North Yemen civil war

3965:, 50 miles north of San'a, to achieve "the one thing which we all prize over anything else: peace for the nation". To convince al-Badr to come the conference, Noman announced that he personally would head the republican delegation at Khamir, and that Sallal would stay in San'a. Al-Badr and his ranking chiefs did not attend the conference, but a handful of pro-royalist sheiks were present. The conference named a committee of five tribal and four religious leaders who were charged with seeking out the "beguiled brothers", al-Badr and his friends. Noman's effort, including a private promise to reach a withdrawal of Egyptian troops, was backed by Nasser. Radio Cairo hailed the Khamir conference as the "dawn of a new era". Sallal called the talks "a complete success", while al-Badr stated that "It is essential that the conflict which has devastated our beloved country be brought to an end by peaceful negotiations between the Yemeni people themselves." However, by early June, when Noman said that Egypt's 50,000 troops would have to be replaced by a joint royalist-republican peace force, the Nasserites lost interest in the deal. After Noman flew to Cairo to protest directly to Nasser, Sallal threw seven civilian cabinet ministers into jail. Noman resigned, saying "It is obvious that Sallal and his cronies are more interested in war than peace". Sallal soon named a new cabinet to replace Noman's, with thirteen military men and two civilians. 3417:, Ahmed Noman, and Mohamed Ali Uthman. The pime minister was Mohsin al-Aini. Noman, however, remained in Beirut. He was doubtful of his colleagues' reluctance to negotiate with the Hamidaddin family, preferring to expel them instead. On November 23, he resigned, and was replaced by Hassan Amri. Prince Mohamed bin Hussein told the country's chiefs "We have money, and you will have your share if you join us. If not, we will go on without you". The chiefs agreed to mobilize their tribes. Six-thousand royalist regulars and 50,000 armed tribesmen known as "the Fighting Rifles" surrounded San'a, captured its main airport, and severed the highway to the port of Hodeida, a main route for Russian supplies. In a battle 12 miles east of the capital, 3,200 soldiers from both sides were killed, and an entire republican regiment reportedly deserted to the royalists. Bin Hussein gave them an ultimatum: "Surrender the city or be annihilated". Iryani went to Cairo for what the Egyptian official press agency called "a medical checkup". Foreign Minister Hassan Makki also left Yemen, leaving Amri in charge of the government. Amri declared a 6 p.m. curfew and ordered civilians to form militia units "to defend the republic". In Liberation Square, six suspected royalist infiltrators were publicly executed by a firing squad, and their bodies were later strung up on poles. 3190:

request, Nasser provided him with ammunition and troop reinforcements by transport plane from Cairo. By August, the royalists had seven "armies", each varying in strength between 3,000 and 10,000 men, with a total somewhere between 40,000 and 60,000. There were also five or six times as many armed royal tribesmen, and the regular force under Prince Mohamed. In early June, they moved into Sirwah in eastern Yemen. On June 14, they entered Qaflan and, on July 16, they occupied Marib. According to official Egyptian army figures, 15,194 of their troops had died. The war was costing Egypt $ 500,000 a day. The royalists had lost an estimated 40,000 dead. In late August, Nasser decided to get the Soviets more involved in the conflict. He convinced them to cancel a $ 500 million debt he had incurred and provide military aid to the republicans. In early May, Sallal fired his premier, General Hassan Amri, and appointed Ahmed Noman in his place. Noman was considered a moderate who believed in compromise. He had resigned as president of the republican Consultative Council in December in protest against Sallal's "failure to fulfill the people's aspirations". Noman's first act was to name a new 15-man Cabinet, maintaining an even balance between Yemen's two main tribal groupings, the

3140:, the royalists and republicans declared a ceasefire effective at 1:00 p.m. on Monday, November 8. Tribesmen of both sides celebrated the decision until that day, and for two days after it went into effect, they fraternized in several locations. On November 2 and 3, nine royalists and nine republicans, with a Saudi and an Egyptian observer, worked out the terms. A conference of 168 tribal leaders was planned for November 23. For the royalists, the conference was to become an embryonic national assembly that would name a provisional national executive of two royalists, two republicans and one neutral to administer the country provisionally and to plan a plebiscite. Until that plebiscite, which would decide whether Yemen would be a monarchy or a republic, both Sallal and al-Badr were to step aside. At the end of the two days, the Egyptians resumed their bombing of royalist positions. The conference was planned for November 23, postponed to the 30th, and then postponed indefinitely. The republicans blamed the royalists for not arriving, while the royalists blamed the Egyptian bombings. 3165:

help of the Nahm tribe, who tricked the Egyptians into believing that they were their allies and would take care of the mountain pass, known as Wadi Humaidat, themselves. The royalist deal was that the Nahm would be entitled to loot the ambushed Egyptians. The Egyptians may have suspected something was up, as they sent a reconnaissance aircraft over the area a day before the attack. The royalists occupied two mountains known as Asfar and Ahmar and installed 75-mm guns and mortars overlooking the wadi. On April 15, the day after the last Egyptian convoy went through, the royalists launched a surprise attack. Both forces numbered at only a few thousand. The guns positioned on Asfar and Ahmar opened fire, and then the Nahm came out from behind the rocks. Finally, Prince Mohamed's troops followed. This time, the royalists' operation was fully coordinated by radio. Some of the Egyptians surrendered without resistance, others fled to Harah 800 yards to the north. Both sides brought reinforcements and the battle shifted between Harf and Hazm.

2620:

car to Sallal's house and invited him to the headquarters, where he asked him to join the revolution. Sallal agreed on condition that he would become president. Moghny agreed. The coup d'état was carried out with thirteen tanks from the Badr Brigade, six armored cars, two mobile artillery cannons, and two anti-air guns. Command and control of the forces loyal to the coup took place at the Military Academy. A unit of revolutionary officers accompanied by tanks headed towards Al-Bashaer Palace. By megaphone, they voiced an appeal to the imamate guard for tribal solidarity and to surrender Muhammad al-Badr, who would be sent peacefully into exile. The imamate guard refused to surrender and opened fire, prompting the revolutionary leaders to respond with tank and artillery shells. The rebels planned to deploy tanks and artillery in the coup.

2355:, succeed him. Thalaya refused, preferring the king's half-brother, the Emir Saif el Islam Abdullah, the 48-year-old foreign minister. While Abdullah began forming a new government, Ahmad opened the country's coffers and secretly began buying off the Thalaya's soldiers. After five days, the number of soldiers besieging the palace was reduced from 600 to 40. Ahmad then came out of the palace, wearing a devil's mask and wielding a long scimitar, terrifying the besiegers. He slashed two sentries dead before exchanging the sword for a sub-machine gun and leading his 150 guards onto the roof of the palace to begin a direct attack on the rebels. After 28 hours, 23 rebels and 1 palace guard were dead, and Thalaya gave up. Abdullah was later reported executed, and Thalaya was publicly decapitated. 3360:, Nasser recalled 15,000 of his troops from Yemen. Egypt imposed higher taxes on its middle and upper classes, raised workers' compulsory monthly savings by 50%, reduced overtime pay, cut the sugar ration by a third, and curtailed practically all major industrial programs. Only military expenditures were increased, going from $ 140 million to an estimated $ 1 billion. Nasser also increased the price of beer, cigarettes, long-distance bus and railroad fares, and movie tickets. Egypt was losing $ 5,000,000 a week in revenues from closing the Suez Canal, on the other side of which the Israelis were sitting on the Sinai wells that had produced half of Egypt's oil supply. Egypt's hard-currency debt was now approaching $ 1.5 billion and its foreign-exchange reserves were down to $ 100 million. 3375:, proposed that Egypt and Saudi Arabia revive their Jeddah Agreement of 1965. Faisal expressed satisfaction with Nasser's offer, and al-Badr promised to send his troops to fight with Egypt against Israel, if Nasser lived up to the Jeddah agreement Nasser and Faisal signed a treaty under which Nasser would pull out his 20,000 troops from Yemen, Faisal would stop sending arms to al-Badr, and three neutral Arab states would send in observers. Sallal accused Nasser of betrayal. Nasser unfroze more than $ 100 million of Saudi assets in Egypt, and Faisal denationalized two Egyptian-owned banks that he had taken over earlier that year. Saudi Arabia, Libya, and Kuwait agreed to provide Egypt with an annual subsidy of $ 266 million, out of which $ 154 million was to be paid by Saudi Arabia. 3094:

the parachutists made their way back to Sadah, suffering losses from snipers on the way. Al-Badr had sent radio messages and summonses by runner in all directions calling for reinforcement. He asked reserve forces training in the Jawf to arrive in trucks mounting 55- and 57-millimeter cannon and 81 millimeter mortars and heavy machine guns. They arrived within 48 hours, in time to face the attackers. They outflanked the Egyptian columns, still stuck in mud in the ravines. They later announced they had knocked out 10 of the Egyptian tanks and about half of their armored cars, and claimed to have shot down an Ilyushin bomber. The royalists also carried out two supporting movements. One was a raid on

3745:'s parliamentary question on May 14, 1964, having, according to Hart-Davis "to skate across thin ice", by saying "Our policy towards the Yemen is one of non-intervention in the affairs of that country. It is not therefore our policy to supply arms to the Royalists in the Yemen, and the Yemen Government have not requested these or other forms of aid." To an addition question by George Wigg, Douglas-Home said that "at no time in the last eighteen months have British arms been supplied to the Imam's Government". Hart-Davis notes that this "may have been strictly true; but ... a great many weapons of non-British provenance had been spirited into the Yemen through Jim Johnson's machinations". 520: 471: 403: 237: 2720:, Hussein, and Sallal. His plan was that Nasser's troops should withdraw from Yemen while Saudi Arabia and Jordan halted their aid to the imam. Nasser agreed to pull out his forces only after Jordan and Saudi Arabia "stop all aggressive operations on the frontiers". Faisal and Hussein rejected Kennedy's plan, since it would involve US recognition of the "rebels". They insisted that the US should withhold recognition of Sallal's Presidency because the imam might still regain control of Yemen, and that Nasser had no intention of pulling out. The Saudis argued that Nasser wanted their oil fields and was hoping to use Yemen as a springboard for revolt in the rest of the 3241:, 1966, Nasser said the war was entering a new phase. He launched what he called a "long-breath strategy". The plan was to pare the army down from 70,000 men to 40,000, withdraw from exposed positions in eastern and northern Yemen, and tighten the hold on particular parts of Yemen: the Red Sea coastline; a northern boundary that takes in the well-fortified town of Hajja and Sanaa; and the border with the South Arabian Federation, which was to become independent in 1968. Nasser insisted that attacks on Najran, Qizan and other "bases of aggression" would continue, arguing that "these were originally Yemeni towns, which the Saudis usurped in 1930". 3254:

tribal affairs, and Colonel Hadi Issa, former deputy chief of staff of the armed forces. Sallal accused Ruwainy and Issa of organizing a "subversive network seeking to plunge the country into terrorism and panic" and planning a campaign of assassination, financed by Saudi Arabia, Britain, Israel and the US. Ruwainy, Issa, and five others were executed, while eight others received prison sentences ranging from five years to life. In February 1967, Nasser vowed to "stay in Yemen 20 years if necessary", while Prince Hussein bin Ahmed said "We are prepared to fight for 50 years to keep Nasser out, just as we did the Ottoman Turks".

3379:

and had refused to recognize the committee of Arab leaders appointed at Khartoum to arrange peace terms. He also fired his entire cabinet and formed a new one, installing three army men in key ministries, and took over the army ministry and the foreign ministry for himself. Meanwhile, Nasser announced the release of three republican leaders—Qadi Abdul Rahman Iryani, Ahmed Noman and General Amri—who had been held prisoner in Egypt for over a year, and who were in favor of peace with the royalists. When Sallal met with Nasser in Cairo in early November, Nasser advised him to resign and go into exile. Sallal refused and went to

3781:

monarchists was quickly countered by the Egyptian aid to the Republicans, rapidly spiraling the country into a full-scale war, as the Republicans called for general mobilization and the Egyptians dispatched their troops. On November 4, with the war expanding across North Yemen, Mecca Radio reported Egyptian air force attacks on Saudi villages. The same day, a military alliance between Saudi Arabia and Jordan became widely known. Following the Egyptian raids on Saudi Arabia and the official Joint Defense Pact formed between Egypt and the Republicans, the Saudis decided to launch attacks on the Republicans in North Yemen.

7872: 499: 332: 142: 3059:. In two days, the attackers advanced about 12 miles (19 km), before being repelled by a counter-attack. The royalists admitted about 250 casualties. Next, the Egyptians attacked Sudah, about 100 miles (160 km) north-west of San'a. They leveraged the unpopularity of the local royalist commander to bribe several local sheiks and occupied the town unopposed. After a month, the sheiks sent delegations to al-Badr soliciting pardons and asking for guns and money with which to fight the Egyptians. Al-Badr sent new forces and managed to regain the surroundings of Sudah, though not the town itself. 2624:

to open the storage facility, beat the royalists, and secure rifles, artillery, and ammunition for the revolutionaries. The telephone exchange likewise fell without any resistance. At the Al-Wusul Palace, revolutionary units remained secure under the guise of granting and protecting diplomats and dignitaries staying there to greet the new imam of Yemen. By late morning on September 26, all areas of San'a were secure and the radio broadcast that Muhammad al-Badr had been overthrown by the new revolutionary government in power. Revolutionary cells in the cities of Taiz, Al-Hujja and the port city of

3645: 488: 435: 426: 321: 310: 298: 286: 274: 130: 2645:

Sallal had to defeat a fellow revolutionary, Al-Baidani, an intellectual who had a doctorate degree, who did not share Nasser's vision. On September 28, there were radio broadcasts announcing al-Badr's death. Sallal gathered tribesmen in San'a and proclaimed: "The corrupt monarchy which ruled for a thousand years was a disgrace to the Arab nation and to all humanity. Anyone who tries to restore it is an enemy of God and man!" By then, he had learned that al-Badr was still alive and had made his way to Saudi Arabia.

197: 2896:, told him that the Saudis would not accept any attempt by Egypt to leave security forces after its withdrawal. Saudi Arabia had already been cutting back on its support to the royalists, in part because Egypt's projected plan for unity with Syria and Iraq made Nasser seem too dangerous. By that time, the war was costing Egypt $ 1,000,000 a day and nearly 5,000 casualties. Although promising to remove its troops, Egypt had the privilege of leaving an unspecified number for "training" Yemen's republican army. 2583:, Abdul Wahad, and al-Badr himself. The day after Ahmad's death, al-Badr's minister in London, Ahmad al Shami, sent him a telegram urging him not to go to San'a to attend his father's funeral because several Egyptian officers, as well as some of his own, were plotting against him. Al-Badr's private secretary did not pass this message to him, pretending he did not understand the code. Al-Badr may have been saved by the gathering of thousands of men at the funeral; he learned of the telegram only later. 444: 4000: 3476: 253: 3348: 3398: 3210: 173: 2735:, reported that the republican regime was in full control of the country, except in some border areas. However, the British government was insisting on the strength of the imam's tribal support. A letter, which was kept confidential until January 1963, from President Kennedy to Faisal dated October 25, stated: "You may be assured of full US support for the maintenance of Saudi Arabian integrity". American jet aircraft twice staged shows of force in Saudi Arabia. The first involved six 3102:, to bombard San'a from a nearby mountain peak. Other diversionary operations included raids on Egyptian aircraft and tanks at the south airport of San'a, and a mortar at the Egyptian and republican residence in a suburb of Taiz. Although the Egyptians managed to drive al-Badr out of his headquarters to a cave on Jabal Shedah mountain, they could not close the Saudi border. They declared victory on the radio and in the press, but were obliged to agree to a ceasefire in the upcoming 7886: 3794: 3063: 3580:

Shia, like the imam, while the coastal Yemenis and the southern Yemenis were Sunni, as were most Egyptians. President Sallal was himself a mountain Shia fighting with lowland Sunnis. Al-Badr was convinced that he was Nasser's biggest target, saying "Now I'm getting my reward for befriending Nasser. We were brothers, but when I refused to become his stooge, he used Sallal against me. I will never stop fighting. I will never go into exile. Win or lose, my grave will be here".

3567: 2409: 2130: 509: 458: 392: 381: 370: 358: 345: 223: 3974: 2973: 9750: 3849: 7448: 3425:

aircraft piloted by Russians or Yemenis who passed a crash course in the Soviet Union. The city could still feed itself from the countryside immediately surrounding the area. Between 4,000 and 5,000 royalists suffered from republican air power, but had the advantage of high ground. However, they did not have enough ammunition, as the Saudis had halted arms deliveries after the Khartoum agreement and stopped financing the royalists after December.

209: 3657:, which complicated British relations with many global and regional players, as well as with the rulers of South Arabia themselves. The British involvement was executed mainly via the British Mercenary Organization (BMO), which was capable to stage its own covert operations, independent of London and away from the view of their sponsor Saudi Arabia. The BMO was specifically formed to train and support the royalists on the course of the war. 3434: 3295:, suggested in an interview that Nasser would not hesitate to use gas against Israel as well. There were no reports of gas during 1964, and only a few reports in 1965. The reports grew more frequent in late 1966. On December 11, 1966, 15 gas bombs killed 2 people and injured 35. On January 5, 1967, the biggest gas attack came against the village of Kitaf, causing 270 casualties, including 140 fatalities. The target may have been Prince 3182: 185: 159: 4028: 3271: 3173:

Egyptian airfield west of Sadah. Fifty Egyptians surrendered at Mutanah, near Humaidat. They were eventually allowed to evacuate to San'a with their weapons. Mohamed's policy was to keep officers as prisoners for exchange, and to allow soldiers to go in return for their weapons. Three- to five-thousand Egyptian troops in garrisons on the eastern slopes of the mountains and in the desert now had to be supplied entirely by air.

2587:

immediate action, and drive Sallal and Moghny into a single conspiracy. Sallal got permission from the imam to bring in the armed forces. Then, Wahad went to Moghny, and told him that al-Badr had somehow discovered the plot, and that he must act immediately before the other officers were arrested. He told Moghny that if he could hold San'a, the radio, and the airport for three days, the whole of Europe would recognize him.

2552: 57: 2316: 2923: 3149: 2359: 2324: 3449:. The royalists remained active until 1970. Talks between the two sides commenced while the fighting went on. The foreign minister, Hassan Makki, said "Better years of talk than a day of fighting". In 1970, Saudi Arabia recognized the Republic, and a ceasefire was effected. The Saudis gave the republic a grant of $ 20 million, which was later repeated intermittently, and Yemeni sheikhs received Saudi stipends. 3982:

normally displayed to celebrate a visiting dignitary were omitted, the sidewalks were cleared of people, and the car was a special bulletproof model. On the evening of his arrival, Nasser was welcomed at a banquet and reception for 700 guests. In less than 48 hours, they reached full agreement. Once the agreement was signed, Faisal embraced Nasser and kissed him on both cheeks. The agreement provided for:

3462:

By the end of the war, there was a breach between the older and more liberal politicians and republican sheiks, and certain army sheiks and activists from South Yemen. In the summer of 1972, a border war broke out and ended with a declaration from both North Yemen and South Yemen that they would reunite, but they did not. There were complaints in North Yemen about foreign influence by Saudi Arabia.

