North Yemen civil war

3954:, 50 miles north of San'a, to achieve "the one thing which we all prize over anything else: peace for the nation". To convince al-Badr to come the conference, Noman announced that he personally would head the republican delegation at Khamir, and that Sallal would stay in San'a. Al-Badr and his ranking chiefs did not attend the conference, but a handful of pro-royalist sheiks were present. The conference named a committee of five tribal and four religious leaders who were charged with seeking out the "beguiled brothers", al-Badr and his friends. Noman's effort, including a private promise to reach a withdrawal of Egyptian troops, was backed by Nasser. Radio Cairo hailed the Khamir conference as the "dawn of a new era". Sallal called the talks "a complete success", while al-Badr stated that "It is essential that the conflict which has devastated our beloved country be brought to an end by peaceful negotiations between the Yemeni people themselves." However, by early June, when Noman said that Egypt's 50,000 troops would have to be replaced by a joint royalist-republican peace force, the Nasserites lost interest in the deal. After Noman flew to Cairo to protest directly to Nasser, Sallal threw seven civilian cabinet ministers into jail. Noman resigned, saying "It is obvious that Sallal and his cronies are more interested in war than peace". Sallal soon named a new cabinet to replace Noman's, with thirteen military men and two civilians. 3406:, Ahmed Noman, and Mohamed Ali Uthman. The pime minister was Mohsin al-Aini. Noman, however, remained in Beirut. He was doubtful of his colleagues' reluctance to negotiate with the Hamidaddin family, preferring to expel them instead. On November 23, he resigned, and was replaced by Hassan Amri. Prince Mohamed bin Hussein told the country's chiefs "We have money, and you will have your share if you join us. If not, we will go on without you". The chiefs agreed to mobilize their tribes. Six-thousand royalist regulars and 50,000 armed tribesmen known as "the Fighting Rifles" surrounded San'a, captured its main airport, and severed the highway to the port of Hodeida, a main route for Russian supplies. In a battle 12 miles east of the capital, 3,200 soldiers from both sides were killed, and an entire republican regiment reportedly deserted to the royalists. Bin Hussein gave them an ultimatum: "Surrender the city or be annihilated". Iryani went to Cairo for what the Egyptian official press agency called "a medical checkup". Foreign Minister Hassan Makki also left Yemen, leaving Amri in charge of the government. Amri declared a 6 p.m. curfew and ordered civilians to form militia units "to defend the republic". In Liberation Square, six suspected royalist infiltrators were publicly executed by a firing squad, and their bodies were later strung up on poles. 3179:

request, Nasser provided him with ammunition and troop reinforcements by transport plane from Cairo. By August, the royalists had seven "armies", each varying in strength between 3,000 and 10,000 men, with a total somewhere between 40,000 and 60,000. There were also five or six times as many armed royal tribesmen, and the regular force under Prince Mohamed. In early June, they moved into Sirwah in eastern Yemen. On June 14, they entered Qaflan and, on July 16, they occupied Marib. According to official Egyptian army figures, 15,194 of their troops had died. The war was costing Egypt $ 500,000 a day. The royalists had lost an estimated 40,000 dead. In late August, Nasser decided to get the Soviets more involved in the conflict. He convinced them to cancel a $ 500 million debt he had incurred and provide military aid to the republicans. In early May, Sallal fired his premier, General Hassan Amri, and appointed Ahmed Noman in his place. Noman was considered a moderate who believed in compromise. He had resigned as president of the republican Consultative Council in December in protest against Sallal's "failure to fulfill the people's aspirations". Noman's first act was to name a new 15-man Cabinet, maintaining an even balance between Yemen's two main tribal groupings, the

3129:, the royalists and republicans declared a ceasefire effective at 1:00 p.m. on Monday, November 8. Tribesmen of both sides celebrated the decision until that day, and for two days after it went into effect, they fraternized in several locations. On November 2 and 3, nine royalists and nine republicans, with a Saudi and an Egyptian observer, worked out the terms. A conference of 168 tribal leaders was planned for November 23. For the royalists, the conference was to become an embryonic national assembly that would name a provisional national executive of two royalists, two republicans and one neutral to administer the country provisionally and to plan a plebiscite. Until that plebiscite, which would decide whether Yemen would be a monarchy or a republic, both Sallal and al-Badr were to step aside. At the end of the two days, the Egyptians resumed their bombing of royalist positions. The conference was planned for November 23, postponed to the 30th, and then postponed indefinitely. The republicans blamed the royalists for not arriving, while the royalists blamed the Egyptian bombings. 3154:

help of the Nahm tribe, who tricked the Egyptians into believing that they were their allies and would take care of the mountain pass, known as Wadi Humaidat, themselves. The royalist deal was that the Nahm would be entitled to loot the ambushed Egyptians. The Egyptians may have suspected something was up, as they sent a reconnaissance aircraft over the area a day before the attack. The royalists occupied two mountains known as Asfar and Ahmar and installed 75-mm guns and mortars overlooking the wadi. On April 15, the day after the last Egyptian convoy went through, the royalists launched a surprise attack. Both forces numbered at only a few thousand. The guns positioned on Asfar and Ahmar opened fire, and then the Nahm came out from behind the rocks. Finally, Prince Mohamed's troops followed. This time, the royalists' operation was fully coordinated by radio. Some of the Egyptians surrendered without resistance, others fled to Harah 800 yards to the north. Both sides brought reinforcements and the battle shifted between Harf and Hazm.

2609:

car to Sallal's house and invited him to the headquarters, where he asked him to join the revolution. Sallal agreed on condition that he would become president. Moghny agreed. The coup d'état was carried out with thirteen tanks from the Badr Brigade, six armored cars, two mobile artillery cannons, and two anti-air guns. Command and control of the forces loyal to the coup took place at the Military Academy. A unit of revolutionary officers accompanied by tanks headed towards Al-Bashaer Palace. By megaphone, they voiced an appeal to the imamate guard for tribal solidarity and to surrender Muhammad al-Badr, who would be sent peacefully into exile. The imamate guard refused to surrender and opened fire, prompting the revolutionary leaders to respond with tank and artillery shells. The rebels planned to deploy tanks and artillery in the coup.

2344:, succeed him. Thalaya refused, preferring the king's half-brother, the Emir Saif el Islam Abdullah, the 48-year-old foreign minister. While Abdullah began forming a new government, Ahmad opened the country's coffers and secretly began buying off the Thalaya's soldiers. After five days, the number of soldiers besieging the palace was reduced from 600 to 40. Ahmad then came out of the palace, wearing a devil's mask and wielding a long scimitar, terrifying the besiegers. He slashed two sentries dead before exchanging the sword for a sub-machine gun and leading his 150 guards onto the roof of the palace to begin a direct attack on the rebels. After 28 hours, 23 rebels and 1 palace guard were dead, and Thalaya gave up. Abdullah was later reported executed, and Thalaya was publicly decapitated. 3349:, Nasser recalled 15,000 of his troops from Yemen. Egypt imposed higher taxes on its middle and upper classes, raised workers' compulsory monthly savings by 50%, reduced overtime pay, cut the sugar ration by a third, and curtailed practically all major industrial programs. Only military expenditures were increased, going from $ 140 million to an estimated $ 1 billion. Nasser also increased the price of beer, cigarettes, long-distance bus and railroad fares, and movie tickets. Egypt was losing $ 5,000,000 a week in revenues from closing the Suez Canal, on the other side of which the Israelis were sitting on the Sinai wells that had produced half of Egypt's oil supply. Egypt's hard-currency debt was now approaching $ 1.5 billion and its foreign-exchange reserves were down to $ 100 million. 3364:, proposed that Egypt and Saudi Arabia revive their Jeddah Agreement of 1965. Faisal expressed satisfaction with Nasser's offer, and al-Badr promised to send his troops to fight with Egypt against Israel, if Nasser lived up to the Jeddah agreement Nasser and Faisal signed a treaty under which Nasser would pull out his 20,000 troops from Yemen, Faisal would stop sending arms to al-Badr, and three neutral Arab states would send in observers. Sallal accused Nasser of betrayal. Nasser unfroze more than $ 100 million of Saudi assets in Egypt, and Faisal denationalized two Egyptian-owned banks that he had taken over earlier that year. Saudi Arabia, Libya, and Kuwait agreed to provide Egypt with an annual subsidy of $ 266 million, out of which $ 154 million was to be paid by Saudi Arabia. 3083:

