27:
208:
817:, called JEC and XCOM. JEC were used primarily as a simple batch job controller, whereas XCOM was used for much more involved routines such as operating system patches etc. Most of the applications came in two different editions, one compiled for the NORD-10/ND-100 series and one compiled for the ND-500/ND-5000 series.
358:, with this spin-off company aiming to supply Motorola 88000-based systems to its parent. Indeed, Norsk Data introduced the Uniline 88 series of 88000-based systems, developed by Dolphin, initially in Scandinavia during 1990 and then in the UK and Germany during 1991. Norsk Data also announced an agreement with
489:
In 2003, Norsk Data was eventually acquired by 2e2, an IT services business pursuing rapid growth through acquisition, joining various other established businesses including elements of PinkRoccade UK Group and ROCC Computers. This bolstered the hardware maintenance side of the company. The growth by
485:
The name and business focus of this group of companies changed several times in the early 21st
Century. Initially combined with the acquired CIX and XTML to form the UK arm of Telenor's Nextra subsidiary, a "communications service provider", the group became Telenor Business Solutions before finally
353:
Efforts to restructure the company in 1990 were initially perceived as moderately successful, with executives and analysts expressing beliefs that such restructuring had put the company in a more favourable position than competitors who were yet "to swallow the same bitter pill" of refocusing and
486:
reverting to ND Norsk Data once CIX and XTML had been resold to Pipex, reportedly for less than 10% of the purchase price. Much of the loss in value of the acquired companies was put down to the astronomical "goodwill" payment included in the purchase price during the "dotcom boom".
490:
acquisition trend continued with several smaller businesses being taken on, and many employees subsequently being laid off. Major losses of high earning contracts such as Thomas Cook, Woolworths, HMP, or Corus, were never replaced with similar-sized customers.
716:
compiler for ND-100/ND-500 developed by
University of Luleå, and IAR Systems AB, Sweden, in cooperation with Norsk Data A.S, 1984. A later C compiler developed in Kiel and Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany with the CAT-System using the Vienna Development Method,
435:
Although the Norsk Data breakup caused a large number of layoffs, a large number of employees and intellectual property lived on in various smaller companies. Some went bankrupt quite quickly, some were bought for tax purposes.
334:-based personal computer systems. In 1989, alongside upgraded versions of the company's proprietary minicomputer range, notably the ND-5850, attempts were made to introduce Unix products such as the Uniline 33 range, based on
166:. Existing from 1967 to 1998, it had its most active period from the early 1970s to the late 1980s. At the company's peak in 1987, it was the second largest company in Norway and employed over 4,500 people.
326:
of Sweden to provide UNIX-based systems in Norsk Data's portfolio, to offer "a complete UNIX concept" together with the company's ND-5000 products. 1988 saw the company sign an agreement with the
439:
The hardware research and development group was split off into
Dolphin Server Technology in 1989. Dolphin later split off into a number of companies, by far the most successful of these being
729:
compiler – PLANC was the system language of Norsk Data – a language "defined by its implementation", similar to C, but assignment left to right, as you read: A + 1 =: A same as A++
169:
Throughout its history Norsk Data produced a long string of extremely innovative systems, with a disproportionately large number of world firsts. Some examples of this are the
824:
was copied by
Microsoft, where it is called Access (the internal name for NOTIS-QL was "Access-1") but the original was sold to Sysdeco and sold now with the name "QBEVision".
1570:
1528:
1327:
888:
1278:
1193:
798:
named the
Technostation was designed specifically for running Technovision. It was extremely well received by international press, and even won a design award.
1738:
1083:
1374:
1809:
1580:
1349:
803:
BIBDIA was further developed by BiBer GmbH since 1992. The current WEB-based version is still running as a market leader in
Germany and Switzerland.
362:
to resell that company's Aviion line of 88000-based products. Norsk Data was purchased by
Telenor and went through several rebrands and relaunches.