3161:, then Khairath, where it branched off north-eastwards to Harf. From Harf, the line turned due south to Farah, and then South-eastwards to Humaidat, Mutamah, and Hazm. From Hazm it led south-eastwards to Marib and Harib. A military convoy went over this route twice a month. Since the royalists had closed the direct route across the mountains from San'a to Marib, the Egyptians had no alternative. 3818:

1962. Two months later, Egypt had 15,000 regular troops deployed. By late 1963, deployment had increased to 36,000; and in late 1964, there were 50,000 Egyptian troops in Yemen. In late 1965, the Egyptian troop commitment in Yemen was at 55,000 troops, which were broken into 13 infantry regiments of 1 artillery division, 1 tank division and several Special Forces as well as paratroop regiments.

2454:, that he had engaged Nasser on the subject of supporting the coup in Yemen. Heikal argued that Sallal's revolution could not absorb the massive number of Egyptian personnel who would arrive in Yemen to prop up his regime, and that it would be wise to consider sending Arab nationalist volunteers from throughout the Middle East to fight alongside the republican Yemeni forces, suggesting the 2951:. It was designed to attack royalist ground formations and substitute the lack of Egyptian ground formations with high-tech air power. In combination with Egyptian air strikes, a second operational phase involved securing major routes leading to San'a, and from there securing key towns and hamlets. The largest offensive based on this operational tactic was the March 1963 " 4262: 3011:

caravans from Beihan would swing into the Rub al-Khali and enter Yemen north of Marib. It was also decided that the royalists must now strengthen their operations west of the mountains with three "armies". By the end of April, they began to recover and were contending to regain some of the positions the Egyptians had taken in the

2383:". He ordered the decapitation of one of his subjects and the amputation of the left hand and right foot of 15 others as punishment for the murder of a high official the previous June. Al-Badr was only rebuked for his leniency, but the Yemeni radio stopped broadcasting army officers' speeches, and talks of reforms were silenced. 3299:, who had installed his headquarters nearby. The Egyptian government denied using poison gas, claiming that Britain and the US were using the reports as psychological warfare against Egypt. On February 12, 1967, Egypt said it would welcome a UN investigation. On March 1, U Thant said he was "powerless" to deal with the matter. 4186:. Vol. 1 (2002): p. 977. "Egypt immediately began sending military supplies and troops to assist the Republicans... On the royalist side Jordan and Saudi Arabia were furnishing military aid, and Britain lent diplomatic support. In addition to Egyptian aid, the Soviet Union supplied 24 MiG-19s to the republicans." 4254: 3653:

United Kingdom, linked to the realization of oil assets in the Middle East. The means to secure this presence however involved a bitter argument within the British government, with no coherency in decision making on the Yemen issue. The British objective was mainly keeping the Aden base via cooperation with the

3837:, which caused a real problem in the first months of the war. Commanders had difficulty planning military operations effectively or sending back routine and casualty reports without accurate coordinates. Field units were given maps that were only useful for aerial navigation. Chief of Egyptian Intelligence 2853:. The idea behind what became known as "Operation Hard-surface" was to trade American protection (or the appearance of it) for a Saudi commitment to halt aid to the royalists, on the basis of which the Americans would get Nasser to withdraw his troops. The operation would consist of "eight little planes". 3457:

By 1971, both Egypt and Saudi Arabia had disengaged from Yemen. South Yemen formed a connection with the Soviet Union. In September 1971, Amri resigned after murdering a photographer in San'a, and more power was given to Iryani, the effective president. By then, the royalists were integrated into the

3253:

In October, Sallal's palace in Sanaa was attacked with a bazooka, and insurgents began targeting an Egyptian army camp outside the city and setting fire to Egyptian installations, killing a reported 70 Egyptian troops. Sallal arrested about 140 suspects, including Mohamed Ruwainy, the ex-minister for

2856:

Bunker arrived in Riyadh on March 6. Faisal refused Bunker's offer, which was also hitched to pledges of reform. The original instructions for Operation Hard-surface were that American planes would "attack and destroy" any intruders over Saudi air space, but were later changed to read that the Saudis

2623:

The battle at the palace continued until guards surrendered to the revolutionaries the following morning. The radio station was first to fall, secured after a loyalist officer was killed and resistance collapsed. The armory was perhaps the easiest target, as a written order from Sallal was sufficient

2386:

In June 1961, Ahmad was still recovering from an assassination attempted four months prior, and moved out of the capital, Taiz, into the pleasure palace of Sala. Defense and foreign minister, Badr became acting prime minister and interior minister. Despite being crown prince, al-Badr still needed the

2378:

for treatment of his arthritis, rheumatism, heart trouble and, reportedly, drug addiction. Fights erupted between tribal chieftains, and al-Badr unsuccessfully tried to buy off the dissidents by promising "reforms", including the appointment of a representative council, more army pay, and promotions.

4011:

On November 23, the two sides met in Haradh. The first issue was the name of the transition state that was supposed to exist until a plebiscite could be held the following year. The royalists wanted the name "Kingdom of Yemen" but were willing to settle for a neutral title like "State of Yemen". The

3780:

Saudis and Jordanians provided an active support to the royalists through the first years of war. The September 1962 coup d'état in Yemen was perceived a threat to the monarchies in both Saudi Arabia and Jordan, prompting shipments of weapons to the royalists, beginning October 1. The support to the

3771:

in which he "decreed that the United Kingdom should 'make life intolerable' for Nasser, 'with money and arms', and that this 'should be deniable if possible'". The result was that a secret Joint Action Committee was created to handle British policy on Yemen. The British support continued until 1965,

3721:

According to Hart-Davis, the Israelis had systematically concealed the source of the weapons delivered by the mercenaries, brazing out all the serial numbers, using Italian parachutes, and even ensuring that the packaging consisted of wood-shavings from Cyprus. The contracted aircraft flew along the

3378:

Sallal's popularity among his troops declined and, after two bazooka attacks on his home by disaffected soldiers, he took Egyptian guards. He ordered the execution of his security chief, Colonel Abdel Kader Khatari, after Khatari's police fired into a mob attacking an Egyptian command post in San'a,

3249:

counseled Nasser not to risk a stoppage of the U.S. Food for Peace program because Russia could not afford to pay the bill. The Soviets were also willing to aid Nasser with arms and equipment in Yemen, but feared that a widening of the conflict to Saudi Arabia would lead to a "hot war" confrontation

3233:

raised Egypt's income tax, added a "defense tax" on all sales, and boosted tariffs on nonessential imports. He also hiked the cost of luxury goods by 25% and set low price ceilings on most foodstuffs. He sent 400 plainclothesmen to Cairo to arrest 150 shopkeepers for price violations. In March 1966,

3156:

Between December 1964 and February 1965, the royalists discerned four Egyptian attempts to drive directly into the Razih mountains. The intensity of these thrusts gradually diminished, and it was estimated that the Egyptians lost 1,000 men who were killed, wounded, and taken prisoner. Meanwhile, the

3093:

Meanwhile, the Egyptians had planned a coordinated drive from Sadah to the southwest, below the Razih mountains, hoping to link up with the force coming from Haradh. They were counting on a local sheik, whose forces were to supposed to join 250 Egyptian parachutists. The sheik failed to deliver, and

3817:

was convinced that a regiment reinforced with aircraft could firmly secure Al-Sallal and his free officer movement, but within three months of sending troops to Yemen, Nasser realized that this would require a larger commitment than anticipated. A little fewer than 5,000 troops were sent in October

3766:

However, the British Government was able to continue denying any knowledge of mercenary activity. On July 21, 1964, Douglas-Home replied to a parliamentary question by saying "Both the present High Commissioner and his predecessor have assured us that they were not aware that the person in question

3461:

After the war, the tribes were better represented in the republican government. In 1969, sheikhs were brought into the National Assembly and, in 1971, into the Consultative Council. Under Iryani, the sheikhs, particularly the ones who fought for the republicans, were close to the mediation attempt.

3164:

The objective of the royalists under the command of Prince Mohamed was to cut the Egyptians' line and force them to withdraw. They intended to take over the garrisons along this line and establish positions from which they could interdict the Egyptian movement. They had prepared the attack with the

3010:

In the beginning of April, the royalists held a conference with Faisal in Riyadh. They decided to adopt new tactics, including attempts to get supplies around the positions now held by the Egyptians by using camels instead of trucks to cross the mountains to reach the positions east of San'a. Camel

2913:

In September, von Horn cabled his resignation to U Thant, who announced that the mission would continue, due to "oral assurances" by Egypt and Saudi Arabia to continue financing it. The number of Egyptian troops increased, and at the end of January, the "Hard-surface" squadron was withdrawn after a

2648:

Egyptian General Ali Abdul Hameed was dispatched by plane, and arrived in Yemen on September 29 to assess the situation and needs of the Yemeni Revolutionary Command Council. Egypt sent a battalion of Special Forces (Saaqah) on a mission to act as personal guards for Sallal. They arrived at Hodeida

2644:

Al-Badr and his personal servants managed to escape through a door in the garden wall in the back of the palace. Because of the curfew, they had to avoid the main streets. They decided to escape individually and meet in the village of Gabi al-Kaflir, where they were reunited after a 45-minute walk.

3405:

On November 5, 1967, Yemeni dissidents, supported by republican tribesmen called down to San'a, moved four tanks into the city's dusty squares, took over the presidential palace and announced over the government radio station that Sallal had been removed "from all positions of authority". The coup

3172:

began to raid Egyptian positions north-east of San'a at Urush, While Prince Mohamed bin Mohsin was attacking the Egyptians with 500 men west of Humaidat, Prince Hassan struck out from near Sadah and Prince Hassan bin Hussein moved from Jumaat, west of Sadah, to within mortar-firing distance of the

2985:

desert, perhaps well into Saudi territory, and there the forces were built up by an airlift. Then they headed west. On February 25, the forces occupied Marib, and on March 7 they took Harib. A royalist force of 1,500 men ordered down from Najran failed to stop them on their way out from Sadah. The

2619:

At 10:30 p.m., al-Badr heard tanks moving through the nearby streets and reckoned that they were the ones Sallal had asked to move. At 11.45 p.m., the army began shelling the palace. Al-Badr seized a machine gun and began firing at the tanks, although they were out of range. Moghny sent an armored

2590:

Sallal ordered the military academy in San'a to go on full alert, opening all armories and issuing weapons to all junior officers and troops. On the evening of September 25, Sallal gathered known leaders of the Yemeni nationalist movement, sympathetic officers, and officers who had participated in

2586:

A day before the coup, Wahad, who claimed to have information from the Egyptian intelligence service, warned al-Badr that Sallal and 15 other officers, including Moghny, were planning a revolution. Wahad's intentions were to cover himself and Egypt in case the coup failed, prompt the plotters into

3579:

Yemenis to undermine Sallal's regime. The royalists fought for the imam despite his father's unpopularity. One sheik said "The Imams have ruled us for a thousand years. Some were good and some bad. We killed the bad ones sooner or later, and we prospered under the good ones". The hill tribes were

3424:

said that this claim and reports of 24 MiGs and 40 Soviet technicians and pilots who had arrived in Yemen were correct. In January, the republicans were defending San'a with about 2,000 regulars and tribesmen, plus armed townsmen and about 10 tanks. They also had the backing of 20 or more fighter

3132:

The communiqué was widely hailed in the Arab world, and Washington called it a "statesmanlike action" and a "major step toward eventual peaceful settlement of the long civil war". Nasser and Faisal warmly embraced at Alexandria's airport and called each other "brother". Faisal said he was leaving

2963:

to the East. The Egyptian forces' success meant that royalist resistance could take refuge in the hills and mountains to regroup and carry out hit-and-run offensives against republican and Egyptian units controlling towns and roads. The third strategic offensive was the pacification of tribes and

2272:

against Israel. Once the Six-Day War began, Nasser found it increasingly difficult to maintain his army's involvement in Yemen and began to pull out his forces. The surprising removal of Sallal on November 5 by Yemeni dissidents, who were supported by republican tribesmen, resulted in an internal

3981:

By August, the war was costing Nasser $ 1,000,000 a day, when he arrived in Jedda harbor aboard his presidential yacht Hurriah (Freedom) to negotiate with Faisal. It was Nasser's first visit to Saudi Arabia since 1956. At the Egyptians' request, due to assassination rumors, the banners and flags

3652:

Between 1962 and 1965, Britain engaged in covert operations in support of Royalist forces fighting the Egyptian-backed Republican regime that had seized power in Yemen's capital, Sana'a, in September 1962. Until the end of 1965, the British presence in Aden was considered of high interest to the

3189:

The royalist radio tried to widen the split in republican ranks by promising amnesty to all non-royalists once the Egyptians withdrew. Al-Badr also promised a new form of government: "a constitutionally democratic system" ruled by a "national assembly elected by the people of Yemen". At Sallal's

3089:

mountains. The Egyptians began their move on Saturday morning, moving along the Haradh and Tashar ravines. On Saturday and Sunday afternoons, they were caught in heavy rain and their vehicles, including 20 tanks and about 40 armored cars sank axle-deep into the mud. The defenders left them alone

3244:

The assistant secretary of state for the Near East and South Asia, flew in for talks with both Faisal and Nasser. In Alexandria, Nasser refused to pull out his troops, despite the risk of losing part or all of a new $ 150 million US food-distribution program, and another $ 100 million worth of

2980:

The Ramadan offensive began in February 1963 when Amer and Sadat arrived in San'a. Amer asked Cairo to double the 20,000 men in Yemen, and, in early February, the first 5,000 of the reinforcements arrived. On February 18, a task force of 15 tanks, 20 armored cars, 18 trucks and numerous jeeps

2395:

to ratify him. Al-Badr was not popular with the Ulema due to his association with Nasser, and the Ulema had refused Ahmad's request to ratify Badr's title. Imam Ahmad died on September 18, 1962, and was succeeded by his son, Muhammad al-Badr. One of al-Badr's first acts was to appoint Colonel

3784:

The Jordanians withdrew from the war in 1963 by recognizing the Republicans, but the Saudi support continued. At some point, Saudi border towns and airfields were attacked by Egyptian forces in order to "prevent Saudi supplies and ammunition from reaching Royalist-held areas in the Yemen".

3282:

took place on June 8, 1963 against Kawma, a village of about 100 inhabitants in northern Yemen, killing about 7 people and damaging the eyes and lungs of 25 others. This incident is considered to have been experimental, and the bombs were described as "home-made, amateurish and relatively

2857:

could defend themselves if attacked. Bunker evidently stuck to the original formula and stressed that only if Faisal would halt his aid to the royalists, the US would be able pressure Nasser to withdraw. Faisal eventually accepted the offer, and Bunker went on to meet with Nasser in

2942:

divided the Yemen War into three operational objectives. The first was the air phase, which began with jet trainers modified to strafe and carry bombs and ended with three wings of fighter-bombers stationed near the Saudi-Yemeni border. Egyptian sorties traveled along the Yemen's

2766:. Nasser promised to "start gradual withdrawal" of its 18,000-man force, "provided Saudi and Jordanian forces also retire from border regions", but would leave his technicians and advisers behind. On December 19, the US became the 34th nation to recognize the Yemen Arab Republic. 2637: 3696:

and his officers. They was decided to conduct airdrops. Haaretz suggested the crew of the airdrops were British; while according to Hart-Davis the crew were Israeli (including the pilot named Arieh Oz), with Tony Boyle on board as an observer. Three decades after the war, former

3709:

both said Israel had been clandestinely involved in Yemen, though both remained vague concerning the nature and scale of the involvement. The airlifts were originally codenamed Operation Gravy, but were later renamed Operation Porcupine. The IAF's largest transport plane, a

3355:

By 1967, Egyptian forces relied exclusively on defending a triangle linking Hodeida, Taiz, and San'a, while striking southern Saudi Arabia and North Yemen with air sorties. In August 1967, to make up for the 15,000 killed, captured, or missing Egyptians as a result of the

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On April 30, von Horn was sent to discover what kind of force was required. A few days later, he met with Amer in Cairo and discovered that Egypt had no intention of drawing all its troops from Yemen. After a few more days, the Saudi deputy Minister for Foreign Affairs,

3558:

to supervise the construction of military facilities and, in 1966, it sponsored a $ 100 million program that provided the Saudi forces with combat vehicles, mostly trucks. Faisal also initiated an Islamic alignment called the Islamic Conference, to counter Nasser's

3006:

with four rounds. The battle lasted a week and cost the Egyptians three tanks, seven armored cars, and 160 dead. The Egyptians were now in positions from which they could hope to interdict the royalist movement of supplies in the mountains north and east of San'a'.

7838: 2810:, a Saudi Arabian city near the Yemeni border. The US responded with another aerial demonstration over Jeddah and a destroyer joined on January 15. The US reportedly agreed to send antiaircraft batteries and radar-control equipment to Najran. In addition, 2665:

dispatched his army chief of staff for discussions with al-Badr's uncle, Prince Hassan. Between October 2–8, four Saudi cargo planes left Saudi Arabia loaded with arms and military material for Yemeni royalist tribesmen; however, the pilots defected to

3896:. All the air crew were Egyptian, except for the Tupolev bombers, which were thought to have mixed Egyptian and Russian personnel. The Ilyushin transports flying between Egypt and Hodeida had Russian crews. Throughout the war, the Egyptians relied on 3754:

and then broadcast by Cairo radio on May 1, 1964. Al-Ahram quoted an estimate for British, French, and other foreigners of "over 300 officers", "directed from Britain and most probably under the command of British Intelligence". On July 5, 1964, the

3574:

The tribes of Southern Saudi Arabia and Northern Yemen were closely linked, and the Saudis enticed thousands of Yemeni workers in Saudi Arabia to assist the royalist cause. In addition to the Saudis and British, the Iraqis also sent plane loads of

2981:

departed San'a' moving northwards, heading for Sadah. More garrison troops followed. A few days later, another task force, spearheaded by 350 men in tanks and armored cars, left Sadah heading southeast toward Marib. They maneuvered into the

2351:—a fortified stronghold where the Imam lived with his harem, that also housed the royal treasure, an arsenal of modern weapons, and a contingent of 150 palace guards—and demanded that Ahmad abdicate. Ahmad agreed, but demanded that his son, 2773:

Britain, with its commitment to South Arabia and its base in Aden, considered the Egyptian intervention a real threat. Recognition of the republic posed a problem to several treaties Britain had signed with the sheiks and sultans of the

7868: 3338:

in June, but resumed against all parts of royalist Yemenin July. Casualty estimates vary, and a conservative assumption is that the mustard- and phosgene-filled aerial bombs caused approximately 1,500 fatalities and 1,500 injuries.