the parachutists made their way back to Sadah, suffering losses from snipers on the way. Al-Badr had sent radio messages and summonses by runner in all directions calling for reinforcement. He asked reserve forces training in the Jawf to arrive in trucks mounting 55- and 57-millimeter cannon and 81 millimeter mortars and heavy machine guns. They arrived within 48 hours, in time to face the attackers. They outflanked the Egyptian columns, still stuck in mud in the ravines. They later announced they had knocked out 10 of the Egyptian tanks and about half of their armored cars, and claimed to have shot down an Ilyushin bomber. The royalists also carried out two supporting movements. One was a raid on

3734:'s parliamentary question on May 14, 1964, having, according to Hart-Davis "to skate across thin ice", by saying "Our policy towards the Yemen is one of non-intervention in the affairs of that country. It is not therefore our policy to supply arms to the Royalists in the Yemen, and the Yemen Government have not requested these or other forms of aid." To an addition question by George Wigg, Douglas-Home said that "at no time in the last eighteen months have British arms been supplied to the Imam's Government". Hart-Davis notes that this "may have been strictly true; but ... a great many weapons of non-British provenance had been spirited into the Yemen through Jim Johnson's machinations". 509: 460: 392: 226: 2709:, Hussein, and Sallal. His plan was that Nasser's troops should withdraw from Yemen while Saudi Arabia and Jordan halted their aid to the imam. Nasser agreed to pull out his forces only after Jordan and Saudi Arabia "stop all aggressive operations on the frontiers". Faisal and Hussein rejected Kennedy's plan, since it would involve US recognition of the "rebels". They insisted that the US should withhold recognition of Sallal's Presidency because the imam might still regain control of Yemen, and that Nasser had no intention of pulling out. The Saudis argued that Nasser wanted their oil fields and was hoping to use Yemen as a springboard for revolt in the rest of the 3230:, 1966, Nasser said the war was entering a new phase. He launched what he called a "long-breath strategy". The plan was to pare the army down from 70,000 men to 40,000, withdraw from exposed positions in eastern and northern Yemen, and tighten the hold on particular parts of Yemen: the Red Sea coastline; a northern boundary that takes in the well-fortified town of Hajja and Sanaa; and the border with the South Arabian Federation, which was to become independent in 1968. Nasser insisted that attacks on Najran, Qizan and other "bases of aggression" would continue, arguing that "these were originally Yemeni towns, which the Saudis usurped in 1930". 3243:

tribal affairs, and Colonel Hadi Issa, former deputy chief of staff of the armed forces. Sallal accused Ruwainy and Issa of organizing a "subversive network seeking to plunge the country into terrorism and panic" and planning a campaign of assassination, financed by Saudi Arabia, Britain, Israel and the US. Ruwainy, Issa, and five others were executed, while eight others received prison sentences ranging from five years to life. In February 1967, Nasser vowed to "stay in Yemen 20 years if necessary", while Prince Hussein bin Ahmed said "We are prepared to fight for 50 years to keep Nasser out, just as we did the Ottoman Turks".

3368:

and had refused to recognize the committee of Arab leaders appointed at Khartoum to arrange peace terms. He also fired his entire cabinet and formed a new one, installing three army men in key ministries, and took over the army ministry and the foreign ministry for himself. Meanwhile, Nasser announced the release of three republican leaders—Qadi Abdul Rahman Iryani, Ahmed Noman and General Amri—who had been held prisoner in Egypt for over a year, and who were in favor of peace with the royalists. When Sallal met with Nasser in Cairo in early November, Nasser advised him to resign and go into exile. Sallal refused and went to

3770:

monarchists was quickly countered by the Egyptian aid to the Republicans, rapidly spiraling the country into a full-scale war, as the Republicans called for general mobilization and the Egyptians dispatched their troops. On November 4, with the war expanding across North Yemen, Mecca Radio reported Egyptian air force attacks on Saudi villages. The same day, a military alliance between Saudi Arabia and Jordan became widely known. Following the Egyptian raids on Saudi Arabia and the official Joint Defense Pact formed between Egypt and the Republicans, the Saudis decided to launch attacks on the Republicans in North Yemen.

7861: 488: 321: 131: 3048:. In two days, the attackers advanced about 12 miles (19 km), before being repelled by a counter-attack. The royalists admitted about 250 casualties. Next, the Egyptians attacked Sudah, about 100 miles (160 km) north-west of San'a. They leveraged the unpopularity of the local royalist commander to bribe several local sheiks and occupied the town unopposed. After a month, the sheiks sent delegations to al-Badr soliciting pardons and asking for guns and money with which to fight the Egyptians. Al-Badr sent new forces and managed to regain the surroundings of Sudah, though not the town itself. 2613:

to open the storage facility, beat the royalists, and secure rifles, artillery, and ammunition for the revolutionaries. The telephone exchange likewise fell without any resistance. At the Al-Wusul Palace, revolutionary units remained secure under the guise of granting and protecting diplomats and dignitaries staying there to greet the new imam of Yemen. By late morning on September 26, all areas of San'a were secure and the radio broadcast that Muhammad al-Badr had been overthrown by the new revolutionary government in power. Revolutionary cells in the cities of Taiz, Al-Hujja and the port city of

3634: 477: 424: 415: 310: 299: 287: 275: 263: 119: 2634:

Sallal had to defeat a fellow revolutionary, Al-Baidani, an intellectual who had a doctorate degree, who did not share Nasser's vision. On September 28, there were radio broadcasts announcing al-Badr's death. Sallal gathered tribesmen in San'a and proclaimed: "The corrupt monarchy which ruled for a thousand years was a disgrace to the Arab nation and to all humanity. Anyone who tries to restore it is an enemy of God and man!" By then, he had learned that al-Badr was still alive and had made his way to Saudi Arabia.