1804:
1728:
314:
After a long period of exceptional success, the Norsk Data "empire" collapsed in the early 1990s, mostly due to not realizing the impact of the
346:
the company reportedly sought to offer only its NDIX implementation of Unix for its own proprietary architecture. Systems based on
Motorola's
1723:
794:
system which was internationally considered to be one of the best on the market. It was in part designed by Norsk Data Dietz GmbH. A special
1779:
1784:
287:, Norsk Data donated the first computer to Lithuanian Institute of Mathematics and Informatics. This donation started the development of
1677:
1575:
616:
266:, Norsk Data's international breakthrough contract. The other market segments Norsk Data succeeded in were process control, Norwegian
1814:
1682:
1621:
546:
307:, which operated at 9.6 kbit/s. This was the first Lithuanian communications line that was totally independent from the former
528:
216:
1697:
1799:
1657:
1135:
1794:
1789:
1535:
896:
1003:
1585:
1399:
228:
1311:
645:
463:
kept the Norsk Data name for several years, focusing in on hardware support and maintenance contracts, mainly with
382:
to have memory paging as a standard option, and the first machine to have floating-point instructions as standard
370:
Throughout the times, Norsk Data produced a long string of innovative computers. Some examples of this include:
303:
were shut down. With the help of additional hardware donated by Norsk Data, Lithuania was able to use its first
1252:
921:
440:
355:
1491:
732:
398:
1057:
1301:
911:
464:
276:
For a period in 1987, Norsk Data was the second largest company by stock value in Norway, second only to
250:. The company became a significant supplier of minicomputers to many research projects, in particular to
1470:
685:
660:
649:
1166:
342:
processor. Such conventional Unix systems were primarily aimed at international customers, whereas in
1667:
1109:
1030:
740:
701:
304:
713:
612:
In addition to hardware, Norsk Data also produced a wide range of system and application software:
263:
1774:
1565:
1481:
693:
1552:
202:
1438:
974:
944:
801:
BIBDIA – Library system developed by Norsk Data Dietz GmbH in Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
1672:
327:
820:
ND spun off NOTIS-WP and NOTIS-RG into NOTIS AS, which later changed its name to
Maxware.
667:
was ported by the
Central Institute for Industrial Research in 1975 SIBAS is owned by SRS.
8:
1769:
1521:
1084:"Norsk Data Hopes to Boost Its Unix Business in the UK with 88000-Based Dolphin Servers"
262:, where they were chosen to produce the computers for many projects, starting with the
555:, 16-bit, from 1978, later renamed ND-100. First single-board 16-bit minicomputer CPU.
1743:
1328:"Nextra strengthens European presence by including UK based Norsk Data, XTML and CIX"
1307:
917:
782:
679:
522:
390:
315:
243:
72:
44:
40:
596:
ND-5900-2, ND-5900-3, and ND-5904, dual-, triple- and quad-CPU 5000 series machines.
1733:
1232:
630:
444:
1497:
273:, newspapers, as well as parts of the educational, health, and university sector.
1279:"Norsk Data Ltd acquires XTML to broaden its range of managed services offerings"
838:
773:
736:
215:
The origins of Norsk Data go back to the development of digital computers at the
1421:
1259:. 15 June 1990. pp. 118–123, 127–128, 130, 132, 134, 136, 138, 140, 143–146
834:
814:
456:
394:
347:
339:
284:
178:
1476:
1763:
1486:
776:
and office application suite with ties to database and customer applications.
475:
1407:
1237:
1220:
785:– MIT Lisp machine lisp developed in a joint venture Racal-Norsk (ZetaLisp).
354:
workforce reductions. Development of Norsk Data technology was continued by
322:-based systems. In 1987, Norsk Data sought to expand its collaboration with
1687:
1652:
755:
746:
620:
579:
509:
423:
379:
359:
308:
267:
155:
152:
130:
1748:
247:
76:
1707:
1560:
795:
759:
750:
587:("Samson"), fourth generation 32-bit supermini in 1987 (5400, 5700, 5800)
471:
412:
350:
processor were planned to follow on from these new 68030-based products.