3714:, was recruited for the British operation. According to Jones, what is clear is that the British organized some of the mercenary air drops to the royalists (code-named "Mango") using aircraft, which were contracted privately from 4475:"Since 1965, the Libyan-backed Front for the Liberation of Occupied South Yemen and the National Liberation Front had unleashed brutal violence on British forces in the south. In the end, the conflict claimed some 200,000 lives." 3002:, a dozen armored cars and entrenched machine guns. The royalists advanced in a thin skirmish line and were plastered by artillery, mortars, and strafing planes. They replied with rifles, one mortar with twenty rounds, and a 2805:

A week after the US recognized the republic, Sallal boasted at a military parade that the republic had rockets that could strike "the palaces of Saudi Arabia", and, in early January, the Egyptians again bombed and strafed

2302:(former Israeli Ambassador to the U.S.) later wrote that Egypt's military adventure in Yemen was so disastrous that the United States' actions in the continuing Vietnam War could easily have been dubbed "America's Yemen". 8070: 3077:. They had 1,000 troops and about 2,000 republicans. The plan, as interpreted by British intelligence, seemed to have been to cut the 30-mile (48-kilometer) track southward through the mountains from the Saudi border at 3583:

Al-Badr had formed two royalist armies—one under his uncle Prince Hassan in the east and one under his own control in the west. Both armies controlled most of the north and east of Yemen, including the towns of

3406:

went unopposed. In Baghdad, Sallal asked for political asylum, saying "every revolutionary must anticipate obstacles and difficult situations". The Iraqi government offered him a home and a monthly grant of 500

3234:

the Egyptian forces, now numbering almost 60,000, launched their biggest offensive. The royalists counterattacked but the stalemate resumed. Egyptian-supported groups executed sabotage bombings in Saudi Arabia.

3904:

heavy-lift cargo planes airlifted tons of food and kerosene into the region. The Egyptians estimate that hundreds of millions of dollars were spent to equip Egyptian and republican Yemeni forces. In addition,

3989:

The formation of a Yemen Congress of 50, representing all factions, which would be charged with forming a transitional regime and establishing procedures for a national plebiscite to determine Yemen's future

3632:, such as the 106-mm gun, and in mining techniques. The number of mercenaries is estimated in the hundreds, although Egyptian sources at the time reported there were 15,000. Royalist tactics were confined to 4016:, which was about to begin the following week. The conference reached a stalemate when the Egyptians, possibly due to a tactical decision made by Amer, encouraged the republicans to take a headstrong stand. 3841:

admitted that information on Yemen was nonexistent. Egypt had not had an embassy in Yemen since 1961; therefore when Cairo requested information from the US ambassador to Yemen, who only provided an

3169: 2995: 325: 314: 6549: 3822:, who served as Egypt's ambassador to royalist Yemen from 1957 to 1961, sent numerous reports on Yemen that did not reach Ministry of Defense officials. He warned Egyptian officials in 2265:

supported the republicans with as many as 70,000 Egyptian troops and weapons. Despite several military actions and peace conferences, the war sank into a stalemate by the mid-1960s.

3628:

were sent to assist the imam in planning, training, and giving the irregular forces the ability to communicate with one another and the Saudis. They trained tribesmen in the use of

3090:

until Monday at dawn. Al-Badr left his headquarters at 3 a.m. with 1,000 men to direct a counterattack in the Tashar ravine, while Abdullah Hussein attacked in the Haradh ravine.

3550:(SAS), who recruited dozens of former SAS men as advisors to the royalists. Britain participated in a $ 400 million British air defense program for Saudi Arabia. In the US, the 3229:, Nasser conceded that "We are facing difficulties. We must all work harder and make sacrifices. I have no magic button that I can push to produce the things you want". Premier 3830:. He opposed sending Egyptian combat forces, arguing that only money and equipment be sent to the Yemeni Free Officers, and warned that the Saudis would finance the royalists. 3262:

flew to Beirut and announced that he was on his way to offer his services to the royalists. Nasser said that "As the situation now stands, Arab summits are finished forever".

2591:

the military protests of 1955. Each officer and cell would be given orders and would commence as soon as the shelling of al-Badr's palace began. Key areas to secure included:

3458:

new republic, except for al-Badr's family, and a consultative council was established. Clashes along the border between the states rose and, in 1972, a small war broke out.

3085:

near Washa, and then to split into two task forces: one moving east through Washa to the headquarters and the other north-east along the track to the Saudi border below the

2964:

enticing them to support the republican government. This required the expenditure of massive amounts of funds for humanitarian needs and outright bribery of tribal leaders.

2649:

on October 5. Fifteen days after leaving San'a, al-Badr sent a man ahead to Saudi Arabia to announce that he was alive. He then went there himself, crossing the border near

3383:, hoping to get support from other Arab socialists. As soon as he left Cairo, Nasser sent a cable to San'a, instructing his troops there not to block an attempt at a coup. 2288:

became the turning point of the war. The remaining republican Prime Minister succeeded in keeping control of Sana'a and, by February 1968, the royalists lifted the siege.

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Establishing a demilitarized zone extending 20 kilometers on either side of a demarcated Saudi Arabian Yemen border, from which all military equipment was to be excluded

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On May 10, the twin villages of Gahar and Gadafa in Wadi Hirran, where Prince Mohamed bin Mohsin was in command, were gas bombed, resulting in at least 75 deaths. The

2818:. On March 6, Bunche was in Cairo, where Nasser reportedly assured him that he would withdraw his troops from Yemen if the Saudis would stop supporting the royalists. 3722:

Saudi coastline. The Saudis did not have radar systems, and would later state they were not aware of the airlifts. The planes would make the drops and then refuel in

6491:

Tony Boyle had been a pilot in the Royal Air Force, then Aide-de-Camp to the Governor of Aden. He had never been in the SAS, pace Haaretz. (Hart-Davis, 2012. p. xvi)

2887:

Stationing UN observers within this zone on both sides of the border to observe, report, and prevent any continued attempt by the Saudis to supply royalist forces.

2572:

A conspiracy prodded by the Hashid tribal confederation in revenge for Ahmad's execution of their paramount sheik and his son, which merged with Sallal's efforts

2424:

biography of Nasser identifies several factors that led the Egyptian president to send expeditionary forces to Yemen, including the unraveling of the union with

302: 3225:

Egypt had run up a foreign debt of nearly $ 3 billion, and the gap between exports and imports had widened to a record $ 500 million in 1965. On victory day in

8229: 3491:, Mohamed bin Hussein, Mohamed bin Ismail, Ibrahim al Kipsy, and Abdul Rahman bin Yahya. At 56, Hassan bin Yahya was the oldest and most distinguished. Prince 8065: 3118:. By that time, Egypt had 40,000 troops in Yemen and had suffered an estimated 10,000 casualties. In their official communiqué, the two leaders promised to: 8097: 3914: 4343: 3554:

administration was more willing than Kennedy's to support long-range plans in support of the Saudi army. In 1965, the US authorized an agreement with the

3258:

broke diplomatic relations with the republic, stating that the Sallal government no longer had power to govern the country. Sallal's chargé d'affaires in

2428:

in 1961, which dissolved his UAR in all but name, damaging Nasser's prestige. A quick, decisive victory in Yemen could help him recover leadership of the

8820: 3917:

saw a chance to gain a toehold on the Arabian Peninsula and accepted hundreds of Egyptian officers to be trained as pilots for service in the Yemen War.

3910: 4381:"B&J": Jacob Bercovitch and Richard Jackson, International Conflict: A Chronological Encyclopedia of Conflicts and Their Management 1945–1995 (1997) 4160:: pp. 324–325. University of Michigan Press. 1997. "The four actors in the first phase of the long Yemen War were Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Egypt and Yemen" 3672:

to try to persuade the Iranians to do an air drop. Hart-Davis further claims that success was finally achieved by an adviser to the mercenaries, the MP

9509: 4439: 8776: 3303: 5306: 5244: 5206: 5168: 5083: 5012: 4965: 4918: 4880: 4828: 4670: 4632: 4594: 8866: 7853: 3819: 3692:, Tony Boyle contacted David Karon, the head of the Middle East department in the Tevel (Cosmos) section of the Mossad, and met with IAF commander 3082: 2732: 2374:(UAR). However, Ahmad was to keep his throne and his absolute power, and the arrangement constituted only a close alliance. In 1959, Ahmad went to 2280:, Ahmed Noman, and Mohamed Ali Uthman, all of whom promptly resigned or fled the country. The capital was left under the control of Prime Minister 2770:

recognition followed the next day. The UN continued to consider the republic the only authority in the land and completely ignored the royalists.

8590: 7974: 2731:

Sallal declared "I warn America that if it does not recognize the Yemen Arab Republic, I shall not recognize it!". US chargé d'affaires in Taiz,

2158: 654: 549: 3734:

operation continued over slightly more than two years, during which the Stratofreighter carried out 14 nighttime sorties from Tel Nof to Yemen.

8893:

Prolonged conflicts are listed in the decade when initiated; ongoing conflicts are marked italic, and conflicts with +100,000 killed with bold.

8092: 6533: 6018: 4071: 3502:

In 1963, the Saudis spent $ 15 million to equip royalist tribes, hire hundreds of European mercenaries, and establish their own radio station.

3020: 3016: 2893: 2782:

who believed Britain could buy security for Aden by recognizing the republic. However, Britain eventually decided not to recognize the regime.

5820: 9539: 8986: 8130: 6848: 6810: 6769: 6731: 6693: 6271: 6212: 6153: 6103: 6056: 5980: 5942: 5904: 5761: 5723: 5685: 5647: 5597: 5547: 5486: 5382: 4735: 4697: 3098:, in which several staff officers were killed. The second was an attempt, involving British advisors and French and Belgian mercenaries from 3048: 3047:

On June 12, about 4,000 Egyptian infantry, reinforced by the republican army and mercenaries from the Aden protectorate, invaded the town of

8509: 3506:, which saw a chance to make money in the conflict, provided rifles to the royalists. Remnants of the Imam's Army also had elements of the 2779: 3961:

Noman spoke over Radio San'a, offering reconciliation and inviting "all tribes of all persuasions" to meet with him the following week at

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Clashes continued in parallel with peace talks until 1970, when Saudi Arabia recognized the Republic, and a ceasefire came into effect.

9494: 8922: 8623: 6585: 4470: 2762:

Sallal proclaimed Yemen's "firm policy to honor its international obligations", including a 1934 treaty pledging respect for Britain's

2344: 647: 542: 6398:

Britain and the Yemen Civil War, 1962–1965: Ministers, Mercenaries and Mandarins : Foreign Policy and the Limits of Covert Action

3441:

By February 1968, the siege was lifted and the republicans had essentially won the war. Meanwhile, the British had withdrawn from the

9489: 7389: 4012:

republicans insisted on having the word "republic" or "republican" in the title. It was agreed to suspend the conference until after

3036: 3718:

to the British mercenary operation and were either using Israeli air bases or Israeli transport planes themselves making the drops.

9619: 9549: 9514: 8381: 3527: 3103: 3095: 2865: 3487:

Muhammad al-Badr led his campaign with the princes of the house of Hamidaddin. Those included Hassan bin Yahya, who had come from

3420:

The republicans boasted a new air force, while the royalists claimed to have shot down a MiG-17 fighter with a Russian pilot. The

9809: 9479: 8539: 3086: 3028: 2842: 2827: 2416:

Nasser had looked to a regime change in Yemen since 1957 and finally put his desires into practice in January 1962 by giving the

1715: 8613: 7010:

Britain and the Yemen Civil War, 1962–1965: Ministers, Mercenaries and Mandarins: Foreign Policy and the Limits of Covert Action

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The gradual withdrawal of the Egyptian force within a 10-month period and the cessation of all Saudi help to the royalists; and

859: 8802: 8009: 7898: 7197: 7137: 7106: 7052: 7017: 6984: 6952: 6925: 6898: 6406: 3555: 1866: 1806: 17: 9117: 8427: 6412: 9799: 9157: 7729: 7426: 7079: 3648:

British mercenaries in the mountains of North Yemen helping Royalist rebels set up a heavy machine gun above a hideout cave

3288: 2869: 1939: 4399: 1856: 9529: 9474: 8833: 8556: 8048: 7967: 7406: 6658: 6521: 6442: 4061: 3368: 3051:, about 30 miles (48 km) west of San'a, where Prince Abdullah held a front extending from the Hodeida road, through 2488: 2458:

as a template from which to conduct events in Yemen. Nasser refused Heikal's ideas, insisting on the need to protect the

2151: 2009: 1635: 1326: 765: 3401:

Prince Mohamed bin Hussein, deputy to Muhammad al-Badr, in command of the royalist forces besieging San'a, December 1967

9819: 9469: 8497: 7876: 7421: 6668: 6543: 4304: 2706:

cabled Sallal: "Any act of aggression against Yemen will be considered an act of aggression against the Soviet Union".

2026: 1836: 1296: 107:

A republican government formed in North Yemen, incorporating members from the royalist faction but not the royal family

9611: 9534: 8707: 8077: 3604:, where the royalists controlled the mountains while the Egyptians and republicans controlled the town and fortress. 3570:

Prince Abdullah Hussein (below, center) with his men soon after the Egyptian air attack in Wadi Hirran, December 1962

3421: 2834: 2116: 1581: 1366: 31: 3250:

in the Middle East. Nasser was warned that "the Soviet Union would be displeased to see an attack on Saudi Arabia".

9399: 9391: 9055: 8807: 8443: 8350: 8191: 7524: 7493: 3948:

Airbase, demonstrating to Nasser the seriousness of American commitment to defending US interests in Saudi Arabia.

3314:

made a statement, based on a Red Cross report, that the gas was likely to have been made of halogenous derivatives—

2736: 1984: 1655: 698: 4501: 2864:

The Bunche and Bunker mission gave birth to the idea of an observer mission to Yemen, which eventually became the

2778:. Saudi Arabia urged the British to ally themselves with the royalists. On the other hand, there were some in the 2487:

Taking advantage of a breach in British and French relations, which had been strained by Nasser's support for the

1896: 8763: 7818: 7266: 9137: 9794: 9774: 9559: 9321: 8915: 8724: 7960: 6364: 4339: 2728:

was also convinced that Nasser's target was Saudi Arabia's oil and that, if the Saudis went, he would be next.

2710: 2144: 990: 134: 8579: 8330: 3542:

was responsible for contacting the royalists, and used the services of a private company belonging to Colonel

2955:

Offensive" that lasted until February 1964. The offensive focused on opening and securing roads from San'a to

1911: 9814: 9804: 9789: 8603: 8244: 8036: 3767:(Tony Boyle) was involved in any way". On July 22, 1964, Douglas-Home sent a memorandum to Foreign Secretary 2877: 2217: 1281: 9127: 9107: 9087: 8466: 8422: 4446: 1891: 9824: 9504: 9464: 9454: 9003: 8678: 8584: 8398: 8140: 7880: 3507: 2106: 2069: 1989: 1949: 1851: 1846: 738: 671: 9020: 9629: 9459: 9449: 8813: 8393: 8181: 8059: 8043: 7910: 7658: 7334: 5290: 5228: 5190: 5153: 5067: 4996: 4949: 4902: 4864: 4812: 4654: 4616: 4578: 3711: 2496: 2268:

Egypt's commitment to the war is considered to have been detrimental to its performance in the June 1967

1841: 3852:

An Egyptian instructor at the San'a military academy showing a Yemeni how to use a bayonet affixed to a

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was made prime minister and commander-in-chief. The imam was joined by his childhood pen pal, American

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command attacked an Egyptian position on top of a sheer-sided hill that was fortified with six Soviet

9753: 9554: 9444: 9341: 9030: 9008: 8908: 8666: 8287: 8281: 7916: 7687: 7468: 7189: 3673: 3283:

ineffective". The Egyptian authorities suggested that the reported incidents were probably caused by

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In 1963 and 1964, the Egyptians had five squadrons of aircraft in Yemen at airfields near San'a and

2790:

and most of western Europe also withheld recognition. The republic did receive the recognition from

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Elbaz, Yogev. "Beyond the Periphery – Israel's Intervention in the Yemen Civil War in the 1960s",

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The United States was concerned that the conflict might spread to other parts of the Middle East.

2450:, a chronicler of Egyptian national policy and decision making, and confidant of Nasser, wrote in 1226: 9715: 9634: 9419: 8661: 8656: 8234: 8104: 7581: 7576: 7473: 7374: 7326: 7101:. Studies in war, society, and the military. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. p. 698. 3920:

Egyptian air and naval forces began bombing and shelling raids in the southwestern Saudi city of

3873: 3869: 3826:, including Defense Minister Amer, that the tribes were difficult and had no sense of loyalty or 3636:, isolating conventional Egyptian and republican forces, and conducting attacks on supply lines. 3621: 3499:, who set up the post office and would later rise to the rank of general in the Royalist forces. 2004: 1994: 1959: 1675: 1321: 912: 824: 733: 678: 30:

This article is about the North Yemen civil war in 1962–1970. For other civil wars in Yemen, see

7001: 3664:, the British mercenary leader Jim Johnson had originally considered buying his own aircraft, a 3157:

royalists were building up an offensive. The Egyptian line of communications went from San'a to

2661:

Saudi Arabia, fearing Nasserist encroachment, moved troops along its border with Yemen, as King

2580: 9142: 8758: 8742: 8608: 4113: 4004: 3665: 3644: 3414: 2747:; on the second, two jet bombers and a giant jet transport, while returning to their base near 2717: 2277: 2014: 1999: 1531: 1466: 1015: 1005: 942: 748: 362: 336: 7952: 7044: 7037: 4542: 1128: 9700: 9434: 9429: 9306: 9286: 9067: 8598: 8150: 8014: 7699: 7549: 7534: 7483: 7364: 7239: 4296: 3929: 3928:, which were staging points for royalist forces. In response, the Saudis purchased a British 3515: 3392: 2575:

A plot shaped by several young princes who sought to get rid of al-Badr, but not the imamate.

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allowed convoys of arms to flow through one of its allies in Northern Yemen, the Sheriff of

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A Soviet-manufactured armored car, captured by royalist guerrillas from the Egyptians near

2899:

In June, von Horn went to San'a, in an unsuccessful attempt to achieve the objectives of:

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On August 15, the Egyptians launched an offensive from their major north-western base in

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Cooperate fully to solve the existing differences between the various factions in Yemen

3031:

desert. In the Jawf, they claimed to have cleaned up all Egyptian strong-points except

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Nasser's considerations for sending troops to Yemen may have included the following:

2224:

tribes to retake power, and the conflict rapidly escalated to a full-scale civil war.

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carried out in 1962 by revolutionary republicans led by the army under the command of

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country) felt compelled to provide al-Badr (a Zaidi Shia leader) with financing. The

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forces from South Yemen, including Britain's presence in the strategic port city of

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Beyond the Arab Cold War: The International History of the Yemen Civil War, 1962–68

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Situation in North Yemen 1967 between Republicans (black) and Zaidi Royalists (red)

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shift of power in the capital, as the royalists were approaching from the north.