186: 2885:, told him that the Saudis would not accept any attempt by Egypt to leave security forces after its withdrawal. Saudi Arabia had already been cutting back on its support to the royalists, in part because Egypt's projected plan for unity with Syria and Iraq made Nasser seem too dangerous. By that time, the war was costing Egypt $ 1,000,000 a day and nearly 5,000 casualties. Although promising to remove its troops, Egypt had the privilege of leaving an unspecified number for "training" Yemen's republican army. 2572:, Abdul Wahad, and al-Badr himself. The day after Ahmad's death, al-Badr's minister in London, Ahmad al Shami, sent him a telegram urging him not to go to San'a to attend his father's funeral because several Egyptian officers, as well as some of his own, were plotting against him. Al-Badr's private secretary did not pass this message to him, pretending he did not understand the code. Al-Badr may have been saved by the gathering of thousands of men at the funeral; he learned of the telegram only later. 433: 3989: 3465: 242: 3337: 3387: 3199: 162: 2724:, reported that the republican regime was in full control of the country, except in some border areas. However, the British government was insisting on the strength of the imam's tribal support. A letter, which was kept confidential until January 1963, from President Kennedy to Faisal dated October 25, stated: "You may be assured of full US support for the maintenance of Saudi Arabian integrity". American jet aircraft twice staged shows of force in Saudi Arabia. The first involved six 3091:, to bombard San'a from a nearby mountain peak. Other diversionary operations included raids on Egyptian aircraft and tanks at the south airport of San'a, and a mortar at the Egyptian and republican residence in a suburb of Taiz. Although the Egyptians managed to drive al-Badr out of his headquarters to a cave on Jabal Shedah mountain, they could not close the Saudi border. They declared victory on the radio and in the press, but were obliged to agree to a ceasefire in the upcoming 7875: 3783: 3052: 3569:

Shia, like the imam, while the coastal Yemenis and the southern Yemenis were Sunni, as were most Egyptians. President Sallal was himself a mountain Shia fighting with lowland Sunnis. Al-Badr was convinced that he was Nasser's biggest target, saying "Now I'm getting my reward for befriending Nasser. We were brothers, but when I refused to become his stooge, he used Sallal against me. I will never stop fighting. I will never go into exile. Win or lose, my grave will be here".

3556: 2398: 2119: 498: 447: 381: 370: 359: 347: 334: 212: 3963: 2962: 9739: 3838: 7437: 3414:

aircraft piloted by Russians or Yemenis who passed a crash course in the Soviet Union. The city could still feed itself from the countryside immediately surrounding the area. Between 4,000 and 5,000 royalists suffered from republican air power, but had the advantage of high ground. However, they did not have enough ammunition, as the Saudis had halted arms deliveries after the Khartoum agreement and stopped financing the royalists after December.

198: 3646:, which complicated British relations with many global and regional players, as well as with the rulers of South Arabia themselves. The British involvement was executed mainly via the British Mercenary Organization (BMO), which was capable to stage its own covert operations, independent of London and away from the view of their sponsor Saudi Arabia. The BMO was specifically formed to train and support the royalists on the course of the war. 3423: 3284:, suggested in an interview that Nasser would not hesitate to use gas against Israel as well. There were no reports of gas during 1964, and only a few reports in 1965. The reports grew more frequent in late 1966. On December 11, 1966, 15 gas bombs killed 2 people and injured 35. On January 5, 1967, the biggest gas attack came against the village of Kitaf, causing 270 casualties, including 140 fatalities. The target may have been Prince 3171: 174: 148: 4017: 3260: 3162:

Egyptian airfield west of Sadah. Fifty Egyptians surrendered at Mutanah, near Humaidat. They were eventually allowed to evacuate to San'a with their weapons. Mohamed's policy was to keep officers as prisoners for exchange, and to allow soldiers to go in return for their weapons. Three- to five-thousand Egyptian troops in garrisons on the eastern slopes of the mountains and in the desert now had to be supplied entirely by air.

2576:

immediate action, and drive Sallal and Moghny into a single conspiracy. Sallal got permission from the imam to bring in the armed forces. Then, Wahad went to Moghny, and told him that al-Badr had somehow discovered the plot, and that he must act immediately before the other officers were arrested. He told Moghny that if he could hold San'a, the radio, and the airport for three days, the whole of Europe would recognize him.

2541: 46: 2305: 2912: 3138: 2348: 2313: 3438:. The royalists remained active until 1970. Talks between the two sides commenced while the fighting went on. The foreign minister, Hassan Makki, said "Better years of talk than a day of fighting". In 1970, Saudi Arabia recognized the Republic, and a ceasefire was effected. The Saudis gave the republic a grant of $ 20 million, which was later repeated intermittently, and Yemeni sheikhs received Saudi stipends. 3971:

normally displayed to celebrate a visiting dignitary were omitted, the sidewalks were cleared of people, and the car was a special bulletproof model. On the evening of his arrival, Nasser was welcomed at a banquet and reception for 700 guests. In less than 48 hours, they reached full agreement. Once the agreement was signed, Faisal embraced Nasser and kissed him on both cheeks. The agreement provided for:

3451:

By the end of the war, there was a breach between the older and more liberal politicians and republican sheiks, and certain army sheiks and activists from South Yemen. In the summer of 1972, a border war broke out and ended with a declaration from both North Yemen and South Yemen that they would reunite, but they did not. There were complaints in North Yemen about foreign influence by Saudi Arabia.

3150:, then Khairath, where it branched off north-eastwards to Harf. From Harf, the line turned due south to Farah, and then South-eastwards to Humaidat, Mutamah, and Hazm. From Hazm it led south-eastwards to Marib and Harib. A military convoy went over this route twice a month. Since the royalists had closed the direct route across the mountains from San'a to Marib, the Egyptians had no alternative. 3807:

1962. Two months later, Egypt had 15,000 regular troops deployed. By late 1963, deployment had increased to 36,000; and in late 1964, there were 50,000 Egyptian troops in Yemen. In late 1965, the Egyptian troop commitment in Yemen was at 55,000 troops, which were broken into 13 infantry regiments of 1 artillery division, 1 tank division and several Special Forces as well as paratroop regiments.

2443:, that he had engaged Nasser on the subject of supporting the coup in Yemen. Heikal argued that Sallal's revolution could not absorb the massive number of Egyptian personnel who would arrive in Yemen to prop up his regime, and that it would be wise to consider sending Arab nationalist volunteers from throughout the Middle East to fight alongside the republican Yemeni forces, suggesting the 2940:. It was designed to attack royalist ground formations and substitute the lack of Egyptian ground formations with high-tech air power. In combination with Egyptian air strikes, a second operational phase involved securing major routes leading to San'a, and from there securing key towns and hamlets. The largest offensive based on this operational tactic was the March 1963 " 4251: 3000:

caravans from Beihan would swing into the Rub al-Khali and enter Yemen north of Marib. It was also decided that the royalists must now strengthen their operations west of the mountains with three "armies". By the end of April, they began to recover and were contending to regain some of the positions the Egyptians had taken in the

2372:". He ordered the decapitation of one of his subjects and the amputation of the left hand and right foot of 15 others as punishment for the murder of a high official the previous June. Al-Badr was only rebuked for his leniency, but the Yemeni radio stopped broadcasting army officers' speeches, and talks of reforms were silenced. 3288:, who had installed his headquarters nearby. The Egyptian government denied using poison gas, claiming that Britain and the US were using the reports as psychological warfare against Egypt. On February 12, 1967, Egypt said it would welcome a UN investigation. On March 1, U Thant said he was "powerless" to deal with the matter. 4175:. Vol. 1 (2002): p. 977. "Egypt immediately began sending military supplies and troops to assist the Republicans... On the royalist side Jordan and Saudi Arabia were furnishing military aid, and Britain lent diplomatic support. In addition to Egyptian aid, the Soviet Union supplied 24 MiG-19s to the republicans." 4243: 3642:

United Kingdom, linked to the realization of oil assets in the Middle East. The means to secure this presence however involved a bitter argument within the British government, with no coherency in decision making on the Yemen issue. The British objective was mainly keeping the Aden base via cooperation with the

3826:, which caused a real problem in the first months of the war. Commanders had difficulty planning military operations effectively or sending back routine and casualty reports without accurate coordinates. Field units were given maps that were only useful for aerial navigation. Chief of Egyptian Intelligence 2842:. The idea behind what became known as "Operation Hard-surface" was to trade American protection (or the appearance of it) for a Saudi commitment to halt aid to the royalists, on the basis of which the Americans would get Nasser to withdraw his troops. The operation would consist of "eight little planes". 3446:

By 1971, both Egypt and Saudi Arabia had disengaged from Yemen. South Yemen formed a connection with the Soviet Union. In September 1971, Amri resigned after murdering a photographer in San'a, and more power was given to Iryani, the effective president. By then, the royalists were integrated into the

3242:

In October, Sallal's palace in Sanaa was attacked with a bazooka, and insurgents began targeting an Egyptian army camp outside the city and setting fire to Egyptian installations, killing a reported 70 Egyptian troops. Sallal arrested about 140 suspects, including Mohamed Ruwainy, the ex-minister for

2845:

Bunker arrived in Riyadh on March 6. Faisal refused Bunker's offer, which was also hitched to pledges of reform. The original instructions for Operation Hard-surface were that American planes would "attack and destroy" any intruders over Saudi air space, but were later changed to read that the Saudis

2612:

The battle at the palace continued until guards surrendered to the revolutionaries the following morning. The radio station was first to fall, secured after a loyalist officer was killed and resistance collapsed. The armory was perhaps the easiest target, as a written order from Sallal was sufficient

2375:

In June 1961, Ahmad was still recovering from an assassination attempted four months prior, and moved out of the capital, Taiz, into the pleasure palace of Sala. Defense and foreign minister, Badr became acting prime minister and interior minister. Despite being crown prince, al-Badr still needed the

2367:

for treatment of his arthritis, rheumatism, heart trouble and, reportedly, drug addiction. Fights erupted between tribal chieftains, and al-Badr unsuccessfully tried to buy off the dissidents by promising "reforms", including the appointment of a representative council, more army pay, and promotions.

4000:

On November 23, the two sides met in Haradh. The first issue was the name of the transition state that was supposed to exist until a plebiscite could be held the following year. The royalists wanted the name "Kingdom of Yemen" but were willing to settle for a neutral title like "State of Yemen". The

3769:

Saudis and Jordanians provided an active support to the royalists through the first years of war. The September 1962 coup d'état in Yemen was perceived a threat to the monarchies in both Saudi Arabia and Jordan, prompting shipments of weapons to the royalists, beginning October 1. The support to the

3760:

in which he "decreed that the United Kingdom should 'make life intolerable' for Nasser, 'with money and arms', and that this 'should be deniable if possible'". The result was that a secret Joint Action Committee was created to handle British policy on Yemen. The British support continued until 1965,

3710:

According to Hart-Davis, the Israelis had systematically concealed the source of the weapons delivered by the mercenaries, brazing out all the serial numbers, using Italian parachutes, and even ensuring that the packaging consisted of wood-shavings from Cyprus. The contracted aircraft flew along the

3367:

Sallal's popularity among his troops declined and, after two bazooka attacks on his home by disaffected soldiers, he took Egyptian guards. He ordered the execution of his security chief, Colonel Abdel Kader Khatari, after Khatari's police fired into a mob attacking an Egyptian command post in San'a,

3238:

counseled Nasser not to risk a stoppage of the U.S. Food for Peace program because Russia could not afford to pay the bill. The Soviets were also willing to aid Nasser with arms and equipment in Yemen, but feared that a widening of the conflict to Saudi Arabia would lead to a "hot war" confrontation

3222:

raised Egypt's income tax, added a "defense tax" on all sales, and boosted tariffs on nonessential imports. He also hiked the cost of luxury goods by 25% and set low price ceilings on most foodstuffs. He sent 400 plainclothesmen to Cairo to arrest 150 shopkeepers for price violations. In March 1966,

3145:

Between December 1964 and February 1965, the royalists discerned four Egyptian attempts to drive directly into the Razih mountains. The intensity of these thrusts gradually diminished, and it was estimated that the Egyptians lost 1,000 men who were killed, wounded, and taken prisoner. Meanwhile, the

3082:

Meanwhile, the Egyptians had planned a coordinated drive from Sadah to the southwest, below the Razih mountains, hoping to link up with the force coming from Haradh. They were counting on a local sheik, whose forces were to supposed to join 250 Egyptian parachutists. The sheik failed to deliver, and

3806:

was convinced that a regiment reinforced with aircraft could firmly secure Al-Sallal and his free officer movement, but within three months of sending troops to Yemen, Nasser realized that this would require a larger commitment than anticipated. A little fewer than 5,000 troops were sent in October

3755:

However, the British Government was able to continue denying any knowledge of mercenary activity. On July 21, 1964, Douglas-Home replied to a parliamentary question by saying "Both the present High Commissioner and his predecessor have assured us that they were not aware that the person in question

3450:

After the war, the tribes were better represented in the republican government. In 1969, sheikhs were brought into the National Assembly and, in 1971, into the Consultative Council. Under Iryani, the sheikhs, particularly the ones who fought for the republicans, were close to the mediation attempt.

3153:

The objective of the royalists under the command of Prince Mohamed was to cut the Egyptians' line and force them to withdraw. They intended to take over the garrisons along this line and establish positions from which they could interdict the Egyptian movement. They had prepared the attack with the

2999:

In the beginning of April, the royalists held a conference with Faisal in Riyadh. They decided to adopt new tactics, including attempts to get supplies around the positions now held by the Egyptians by using camels instead of trucks to cross the mountains to reach the positions east of San'a. Camel

2902:

In September, von Horn cabled his resignation to U Thant, who announced that the mission would continue, due to "oral assurances" by Egypt and Saudi Arabia to continue financing it. The number of Egyptian troops increased, and at the end of January, the "Hard-surface" squadron was withdrawn after a

2637:

Egyptian General Ali Abdul Hameed was dispatched by plane, and arrived in Yemen on September 29 to assess the situation and needs of the Yemeni Revolutionary Command Council. Egypt sent a battalion of Special Forces (Saaqah) on a mission to act as personal guards for Sallal. They arrived at Hodeida

2633:

Al-Badr and his personal servants managed to escape through a door in the garden wall in the back of the palace. Because of the curfew, they had to avoid the main streets. They decided to escape individually and meet in the village of Gabi al-Kaflir, where they were reunited after a 45-minute walk.

3394:

On November 5, 1967, Yemeni dissidents, supported by republican tribesmen called down to San'a, moved four tanks into the city's dusty squares, took over the presidential palace and announced over the government radio station that Sallal had been removed "from all positions of authority". The coup

3161:

began to raid Egyptian positions north-east of San'a at Urush, While Prince Mohamed bin Mohsin was attacking the Egyptians with 500 men west of Humaidat, Prince Hassan struck out from near Sadah and Prince Hassan bin Hussein moved from Jumaat, west of Sadah, to within mortar-firing distance of the

2974:

desert, perhaps well into Saudi territory, and there the forces were built up by an airlift. Then they headed west. On February 25, the forces occupied Marib, and on March 7 they took Harib. A royalist force of 1,500 men ordered down from Najran failed to stop them on their way out from Sadah. The

2608:

At 10:30 p.m., al-Badr heard tanks moving through the nearby streets and reckoned that they were the ones Sallal had asked to move. At 11.45 p.m., the army began shelling the palace. Al-Badr seized a machine gun and began firing at the tanks, although they were out of range. Moghny sent an armored

2579:

Sallal ordered the military academy in San'a to go on full alert, opening all armories and issuing weapons to all junior officers and troops. On the evening of September 25, Sallal gathered known leaders of the Yemeni nationalist movement, sympathetic officers, and officers who had participated in

2575:

A day before the coup, Wahad, who claimed to have information from the Egyptian intelligence service, warned al-Badr that Sallal and 15 other officers, including Moghny, were planning a revolution. Wahad's intentions were to cover himself and Egypt in case the coup failed, prompt the plotters into