343:
277:
270:
259:
590:
875:
Adjudication Concerning the Computer System for the 300 GeV Accelerator
845:
program in Pascal on a Norsk Data NORD-10 running under SINTRAN III at
644:) communication system, integrated with SINTRAN, with support for both
482:, UK. The total expenditure on acquisitions was more than £50 million.
479:
389:, in combination with NORD-1, the world's first 32-bit minicomputer or
1375:"2e2 Group plc announces multi-year agreement with ROCC Computers Ltd"
564:
788:
Technovision – CAD system developed in Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
720:
540:
474:" Telenor decided to try and expand the service by acquiring the ISP
292:
874:
418:
The KPS (Knowledge Process System), developed in joint venture with
295:. Later that year, the network connection lines directly connecting
1662:
1626:
1590:
1102:
821:
769:
763:
673:
633:
for Nord 10 and later models, version III from 1973, III/VS in 1974
552:
543:, version of the Nord-10 with cache, paging, and other improvements
408:
335:
1502:
207:
26:
1702:
1636:
1616:
1424:
842:
791:
697:
670:
664:
626:
600:
584:
575:
534:
460:
296:
220:
102:
1160:
1158:
1631:
1611:
1606:
779:
NORTEXT – typesetting system integrated with ND-NOTIS and SIBAS
766:– complete Integrated Development Environment made for own use.
735:
compiler developed by Prof. Dr. Hans Langmaack and his team at
653:
568:
558:
519:
515:
506:
502:
386:
375:
300:
288:
255:
227:, where several early computers had been designed, such as the
224:
186:
182:
174:
170:
163:
119:
1022:
700:
with the CAT-System (Common Abstract Tree-Language) using the
1692:
1513:
1155:
726:
707:
572:
419:
331:
232:
1350:"Proposed Flotation of Rapidly Growing IT Services Provider"
1076:
996:
1185:
854:
850:
846:
758:– "Language-sensitive programmer's EDitor" Screen oriented
689:
641:
637:
323:
319:
251:
159:
113:
1245:
401:
190:
238:
The success of this program resulted in the founding of
1507:
1221:"Simulators: Virtual Machines of the Past (and Future)"
1194:"Les minis 32 bits VII - La série ND-500 de Norsk Data"
1004:"Ravaged Norsk Data Introduces Its First Unix Systems"
853:, and emailed with NOTIS-MAIL, using tcp/ip, coded in
404:
that are occasionally cited as the first of their kind
1128:
593:("Rallar"), fifth generation 32-bit supermini in 1987
512:
launched in 1968, could run TSS (see below) from 1971
1049:
177:
as a standard option, and the first machine to have
318:revolution as well as the growing competition from
1439:"CERN Office Support in a Scientific Organization"
1761:
966:
937:
498:Significant Norsk Data computer models include:
422:, a system which pioneered running a multi-user
31:The characteristic ND dotted logo used from 1973
1473:- a Norwegian site operated by ND ex-employees.
1510:- a German Company founded by ND ex-employees.
1529:
1400:"Norsk Data at the Telecommunications Museum"
1342:
1167:"Norsk Data Grows Fast by Going Pan-European"
1058:"Industry Report: RISC on the Rise in Europe"
913:Den forunderlige reisen gjennom datahistorien
849:. They also used ND-NOTIS, that was based on
828:
599:ND-88000 – ND implementation of the Motorola
1330:(Press release). Telenor AS. 2 February 2001
1143:. A/S Norsk Data-Elektronikk. September 1971
903:
549:, second generation 32-bit supermini in 1975
1380:(Press release). 2e2 Group plc. 11 May 2005
1355:(Press release). 2e2 Group plc. 20 May 2004
1320:
1281:(Press release). Telenor AS. 24 August 2000
1271:
561:, third generation 32-bit supermini in 1981
1536:
1522:
1430:
1212:
25:
1810:Computer companies disestablished in 1992
1477:A commercial Norsk Data-related home page
1293:
1236:
975:"UNIX® development history at Norsk Data"
909:
739:in Germany with the CAT-System using the
430:
393:, introduced in 1972, preceding both the
1367:
1253:"European Unity Creates New Superpowers"
749:– "Programmer's EDitor" Screen oriented
217:Norwegian Defense Research Establishment
206:
193:, often claimed the first, by 6 years).