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against him. A group of soldiers under his command surrounded the royal palace of

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A republican helicopter, captured early in the war by the royalists outside Marib

2914:

wrangle with Faisal. On September 4, 1964, the UN admitted failure and withdrew.

2713: 2421: 2332: 2134: 1826: 1811: 1451: 1331: 1291: 1266: 1246: 1193: 1178: 1030: 1025: 894: 889: 879: 834: 809: 396: 3596:, which would have given the Imam a key strategic road towards the main capital 1231: 1058: 9680: 9519: 9414: 9409: 9376: 9366: 9356: 9326: 9251: 9241: 9122: 9050: 8945: 8873: 8454: 8437: 8432: 8302: 8256: 7827: 7792: 7782: 7762: 7311: 4391: 4041: 4007:, youngest brother of the Imam Ahmad, with a veteran of the imamic army, at Uqd 3933: 3881: 3877: 3702: 3585: 3560: 3543: 3523: 3259: 3246: 3074: 3067: 3032: 2931: 2846: 2767: 2467: 2437: 2281: 2240: 2202: 2064: 1791: 1757: 1556: 1546: 1501: 1461: 1456: 1401: 1391: 1386: 1371: 1301: 1286: 1271: 1261: 1173: 1073: 1063: 1053: 708: 693: 443: 374: 178: 6535:

Understanding the Volatile and Dangerous Middle East: A Comprehensive Analysis

3999: 3475: 1356: 9768: 9685: 9311: 9291: 9226: 9178: 9092: 8826: 8524: 7934: 7767: 7396: 7339: 7089: 7062: 6962: 6860: 6822: 6781: 6743: 6705: 6283: 6224: 6165: 6115: 6068: 6030: 5992: 5954: 5916: 5773: 5735: 5697: 5659: 5609: 5559: 5498: 5394: 5302: 5240: 5202: 5164: 5079: 5008: 4961: 4914: 4876: 4824: 4747: 4709: 4666: 4628: 4590: 3962: 3600:, was controlled by the republicans. There were also areas, like the town of 3488: 3397: 3347: 3209: 2529: 2522: 1901: 1735: 1705: 1615: 1521: 1516: 1491: 1471: 1311: 1183: 1158: 1133: 1118: 1108: 1093: 1048: 814: 790: 754: 718: 48: 7147: 7116: 7027: 6935: 6908: 9720: 9361: 9221: 9216: 9072: 8998: 8950: 8223: 8125: 7215: 4509: 4033: 3900:. In January 1964, when royalist forces placed San'a under siege, Egyptian 3810: 3793: 3756: 3742: 3706: 3693: 3576: 3511: 3372: 3062: 2861:, where the Egyptian President repeated the assurance he had given Bunche. 2850: 2811: 2799: 2791: 2783: 2699: 2478: 2299: 2252: 2232: 1571: 1551: 1536: 1496: 1481: 1441: 1376: 1361: 1251: 1153: 819: 258: 202: 147: 7176: 6976: 3566: 3367:

of August, Egypt announced that it was ready to end the war in Yemen. The

2880:

established the UN observer team. His disengagement agreement called for:

2794:, Italy, Canada and Australia, as well as the remaining Arab governments, 2408: 9336: 9193: 9040: 9035: 8981: 8960: 8887: 8345: 8297: 8292: 8021: 8003: 7645: 7604: 4046: 3951: 3861: 3814: 3760: 3677: 3496: 3446: 3357: 3335: 3319: 3221:, April 1964. In front of Nasser is Yemeni President al-Sallal, saluting. 3198: 2625: 2507: 2295: 2269: 2049: 1586: 1526: 1476: 1421: 1216: 1148: 874: 869: 101:

Saudi support to Muhammad al-Badr and the royalist faction ceased in 1965

3973: 2972: 2129: 534: 56: 9271: 9188: 9183: 9112: 3848: 3838: 3768: 3519: 3292: 3115: 2814:

was sent to Yemen, where he met with Sallal and Egyptian Field Marshal

2610:

The central security headquarters (intelligence and internal security).

2518: 2429: 2380: 2089: 2079: 1541: 1506: 1431: 1416: 1351: 1276: 1221: 1123: 1068: 947: 932: 8955: 3681: 3605: 3226: 3158: 3078: 2999: 2397: 2180: 1561: 1241: 937: 829: 6356: 4255:"The Egyptian–Yemen War: Egyptian Perspectives on Guerrilla Warfare" 3538:

planes conducted night operations to resupply al-Badr's forces. The

3483:, talking to tribesmen outside his cave in Wadi Amlah, December 1962 3437:

President Gamal Abdel Nasser and King Faisal in Cairo, December 1969

3433: 3181: 9695: 9404: 8900: 8700: 8640: 7296: 7039:

Six Days of War: June 1967 and the Making of the Modern Middle East

4486:

Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem

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Both foreign irregular and conventional forces were also involved.

2209: 1406: 1163: 927: 864: 214: 3152:

The camp used by royalist forces at Hanjar, in north-eastern Yemen

2640:

Abdullah Sallal (center) and the heads of the coup in October 1962

2551: 605: 61:

Royalist Yemeni forces attempt to repel an Egyptian armored attack

7231: 4013: 3945: 3901: 3897: 3889: 3737:

British support to the royalists remained covert. Prime Minister

3689: 3625: 3609: 3380: 3255: 3238: 3217:(standing to the left) welcomed by Yemeni crowds on his visit to 3191: 3003: 2952: 2944: 2927: 2830: 2752: 2514: 2492: 2315: 2294:

Egyptian military historians refer to the war in Yemen as their "

2221: 2183:

fought in North Yemen from 1962 to 1970 between partisans of the

8890:

and later conflicts (after 1914) of at least 100 fatalities each

7207: 7168: 3148: 2994:, 25 miles (40 km) southeast of San'a, 500 royalists under 2990:, on the British-protected side of the border. In the battle of 2922: 2358: 2323: 7982: 3937: 3921: 3906: 3827: 3698: 3685: 3669: 3601: 3307: 3284: 3133:

Egypt "with my heart brimming with love for President Nasser".

3114:

In September 1964, Nasser and Faisal met at the Arab summit in

3056: 2987: 2873: 2858: 2807: 2787: 2744: 2740: 2675: 2650: 2236: 2228: 1083: 190: 164: 3310:

expressing concern. The Institute of Forensic Medicine at the

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Creating a 25-mile demilitarized strip along the Saudi border

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then began securing arsenals, airports, and port facilities.

2425: 2392: 2388: 2244: 681: 6357:"Our man in Sanaa: A Yemen president was once trainee rabbi" 3940:

also attempted to convince the US to respond on its behalf.

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Shias from the mountains, who were mostly royalist, and the

2327:

Yemeni tribesman being held as a hostage by al-Badr's forces

7673: 3531: 2691: 2671: 2555:

Author Dana Adams Schmidt with President Sallal, March 1967

2470:

would be able to secure the Yemeni republican coup d'état.

2441: 2375: 2348: 2336: 3888:

transport helicopters. They were also flying four-engined

3027:

and the Jawf, and were able to move freely in the eastern

2579:

The only men who knew about those plots were the Egyptian

2243:

offered covert support. The republicans were supported by

3539: 3109: 2909:

Supervising the phased withdrawal of the Egyptian troops.

2379:

Upon his return, Ahmad swore to crush the "agents of the

4392:"Mid-Range Wars and Atrocities of the Twentieth Century" 3833:

Egyptian field commanders complained of a total lack of

2702:

was the first nation to recognize the new republic, and

2432:. Nasser was also keen to maintain his reputation as an 7186:

Resort to Arms: International and Civil Wars, 1816–1980

7012:. Brighton ; Portland Or.: Sussex Academic Press. 2532:, whom Nasser felt had undermined his union with Syria. 4429:

Singer, Joel David, The Wages of War. 1816–1965 (1972)

3952:

Peace attempts: Khamir, Jeddah, and Haradh conferences

3788: 1763: 3772:

when the Kingdom decided to abandon its Aden Colony.

3530:, who was protected by the British administration in 3306:

was alerted and, on June 2, it issued a statement in

2370:

to tell President Nasser of Yemen's adherence to the

669: 6325: 4118: 4023: 3801:, Egyptian chief of operations, at his desk in Sanaa 3763:

freebooters" (Cooper and his team) with Tony Boyle.

3334:. The gas attacks stopped for three weeks after the 2698:

declared support for the republican revolution. The

2420:

office space, financial support, and radio airtime.

9785:

Civil wars involving the states and peoples of Asia

6920:. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. 4488:. Storbritannien: AltaMira Press. p. 352 9510:General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries 7156: 7036: 6971:— (paperback edition), London: Arrow Books, 2012. 6893:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 480. 4609: 4295:(1st ed.). New York: Pantheon Books. p. 4288: 3125:Work together in preventing armed clashes in Yemen 2841:. His mission was based on a decision made by the 2462:movement. Nasser was convinced that a regiment of 110:Egypt and Saudi Arabia's old relations break apart 8668:Islamic insurgency in Saudi Arabia (2000–present) 6586:"How Israel Intervened in the Civil War in Yemen" 5273: 5271: 5124: 5122: 3413:The new republican government was headed by Qadi 3136:On November 2, at a secret conference in Erkwit, 9766: 6494: 3944:sent only a wing of jet fighters and bombers to 3639: 3015:, particularly the small but strategic towns of 2598:Al-Wusul palace (reception area for dignitaries) 8821:Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present) 7099:Arabs at War: Military Effectiveness, 1948–1991 6677: 6613: 6611: 4944: 4942: 4940: 4938: 4936: 4291:The Israeli connection: who Israel arms and why 2220:where he rallied popular support from northern 2212:under his presidency. His government abolished 7126:Saudi Arabia: The Ceaseless Quest for Security 6686: 6564: 6472: 6459: 6446: 6243: 6148: 6146: 5470: 5449: 5422: 5357: 5339: 5330: 5321: 5268: 5259: 5119: 5098: 5048: 4980: 4859: 4857: 4855: 4807: 4805: 4184:Ground Warfare: The International Encyclopedia 3775: 3514:subsidized royalist forces on and off, as the 3245:industrial-development aid. Later that month, 2739:jets staging stunt-flying demonstrations over 2559:At least four plots were developing in San'a: 2495:, and primarily as an effort to undermine the 2335:inherited the Yemeni throne in 1948. In 1955, 9540:Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine 8987:Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine 8916: 8131:Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine 7968: 7854: 7247: 6637: 6334: 6096: 5642: 5640: 5463: 5461: 5375: 5148: 5146: 5136: 5134: 5112: 5110: 5032: 5030: 4573: 4571: 4569: 4286: 2947:coast and into the Saudi towns of Najran and 2251:or UAR) and were supplied warplanes from the 2152: 655: 550: 75:(8 years, 2 months and 5 days) 7043:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 6724: 6624: 6608: 6512: 6510: 6309: 6307: 6305: 6257: 6255: 5754: 5583: 5581: 4933: 4793: 4178: 4176: 4174: 4172: 4170: 4168: 4166: 3592:. The provincial capital of Northern Yemen, 3185:Egyptian bomb damage in a village near Marib 2653:, at the north-eastern edge of the kingdom. 2276:The new republican government was headed by 7984:List of modern conflicts in the Middle East 7183: 6841: 6394: 6207: 6205: 6143: 6011: 5590: 5285: 5283: 4852: 4802: 4647: 4325: 4323: 4252: 4057:List of modern conflicts in the Middle East 3274:The International Red Cross hospital at Uqd 2686:supported the imam, while ambassadors from 8923: 8909: 7975: 7961: 7861: 7847: 7254: 7240: 6942: 6805: 6803: 6762: 6660:Britain and the Yemen Civil War, 1962–1965 6518:Britain and the Yemen Civil War, 1962–1965 6439:Britain and the Yemen Civil War, 1962–1965 6433: 6431: 6429: 6388: 6379: 6350: 6348: 6346: 6316: 6193: 6184: 6134: 5888: 5879: 5870: 5861: 5852: 5843: 5801: 5792: 5637: 5526: 5517: 5458: 5440: 5431: 5413: 5366: 5348: 5183: 5143: 5131: 5107: 5039: 5027: 4989: 4692: 4690: 4688: 4566: 2499:(CENTO), which caused the downfall of the 2159: 2145: 662: 648: 557: 543: 55: 7184:Small, Melvin; Singer, J. David (1982) . 7163:. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston. 6507: 6302: 6252: 6087: 5628: 5578: 4843: 4784: 4775: 4766: 4414: 4282: 4280: 4163: 4152: 4150: 4148: 4146: 4144: 4142: 4140: 4138: 3759:published the letters, connecting "these 2821: 564: 9620:Coat of arms of the United Arab Republic 9550:Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation 9515:Independence Party (Mandatory Palestine) 8867:Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present) 6891:Tribes, Government, and History in Yemen 6520:. Sussex Academic Press (2004). p.. 136 6202: 6049: 5973: 5280: 5062: 5060: 4895: 4384: 4366: 4357: 4320: 4248: 4246: 4244: 4242: 4240: 4238: 4236: 4234: 4232: 4230: 4228: 4226: 4224: 4222: 4220: 4218: 4216: 4214: 4212: 4156:Michael Brecher and Jonathan Wilkenfel. 3998: 3972: 3847: 3792: 3643: 3565: 3474: 3432: 3396: 3346: 3269: 3208: 3180: 3147: 3061: 2971: 2921: 2866:United Nations Yemen Observation Mission 2635: 2550: 2407: 2362:Muhammad al-Badr praying with his guards 2357: 2322: 2314: 628: 623: 9495:Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction) 9480:Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order 8540:Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution 7154: 7096: 6800: 6441:. Sussex Academic Press (2004). p. 5-5 6426: 6343: 5897: 5542: 5540: 5538: 5221: 4728: 4685: 4210: 4208: 4206: 4204: 4202: 4200: 4198: 4196: 4194: 4192: 4072:Saudi Arabian–led intervention in Yemen 3128:Reach a solution by peaceful agreement. 2396:Abdullah Sallal, a known socialist and 1716:Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch 600: 14: 9767: 9490:Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction) 7123: 7069: 6915: 6888: 6577: 6354: 5815: 5813: 5678: 5479: 4529: 4527: 4496: 4494: 4469:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 4277: 4135: 3342: 3110:Alexandria summit and Erkwit ceasefire 2917: 2759:, put on a demonstration over Riyadh. 2656: 2319:Yemeni tribesmen who supported al-Badr 585: 8904: 7956: 7842: 7235: 7007: 6663:. Sussex Academic Press. p. 65. 6656: 6583: 6552:from the original on 14 February 2023 6531: 5935: 5716: 5057: 4557: 3730:) and return to bases in Israel. The 3143: 2510:, which Nasser saw as Egypt's destiny 2339:-trained Colonel Ahmad Thalaya led a 1867:1946 Italian institutional referendum 1807:Spanish American wars of independence 643: 595: 538: 104:Withdrawal of Egyptian forces in 1967 8930: 7034: 6264: 5535: 4189: 2986:royalist commander at Harib fled to 2967: 2595:Al-Bashaer palace (al-Badr's palace) 2400:, as commander of the palace guard. 580: 9530:National Liberation Front (Algeria) 7074:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 5810: 5068:"The U.S. Intervenes On Both Sides" 4524: 4491: 4402:from the original on August 9, 2013 4253:Aboul-Enein, Youssef (2004-01-01). 4108: 4062:List of wars involving Saudi Arabia 3789:Republicans and Egyptian deployment 3265: 3042: 1636:The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates 73:26 September 1962 – 1 December 1970 24: 9470:Arab Socialist Union Party (Syria) 8992:1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine 8777:Insurgency in Egypt (2013–present) 8202:1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine 7261: 6996:, 27:1 (Spring 2022), pp. 84–107. 5821:"Egypt Profile: Chemical Overview" 3465: 2484:Syria leaving Nasser's UAR in 1961 2436:, setting his sights on expelling 2366:In March 1958, al-Badr arrived in 25: 9841: 9535:Palestine Liberation Organization 8614:1987 Sharjawi coup d'état attempt 4484:Miers, S. (2003). 3892:bombers from Egyptian bases like 3386: 3081:to al-Badr's headquarters in the 2903:Ending Saudi aid to the royalists 2835:United States Department of State 2631: 2201:. He dethroned the newly crowned 9749: 9748: 9475:Arabian Peninsula People's Union 9158:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict 8652:Terror campaign in Egypt (1990s) 7884: 7870: 7446: 7427:2016–2022 Yemen cholera outbreak 6650: 6525: 6485: 5943:"Cruel & Difficult Struggle" 4287:Beit-Hallahmi, Benjamin (1987). 4026: 3932:and developed their airfield in 3428: 3023:, both in the mountains between 2716:rushed to send notes to Nasser, 2607:Qasr al-Silaah (the main armory) 2128: 1656:Discourses Concerning Government 518: 507: 497: 486: 469: 456: 442: 433: 424: 401: 390: 379: 368: 356: 343: 330: 319: 308: 296: 284: 272: 251: 235: 221: 207: 195: 183: 171: 157: 140: 128: 9118:November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état 8834:Yemeni civil war (2014–present) 8803:Syrian War spillover in Lebanon 8557:1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq 7124:Safran, Nadav (February 1988). 6882: 6415:from the original on 2023-02-14 6367:from the original on 2021-10-09 5309:from the original on 2021-06-26 5247:from the original on 2021-06-07 5209:from the original on 2021-06-07 5171:from the original on 2021-06-06 5086:from the original on 2021-05-10 5015:from the original on 2021-04-10 4968:from the original on 2021-04-10 4921:from the original on 2021-10-09 4883:from the original on 2021-10-09 4831:from the original on 2021-10-09 4673:from the original on 2021-10-09 4635:from the original on 2021-10-09 4597:from the original on 2022-04-01 4478: 4432: 4423: 4375: 4346:from the original on 2016-05-29 4265:from the original on 2016-09-21 4098: 3748:Their content was published by 3612:and England, who had fought in 3205:Nasser's "long-breath" strategy 1922:Barbadian Republic Proclamation 766:Yemeni civil war (2014–present) 9810:Civil wars of the 20th century 9560:Union of Arab Republics (1972) 9322:Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz 7422:Famine in Yemen (2016–present) 4997:"Trouble for the Sons of Saud" 4340:"Protected Blog › Log in" 4332: 4089: 4067:Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen 3930:Thunderbird air defense system 3813:supplied them with war plans. 3479:Yemeni Prime Minister, Prince 3201:, who were mostly republican. 3035:and, in the west, the town of 2837:sought the help of ambassador 2826:While Bunche was reporting to 2541: 2513:Guaranteeing dominance of the 1857:1935 Greek coup d'état attempt 1837:German Revolution of 1918–1919 529:100,000–200,000 killed overall 13: 1: 8604:1986 Egyptian conscripts riot 8245:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 6630:Hart-Davis, 2012. Chapter 8: 6617:Hart-Davis, 2012. Chapter 7: 6570:Hart-Davis, 2012. Chapter 6: 6500:Hart-Davis, 2012. Chapter 6: 6478:Hart-Davis, 2012. Chapter 6: 6465:Hart-Davis, 2012. Chapter 6: 6452:Hart-Davis, 2012. Chapter 6: 5827:. August 2008. Archived from 5191:"Harried Are the Peacemakers" 4129: 3884:twin-engined transports, and 3640:British involvement 1962–1965 2477:Impact of his support to the 2305: 629:1966 bombings in Saudi Arabia 9505:Federation of Arab Republics 9465:Arab Socialist Union (Libya) 9455:Arab Socialist Union (Egypt) 9056:Israeli–Palestinian conflict 9004:Arab separatism in Khuzestan 8808:Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013) 8795:Turkish involvement in Syria 8679:al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen 8510:Political violence in Turkey 8444:Israeli–Palestinian conflict 8351:Yemeni–Adenese clan violence 8230:Italian bombing of Palestine 8192:1935–1936 Iraqi Shia revolts 8141:Arab separatism in Khuzestan 7899:Saudi–Yemeni border skirmish 7155:Schmidt, Dana Adams (1968). 7132:: Cornell University Press. 7097:Pollack, Kenneth M. (2002). 6643:Hart-Davis 2012. Chapter 8: 6355:Melman, Yossi (2008-10-17). 6104:"Desperation of a Strongman" 3518:(a ruler of a predominantly 3470: 3452: 3176: 2614: 2563:A plot headed by Lieutenant 2479:Algerian War of Independence 2247:(then formally known as the 2107:Republic without republicans 1852:11 September 1922 Revolution 1847:Mongolian Revolution of 1921 739:Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen 699:Yemeni–Adenese clan violence 7: 9800:Wars involving Saudi Arabia 9630:Flag of the Arab Federation 9460:Arab Socialist Union (Iraq) 9450:Arab Socialist Action Party 8060:Turkish War of Independence 8044:Unification of Saudi Arabia 7730:Water supply and sanitation 7226:The wages of war, 1816–1965 6683:Schmidt (1968), pp. 168–169 6592:(in Hebrew). Archived from 6249:Schmidt (1968), pp. 296–297 5476:Schmidt (1968), pp. 222–223 5455:Schmidt (1968), pp. 221–222 5428:Schmidt (1968), pp. 208–209 5363:Schmidt (1968), pp. 180–182 5345:Schmidt (1968), pp. 179–180 5336:Schmidt (1968), pp. 178–179 5327:Schmidt (1968), pp. 169–170 5277:Schmidt (1968), pp. 164–165 5265:Schmidt (1968), pp. 199–200 5128:Schmidt (1968), pp. 193–194 5104:Schmidt (1968), pp. 192–193 5054:Schmidt (1968), pp. 190–191 4986:Schmidt (1968), pp. 185–186 4119: 4019: 3776:Saudi and Jordanian support 3510:fight alongside its ranks. 2959:to the North, and San'a to 2497:Central Treaty Organization 2239:supplied military aid, and 1842:Turkish War of Independence 1764: 10: 9846: 9601:On the Way of Resurrection 9594:The Battle for One Destiny 9525:Lebanese National Movement 8966:Third International Theory 8725:Iran–Israel proxy conflict 8719:Houthi insurgency in Yemen 8708:Balochi insurgency in Iran 8684:1999 Shia uprising in Iraq 8520:1977 Shia uprising in Iraq 8515:Islamist uprising in Syria 8493:Turkish invasion of Cyprus 8382:Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964 8268:Kurdish separatism in Iran 8187:Goharshad Mosque rebellion 7434:COVID-19 pandemic in Yemen 7224:— Originally published as 6584:Stern, Yoav (2004-07-26). 6331:Dresch (1994), pp. 261–262 6019:"Beginning to Face Defeat" 5598:"Fewer Curses, More Sense" 5291:"For Allah & the Imam" 5154:"Another Job for the U.N." 4261:. No. Jan–Feb, 2004. 4077:Houthi insurgency in Yemen 3655:Federation of South Arabia 3443:Federation of South Arabia 3390: 3170:Prince Abdullah bin Hassan 3106:conference on November 2. 2569:A plot conceived by Sallal 2536: 2216:. The Imam escaped to the 1897:1970 Cambodian coup d'état 1646:The Commonwealth of Oceana 29: 9744: 9653: 9610: 9578: 9555:Unified Political Command 9445:Arab Nationalist Movement 9390: 9342:Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi 9202: 9171: 9138:1969 Sudanese coup d'état 9009:1979 Khuzestan insurgency 8974: 8938: 8883: 8846: 8751: 8692: 8632: 8565: 8483:Black September in Jordan 8475: 8374: 8318: 8215: 8159: 8113: 7990: 7894: 7805: 7738: 7695: 7686: 7636: 7627: 7590: 7520: 7511: 7464: 7455: 7444: 7390:Aftermath of the takeover 7325: 7282: 7273: 7190:Beverly Hills, California 7035:Oren, Michael B. (2002). 6943:Hart-Davis, Duff (2011). 6918:A History of Modern Yemen 6401:. Sussex Academic Press. 6340:Schmidt (1968), pp. 62–63 4865:"Diplomacy in the Desert" 4799:Schmidt (1968), pp. 30–31 3994: 3968: 3956: 3868:piston-engined fighters, 3369:Egyptian foreign minister 2934:(dotted line ) offensives 2845:, which was conceived by 2843:National Security Council 2070:The Emperor's New Clothes 1822:5 October 1910 revolution 1817:French Revolution of 1848 840:Liberty as non-domination 689: 576: 528: 479: 413: 264: 120: 65: 54: 46: 41: 9063:1952 Egyptian revolution 8585:Kurdish–Turkish conflict 8580:1980 Turkish coup d'état 8399:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War 8331:1953 Iranian coup d'état 8326:1952 Egyptian revolution 8054:1919 Egyptian revolution 8037:Mount Lebanon starvation 7525:House of Representatives 7407:Civil war (2014–present) 4082: 4052:Houthi takeover in Yemen 3924:and the coastal town of 3680:, defense minister, and 3289:Israeli foreign minister 2776:South Arabian Federation 2528:Retribution against the 2452:For Egypt Not For Nasser 2403: 2310: 1912:1987 Fijian coups d'état 1872:1952 Egyptian revolution 850:Political representation 9716:Palestinian nationalism 9635:Flag of the Arab Revolt 9128:1966 Syrian coup d'état 9108:1963 Syrian coup d'état 9088:1961 Syrian coup d'état 8814:War in Iraq (2013–2017) 8662:Iraqi Kurdish Civil War 8657:Yemeni Civil War (1994) 8467:1966 Syrian coup d'état 8394:First Iraqi–Kurdish War 8235:Allied invasion of Iraq 8182:Saudi–Yemeni War (1934) 8105:Mahmud Barzanji revolts 7335:Saudi–Yemeni War (1934) 6694:"Appointment in Khamir" 6154:"When Friends Fall Out" 4903:"Fugitive from Bullets" 4579:"After Ahmad the Devil" 3845:report on the country. 3445:, which had now become 2546: 2464:Egyptian Special Forces 2191:. The war began with a 2177:26 September Revolution 1892:1969 Libyan coup d'état 1676:Discourse on Inequality 825:Consent of the governed 734:Yemeni civil war (1994) 617:International incidents 9143:1969 Libyan revolution 9021:1941 Iraqi coup d'état 8759:2011 Bahraini uprising 8743:South Yemen insurgency 8624:Abu Nidal's executions 8609:1986 Damascus bombings 8388:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 8240:Syria–Lebanon campaign 8010:Middle Eastern theatre 7917:First Arab–Israeli War 7412:Saudi–led intervention 7159:Yemen: The Unknown War 7070:Orkaby, Asher (2017). 