3568:

Yemenis to undermine Sallal's regime. The royalists fought for the imam despite his father's unpopularity. One sheik said "The Imams have ruled us for a thousand years. Some were good and some bad. We killed the bad ones sooner or later, and we prospered under the good ones". The hill tribes were

3413:

said that this claim and reports of 24 MiGs and 40 Soviet technicians and pilots who had arrived in Yemen were correct. In January, the republicans were defending San'a with about 2,000 regulars and tribesmen, plus armed townsmen and about 10 tanks. They also had the backing of 20 or more fighter

3121:

The communiqué was widely hailed in the Arab world, and Washington called it a "statesmanlike action" and a "major step toward eventual peaceful settlement of the long civil war". Nasser and Faisal warmly embraced at Alexandria's airport and called each other "brother". Faisal said he was leaving

2952:

to the East. The Egyptian forces' success meant that royalist resistance could take refuge in the hills and mountains to regroup and carry out hit-and-run offensives against republican and Egyptian units controlling towns and roads. The third strategic offensive was the pacification of tribes and

2261:

against Israel. Once the Six-Day War began, Nasser found it increasingly difficult to maintain his army's involvement in Yemen and began to pull out his forces. The surprising removal of Sallal on November 5 by Yemeni dissidents, who were supported by republican tribesmen, resulted in an internal

3970:

By August, the war was costing Nasser $ 1,000,000 a day, when he arrived in Jedda harbor aboard his presidential yacht Hurriah (Freedom) to negotiate with Faisal. It was Nasser's first visit to Saudi Arabia since 1956. At the Egyptians' request, due to assassination rumors, the banners and flags

3641:

Between 1962 and 1965, Britain engaged in covert operations in support of Royalist forces fighting the Egyptian-backed Republican regime that had seized power in Yemen's capital, Sana'a, in September 1962. Until the end of 1965, the British presence in Aden was considered of high interest to the

3178:

The royalist radio tried to widen the split in republican ranks by promising amnesty to all non-royalists once the Egyptians withdrew. Al-Badr also promised a new form of government: "a constitutionally democratic system" ruled by a "national assembly elected by the people of Yemen". At Sallal's

3078:

mountains. The Egyptians began their move on Saturday morning, moving along the Haradh and Tashar ravines. On Saturday and Sunday afternoons, they were caught in heavy rain and their vehicles, including 20 tanks and about 40 armored cars sank axle-deep into the mud. The defenders left them alone

3233:

The assistant secretary of state for the Near East and South Asia, flew in for talks with both Faisal and Nasser. In Alexandria, Nasser refused to pull out his troops, despite the risk of losing part or all of a new $ 150 million US food-distribution program, and another $ 100 million worth of

2969:

The Ramadan offensive began in February 1963 when Amer and Sadat arrived in San'a. Amer asked Cairo to double the 20,000 men in Yemen, and, in early February, the first 5,000 of the reinforcements arrived. On February 18, a task force of 15 tanks, 20 armored cars, 18 trucks and numerous jeeps

2384:

to ratify him. Al-Badr was not popular with the Ulema due to his association with Nasser, and the Ulema had refused Ahmad's request to ratify Badr's title. Imam Ahmad died on September 18, 1962, and was succeeded by his son, Muhammad al-Badr. One of al-Badr's first acts was to appoint Colonel

3773:

The Jordanians withdrew from the war in 1963 by recognizing the Republicans, but the Saudi support continued. At some point, Saudi border towns and airfields were attacked by Egyptian forces in order to "prevent Saudi supplies and ammunition from reaching Royalist-held areas in the Yemen".

3271:

took place on June 8, 1963 against Kawma, a village of about 100 inhabitants in northern Yemen, killing about 7 people and damaging the eyes and lungs of 25 others. This incident is considered to have been experimental, and the bombs were described as "home-made, amateurish and relatively

2846:

could defend themselves if attacked. Bunker evidently stuck to the original formula and stressed that only if Faisal would halt his aid to the royalists, the US would be able pressure Nasser to withdraw. Faisal eventually accepted the offer, and Bunker went on to meet with Nasser in

2931:

divided the Yemen War into three operational objectives. The first was the air phase, which began with jet trainers modified to strafe and carry bombs and ended with three wings of fighter-bombers stationed near the Saudi-Yemeni border. Egyptian sorties traveled along the Yemen's

2755:. Nasser promised to "start gradual withdrawal" of its 18,000-man force, "provided Saudi and Jordanian forces also retire from border regions", but would leave his technicians and advisers behind. On December 19, the US became the 34th nation to recognize the Yemen Arab Republic. 2626: 3685:

and his officers. They was decided to conduct airdrops. Haaretz suggested the crew of the airdrops were British; while according to Hart-Davis the crew were Israeli (including the pilot named Arieh Oz), with Tony Boyle on board as an observer. Three decades after the war, former

3698:

both said Israel had been clandestinely involved in Yemen, though both remained vague concerning the nature and scale of the involvement. The airlifts were originally codenamed Operation Gravy, but were later renamed Operation Porcupine. The IAF's largest transport plane, a

3344:

By 1967, Egyptian forces relied exclusively on defending a triangle linking Hodeida, Taiz, and San'a, while striking southern Saudi Arabia and North Yemen with air sorties. In August 1967, to make up for the 15,000 killed, captured, or missing Egyptians as a result of the

2880:

On April 30, von Horn was sent to discover what kind of force was required. A few days later, he met with Amer in Cairo and discovered that Egypt had no intention of drawing all its troops from Yemen. After a few more days, the Saudi deputy Minister for Foreign Affairs,

3547:

to supervise the construction of military facilities and, in 1966, it sponsored a $ 100 million program that provided the Saudi forces with combat vehicles, mostly trucks. Faisal also initiated an Islamic alignment called the Islamic Conference, to counter Nasser's

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with four rounds. The battle lasted a week and cost the Egyptians three tanks, seven armored cars, and 160 dead. The Egyptians were now in positions from which they could hope to interdict the royalist movement of supplies in the mountains north and east of San'a'.

7827: 2799:, a Saudi Arabian city near the Yemeni border. The US responded with another aerial demonstration over Jeddah and a destroyer joined on January 15. The US reportedly agreed to send antiaircraft batteries and radar-control equipment to Najran. In addition, 2654:

dispatched his army chief of staff for discussions with al-Badr's uncle, Prince Hassan. Between October 2–8, four Saudi cargo planes left Saudi Arabia loaded with arms and military material for Yemeni royalist tribesmen; however, the pilots defected to

3885:. All the air crew were Egyptian, except for the Tupolev bombers, which were thought to have mixed Egyptian and Russian personnel. The Ilyushin transports flying between Egypt and Hodeida had Russian crews. Throughout the war, the Egyptians relied on 3743:

and then broadcast by Cairo radio on May 1, 1964. Al-Ahram quoted an estimate for British, French, and other foreigners of "over 300 officers", "directed from Britain and most probably under the command of British Intelligence". On July 5, 1964, the

3563:

The tribes of Southern Saudi Arabia and Northern Yemen were closely linked, and the Saudis enticed thousands of Yemeni workers in Saudi Arabia to assist the royalist cause. In addition to the Saudis and British, the Iraqis also sent plane loads of

2970:

departed San'a' moving northwards, heading for Sadah. More garrison troops followed. A few days later, another task force, spearheaded by 350 men in tanks and armored cars, left Sadah heading southeast toward Marib. They maneuvered into the

2340:—a fortified stronghold where the Imam lived with his harem, that also housed the royal treasure, an arsenal of modern weapons, and a contingent of 150 palace guards—and demanded that Ahmad abdicate. Ahmad agreed, but demanded that his son, 2762:

Britain, with its commitment to South Arabia and its base in Aden, considered the Egyptian intervention a real threat. Recognition of the republic posed a problem to several treaties Britain had signed with the sheiks and sultans of the

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in June, but resumed against all parts of royalist Yemenin July. Casualty estimates vary, and a conservative assumption is that the mustard- and phosgene-filled aerial bombs caused approximately 1,500 fatalities and 1,500 injuries.