173:, the first minicomputer to have memory
330:to offer SCO's System V product on its
16:Defunct Norwegian computer manufacturer
1805:Computer companies established in 1967
1762:
1218:
1191:
1031:"Norsk Data comes back to post profit"
1028:
972:
365:
291:, an academic and research network in
196:
1517:
1164:
1055:
1498:Norsk Data's history by Jonny Oddene
1436:
1064:. pp. 14, 16, 19, 21, 23, 25–26
240:A/S Nordata – Norsk Data Elektronikk
1780:Defunct computer hardware companies
1503:NDWiki, The Norsk Data encyclopedia
1482:Norsk Data Pakistan Private Limited
305:satellite-based Internet connection
13:
1785:Defunct computer systems companies
1192:Prince, Violaine (26 March 1984).
280:, and employed over 4,500 people.
14:
1826:
1464:
1299:
1165:Smith, Kevin (16 December 1985).
973:Steine, Tor Olav (January 1989).
283:In March 1991, shortly after the
1815:1992 disestablishments in Norway
1219:Supnik, Bob (July–August 2004).
1056:Faden, Michael (February 1990).
1029:Radoli, Don (3 September 1990).
450:
1414:
1392:
916:. Tano Aschehoug. p. 126.
895:(in Lithuanian). Archived from
665:Codasyl database specifications
478:and XTML, a hosting company in
447:interconnect hardware company.
1543:
1303:The Social Networking handbook
1200:. No. 207. pp. 48–52
881:
867:
537:, 16-bit mini launched in 1973
441:Dolphin Interconnect Solutions
411:, a very early application of
211:Norsk Data-Elektronikk in 1971
1:
1800:1967 establishments in Norway
860:
571:computer allowed through the
399:Digital Equipment Corporation
1795:Computer companies of Norway
1487:Computer-Archiv - Norsk Data
1448:. Norsk Data. pp. 28–29
954:. September 1987. p. 74
723:– computer networking system
7:
1790:Defunct companies of Norway
790:Technovision was a modular
678:ND-Paint Graphic editing –
607:
493:
235:, also known as the FLINK.
181:instructions standard, the
10:
1831:
1437:Ball, Derek (March 1995).
1420:See Tim Berners-Lee's FAQ
1137:The NORD-5 Instruction Set
1116:. 2 April 1990. p. 96
829:Tim Berners-Lee connection
650:asynchronous communication
200:
189:minicomputer (beating the
1716:
1668:Nord Programming Language
1645:
1599:
1571:Dolphin Server Technology
1551:
1494:operated by Tore Bekkedal
910:Haraldsen, Arild (1999).
808:In addition to the above:
741:Vienna Development Method
702:Vienna Development Method
603:RISC for Unix/NDix – 1987
356:Dolphin Server Technology
136:
126:
108:
98:
90:
82:
68:
50:
36:
24:
470:At the tail end of the "
268:municipal administration
1238:10.1145/1016998.1017002
467:and local governments.
338:system designs for the
1566:Dietz Computer Systems
772:– Integrated, modular
688:compiler developed in
431:Post-breakup companies
242:on August 8, 1967, by
212:
142:over 4,500 (1987)
56:; 57 years ago
877:(Report). CERN. 1972.
652:in 1974 and on. Full
210:
203:History of Norsk Data
1673:Norsk Data Assembler
1306:. pp. 157–158.
328:Santa Cruz Operation
185:, the world's first
94:Purchased by Telenor
891:[History].
694:Mülheim an der Ruhr
621:Time Sharing System
366:Notable innovations
197:Historical overview
138:Number of employees
54:August 8, 1967
21:
636:XMSG – OSI based (
213:
19:
1757:
1756:
1744:Lars Monrad-Krohn
1739:Kolbjørn Johansen
1492:A Norsk Data page
1231:(5). ACM: 52–58.