6945:The War That Never Was 6849:"Dialogue of the Deaf" 6732:"A Preference for War" 6532:Carol, Steven (2019). 6272:"Yoke of Independence" 6199:Schmidt (1968), p. 294 6190:Schmidt (1968), p. 293 6140:Schmidt (1968), p. 291 5894:Schmidt (1968), p. 268 5885:Schmidt (1968), p. 267 5876:Schmidt (1968), p. 265 5867:Schmidt (1968), p. 264 5858:Schmidt (1968), p. 263 5849:Schmidt (1968), p. 260 5807:Schmidt (1968), p. 259 5798:Schmidt (1968), p. 257 5648:"Long Breath in Yemen" 5548:"A Man to End the War" 5532:Schmidt (1968), p. 234 5523:Schmidt (1968), p. 233 5467:Schmidt (1968), p. 222 5446:Schmidt (1968), p. 214 5437:Schmidt (1968), p. 209 5419:Schmidt (1968), p. 207 5372:Schmidt (1968), p. 182 5354:Schmidt (1968), p. 180 5140:Schmidt (1968), p. 195 5116:Schmidt (1968), p. 193 5045:Schmidt (1968), p. 190 5036:Schmidt (1968), p. 186 4617:"Revolt & Revenge" 4329:Pollack (2002), p. 54. 4008: 3978: 3880:twin-engined bombers, 3857: 3802: 3666:Lockheed Constellation 3649: 3571: 3484: 3438: 3402: 3352: 3275: 3222: 3186: 3153: 3070: 2977: 2935: 2822:Operation Hard-surface 2780:British Foreign Office 2718:Faisal of Saudi Arabia 2641: 2604:The telephone exchange 2556: 2413: 2363: 2328: 2320: 2227:On the royalist side, 2187:and supporters of the 749:South Yemen insurgency 363:Abdul Rahman al-Eryani 265:Commanders and leaders 9820:Egypt–Yemen relations 9795:Wars involving Jordan 9775:North Yemen Civil War 9701:Jordanian nationalism 9435:Arab Islamic Republic 9430:Arab Higher Committee 9307:Rashid Ali al-Gaylani 9287:Salah al-Din al-Bitar 9098:North Yemen civil war 9031:Arab–Israeli conflict 8599:South Yemen civil war 8498:Shatt al-Arab clashes 8423:Mar. 1963 Syrian coup 8412:North Yemen civil war 8361:1958 Iraqi revolution 8288:1948 Arab–Israeli War 8282:Arab–Israeli conflict 8151:Sheikh Said rebellion 8015:Battle of Robat Karim 7923:North Yemen civil war 7397:Crisis (2011–present) 7365:South Yemen civil war 7345:North Yemen civil war 7192:: Sage Publications. 7008:Jones, Clive (2004). 6916:Dresch, Paul (2000). 6889:Dresch, Paul (1994). 6811:"No Time for Fanfare" 6657:Jones, Clive (2010). 6385:Safran (1988), p. 119 6322:Dresch (2000), p. 120 6313:Dresch (2000), p. 124 6261:Dresch (2000), p. 115 6093:Safran (1988), p. 122 5762:"Revolt Within a War" 5634:Safran (1988), p. 121 5587:Safran (1988), p. 120 5383:"The Alexandria Duet" 4849:Schmidt (1968), p. 34 4790:Schmidt (1968), p. 29 4781:Schmidt (1968), p. 23 4772:Schmidt (1968), p. 22 4420:Pollack (2002), p. 56 4372:Pollack (2002), p. 55 4363:Pollack (2002), p. 53 4005:Abdurrahman Bin Yahya 4002: 3977:King Faisal at Jeddah 3976: 3851: 3796: 3668:749. He then flew to 3647: 3569: 3478: 3436: 3400: 3393:Siege of Sanaa (1967) 3350: 3273: 3212: 3184: 3151: 3065: 2975: 2925: 2639: 2554: 2411: 2361: 2326: 2318: 2208:and declared Yemen a 2185:Mutawakkilite Kingdom 2173:North Yemen civil war 2060:Criticism of monarchy 1882:North Yemen civil war 1696:The Federalist Papers 991:Federal parliamentary 729:South Yemen civil war 704:North Yemen civil war 568:North Yemen civil war 480:Casualties and losses 386:Abdul Latif Dayfallah 303:Abdurrahman bin Yahya 42:North Yemen civil war 18:North Yemen Civil War 9815:1960s in North Yemen 9805:Wars involving Yemen 9790:Wars involving Egypt 9736:Tunisian nationalism 9706:Lebanese nationalism 9666:Egyptian nationalism 9661:Algerian nationalism 9565:United Arab Republic 9440:Arab Liberation Army 9420:Arab Ba'ath Movement 9277:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr 8738:Fatah–Hamas conflict 8674:Operation Desert Fox 8647:1991 Iraqi uprisings 8641:Gulf War (1990–1991) 8552:Grand Mosque seizure 8530:Yemenite War of 1979 8488:Yemenite War of 1972 8428:Nov. 1963 Iraqi coup 8418:Feb. 1963 Iraqi coup 8172:Ahmed Barzani revolt 8083:Turkish–Armenian War 7941:Yemenite War of 1979 7929:Yemenite War of 1972 6395:Clive Jones (2004). 6231:on December 15, 2008 6213:"The Siege of San'a" 6122:on December 15, 2008 5999:on December 15, 2008 5981:"Coping in Khartoum" 5961:on December 15, 2008 5923:on December 15, 2008 5780:on February 20, 2008 5742:on February 20, 2008 5566:on February 20, 2008 5401:on December 13, 2011 4655:"Visitor from Cairo" 4512:on September 6, 2008 4120:Thawrat 26 Sibtambar 3508:Saudi National Guard 2828:UN Secretary-General 2372:United Arab Republic 2286:1967 siege of Sana'a 2249:United Arab Republic 2218:Saudi Arabian border 2175:, also known as the 2045:Classical radicalism 1787:Republic of Florence 1726:Democracy in America 885:Separation of powers 860:Public participation 430:20,000 semi-regulars 337:Faisal bin Abdulaziz 9825:1970 in North Yemen 9726:Sahrawi nationalism 9083:1959 Mosul uprising 9016:Great Syrian Revolt 8886:This list includes 8854:2021 Beirut clashes 8714:2004 Qamishli riots 8591:Turkey–PKK conflict 8547:1979 Qatif Uprising 8366:1959 Mosul uprising 8356:1958 Lebanon crisis 8303:1973 Yom Kippur War 8274:Iran crisis of 1946 8262:Al-Wathbah uprising 8252:1943 Barzani revolt 8146:Great Syrian Revolt 8126:Iraqi Revolt (1920) 8049:Simko Shikak revolt 6290:on January 27, 2008 6172:on January 27, 2008 6037:on November 5, 2012 5905:"Divided in Defeat" 5831:on October 27, 2011 5704:on October 28, 2010 5666:on October 28, 2010 5487:"Back to Bloodshed" 5229:"The Mess in Yemen" 4716:on February 1, 2011 3913:outside San'a. The 3674:Neil "Billy" McLean 3548:Special Air Service 3422:US State Department 3415:Abdul Rahman Iryani 3365:Khartoum Resolution 3343:Egyptian withdrawal 3213:Egyptian President 2918:Egyptian offensives 2670:. Ambassadors from 2657:Diplomatic attempts 2565:Ali Abdul al Moghny 2418:Free Yemen Movement 2278:Abdul Rahman Iryani 2189:Yemen Arab Republic 2135:Politics portal 1940:Antigua and Barbuda 1887:Zanzibar Revolution 1797:American Revolution 1686:The Social Contract 855:Popular sovereignty 724:Second Yemenite War 326:Abdullah bin Hassan 315:Mohamed bin Hussein 229:Yemen Arab Republic 9731:Syrian nationalism 9711:Libyan nationalism 9671:Greater Mauritania 9587:The Arab Awakening 9570:United Arab States 9545:Rejectionist Front 9352:Gamal Abdel Nasser 9163:Yemeni unification 9153:Lebanese Civil War 9133:17 July Revolution 9103:Ramadan Revolution 9078:14 July Revolution 8535:Iranian Revolution 8504:Lebanese Civil War 8450:1948 Palestine war 8197:1935 Yazidi revolt 8088:Franco-Turkish War 7659:Telecommunications 7417:Saudi–led blockade 6867:on January 5, 2012 6770:"Journey to Jedda" 6750:on January 5, 2012 6712:on January 5, 2012 6645:Breach of Security 6632:Breach of Security 5724:"In the Old Style" 4698:"The Imam's Peace" 4182:Sandler, Stanley. 4009: 3979: 3864:. They were using 3858: 3803: 3650: 3572: 3556:Corps of Engineers 3485: 3439: 3403: 3353: 3312:University of Bern 3276: 3223: 3215:Gamal Abdel Nasser 3187: 3154: 3144:Royalist offensive 3071: 3053:Kawakaban Province 2978: 2936: 2642: 2557: 2530:Saudi royal family 2414: 2412:Map of North Yemen 2364: 2329: 2321: 2263:Gamal Abdel Nasser 2260:Egyptian President 2199:Abdullah as-Sallal 2101:Primus inter pares 1917:Nepalese Civil War 1907:Iranian Revolution 1877:14 July Revolution 1832:Russian Revolution 1827:Chinese Revolution 1777:Republic of Venice 1626:Discourses on Livy 714:First Yemenite War 673:Internal conflicts 408:Gamal Abdel Nasser 350:Abdullah as-Sallal 27:1962–1970 conflict 9762: 9761: 9691:Iraqi nationalism 9382:Constantin Zureiq 9232:Abdul Rahman Arif 9212:Butrus al-Bustani 8898: 8897: 8121:Franco-Syrian War 8078:Greco-Turkish War 8066:Anglo-Turkish War 8032:Assyrian genocide 8027:Armenian genocide 7998:Italo-Turkish War 7950: 7949: 7836: 7835: 7801: 7800: 7682: 7681: 7623: 7622: 7567:Political parties 7545:Foreign relations 7507: 7506: 7442: 7441: 7380:Houthi insurgency 7199:978-0-8039-1776-7 7139:978-0-8014-9484-0 7108:978-0-8032-3733-9 7054:978-0-19-515174-9 7019:978-1-903900-23-9 6985:978-0-099-55329-8 6954:978-1-84605-825-7 6927:978-0-521-79092-5 6900:978-0-19-827790-3 6829:on April 23, 2008 6572:Manna from Heaven 6502:Manna from Heaven 6480:Manna from Heaven 6467:Manna from Heaven 6454:Manna from Heaven 6408:978-1-903900-23-9 6075:on April 23, 2008 6057:"A Distant Peace" 5686:"The New Caution" 4563:Oren (2002), p. 7 4259:Infantry Magazine 4158:A Study of Crisis 4117: 3942:President Kennedy 3911:Al-Rawda Airfield 3739:Alec Douglas-Home 3724:French Somaliland 3546:, founder of the 3278:The first use of 3231:Zakaria Mohieddin 2996:Prince Abdullah's 2968:Ramadan offensive 2930:(solid line) and 2798:, and the entire 2764:Aden Protectorate 2751:after a visit to 2726:Hussein of Jordan 2722:Arabian Peninsula 2704:Nikita Khrushchev 2663:Hussein of Jordan 2601:The radio station 2581:chargé d'affaires 2456:Spanish Civil War 2422:Anthony Nutting's 2169: 2168: 2112:Republican empire 2085:List of republics 1934:National variants 1862:Spanish Civil War 1802:French Revolution 1782:Republic of Genoa 1666:The Spirit of Law 1599:Theoretical works 943:Neo-republicanism 776: 775: 761:Yemeni revolution 744:Houthi insurgency 637: 636: 533: 532: 439:200,000 tribesmen 116: 115: 16:(Redirected from 9837: 9752: 9751: 9625:Eagle of Saladin 9332:Amin al-Husseini 9297:Faisal I of Iraq 9267:Sultan al-Atrash 9262:Mansur al-Atrash 9237:Abdul Salam Arif 9046:War of Attrition 8932:Arab nationalism 8925: 8918: 8911: 8902: 8901: 8860:Israel–Hamas war 8787:Syrian civil war 8770:Sinai insurgency 8731:2006 Lebanon War 8406:Dhofar Rebellion 8341:Cyprus Emergency 8336:Jebel Akhdar War 8308:1982 Lebanon War 8298:1967 Six-Day War 8207:Dersim rebellion 8167:Ararat rebellion 8071:Al-Jazeera Front 7977: 7970: 7963: 7954: 7953: 7911:Saudi–Yemeni war 7889: 7888: 7875: 7874: 7863: 7856: 7849: 7840: 7839: 7821: 7814: 7693: 7692: 7649: 7634: 7633: 7600:Republican Guard 7518: 7517: 7462: 7461: 7450: 7307:Kingdom of Aksum 7280: 7279: 7256: 7249: 7242: 7233: 7232: 7219: 7188:(2nd ed.). 7180: 7162: 7151: 7130:Ithaca, New York 7120: 7093: 7081:978-019-061844-5 7066: 7042: 7031: 6966: 6947:. Random House. 6939: 6912: 6877: 6876: 6874: 6872: 6863:. Archived from 6845: 6839: 6838: 6836: 6834: 6825:. Archived from 6807: 6798: 6797: 6795: 6793: 6788:on June 22, 2008 6784:. Archived from 6766: 6760: 6759: 6757: 6755: 6746:. Archived from 6728: 6722: 6721: 6719: 6717: 6708:. Archived from 6690: 6684: 6681: 6675: 6674: 6654: 6648: 6641: 6635: 6628: 6622: 6619:Shortage of Gold 6615: 6606: 6605: 6603: 6601: 6581: 6575: 6568: 6562: 6561: 6559: 6557: 6529: 6523: 6514: 6505: 6498: 6492: 6489: 6483: 6476: 6470: 6463: 6457: 6450: 6444: 6435: 6424: 6423: 6421: 6420: 6392: 6386: 6383: 6377: 6376: 6374: 6372: 6352: 6341: 6338: 6332: 6329: 6323: 6320: 6314: 6311: 6300: 6299: 6297: 6295: 6286:. Archived from 6268: 6262: 6259: 6250: 6247: 6241: 6240: 6238: 6236: 6227:. Archived from 6209: 6200: 6197: 6191: 6188: 6182: 6181: 6179: 6177: 6168:. Archived from 6150: 6141: 6138: 6132: 6131: 6129: 6127: 6118:. Archived from 6100: 6094: 6091: 6085: 6084: 6082: 6080: 6071:. Archived from 6053: 6047: 6046: 6044: 6042: 6033:. Archived from 6015: 6009: 6008: 6006: 6004: 5995:. Archived from 5977: 5971: 5970: 5968: 5966: 5957:. Archived from 5939: 5933: 5932: 5930: 5928: 5919:. Archived from 5901: 5895: 5892: 5886: 5883: 5877: 5874: 5868: 5865: 5859: 5856: 5850: 5847: 5841: 5840: 5838: 5836: 5817: 5808: 5805: 5799: 5796: 5790: 5789: 5787: 5785: 5776:. Archived from 5758: 5752: 5751: 5749: 5747: 5738:. Archived from 5720: 5714: 5713: 5711: 5709: 5700:. Archived from 5682: 5676: 5675: 5673: 5671: 5662:. Archived from 5644: 5635: 5632: 5626: 5625: 5623: 5621: 5616:on July 13, 2007 5612:. Archived from 5594: 5588: 5585: 5576: 5575: 5573: 5571: 5562:. Archived from 5544: 5533: 5530: 5524: 5521: 5515: 5514: 5512: 5510: 5505:on July 16, 2010 5501:. Archived from 5483: 5477: 5474: 5468: 5465: 5456: 5453: 5447: 5444: 5438: 5435: 5429: 5426: 5420: 5417: 5411: 5410: 5408: 5406: 5397:. Archived from 5379: 5373: 5370: 5364: 5361: 5355: 5352: 5346: 5343: 5337: 5334: 5328: 5325: 5319: 5318: 5316: 5314: 5287: 5278: 5275: 5266: 5263: 5257: 5256: 5254: 5252: 5225: 5219: 5218: 5216: 5214: 5187: 5181: 5180: 5178: 5176: 5150: 5141: 5138: 5129: 5126: 5117: 5114: 5105: 5102: 5096: 5095: 5093: 5091: 5064: 5055: 5052: 5046: 5043: 5037: 5034: 5025: 5024: 5022: 5020: 4993: 4987: 4984: 4978: 4977: 4975: 4973: 4950:"Pax Americana?" 4946: 4931: 4930: 4928: 4926: 4899: 4893: 4892: 4890: 4888: 4861: 4850: 4847: 4841: 4840: 4838: 4836: 4809: 4800: 4797: 4791: 4788: 4782: 4779: 4773: 4770: 4764: 4763: 4761: 4759: 4754:on July 15, 2010 4750:. Archived from 4732: 4726: 4725: 4723: 4721: 4712:. Archived from 4694: 4683: 4682: 4680: 4678: 4651: 4645: 4644: 4642: 4640: 4613: 4607: 4606: 4604: 4602: 4575: 4564: 4561: 4555: 4554: 4552: 4550: 4541:. Archived from 4531: 4522: 4521: 4519: 4517: 4508:. Archived from 4502:"Yemen: History" 4498: 4489: 4482: 4476: 4474: 4468: 4460: 4458: 4457: 4451: 4445:. Archived from 4444: 4436: 4430: 4427: 4421: 4418: 4412: 4411: 4409: 4407: 4388: 4382: 4379: 4373: 4370: 4364: 4361: 4355: 4354: 4352: 4351: 4336: 4330: 4327: 4318: 4317: 4315: 4313: 4294: 4284: 4275: 4274: 4272: 4270: 4250: 4187: 4180: 4161: 4154: 4123: 4122: 4112: 4110: 4102: 4096: 4095:material support 4093: 4036: 4031: 4030: 4029: 3909:refurbished the 3835:topographic maps 3805:Egypt supported 3799:Kamal Hassan Ali 3634:guerilla warfare 3630:antitank weapons 3493:Hassan ibn Yahya 3481:Hassan ibn Yahya 3332:cyanogen bromide 3297:Hassan bin Yahya 3266:Chemical warfare 3043:Haradh offensive 2868:. The former UN 2839:Ellsworth Bunker 2816:Abdel Hakim Amer 2460:Arab nationalist 2434:Arab nationalist 2353:Muhammad al-Badr 2214:slavery in Yemen 2206:Muhammad al-Badr 2161: 2154: 2147: 2133: 2132: 2117:Republican Party 2095:Peasant republic 2055:Communitarianism 1772:Classical Athens 1767: 1741: 1731: 1721: 1711: 1701: 1691: 1681: 1671: 1661: 1651: 1641: 1631: 1621: 1611: 845:Mixed government 779: 778: 684: 674: 664: 657: 650: 641: 640: 571: 569: 559: 552: 545: 536: 535: 523: 522: 521: 512: 511: 510: 502: 501: 500: 491: 490: 489: 475:130,000 soldiers 474: 473: 472: 461: 460: 459: 448:100+ mercenaries 447: 446: 438: 437: 436: 429: 428: 427: 406: 405: 404: 395: 394: 393: 384: 383: 382: 373: 372: 371: 365: 361: 360: 359: 348: 347: 346: 335: 334: 333: 324: 323: 322: 313: 312: 311: 305: 301: 300: 299: 291:Hassan ibn Yahya 289: 288: 287: 279:Muhammad al-Badr 277: 276: 275: 257: 255: 254: 244: 240: 239: 238: 227: 225: 224: 213: 211: 210: 201: 199: 198: 189: 187: 186: 177: 175: 174: 168: 163: 161: 160: 146: 144: 143: 135:Kingdom of Yemen 133: 132: 131: 67: 66: 59: 39: 38: 32:Yemeni civil war 21: 9845: 9844: 9840: 9839: 9838: 9836: 9835: 9834: 9780:1960s conflicts 9765: 9764: 9763: 9758: 9740: 9676:Greater Morocco 9649: 9645:Pan-Arab colors 9640:Hawk of Quraish 9606: 9574: 9425:Arab Federation 9386: 9372:Abdullah Rimawi 9347:Mostéfa Merarda 9302:Muammar Gaddafi 9282:Ahmed Ben Bella 9257:Jamal al-Atassi 9247:Bashar al-Assad 9198: 9167: 9148:Black September 9026:Anglo-Iraqi War 8970: 8934: 8929: 8899: 8894: 8892: 8879: 8842: 8764:Egyptian Crisis 8747: 8688: 8628: 8561: 8471: 8460:Second Intifada 8370: 8314: 8211: 8177:Simele massacre 8155: 8136:Adwan Rebellion 8109: 7986: 7981: 7951: 7946: 7905:Najran conflict 7890: 7883: 7869: 7867: 7837: 7832: 7824: 7817: 7810: 7797: 7788:Public holidays 7734: 7678: 7647: 7619: 7586: 7562:Law enforcement 7503: 7451: 7438: 7321: 7317:Islamic history 7292:Ancient history 7269: 7260: 7200: 7140: 7109: 7082: 7055: 7020: 6955: 6928: 6901: 6885: 6880: 6870: 6868: 6847: 6846: 6842: 6832: 6830: 6809: 6808: 6801: 6791: 6789: 6768: 6767: 6763: 6753: 6751: 6730: 6729: 6725: 6715: 6713: 6692: 6691: 6687: 6682: 6678: 6671: 6655: 6651: 6647:. pp. 181, 184. 