3703:, was recruited for the British operation. According to Jones, what is clear is that the British organized some of the mercenary air drops to the royalists (code-named "Mango") using aircraft, which were contracted privately from 4464:"Since 1965, the Libyan-backed Front for the Liberation of Occupied South Yemen and the National Liberation Front had unleashed brutal violence on British forces in the south. In the end, the conflict claimed some 200,000 lives." 2991:, a dozen armored cars and entrenched machine guns. The royalists advanced in a thin skirmish line and were plastered by artillery, mortars, and strafing planes. They replied with rifles, one mortar with twenty rounds, and a 2794:

A week after the US recognized the republic, Sallal boasted at a military parade that the republic had rockets that could strike "the palaces of Saudi Arabia", and, in early January, the Egyptians again bombed and strafed

2291:(former Israeli Ambassador to the U.S.) later wrote that Egypt's military adventure in Yemen was so disastrous that the United States' actions in the continuing Vietnam War could easily have been dubbed "America's Yemen". 8059: 3066:. They had 1,000 troops and about 2,000 republicans. The plan, as interpreted by British intelligence, seemed to have been to cut the 30-mile (48-kilometer) track southward through the mountains from the Saudi border at 3572:

Al-Badr had formed two royalist armies—one under his uncle Prince Hassan in the east and one under his own control in the west. Both armies controlled most of the north and east of Yemen, including the towns of

3395:

went unopposed. In Baghdad, Sallal asked for political asylum, saying "every revolutionary must anticipate obstacles and difficult situations". The Iraqi government offered him a home and a monthly grant of 500

3223:

the Egyptian forces, now numbering almost 60,000, launched their biggest offensive. The royalists counterattacked but the stalemate resumed. Egyptian-supported groups executed sabotage bombings in Saudi Arabia.

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heavy-lift cargo planes airlifted tons of food and kerosene into the region. The Egyptians estimate that hundreds of millions of dollars were spent to equip Egyptian and republican Yemeni forces. In addition,

3978:

The formation of a Yemen Congress of 50, representing all factions, which would be charged with forming a transitional regime and establishing procedures for a national plebiscite to determine Yemen's future

3621:, such as the 106-mm gun, and in mining techniques. The number of mercenaries is estimated in the hundreds, although Egyptian sources at the time reported there were 15,000. Royalist tactics were confined to 4005:, which was about to begin the following week. The conference reached a stalemate when the Egyptians, possibly due to a tactical decision made by Amer, encouraged the republicans to take a headstrong stand. 3830:

admitted that information on Yemen was nonexistent. Egypt had not had an embassy in Yemen since 1961; therefore when Cairo requested information from the US ambassador to Yemen, who only provided an

3158: 2984: 314: 303: 6538: 3811:, who served as Egypt's ambassador to royalist Yemen from 1957 to 1961, sent numerous reports on Yemen that did not reach Ministry of Defense officials. He warned Egyptian officials in 2254:

supported the republicans with as many as 70,000 Egyptian troops and weapons. Despite several military actions and peace conferences, the war sank into a stalemate by the mid-1960s.

3617:

were sent to assist the imam in planning, training, and giving the irregular forces the ability to communicate with one another and the Saudis. They trained tribesmen in the use of

3079:

until Monday at dawn. Al-Badr left his headquarters at 3 a.m. with 1,000 men to direct a counterattack in the Tashar ravine, while Abdullah Hussein attacked in the Haradh ravine.

3539:(SAS), who recruited dozens of former SAS men as advisors to the royalists. Britain participated in a $ 400 million British air defense program for Saudi Arabia. In the US, the 3218:, Nasser conceded that "We are facing difficulties. We must all work harder and make sacrifices. I have no magic button that I can push to produce the things you want". Premier 3819:. He opposed sending Egyptian combat forces, arguing that only money and equipment be sent to the Yemeni Free Officers, and warned that the Saudis would finance the royalists. 3251:

flew to Beirut and announced that he was on his way to offer his services to the royalists. Nasser said that "As the situation now stands, Arab summits are finished forever".

2580:

the military protests of 1955. Each officer and cell would be given orders and would commence as soon as the shelling of al-Badr's palace began. Key areas to secure included:

3447:

new republic, except for al-Badr's family, and a consultative council was established. Clashes along the border between the states rose and, in 1972, a small war broke out.

3074:

near Washa, and then to split into two task forces: one moving east through Washa to the headquarters and the other north-east along the track to the Saudi border below the

2953:

enticing them to support the republican government. This required the expenditure of massive amounts of funds for humanitarian needs and outright bribery of tribal leaders.

2638:

on October 5. Fifteen days after leaving San'a, al-Badr sent a man ahead to Saudi Arabia to announce that he was alive. He then went there himself, crossing the border near

3372:, hoping to get support from other Arab socialists. As soon as he left Cairo, Nasser sent a cable to San'a, instructing his troops there not to block an attempt at a coup. 2277:

became the turning point of the war. The remaining republican Prime Minister succeeded in keeping control of Sana'a and, by February 1968, the royalists lifted the siege.

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Establishing a demilitarized zone extending 20 kilometers on either side of a demarcated Saudi Arabian Yemen border, from which all military equipment was to be excluded

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On May 10, the twin villages of Gahar and Gadafa in Wadi Hirran, where Prince Mohamed bin Mohsin was in command, were gas bombed, resulting in at least 75 deaths. The

2807:. On March 6, Bunche was in Cairo, where Nasser reportedly assured him that he would withdraw his troops from Yemen if the Saudis would stop supporting the royalists. 3711:

Saudi coastline. The Saudis did not have radar systems, and would later state they were not aware of the airlifts. The planes would make the drops and then refuel in

6480:

Tony Boyle had been a pilot in the Royal Air Force, then Aide-de-Camp to the Governor of Aden. He had never been in the SAS, pace Haaretz. (Hart-Davis, 2012. p. xvi)

2876:

Stationing UN observers within this zone on both sides of the border to observe, report, and prevent any continued attempt by the Saudis to supply royalist forces.

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A conspiracy prodded by the Hashid tribal confederation in revenge for Ahmad's execution of their paramount sheik and his son, which merged with Sallal's efforts

2413:

biography of Nasser identifies several factors that led the Egyptian president to send expeditionary forces to Yemen, including the unraveling of the union with

291: 3214:

Egypt had run up a foreign debt of nearly $ 3 billion, and the gap between exports and imports had widened to a record $ 500 million in 1965. On victory day in

8218: 3480:, Mohamed bin Hussein, Mohamed bin Ismail, Ibrahim al Kipsy, and Abdul Rahman bin Yahya. At 56, Hassan bin Yahya was the oldest and most distinguished. Prince 8054: 3107:. By that time, Egypt had 40,000 troops in Yemen and had suffered an estimated 10,000 casualties. In their official communiqué, the two leaders promised to: 8086: 3903: 4332: 3543:

administration was more willing than Kennedy's to support long-range plans in support of the Saudi army. In 1965, the US authorized an agreement with the

3247:

broke diplomatic relations with the republic, stating that the Sallal government no longer had power to govern the country. Sallal's chargé d'affaires in

2417:

in 1961, which dissolved his UAR in all but name, damaging Nasser's prestige. A quick, decisive victory in Yemen could help him recover leadership of the

8809: 3906:

saw a chance to gain a toehold on the Arabian Peninsula and accepted hundreds of Egyptian officers to be trained as pilots for service in the Yemen War.