1010:. 19 October 1989
783:Lisp Machine Lisp
391:superminicomputer
246:, Per Bjørge and
244:Lars Monrad Krohn
146:
145:
73:Lars Monrad Krohn
45:Computer software
41:Computer hardware
1822:
1734:Erik Engebretsen
1538:
1531:
1524:
1515:
1514:
1471:Norsk Data Forum
1458:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1443:
1434:
1428:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1406:. Archived from
1396:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1379:
1371:
1365:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1354:
1346:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1300:Brown, Leonard.
1297:
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1288:
1286:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1240:
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1210:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1173:. pp. 62–63
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963:
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959:
949:
941:
935:
934:
932:
930:
907:
901:
900:
899:on 21 June 2007.
885:
879:
878:
871:
837:originated when
631:Operating system
525:launched in 1972
415:in minicomputers
64:
62:
57:
29:
22:
18:
1830:
1829:
1825:
1824:
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1821:
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1276:
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1250:
1246:
1217:
1213:
1203:
1201:
1198:Minis et Micros
1190:
1186:
1176:
1174:
1163:
1156:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1119:
1117:
1110:"ScandinAviion"
1108:
1107:
1103:
1093:
1091:
1090:. 28 April 1991
1082:
1081:
1077:
1067:
1065:
1054:
1050:
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1038:
1027:
1023:
1013:
1011:
1002:
1001:
997:
987:
985:
977:
971:
967:
957:
955:
947:
945:"News in brief"
943:
942:
938:
928:
926:
924:
908:
904:
887:
886:
882:
873:
872:
868:
863:
839:Tim Berners-Lee
831:
815:batch languages
802:
789:
774:word processing
737:Kiel University
656:support in 1982
610:
496:
453:
433:
368:
205:
199:
139:
122:
116:
60:
58:
55:
32:
17:
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1512:
1511:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1466:
1465:External links
1463:
1460:
1459:
1429:
1413:
1410:on 2011-06-07.
1391:
1366:
1341:
1319:
1312:
1292:
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1244:
1211:
1184:
1154:
1127:
1101:
1075:
1048:
1021:
995:
965:
936:
922:
902:
880:
865:
864:
862:
859:
835:World Wide Web
830:
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804:
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432:
429:
428:
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416:
405:
395:Interdata 7/32
383:
367:
364:
285:January Events
201:Main article:
198:
195:
179:floating-point
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143:
140:
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134:
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128:
124:
123:
118:
112:
110:
106:
105:
100:
96:
95:
92:
88:
87:
84:
80:
79:
75:, Per Bjørge,
70:
66:
65:
52:
48:
47:
38:
34:
33:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1803:
1801:
1798:
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1786:
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1781:
1778:
1776:
1775:Minicomputers
1773:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
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1737:
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1450:. Retrieved
1445:
1432:
1416:
1408:the original
1403:
1394:
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1369:
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1344:
1332:. Retrieved
1322:
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1273:
1261:. Retrieved
1256:
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1224:
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1197:
1187:
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1170:
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1136:
1130:
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1113:
1104:
1092:. Retrieved
1088:Tech Monitor
1087:
1078:
1066:. Retrieved
1061:
1051:
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1037:. p. 69
1034:
1024:
1012:. Retrieved
1008:Tech Monitor
1007:
998:
986:. Retrieved
984:. p. 16
981:
968:
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951:
939:
927:. Retrieved
912:
905:
897:the original
892:
883:
869:
832:
807:
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611:
580:Eastern bloc
510:minicomputer
497:
488:
484:
469:
454:
438:
434:
424:LISP machine
380:minicomputer
378:, the first
369:
360:Data General
352:
313:
309:Soviet Union
282:
275:
271:data centers
239:
237:
214:
168:
156:manufacturer
153:minicomputer
148:
147:
131:Minicomputer
109:Headquarters
1724:Tor Alfheim
1708:Sintran III
1561:Benham Park
1404:folk.uio.no
1263:24 February
1204:8 September
1171:Electronics
1068:24 February
1062:UNIX Review
796:workstation
760:text editor
751:text editor
646:synchronous
472:dotcom boom
426:environment
344:Scandinavia
278:Norsk Hydro
264:SPS Project
260:Switzerland
158:located in
1770:Norsk Data
1764:Categories
1729:Per Bjørge
1545:Norsk Data
1508:BiBer GmbH
1257:Datamation
923:8251838320
889:"Istorija"
861:References
841:wrote the
480:Manchester
413:bitslicing
149:Norsk Data
61:1967-08-08
20:Norsk Data
1749:Rolf Skår
1147:30 August
721:ND-COSMOS
623:from 1971
541:NORD-10/S
523:supermini
420:Racal plc
293:Lithuania
248:Rolf Skår
99:Successor
77:Rolf Skår
1678:Nord-TSS
1646:Software
1627:Nord-100
1591:Tandberg
822:NOTIS-QL
770:ND-NOTIS
764:debugger
710:compiler
674:compiler
661:database
617:NORD-TSS
608:Software
553:NORD-100
494:Hardware
409:NORD-100
336:Motorola
231:and the
127:Products
69:Founders
37:Industry
1703:Sintran
1683:Nortext
1637:ND-5000
1622:Nord-50
1617:Nord-10
1553:History
1446:ND News
1427:article
1425:ENQUIRE
1423:or the
1384:12 July
1359:12 July
1334:10 July
1285:10 July
1120:13 June
1094:11 July
1041:13 June
1014:10 July
982:ND News
952:ND News
929:13 June
843:ENQUIRE
792:CAD/CAM
698:Germany
680:Windows
671:FORTRAN
627:SINTRAN
619:– Nord
601:MC88000
591:ND-5850
585:ND-5000
578:of the
576:embargo
547:NORD-50
535:NORD-10
461:Telenor
455:In the
445:cluster
297:Vilnius
221:Kjeller
103:Telenor
83:Defunct
59: (
51:Founded
1717:People
1632:ND-500
1612:Nord-5
1607:Nord-1
1452:6 July
1310:
1177:7 July
988:6 July
958:6 July
920:
893:LITNET
743:, 1987
733:Pascal
704:, 1983
659:SIBAS
654:LU 6.2
569:28-bit
565:ND-505
559:ND-500
529:NORD-9
520:32-bit
516:NORD-5
507:16-bit
503:NORD-1
387:NORD-5
376:NORD-1
301:Moscow
289:LITNET
256:Geneva
225:Norway
187:32-bit
183:NORD-5
175:paging
171:NORD-1
164:Norway
151:was a
120:Norway
1698:Sibas
1693:PLANC
1663:Notis
1442:(PDF)
1378:(PDF)
1353:(PDF)
1225:Queue
1141:(PDF)
978:(PDF)
948:(PDF)
727:PLANC
717:1987.
708:COBOL
686:BASIC
682:based
573:CoCom
348:88000
340:68030
332:Intel
233:SAM 2
1658:Ndix
1576:FUNN
1454:2024
1386:2024
1361:2024
1336:2023
1308:ISBN
1287:2023
1265:2023
1206:2024
1179:2023
1149:2024
1122:2023
1096:2023
1070:2023
1043:2023
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990:2024
960:2024
931:2023
918:ISBN
855:HTML
851:SGML
847:CERN
833:The
813:two
762:and
692:and
690:Kiel
648:and
642:X.25
640:and
465:HMCG
443:, a
407:The
397:and
385:The
374:The
324:DIAB
320:Unix
252:CERN
160:Oslo
114:Oslo
91:Fate
86:1992
1688:PED
1653:LED
1586:SAM
1233:doi
756:LED
747:PED
638:X21
476:CIX
402:VAX
299:to
254:in
229:SAM
219:at
191:VAX
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