6642: 6638: 6629: 6625: 6616: 6609: 6599: 6597: 6582: 6578: 6569: 6565: 6555: 6553: 6546: 6530: 6526: 6515: 6508: 6499: 6495: 6490: 6486: 6477: 6473: 6464: 6460: 6451: 6447: 6436: 6427: 6418: 6416: 6409: 6393: 6389: 6384: 6380: 6370: 6368: 6353: 6344: 6339: 6335: 6330: 6326: 6321: 6317: 6312: 6303: 6293: 6291: 6270: 6269: 6265: 6260: 6253: 6248: 6244: 6234: 6232: 6211: 6210: 6203: 6198: 6194: 6189: 6185: 6175: 6173: 6152: 6151: 6144: 6139: 6135: 6125: 6123: 6102: 6101: 6097: 6092: 6088: 6078: 6076: 6055: 6054: 6050: 6040: 6038: 6017: 6016: 6012: 6002: 6000: 5979: 5978: 5974: 5964: 5962: 5941: 5940: 5936: 5926: 5924: 5903: 5902: 5898: 5893: 5889: 5884: 5880: 5875: 5871: 5866: 5862: 5857: 5853: 5848: 5844: 5834: 5832: 5819: 5818: 5811: 5806: 5802: 5797: 5793: 5783: 5781: 5760: 5759: 5755: 5745: 5743: 5722: 5721: 5717: 5707: 5705: 5684: 5683: 5679: 5669: 5667: 5646: 5645: 5638: 5633: 5629: 5619: 5617: 5596: 5595: 5591: 5586: 5579: 5569: 5567: 5546: 5545: 5536: 5531: 5527: 5522: 5518: 5508: 5506: 5485: 5484: 5480: 5475: 5471: 5466: 5459: 5454: 5450: 5445: 5441: 5436: 5432: 5427: 5423: 5418: 5414: 5404: 5402: 5381: 5380: 5376: 5371: 5367: 5362: 5358: 5353: 5349: 5344: 5340: 5335: 5331: 5326: 5322: 5312: 5310: 5289: 5288: 5281: 5276: 5269: 5264: 5260: 5250: 5248: 5227: 5226: 5222: 5212: 5210: 5189: 5188: 5184: 5174: 5172: 5152: 5151: 5144: 5139: 5132: 5127: 5120: 5115: 5108: 5103: 5099: 5089: 5087: 5066: 5065: 5058: 5053: 5049: 5044: 5040: 5035: 5028: 5018: 5016: 4995: 4994: 4990: 4985: 4981: 4971: 4969: 4948: 4947: 4934: 4924: 4922: 4901: 4900: 4896: 4886: 4884: 4863: 4862: 4853: 4848: 4844: 4834: 4832: 4811: 4810: 4803: 4798: 4794: 4789: 4785: 4780: 4776: 4771: 4767: 4757: 4755: 4734: 4733: 4729: 4719: 4717: 4696: 4695: 4686: 4676: 4674: 4653: 4652: 4648: 4638: 4636: 4615: 4614: 4610: 4600: 4598: 4577: 4576: 4567: 4562: 4558: 4548: 4546: 4533: 4532: 4525: 4515: 4513: 4500: 4499: 4492: 4483: 4479: 4462: 4461: 4455: 4453: 4449: 4442: 4440:"Archived copy" 4438: 4437: 4433: 4428: 4424: 4419: 4415: 4405: 4403: 4390: 4389: 4385: 4380: 4376: 4371: 4367: 4362: 4358: 4349: 4347: 4338: 4337: 4333: 4328: 4321: 4311: 4309: 4307: 4285: 4278: 4268: 4266: 4251: 4190: 4181: 4164: 4155: 4136: 4132: 4127: 4126: 4103: 4099: 4094: 4090: 4085: 4032: 4027: 4025: 4022: 3997: 3971: 3959: 3954: 3791: 3778: 3712:Stratofreighter 3688:. According to 3662:Duff Hart-Davis 3642: 3473: 3468: 3466:Opposing forces 3455: 3431: 3395: 3389: 3363:As part of the 3345: 3287:, not gas. The 3268: 3237:In a speech on 3207: 3179: 3146: 3112: 3045: 2970: 2920: 2824: 2714:John F. Kennedy 2680:Washington D.C. 2659: 2634: 2617: 2549: 2544: 2539: 2468:fighter-bombers 2406: 2333:Ahmad bin Yahya 2313: 2308: 2165: 2127: 2122: 2121: 2040: 2032: 2031: 1935: 1927: 1926: 1812:Trienio Liberal 1753: 1745: 1744: 1739: 1729: 1719: 1709: 1699: 1689: 1679: 1669: 1659: 1649: 1639: 1629: 1619: 1609: 1600: 1592: 1591: 1327:Flynn (Stephen) 1212: 1204: 1203: 1044: 1036: 1035: 961: 953: 952: 908: 900: 899: 895:Social equality 890:Social contract 880:Self-governance 835:Democratization 810:Anti-corruption 805:Anti-monarchism 800: 784:Politics series 777: 772: 685: 676: 672: 670: 668: 638: 633: 619: 572: 567: 565: 563: 519: 517: 516: 508: 506: 498: 496: 495: 487: 485: 470: 468: 467: 463: 457: 455: 454: 441: 440: 434: 432: 431: 425: 423: 422: 402: 400: 399: 397:Hamoud Al-Jaifi 391: 389: 388: 380: 378: 377: 369: 367: 366: 357: 355: 354: 353: 344: 342: 331: 329: 328: 320: 318: 317: 309: 307: 306: 297: 295: 294: 293: 285: 283: 282: 273: 271: 252: 250: 249: 245: 236: 234: 233: 232: 222: 220: 208: 206: 205: 196: 194: 193: 184: 182: 181: 172: 170: 169: 158: 156: 155: 154: 150: 141: 139: 138: 129: 127: 85: 74: 60: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9843: 9833: 9832: 9827: 9822: 9817: 9812: 9807: 9802: 9797: 9792: 9787: 9782: 9777: 9760: 9759: 9757: 9756: 9745: 9742: 9741: 9739: 9738: 9733: 9728: 9723: 9718: 9713: 9708: 9703: 9698: 9693: 9688: 9683: 9678: 9673: 9668: 9663: 9657: 9655: 9654:Related topics 9651: 9650: 9648: 9647: 9642: 9637: 9632: 9627: 9622: 9616: 9614: 9608: 9607: 9605: 9604: 9597: 9590: 9582: 9580: 9576: 9575: 9573: 9572: 9567: 9562: 9557: 9552: 9547: 9542: 9537: 9532: 9527: 9522: 9520:Islamic Legion 9517: 9512: 9507: 9502: 9497: 9492: 9487: 9482: 9477: 9472: 9467: 9462: 9457: 9452: 9447: 9442: 9437: 9432: 9427: 9422: 9417: 9412: 9410:Al-Mourabitoun 9407: 9402: 9396: 9394: 9388: 9387: 9385: 9384: 9379: 9377:Hamdeen Sabahi 9374: 9369: 9367:Fuad al-Rikabi 9364: 9359: 9357:Adnan Pachachi 9354: 9349: 9344: 9339: 9334: 9329: 9327:Saddam Hussein 9324: 9319: 9317:Sati' al-Husri 9314: 9309: 9304: 9299: 9294: 9289: 9284: 9279: 9274: 9269: 9264: 9259: 9254: 9252:Hafez al-Assad 9249: 9244: 9242:Zaki al-Arsuzi 9239: 9234: 9229: 9224: 9219: 9214: 9208: 9206: 9200: 9199: 9197: 9196: 9191: 9186: 9181: 9175: 9173: 9169: 9168: 9166: 9165: 9160: 9155: 9150: 9145: 9140: 9135: 9130: 9125: 9123:Aden Emergency 9120: 9115: 9110: 9105: 9100: 9095: 9090: 9085: 9080: 9075: 9070: 9068:Iraqi Intifada 9065: 9060: 9059: 9058: 9053: 9051:Yom Kippur War 9048: 9043: 9038: 9028: 9023: 9018: 9013: 9012: 9011: 9001: 8996: 8995: 8994: 8984: 8978: 8976: 8972: 8971: 8969: 8968: 8963: 8958: 8953: 8948: 8946:Arab socialism 8942: 8940: 8936: 8935: 8928: 8927: 8920: 8913: 8905: 8896: 8895: 8884: 8881: 8880: 8878: 8877: 8874:Red Sea crisis 8870: 8863: 8856: 8850: 8848: 8844: 8843: 8841: 8840: 8839: 8838: 8824: 8817: 8810: 8805: 8800: 8799: 8798: 8782: 8781: 8780: 8773: 8761: 8755: 8753: 8749: 8748: 8746: 8745: 8740: 8735: 8734: 8733: 8721: 8716: 8711: 8704: 8696: 8694: 8690: 8689: 8687: 8686: 8681: 8676: 8671: 8664: 8659: 8654: 8649: 8644: 8636: 8634: 8630: 8629: 8627: 8626: 8621: 8619:Mecca massacre 8616: 8611: 8606: 8601: 8596: 8595: 8594: 8582: 8577: 8569: 8567: 8563: 8562: 8560: 8559: 8554: 8549: 8544: 8543: 8542: 8532: 8527: 8522: 8517: 8512: 8507: 8500: 8495: 8490: 8485: 8479: 8477: 8473: 8472: 8470: 8469: 8464: 8463: 8462: 8457: 8455:First Intifada 8452: 8440: 8438:1964 Hama riot 8435: 8433:Aden Emergency 8430: 8425: 8420: 8415: 8408: 8403: 8402: 8401: 8396: 8384: 8378: 8376: 8372: 8371: 8369: 8368: 8363: 8358: 8353: 8348: 8343: 8338: 8333: 8328: 8322: 8320: 8316: 8315: 8313: 8312: 8311: 8310: 8305: 8300: 8295: 8290: 8278: 8277: 8276: 8264: 8259: 8257:Al-Waziri coup 8254: 8249: 8248: 8247: 8242: 8237: 8232: 8219: 8217: 8213: 8212: 8210: 8209: 8204: 8199: 8194: 8189: 8184: 8179: 8174: 8169: 8163: 8161: 8157: 8156: 8154: 8153: 8148: 8143: 8138: 8133: 8128: 8123: 8117: 8115: 8111: 8110: 8108: 8107: 8102: 8101: 8100: 8095: 8090: 8085: 8080: 8075: 8074: 8073: 8056: 8051: 8046: 8041: 8040: 8039: 8034: 8029: 8024: 8019: 8018: 8017: 8000: 7994: 7992: 7988: 7987: 7980: 7979: 7972: 7965: 7957: 7948: 7947: 7945: 7944: 7938: 7932: 7926: 7920: 7914: 7908: 7907:(1931/32–1932) 7902: 7895: 7892: 7891: 7866: 7865: 7858: 7851: 7843: 7834: 7833: 7831: 7830: 7823: 7822: 7815: 7807: 7806: 7803: 7802: 7799: 7798: 7796: 7795: 7790: 7785: 7780: 7775: 7770: 7765: 7760: 7755: 7750: 7744: 7742: 7736: 7735: 7733: 7732: 7727: 7722: 7717: 7712: 7707: 7702: 7696: 7690: 7684: 7683: 7680: 7679: 7677: 7676: 7671: 7666: 7661: 7656: 7651: 7643: 7637: 7631: 7625: 7624: 7621: 7620: 7618: 7617: 7612: 7607: 7602: 7596: 7594: 7588: 7587: 7585: 7584: 7582:Prime Minister 7579: 7577:Vice President 7574: 7569: 7564: 7559: 7558: 7557: 7547: 7542: 7537: 7532: 7527: 7521: 7515: 7509: 7508: 7505: 7504: 7502: 7501: 7496: 7494:National parks 7491: 7486: 7481: 7476: 7471: 7465: 7459: 7453: 7452: 7445: 7443: 7440: 7439: 7437: 7436: 7431: 7430: 7429: 7424: 7419: 7414: 7404: 7399: 7394: 7393: 7392: 7387: 7377: 7375:1994 Civil War 7372: 7367: 7362: 7361: 7360: 7355: 7349:Yemenite Wars 7347: 7342: 7337: 7331: 7329: 7323: 7322: 7320: 7319: 7314: 7309: 7304: 7299: 7294: 7289: 7283: 7277: 7271: 7270: 7259: 7258: 7251: 7244: 7236: 7230: 7229: 7221: 7220: 7198: 7181: 7152: 7138: 7121: 7107: 7094: 7080: 7067: 7053: 7032: 7018: 7005: 6994:Israel Studies 6989: 6988: 6968: 6967: 6953: 6940: 6926: 6913: 6899: 6884: 6881: 6879: 6878: 6855:. 1965-12-17. 6840: 6817:. 1965-09-03. 6799: 6776:. 1965-08-27. 6761: 6738:. 1965-07-16. 6723: 6700:. 1965-05-14. 6685: 6676: 6670:978-1845191986 6669: 6649: 6636: 6634:. pp. 175–177. 6623: 6607: 6576: 6563: 6545:978-1532084119 6544: 6524: 6506: 6493: 6484: 6471: 6458: 6445: 6425: 6407: 6387: 6378: 6342: 6333: 6324: 6315: 6301: 6278:. 1967-11-24. 6263: 6251: 6242: 6219:. 1967-12-15. 6201: 6192: 6183: 6160:. 1967-11-17. 6142: 6133: 6110:. 1967-10-20. 6095: 6086: 6063:. 1967-09-15. 6048: 6025:. 1967-09-08. 6010: 5987:. 1967-08-11. 5972: 5949:. 1967-08-04. 5934: 5911:. 1967-06-30. 5896: 5887: 5878: 5869: 5860: 5851: 5842: 5809: 5800: 5791: 5768:. 1967-02-17. 5753: 5730:. 1966-11-04. 5715: 5692:. 1966-05-27. 5677: 5654:. 1966-05-13. 5636: 5627: 5604:. 1965-12-31. 5589: 5577: 5554:. 1965-05-07. 5534: 5525: 5516: 5493:. 1965-01-29. 5478: 5469: 5457: 5448: 5439: 5430: 5421: 5412: 5389:. 1964-09-25. 5374: 5365: 5356: 5347: 5338: 5329: 5320: 5297:. 1963-03-08. 5279: 5267: 5258: 5235:. 1963-09-13. 5220: 5197:. 1963-06-21. 5182: 5159:. 1963-05-10. 5142: 5130: 5118: 5106: 5097: 5074:. 1963-01-18. 5056: 5047: 5038: 5026: 5003:. 1962-11-23. 4988: 4979: 4956:. 1962-12-28. 4932: 4909:. 1962-12-21. 4894: 4871:. 1962-12-07. 4851: 4842: 4819:. 1962-10-26. 4813:"Arabia Felix" 4801: 4792: 4783: 4774: 4765: 4742:. 1961-07-07. 4727: 4704:. 1959-09-14. 4684: 4661:. 1958-03-10. 4646: 4623:. 1955-04-25. 4608: 4585:. 1962-10-05. 4565: 4556: 4523: 4490: 4477: 4431: 4422: 4413: 4383: 4374: 4365: 4356: 4331: 4319: 4306:978-0394559223 4305: 4276: 4188: 4162: 4133: 4131: 4128: 4125: 4124: 4109:ثورة 26 سبتمبر 4097: 4087: 4086: 4084: 4081: 4080: 4079: 4074: 4069: 4064: 4059: 4054: 4049: 4044: 4042:Aden Emergency 4038: 4037: 4021: 4018: 3996: 3993: 3992: 3991: 3987: 3970: 3967: 3958: 3955: 3953: 3950: 3934:Khamis Mushayt 3882:Ilyushin Il-14 3878:Ilyushin Il-28 3876:jet fighters, 3820:Ahmed Abu-Zeid 3790: 3787: 3777: 3774: 3703:Shabtai Shavit 3641: 3638: 3561:Arab socialism 3552:Lyndon Johnson 3544:David Stirling 3472: 3469: 3467: 3464: 3454: 3451: 3430: 3427: 3391:Main article: 3388: 3387:Siege of Sanaa 3385: 3344: 3341: 3267: 3264: 3260:Czechoslovakia 3247:Alexei Kosygin 3206: 3203: 3178: 3175: 3145: 3142: 3130: 3129: 3126: 3123: 3111: 3108: 3083:Qara mountains 3055:, to southern 3044: 3041: 2969: 2966: 2919: 2916: 2911: 2910: 2907: 2904: 2889: 2888: 2885: 2876:Major General 2847:McGeorge Bundy 2823: 2820: 2800:communist bloc 2768:United Nations 2733:Robert Stookey 2658: 2655: 2633: 2632:Coup aftermath 2630: 2616: 2613: 2612: 2611: 2608: 2605: 2602: 2599: 2596: 2577: 2576: 2573: 2570: 2567: 2548: 2545: 2543: 2540: 2538: 2535: 2534: 2533: 2526: 2511: 2504: 2501:Iraqi monarchy 2485: 2482: 2481:from 1954–1962 2466:and a wing of 2448:Mohamed Heikal 2405: 2402: 2312: 2309: 2307: 2304: 2282:Hassan al-Amri 2167: 2166: 2164: 2163: 2156: 2149: 2141: 2138: 2137: 2124: 2123: 2120: 2119: 2114: 2109: 2104: 2097: 2092: 2087: 2082: 2077: 2072: 2067: 2065:Egalitarianism 2062: 2057: 2052: 2047: 2041: 2039:Related topics 2038: 2037: 2034: 2033: 2030: 2029: 2024: 2023: 2022: 2017: 2010:United Kingdom 2007: 2002: 1997: 1992: 1987: 1982: 1977: 1972: 1967: 1962: 1957: 1952: 1947: 1942: 1936: 1933: 1932: 1929: 1928: 1925: 1924: 1919: 1914: 1909: 1904: 1899: 1894: 1889: 1884: 1879: 1874: 1869: 1864: 1859: 1854: 1849: 1844: 1839: 1834: 1829: 1824: 1819: 1814: 1809: 1804: 1799: 1794: 1792:Dutch Republic 1789: 1784: 1779: 1774: 1769: 1760: 1758:Roman Republic 1754: 1751: 1750: 1747: 1746: 1743: 1742: 1732: 1722: 1712: 1702: 1692: 1682: 1672: 1662: 1652: 1642: 1632: 1622: 1612: 1601: 1598: 1597: 1594: 1593: 1590: 1589: 1584: 1579: 1574: 1569: 1564: 1559: 1554: 1549: 1544: 1539: 1534: 1529: 1524: 1519: 1514: 1509: 1504: 1499: 1494: 1489: 1484: 1479: 1474: 1469: 1464: 1459: 1454: 1449: 1444: 1439: 1434: 1429: 1424: 1419: 1414: 1409: 1404: 1399: 1394: 1389: 1384: 1379: 1374: 1369: 1364: 1359: 1354: 1349: 1344: 1339: 1334: 1329: 1324: 1319: 1314: 1309: 1304: 1299: 1294: 1289: 1284: 1279: 1274: 1269: 1264: 1259: 1254: 1249: 1244: 1239: 1234: 1229: 1224: 1219: 1213: 1210: 1209: 1206: 1205: 1202: 1201: 1199:Wollstonecraft 1196: 1191: 1186: 1181: 1176: 1171: 1166: 1161: 1156: 1151: 1146: 1141: 1136: 1131: 1126: 1121: 1116: 1111: 1106: 1101: 1096: 1091: 1086: 1081: 1076: 1071: 1066: 1061: 1056: 1051: 1045: 1042: 1041: 1038: 1037: 1034: 1033: 1028: 1023: 1018: 1013: 1008: 1003: 998: 993: 988: 983: 978: 973: 968: 962: 959: 958: 955: 954: 951: 950: 945: 940: 935: 930: 925: 920: 915: 909: 906: 905: 902: 901: 898: 897: 892: 887: 882: 877: 872: 867: 862: 857: 852: 847: 842: 837: 832: 827: 822: 817: 812: 807: 801: 798: 797: 794: 793: 787: 786: 774: 773: 771: 770: 769: 768: 763: 751: 746: 741: 736: 731: 726: 721: 716: 711: 709:Aden Emergency 706: 701: 696: 694:Al-Waziri coup 690: 687: 686: 667: 666: 659: 652: 644: 635: 634: 632: 631: 626: 614: 613: 608: 606:1966 offensive 603: 598: 593: 588: 583: 577: 574: 573: 562: 561: 554: 547: 539: 531: 530: 526: 525: 504: 482: 481: 477: 476: 462:3,000 soldiers 449: 416: 415: 411: 410: 375:Hassan al-Amri 339: 267: 266: 262: 261: 217: 179:United Kingdom 123: 122: 118: 117: 114: 113: 112: 111: 108: 105: 102: 91: 87: 86: 83: 81: 77: 76: 71: 63: 62: 52: 51: 44: 43: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9842: 9831: 9828: 9826: 9823: 9821: 9818: 9816: 9813: 9811: 9808: 9806: 9803: 9801: 9798: 9796: 9793: 9791: 9788: 9786: 9783: 9781: 9778: 9776: 9773: 9772: 9770: 9755: 9747: 9746: 9743: 9737: 9734: 9732: 9729: 9727: 9724: 9722: 9719: 9717: 9714: 9712: 9709: 9707: 9704: 9702: 9699: 9697: 9694: 9692: 9689: 9687: 9686:Greater Yemen 9684: 9682: 9681:Greater Syria 9679: 9677: 9674: 9672: 9669: 9667: 9664: 9662: 9659: 9658: 9656: 9652: 9646: 9643: 9641: 9638: 9636: 9633: 9631: 9628: 9626: 9623: 9621: 9618: 9617: 9615: 9613: 9609: 9603: 9602: 9598: 9596: 9595: 9591: 9589: 9588: 9584: 9583: 9581: 9577: 9571: 9568: 9566: 9563: 9561: 9558: 9556: 9553: 9551: 9548: 9546: 9543: 9541: 9538: 9536: 9533: 9531: 9528: 9526: 9523: 9521: 9518: 9516: 9513: 9511: 9508: 9506: 9503: 9501: 9498: 9496: 9493: 9491: 9488: 9486: 9483: 9481: 9478: 9476: 9473: 9471: 9468: 9466: 9463: 9461: 9458: 9456: 9453: 9451: 9448: 9446: 9443: 9441: 9438: 9436: 9433: 9431: 9428: 9426: 9423: 9421: 9418: 9416: 9413: 9411: 9408: 9406: 9403: 9401: 9398: 9397: 9395: 9393: 9392:Organizations 9389: 9383: 9380: 9378: 9375: 9373: 9370: 9368: 9365: 9363: 9360: 9358: 9355: 9353: 9350: 9348: 9345: 9343: 9340: 9338: 9335: 9333: 9330: 9328: 9325: 9323: 9320: 9318: 9315: 9313: 9312:George Habash 9310: 9308: 9305: 9303: 9300: 9298: 9295: 9293: 9292:Izzat Darwaza 9290: 9288: 9285: 9283: 9280: 9278: 9275: 9273: 9270: 9268: 9265: 9263: 9260: 9258: 9255: 9253: 9250: 9248: 9245: 9243: 9240: 9238: 9235: 9233: 9230: 9228: 9227:Yasser Arafat 9225: 9223: 9220: 9218: 9215: 9213: 9210: 9209: 9207: 9205: 9204:Personalities 9201: 9195: 9192: 9190: 9187: 9185: 9182: 9180: 9179:Arab identity 9177: 9176: 9174: 9170: 9164: 9161: 9159: 9156: 9154: 9151: 9149: 9146: 9144: 9141: 9139: 9136: 9134: 9131: 9129: 9126: 9124: 9121: 9119: 9116: 9114: 9111: 9109: 9106: 9104: 9101: 9099: 9096: 9094: 9093:Arab Cold War 9091: 9089: 9086: 9084: 9081: 9079: 9076: 9074: 9071: 9069: 9066: 9064: 9061: 9057: 9054: 9052: 9049: 9047: 9044: 9042: 9039: 9037: 9034: 9033: 9032: 9029: 9027: 9024: 9022: 9019: 9017: 9014: 9010: 9007: 9006: 9005: 9002: 9000: 8997: 8993: 8990: 8989: 8988: 8985: 8983: 8980: 8979: 8977: 8973: 8967: 8964: 8962: 8959: 8957: 8954: 8952: 8949: 8947: 8944: 8943: 8941: 8937: 8933: 8926: 8921: 8919: 8914: 8912: 8907: 8906: 8903: 8891: 8889: 8882: 8876: 8875: 8871: 8869: 8868: 8864: 8862: 8861: 8857: 8855: 8852: 8851: 8849: 8845: 8837: 8836: 8835: 8830: 8829: 8828: 8827:Yemeni crisis 8825: 8823: 8822: 8818: 8816: 8815: 8811: 8809: 8806: 8804: 8801: 8797: 8796: 8792: 8791: 8790: 8789: 8788: 8783: 8779: 8778: 8774: 8772: 8771: 8767: 8766: 8765: 8762: 8760: 8757: 8756: 8754: 8750: 8744: 8741: 8739: 8736: 8732: 8729: 8728: 8727: 8726: 8722: 8720: 8717: 8715: 8712: 8710: 8709: 8705: 8703: 8702: 8698: 8697: 8695: 8691: 8685: 8682: 8680: 8677: 8675: 8672: 8670: 8669: 8665: 8663: 8660: 8658: 8655: 8653: 8650: 8648: 8645: 8643: 8642: 8638: 8637: 8635: 8631: 8625: 8622: 8620: 8617: 8615: 8612: 8610: 8607: 8605: 8602: 8600: 8597: 8593: 8592: 8588: 8587: 8586: 8583: 8581: 8578: 8576: 8575: 8574:Iran–Iraq War 8571: 8570: 8568: 8564: 8558: 8555: 8553: 8550: 8548: 8545: 8541: 8538: 8537: 8536: 8533: 8531: 8528: 8526: 8525:NDF Rebellion 8523: 8521: 8518: 8516: 8513: 8511: 8508: 8506: 8505: 8501: 8499: 8496: 8494: 8491: 8489: 8486: 8484: 8481: 8480: 8478: 8474: 8468: 8465: 8461: 8458: 8456: 8453: 8451: 8448: 8447: 8446: 8445: 8441: 8439: 8436: 8434: 8431: 8429: 8426: 8424: 8421: 8419: 8416: 8414: 8413: 8409: 8407: 8404: 8400: 8397: 8395: 8392: 8391: 8390: 8389: 8385: 