3899: 4370:"B&J": Jacob Bercovitch and Richard Jackson, International Conflict: A Chronological Encyclopedia of Conflicts and Their Management 1945–1995 (1997) 4149:: pp. 324–325. University of Michigan Press. 1997. "The four actors in the first phase of the long Yemen War were Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Egypt and Yemen" 3661:

to try to persuade the Iranians to do an air drop. Hart-Davis further claims that success was finally achieved by an adviser to the mercenaries, the MP

9498: 4428: 8765: 3292: 5295: 5233: 5195: 5157: 5072: 5001: 4954: 4907: 4869: 4817: 4659: 4621: 4583: 8855: 7842: 3808: 3681:, Tony Boyle contacted David Karon, the head of the Middle East department in the Tevel (Cosmos) section of the Mossad, and met with IAF commander 3071: 2721: 2363:(UAR). However, Ahmad was to keep his throne and his absolute power, and the arrangement constituted only a close alliance. In 1959, Ahmad went to 2269:, Ahmed Noman, and Mohamed Ali Uthman, all of whom promptly resigned or fled the country. The capital was left under the control of Prime Minister 2759:

recognition followed the next day. The UN continued to consider the republic the only authority in the land and completely ignored the royalists.

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Sallal declared "I warn America that if it does not recognize the Yemen Arab Republic, I shall not recognize it!". US chargé d'affaires in Taiz,

2147: 643: 538: 3723:

operation continued over slightly more than two years, during which the Stratofreighter carried out 14 nighttime sorties from Tel Nof to Yemen.

8882:

Prolonged conflicts are listed in the decade when initiated; ongoing conflicts are marked italic, and conflicts with +100,000 killed with bold.

8081: 6522: 6007: 4060: 3491:

In 1963, the Saudis spent $ 15 million to equip royalist tribes, hire hundreds of European mercenaries, and establish their own radio station.

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who believed Britain could buy security for Aden by recognizing the republic. However, Britain eventually decided not to recognize the regime.

5809: 9528: 8975: 8119: 6837: 6799: 6758: 6720: 6682: 6260: 6201: 6142: 6092: 6045: 5969: 5931: 5893: 5750: 5712: 5674: 5636: 5586: 5536: 5475: 5371: 4724: 4686: 3087:, in which several staff officers were killed. The second was an attempt, involving British advisors and French and Belgian mercenaries from 3037: 3036:

On June 12, about 4,000 Egyptian infantry, reinforced by the republican army and mercenaries from the Aden protectorate, invaded the town of

8498: 3495:, which saw a chance to make money in the conflict, provided rifles to the royalists. Remnants of the Imam's Army also had elements of the 2768: 3950:

Noman spoke over Radio San'a, offering reconciliation and inviting "all tribes of all persuasions" to meet with him the following week at

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Clashes continued in parallel with peace talks until 1970, when Saudi Arabia recognized the Republic, and a ceasefire came into effect.

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Sallal proclaimed Yemen's "firm policy to honor its international obligations", including a 1934 treaty pledging respect for Britain's

2333: 636: 531: 6387:

Britain and the Yemen Civil War, 1962–1965: Ministers, Mercenaries and Mandarins : Foreign Policy and the Limits of Covert Action

3430:

By February 1968, the siege was lifted and the republicans had essentially won the war. Meanwhile, the British had withdrawn from the

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republicans insisted on having the word "republic" or "republican" in the title. It was agreed to suspend the conference until after

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to the British mercenary operation and were either using Israeli air bases or Israeli transport planes themselves making the drops.

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Muhammad al-Badr led his campaign with the princes of the house of Hamidaddin. Those included Hassan bin Yahya, who had come from

3409:

The republicans boasted a new air force, while the royalists claimed to have shot down a MiG-17 fighter with a Russian pilot. The

9798: 9468: 8528: 3075: 3017: 2831: 2816: 2405:

Nasser had looked to a regime change in Yemen since 1957 and finally put his desires into practice in January 1962 by giving the

1704: 8602: 6999:

Britain and the Yemen Civil War, 1962–1965: Ministers, Mercenaries and Mandarins: Foreign Policy and the Limits of Covert Action

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The gradual withdrawal of the Egyptian force within a 10-month period and the cessation of all Saudi help to the royalists; and

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British mercenaries in the mountains of North Yemen helping Royalist rebels set up a heavy machine gun above a hideout cave

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as a template from which to conduct events in Yemen. Nasser refused Heikal's ideas, insisting on the need to protect the

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Prince Mohamed bin Hussein, deputy to Muhammad al-Badr, in command of the royalist forces besieging San'a, December 1967

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cabled Sallal: "Any act of aggression against Yemen will be considered an act of aggression against the Soviet Union".

2015: 1825: 1285: 96:

A republican government formed in North Yemen, incorporating members from the royalist faction but not the royal family

9600: 9523: 8696: 8066: 3593:, where the royalists controlled the mountains while the Egyptians and republicans controlled the town and fortress. 3559:

Prince Abdullah Hussein (below, center) with his men soon after the Egyptian air attack in Wadi Hirran, December 1962

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in the Middle East. Nasser was warned that "the Soviet Union would be displeased to see an attack on Saudi Arabia".

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Airbase, demonstrating to Nasser the seriousness of American commitment to defending US interests in Saudi Arabia.

3303:

made a statement, based on a Red Cross report, that the gas was likely to have been made of halogenous derivatives—

2725: 1973: 1644: 687: 4490: 2853:

The Bunche and Bunker mission gave birth to the idea of an observer mission to Yemen, which eventually became the

2767:. Saudi Arabia urged the British to ally themselves with the royalists. On the other hand, there were some in the 2476:

Taking advantage of a breach in British and French relations, which had been strained by Nasser's support for the

1885: 8752: 7807: 7255: 9126: 9783: 9763: 9548: 9310: 8904: 8713: 7949: 6353: 4328: 2717:

was also convinced that Nasser's target was Saudi Arabia's oil and that, if the Saudis went, he would be next.

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was responsible for contacting the royalists, and used the services of a private company belonging to Colonel

2944:

Offensive" that lasted until February 1964. The offensive focused on opening and securing roads from San'a to

1900: 9803: 9793: 9778: 8592: 8233: 8025: 3756:(Tony Boyle) was involved in any way". On July 22, 1964, Douglas-Home sent a memorandum to Foreign Secretary 2866: 2206: 1270: 9116: 9096: 9076: 8455: 8411: 4435: 1880: 9813: 9493: 9453: 9443: 8992: 8667: 8573: 8387: 8129: 7869: 3496: 2095: 2058: 1978: 1938: 1840: 1835: 727: 660: 9009: 9618: 9448: 9438: 8802: 8382: 8170: 8048: 8032: 7899: 7647: 7323: 5279: 5217: 5179: 5142: 5056: 4985: 4938: 4891: 4853: 4801: 4643: 4605: 4567: 3700: 2485: 2257:

Egypt's commitment to the war is considered to have been detrimental to its performance in the June 1967

1830: 3841:

An Egyptian instructor at the San'a military academy showing a Yemeni how to use a bayonet affixed to a

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was made prime minister and commander-in-chief. The imam was joined by his childhood pen pal, American

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command attacked an Egyptian position on top of a sheer-sided hill that was fortified with six Soviet

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ineffective". The Egyptian authorities suggested that the reported incidents were probably caused by

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In 1963 and 1964, the Egyptians had five squadrons of aircraft in Yemen at airfields near San'a and

2779:

and most of western Europe also withheld recognition. The republic did receive the recognition from

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Elbaz, Yogev. "Beyond the Periphery – Israel's Intervention in the Yemen Civil War in the 1960s",

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The United States was concerned that the conflict might spread to other parts of the Middle East.

