium hexafluoride
71:Seasoning (cookware)
1022:10.1038/nature10447
1014:2011Natur.477..443W
933:2015RPPh...78h6501S
316:ultrahydrophobicity
291:without the use of
1072:, 10 October, 2003
818:trk (2020-07-28).
541:Nicholas J. Wall,
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212:polymer fume fever
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81:
50:enameled cast iron
42:anodized aluminium
25:
1127:Materials science
1008:(7365): 443–447.
800:. 26 October 2022
703:Juliet Eilperin:
617:Chemours Web site
451:"Roy J. Plunkett"
422:"Roy J. Plunkett"
379:Forever chemicals
206:and a variety of
204:hydrofluoric acid
183:, then sometimes
181:abrasive blasting
54:seasoned cookware
29:non-stick surface
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306:Superhydrophobic
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1101:How Stuff Works
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96:carbon steel
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462:21 February
434:21 February
430:. June 2016
278:sandblasted
137:atomic bomb
104:hydrophobic
1121:Categories
1082:Liz Seward
981:18 October
887:2022-11-11
868:Ray, Joe.
854:2022-11-11
829:2023-07-20
804:2022-11-11
652:2009-05-06
622:23 January
597:23 January
544:US 5069937
500:2015-02-21
385:References
353:anti-icing
1070:bbc.co.uk
1030:1476-4687
975:US Patent
957:206022154
882:1059-1028
298:With the
258:deglazing
92:Cast iron
65:Seasoning
1090:BBC News
1038:21938066
949:26181655
363:See also
344:textured
270:titanium
1099:, from
1046:4300247
1010:Bibcode
977:. USPTO
929:Bibcode
357:biofilm
276:can be
274:ceramic
264:Ceramic
139:during
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1002:Nature
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642:DuPont
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149:DuPont
128:DuPont
116:Teflon
52:, and
46:silica
38:Teflon
1042:S2CID
953:S2CID
874:Wired
282:fired
187:with
162:Tefal
60:Types
1034:PMID
1026:ISSN
983:2013
945:PMID
878:ISSN
774:ISBN
743:ISBN
691:2013
624:2016
599:2016
464:2018
436:2018
355:and
293:PFAS
272:and
254:fond
234:GenX
219:PFOA
1018:doi
1006:477
937:doi
576:PDF
496:(1)
300:EPA
246:oil
147:at
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