8383: 8380: 8379: 8377: 8373: 8367: 8364: 8362: 8359: 8357: 8354: 8352: 8349: 8347: 8344: 8342: 8339: 8337: 8334: 8332: 8329: 8327: 8324: 8323: 8321: 8317: 8309: 8306: 8304: 8301: 8299: 8296: 8294: 8291: 8289: 8286: 8285: 8284: 8283: 8279: 8275: 8272: 8271: 8270: 8269: 8265: 8263: 8260: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8250: 8246: 8243: 8241: 8238: 8236: 8233: 8231: 8228: 8227: 8226: 8225: 8221: 8220: 8218: 8214: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8200: 8198: 8195: 8193: 8190: 8188: 8185: 8183: 8180: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8170: 8168: 8165: 8164: 8162: 8158: 8152: 8149: 8147: 8144: 8142: 8139: 8137: 8134: 8132: 8129: 8127: 8124: 8122: 8119: 8118: 8116: 8112: 8106: 8103: 8099: 8098:United States 8096: 8094: 8091: 8089: 8086: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8072: 8069: 8068: 8067: 8064: 8063: 8062: 8061: 8057: 8055: 8052: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8038: 8035: 8033: 8030: 8028: 8025: 8023: 8020: 8016: 8013: 8012: 8011: 8008: 8007: 8006: 8005: 8001: 7999: 7996: 7995: 7993: 7989: 7985: 7978: 7973: 7971: 7966: 7964: 7959: 7958: 7955: 7942: 7939: 7936: 7935:NDF Rebellion 7933: 7930: 7927: 7924: 7921: 7918: 7915: 7912: 7909: 7906: 7903: 7900: 7897: 7896: 7893: 7887: 7882: 7878: 7873: 7864: 7859: 7857: 7852: 7850: 7845: 7844: 7841: 7829: 7826: 7825: 7820: 7816: 7813: 7809: 7808: 7804: 7794: 7791: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7781: 7779: 7776: 7774: 7771: 7769: 7766: 7764: 7761: 7759: 7756: 7754: 7751: 7749: 7746: 7745: 7743: 7741: 7737: 7731: 7728: 7726: 7723: 7721: 7718: 7716: 7713: 7711: 7708: 7706: 7703: 7701: 7698: 7697: 7694: 7691: 7689: 7685: 7675: 7672: 7670: 7667: 7665: 7662: 7660: 7657: 7655: 7652: 7650: 7644: 7642: 7639: 7638: 7635: 7632: 7630: 7626: 7616: 7613: 7611: 7608: 7606: 7603: 7601: 7598: 7597: 7595: 7593: 7589: 7583: 7580: 7578: 7575: 7573: 7570: 7568: 7565: 7563: 7560: 7556: 7553: 7552: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7522: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7510: 7500: 7497: 7495: 7492: 7490: 7487: 7485: 7482: 7480: 7477: 7475: 7472: 7470: 7467: 7466: 7463: 7460: 7458: 7454: 7449: 7435: 7432: 7428: 7425: 7423: 7420: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7410: 7409: 7408: 7405: 7403: 7400: 7398: 7395: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7382: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7373: 7371: 7368: 7366: 7363: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7351: 7350: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7340:Alwaziri coup 7338: 7336: 7333: 7332: 7330: 7328: 7324: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7284: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7272: 7268: 7264: 7257: 7252: 7250: 7245: 7243: 7238: 7237: 7234: 7227: 7223: 7222: 7217: 7213: 7209: 7205: 7201: 7195: 7191: 7187: 7182: 7178: 7174: 7170: 7166: 7161: 7160: 7153: 7149: 7145: 7141: 7135: 7131: 7127: 7122: 7118: 7114: 7110: 7104: 7100: 7095: 7091: 7087: 7083: 7077: 7073: 7068: 7064: 7060: 7056: 7050: 7046: 7041: 7040: 7033: 7029: 7025: 7021: 7015: 7011: 7006: 7003: 6999: 6995: 6991: 6990: 6986: 6982: 6978: 6974: 6970: 6969: 6964: 6960: 6956: 6950: 6946: 6941: 6937: 6933: 6929: 6923: 6919: 6914: 6910: 6906: 6902: 6896: 6892: 6887: 6886: 6866: 6862: 6858: 6854: 6850: 6844: 6828: 6824: 6820: 6816: 6812: 6806: 6804: 6787: 6783: 6779: 6775: 6771: 6765: 6749: 6745: 6741: 6737: 6733: 6727: 6711: 6707: 6703: 6699: 6695: 6689: 6680: 6672: 6666: 6662: 6661: 6653: 6646: 6640: 6633: 6627: 6620: 6614: 6612: 6596:on 2012-05-27 6595: 6591: 6587: 6580: 6573: 6567: 6551: 6547: 6541: 6538:. iUniverse. 6537: 6536: 6528: 6522: 6519: 6513: 6511: 6503: 6497: 6488: 6481: 6475: 6468: 6462: 6455: 6449: 6443: 6440: 6434: 6432: 6430: 6414: 6410: 6404: 6400: 6399: 6391: 6382: 6366: 6362: 6358: 6351: 6349: 6347: 6337: 6328: 6319: 6310: 6308: 6306: 6289: 6285: 6281: 6277: 6273: 6267: 6258: 6256: 6246: 6230: 6226: 6222: 6218: 6214: 6208: 6206: 6196: 6187: 6171: 6167: 6163: 6159: 6155: 6149: 6147: 6137: 6121: 6117: 6113: 6109: 6105: 6099: 6090: 6074: 6070: 6066: 6062: 6058: 6052: 6036: 6032: 6028: 6024: 6020: 6014: 5998: 5994: 5990: 5986: 5982: 5976: 5960: 5956: 5952: 5948: 5944: 5938: 5922: 5918: 5914: 5910: 5906: 5900: 5891: 5882: 5873: 5864: 5855: 5846: 5830: 5826: 5822: 5816: 5814: 5804: 5795: 5779: 5775: 5771: 5767: 5763: 5757: 5741: 5737: 5733: 5729: 5725: 5719: 5703: 5699: 5695: 5691: 5687: 5681: 5665: 5661: 5657: 5653: 5649: 5643: 5641: 5631: 5615: 5611: 5607: 5603: 5599: 5593: 5584: 5582: 5565: 5561: 5557: 5553: 5549: 5543: 5541: 5539: 5529: 5520: 5504: 5500: 5496: 5492: 5488: 5482: 5473: 5464: 5462: 5452: 5443: 5434: 5425: 5416: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5384: 5378: 5369: 5360: 5351: 5342: 5333: 5324: 5308: 5304: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5286: 5284: 5274: 5272: 5262: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5230: 5224: 5208: 5204: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5186: 5170: 5166: 5162: 5158: 5155: 5149: 5147: 5137: 5135: 5125: 5123: 5113: 5111: 5101: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5069: 5063: 5061: 5051: 5042: 5033: 5031: 5014: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4992: 4983: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4945: 4943: 4941: 4939: 4937: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4898: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4860: 4858: 4856: 4846: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4808: 4806: 4796: 4787: 4778: 4769: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4731: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4693: 4691: 4689: 4672: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4650: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4612: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4574: 4572: 4570: 4560: 4545:on 2009-10-28 4544: 4540: 4536: 4530: 4528: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4497: 4495: 4487: 4481: 4472: 4466: 4452:on 2012-03-20 4448: 4441: 4435: 4426: 4417: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4387: 4378: 4369: 4360: 4345: 4341: 4335: 4326: 4324: 4308: 4302: 4298: 4293: 4292: 4283: 4281: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4249: 4247: 4245: 4243: 4241: 4239: 4237: 4235: 4233: 4231: 4229: 4227: 4225: 4223: 4221: 4219: 4217: 4215: 4213: 4211: 4209: 4207: 4205: 4203: 4201: 4199: 4197: 4195: 4193: 4185: 4179: 4177: 4175: 4173: 4171: 4169: 4167: 4159: 4153: 4151: 4149: 4147: 4145: 4143: 4141: 4139: 4134: 4121: 4115: 4106: 4101: 4092: 4088: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4070: 4068: 4065: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4045: 4043: 4040: 4039: 4035: 4024: 4017: 4015: 4006: 4001: 3988: 3985: 3984: 3983: 3975: 3966: 3964: 3949: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3918: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3855: 3850: 3846: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3831: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3800: 3795: 3786: 3782: 3773: 3770: 3764: 3762: 3758: 3753: 3752: 3746: 3744: 3740: 3735: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3719: 3717: 3713: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3660:According to 3658: 3656: 3646: 3637: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3608:from France, 3607: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3581: 3578: 3568: 3564: 3562: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3500: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3482: 3477: 3463: 3459: 3450: 3448: 3444: 3435: 3429:Final accords 3426: 3423: 3418: 3416: 3411: 3409: 3399: 3394: 3384: 3382: 3376: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3361: 3359: 3349: 3340: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3300: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3281: 3272: 3263: 3261: 3257: 3251: 3248: 3242: 3240: 3235: 3232: 3228: 3220: 3216: 3211: 3202: 3200: 3197: 3193: 3183: 3174: 3171: 3166: 3162: 3160: 3150: 3141: 3139: 3134: 3127: 3124: 3121: 3120: 3119: 3117: 3107: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3091: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3069: 3064: 3060: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3040: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3008: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2984: 2974: 2965: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2941: 2940:general staff 2938:The Egyptian 2933: 2929: 2924: 2915: 2908: 2905: 2902: 2901: 2900: 2897: 2895: 2886: 2883: 2882: 2881: 2879: 2878:Carl von Horn 2875: 2871: 2867: 2862: 2860: 2854: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2829: 2819: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2803: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2771: 2769: 2765: 2760: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2729: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2712: 2707: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2664: 2654: 2652: 2646: 2638: 2629: 2627: 2621: 2609: 2606: 2603: 2600: 2597: 2594: 2593: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2582: 2574: 2571: 2568: 2566: 2562: 2561: 2560: 2553: 2531: 2527: 2524: 2523:Bab-el-Mandeb 2520: 2516: 2512: 2509: 2505: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2483: 2480: 2476: 2475: 2474: 2471: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2410: 2401: 2399: 2394: 2390: 2384: 2382: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2360: 2356: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2325: 2317: 2303: 2301: 2298:". Historian 2297: 2292: 2289: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2274: 2271: 2266: 2264: 2261: 2256: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2225: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2204: 2203:King and Imam 2200: 2196: 2195: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2162: 2157: 2155: 2150: 2148: 2143: 2142: 2140: 2139: 2136: 2131: 2126: 2125: 2118: 2115: 2113: 2110: 2108: 2105: 2103: 2102: 2098: 2096: 2093: 2091: 2088: 2086: 2083: 2081: 2078: 2076: 2073: 2071: 2068: 2066: 2063: 2061: 2058: 2056: 2053: 2051: 2048: 2046: 2043: 2042: 2036: 2035: 2028: 2027:United States 2025: 2021: 2018: 2016: 2013: 2012: 2011: 2008: 2006: 2003: 2001: 1998: 1996: 1993: 1991: 1988: 1986: 1983: 1981: 1978: 1976: 1973: 1971: 1968: 1966: 1963: 1961: 1958: 1956: 1953: 1951: 1948: 1946: 1943: 1941: 1938: 1937: 1931: 1930: 1923: 1920: 1918: 1915: 1913: 1910: 1908: 1905: 1903: 1902:Metapolitefsi 1900: 1898: 1895: 1893: 1890: 1888: 1885: 1883: 1880: 1878: 1875: 1873: 1870: 1868: 1865: 1863: 1860: 1858: 1855: 1853: 1850: 1848: 1845: 1843: 1840: 1838: 1835: 1833: 1830: 1828: 1825: 1823: 1820: 1818: 1815: 1813: 1810: 1808: 1805: 1803: 1800: 1798: 1795: 1793: 1790: 1788: 1785: 1783: 1780: 1778: 1775: 1773: 1770: 1768: 1766: 1761: 1759: 1756: 1755: 1749: 1748: 1738: 1737: 1736:On Revolution 1733: 1728: 1727: 1723: 1718: 1717: 1713: 1708: 1707: 1706:Rights of Man 1703: 1698: 1697: 1693: 1688: 1687: 1683: 1678: 1677: 1673: 1668: 1667: 1663: 1658: 1657: 1653: 1648: 1647: 1643: 1638: 1637: 1633: 1628: 1627: 1623: 1618: 1617: 1616:De re publica 1613: 1608: 1607: 1603: 1602: 1596: 1595: 1588: 1585: 1583: 1580: 1578: 1575: 1573: 1570: 1568: 1565: 1563: 1560: 1558: 1555: 1553: 1550: 1548: 1545: 1543: 1540: 1538: 1535: 1533: 1530: 1528: 1525: 1523: 1520: 1518: 1515: 1513: 1510: 1508: 1505: 1503: 1500: 1498: 1495: 1493: 1490: 1488: 1485: 1483: 1480: 1478: 1475: 1473: 1470: 1468: 1465: 1463: 1460: 1458: 1455: 1453: 1450: 1448: 1445: 1443: 1440: 1438: 1435: 1433: 1430: 1428: 1425: 1423: 1422:Jones (Lynne) 1420: 1418: 1415: 1413: 1410: 1408: 1405: 1403: 1400: 1398: 1395: 1393: 1390: 1388: 1385: 1383: 1380: 1378: 1375: 1373: 1370: 1368: 1365: 1363: 1360: 1358: 1355: 1353: 1350: 1348: 1345: 1343: 1340: 1338: 1335: 1333: 1330: 1328: 1325: 1323: 1320: 1318: 1315: 1313: 1310: 1308: 1305: 1303: 1300: 1298: 1295: 1293: 1290: 1288: 1285: 1283: 1280: 1278: 1275: 1273: 1270: 1268: 1265: 1263: 1260: 1258: 1255: 1253: 1250: 1248: 1245: 1243: 1240: 1238: 1235: 1233: 1230: 1228: 1225: 1223: 1220: 1218: 1217:Adams (Gerry) 1215: 1214: 1208: 1207: 1200: 1197: 1195: 1192: 1190: 1187: 1185: 1182: 1180: 1177: 1175: 1172: 1170: 1167: 1165: 1162: 1160: 1157: 1155: 1152: 1150: 1147: 1145: 1142: 1140: 1137: 1135: 1132: 1130: 1127: 1125: 1122: 1120: 1117: 1115: 1112: 1110: 1107: 1105: 1102: 1100: 1097: 1095: 1092: 1090: 1087: 1085: 1082: 1080: 1077: 1075: 1072: 1070: 1067: 1065: 1062: 1060: 1057: 1055: 1052: 1050: 1047: 1046: 1040: 1039: 1032: 1029: 1027: 1024: 1022: 1019: 1017: 1016:Revolutionary 1014: 1012: 1009: 1007: 1006:Parliamentary 1004: 1002: 999: 997: 994: 992: 989: 987: 984: 982: 979: 977: 974: 972: 969: 967: 964: 963: 957: 956: 949: 946: 944: 941: 939: 936: 934: 931: 929: 926: 924: 921: 919: 916: 914: 911: 910: 904: 903: 896: 893: 891: 888: 886: 883: 881: 878: 876: 873: 871: 868: 866: 863: 861: 858: 856: 853: 851: 848: 846: 843: 841: 838: 836: 833: 831: 828: 826: 823: 821: 818: 816: 815:Civil society 813: 811: 808: 806: 803: 802: 796: 795: 792: 791:Republicanism 789: 788: 785: 781: 780: 767: 764: 762: 759: 758: 757: 756: 755:Yemeni crisis 752: 750: 747: 745: 742: 740: 737: 735: 732: 730: 727: 725: 722: 720: 719:NDF Rebellion 717: 715: 712: 710: 707: 705: 702: 700: 697: 695: 692: 691: 688: 683: 680: 675: 665: 660: 658: 653: 651: 646: 645: 642: 630: 627: 625: 622: 621: 620: 618: 612: 609: 607: 604: 602: 599: 597: 594: 592: 589: 587: 584: 582: 579: 578: 575: 570: 560: 555: 553: 548: 546: 541: 540: 537: 527: 515: 505: 494: 484: 483: 478: 466: 453: 450: 445: 421: 418: 417: 412: 409: 398: 387: 376: 364: 352: 351: 340: 338: 327: 316: 304: 292: 281: 280: 269: 268: 263: 260: 248: 247:Supported by: 243: 231: 230: 218: 216: 204: 192: 180: 166: 153: 152:Supported by: 149: 137: 136: 125: 124: 119: 109: 106: 103: 100: 99: 98: 96: 92: 89: 88: 82: 79: 78: 72: 69: 68: 64: 58: 53: 50: 49:Arab Cold War 45: 40: 37: 33: 19: 9721:Pan-Islamism 9599: 9592: 9585: 9485:Ba'ath Party 9362:Ameen Rihani 9222:Jassem Alwan 9217:Michel Aflaq 9097: 9073:Algerian War 8999:Iraqi Revolt 8885: 8872: 8865: 8858: 8832: 8831: 8819: 8812: 8793: 8785: 8784: 8775: 8768: 8723: 8706: 8699: 8667: 8639: 8589: 8572: 8502: 8442: 8411: 8410: 8386: 8280: 8266: 8224:World War II 8222: 8058: 8002: 7922: 7877:List of wars 7758:Coat of arms 7700:Demographics 7550:Human rights 7535:Constitution 7484:Governorates 7344: 7225: 7185: 7158: 7125: 7098: 7071: 7045:7–13, 39, 40 7038: 7009: 6993: 6944: 6917: 6890: 6883:Bibliography 6869:. 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King 2626:Hodeida 2537:History 2521:to the 2515:Red Sea 2503:in 1958 2493:Algeria 2438:British 2296:Vietnam 2241:Britain 1980:Morocco 1970:Jamaica 1965:Ireland 1950:Bahamas 1752:History 1572:Taverne 1547:Skinner 1527:Ritchie 1472:Madison 1452:Lincoln 1402:Jackson 1392:Huppert 1387:Hopkins 1312:Fabiani 1272:Chapman 1257:Bolívar 1247:Bennett 1237:Bartley 1227:Atatürk 1139:Mazzini 1134:Madison 1064:Bentham 1054:Baggini 1021:Secular 1001:Islamic 986:Federal 923:Federal 907:Schools 586:Ramadan 514:Unknown 493:Unknown 7943:(1979) 7931:(1972) 7913:(1934) 7901:(1931) 7753:Cinema 7748:Anthem 7715:Health 7705:Tribes 7654:Mining 7641:Energy 7499:Rivers 7474:Cities 7327:Modern 7302:Himyar 7265: 7214: 7206: 7196: 7177:443591 7175: 7167: 7146: 7136: 7115: 7105: 7088: 7078: 7061: 7051: 7026: 7016: 7000: 6983: 6975: 6961: 6951: 6934: 6924: 6907: 6897: 6859: 6821: 6780: 6742: 6704: 6667: 6542: 6405: 6282: 6223: 6164: 6114: 6067: 6029: 5991: 5953: 5915: 5772: 5734: 5696: 5658: 5608: 5558: 5497: 5393: 5301: 5239: 5201: 5163: 5078: 5007: 4960: 4913: 4875: 4823: 4746: 4708: 4665: 4627: 4589: 4303: 4105:Arabic 3995:Haradh 3969:Jeddah 3963:Khamir 3957:Khamir 3938:Riyadh 3922:Najran 3907:Moscow 3874:MiG-17 3870:MiG-15 3866:Yak-11 3705:, and 3699:Mossad 3686:Mossad 3624:, and 3618:Malaya 3602:Hajjah 3528:Beijan 3408:dinars 3308:Geneva 3285:napalm 3199:Sunnis 3104:Erkwit 3096:Jihana 3075:Haradh 3068:Haradh 3057:Hajjah 2988:Beihan 2945:Tihama 2932:Haradh 2859:Beirut 2833:, the 2808:Najran 2788:Turkey 2745:Jeddah 2741:Riyadh 2682:, and 2676:London 2651:Khobar 2525:strait 2341:revolt 2284:. 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