2439:, a chronicler of Egyptian national policy and decision making, and confidant of Nasser, wrote in 1215: 9704: 9623: 9408: 8650: 8645: 8223: 8093: 7570: 7565: 7462: 7363: 7315: 7090:. Studies in war, society, and the military. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. p. 698. 3909:

Egyptian air and naval forces began bombing and shelling raids in the southwestern Saudi city of

3862: 3858: 3815:, including Defense Minister Amer, that the tribes were difficult and had no sense of loyalty or 3625:, isolating conventional Egyptian and republican forces, and conducting attacks on supply lines. 3610: 3488:, who set up the post office and would later rise to the rank of general in the Royalist forces. 1993: 1983: 1948: 1664: 1310: 901: 813: 722: 667: 19:

This article is about the North Yemen civil war in 1962–1970. For other civil wars in Yemen, see

6990: 3653:, the British mercenary leader Jim Johnson had originally considered buying his own aircraft, a 3146:

royalists were building up an offensive. The Egyptian line of communications went from San'a to

2650:

Saudi Arabia, fearing Nasserist encroachment, moved troops along its border with Yemen, as King

2569: 9131: 8747: 8731: 8597: 4102: 3993: 3654: 3633: 3403: 2736:; on the second, two jet bombers and a giant jet transport, while returning to their base near 2706: 2266: 2003: 1988: 1520: 1455: 1004: 994: 931: 737: 351: 325: 7941: 7033: 7026: 4531: 1117: 9689: 9423: 9418: 9295: 9275: 9056: 8587: 8139: 8003: 7688: 7538: 7523: 7472: 7353: 7228: 4285: 3918: 3917:, which were staging points for royalist forces. In response, the Saudis purchased a British 3504: 3381: 2564:

A plot shaped by several young princes who sought to get rid of al-Badr, but not the imamate.

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allowed convoys of arms to flow through one of its allies in Northern Yemen, the Sheriff of

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A Soviet-manufactured armored car, captured by royalist guerrillas from the Egyptians near

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In June, von Horn went to San'a, in an unsuccessful attempt to achieve the objectives of:

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On August 15, the Egyptians launched an offensive from their major north-western base in

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Cooperate fully to solve the existing differences between the various factions in Yemen

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desert. In the Jawf, they claimed to have cleaned up all Egyptian strong-points except

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Nasser's considerations for sending troops to Yemen may have included the following:

2213:

tribes to retake power, and the conflict rapidly escalated to a full-scale civil war.

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carried out in 1962 by revolutionary republicans led by the army under the command of

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country) felt compelled to provide al-Badr (a Zaidi Shia leader) with financing. The

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forces from South Yemen, including Britain's presence in the strategic port city of

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Beyond the Arab Cold War: The International History of the Yemen Civil War, 1962–68

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Situation in North Yemen 1967 between Republicans (black) and Zaidi Royalists (red)

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shift of power in the capital, as the royalists were approaching from the north.

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against him. A group of soldiers under his command surrounded the royal palace of

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A republican helicopter, captured early in the war by the royalists outside Marib

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wrangle with Faisal. On September 4, 1964, the UN admitted failure and withdrew.

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Understanding the Volatile and Dangerous Middle East: A Comprehensive Analysis

3988: 3464: 1345: 9757: 9674: 9300: 9280: 9215: 9167: 9081: 8815: 8513: 7923: 7756: 7385: 7328: 7078: 7051: 6951: 6849: 6811: 6770: 6732: 6694: 6272: 6213: 6154: 6104: 6057: 6019: 5981: 5943: 5905: 5762: 5724: 5686: 5648: 5598: 5548: 5487: 5383: 5291: 5229: 5191: 5153: 5068: 4997: 4950: 4903: 4865: 4813: 4736: 4698: 4655: 4617: 4579: 3951: 3589:, was controlled by the republicans. There were also areas, like the town of 3477: 3386: 3336: 3198: 2518: 2511: 1890: 1724: 1694: 1604: 1510: 1505: 1480: 1460: 1300: 1172: 1147: 1122: 1107: 1097: 1082: 1037: 803: 779: 743: 707: 37: 7136: 7105: 7016: 6924: 6897: 9709: 9350: 9210: 9205: 9061: 8987: 8939: 8212: 8114: 7204: 4498: 4022: 3889:. In January 1964, when royalist forces placed San'a under siege, Egyptian 3799: 3782: 3745: 3731: 3695: 3682: 3565: 3500: 3361: 3051: 2850:, where the Egyptian President repeated the assurance he had given Bunche. 2839: 2800: 2788: 2780: 2772: 2688: 2467: 2288: 2241: 2221: 1560: 1540: 1525: 1485: 1470: 1430: 1365: 1350: 1240: 1142: 808: 247: 191: 136: 7165: 6965: 3555: 3356:

of August, Egypt announced that it was ready to end the war in Yemen. The

2869:

established the UN observer team. His disengagement agreement called for:

2783:, Italy, Canada and Australia, as well as the remaining Arab governments, 2397: 9325: 9182: 9029: 9024: 8970: 8949: 8876: 8334: 8286: 8281: 8010: 7992: 7634: 7593: 4035: 3940: 3850: 3803: 3749: 3666: 3485: 3435: 3346: 3324: 3308: 3210:, April 1964. In front of Nasser is Yemeni President al-Sallal, saluting. 3187: 2614: 2496: 2284: 2258: 2038: 1575: 1515: 1465: 1410: 1205: 1137: 863: 858: 90:

Saudi support to Muhammad al-Badr and the royalist faction ceased in 1965

3962: 2961: 2118: 523: 45: 9260: 9177: 9172: 9101: 3837: 3827: 3757: 3508: 3281: 3104: 2803:

was sent to Yemen, where he met with Sallal and Egyptian Field Marshal

2599:

The central security headquarters (intelligence and internal security).

2507: 2418: 2369: 2078: 2068: 1530: 1495: 1420: 1405: 1340: 1265: 1210: 1112: 1057: 936: 921: 8944: 3670: 3594: 3215: 3147: 3067: 2988: 2386: 2169: 1550: 1230: 926: 818: 6345: 4244:"The Egyptian–Yemen War: Egyptian Perspectives on Guerrilla Warfare" 3527:

planes conducted night operations to resupply al-Badr's forces. The

3472:, talking to tribesmen outside his cave in Wadi Amlah, December 1962 3426:

President Gamal Abdel Nasser and King Faisal in Cairo, December 1969

3422: 3170: 9684: 9393: 8889: 8689: 8629: 7285: 7028:

Six Days of War: June 1967 and the Making of the Modern Middle East

4475:

Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem

3874: 3831: 3739: 3716: 3602: 3492: 3316: 3312: 3304: 3259: 2745: 2684: 2356: 2247:

Both foreign irregular and conventional forces were also involved.

2198: 1395: 1152: 916: 853: 203: 3141:

The camp used by royalist forces at Hanjar, in north-eastern Yemen

2629:

Abdullah Sallal (center) and the heads of the coup in October 1962

2540: 594: 50:

Royalist Yemeni forces attempt to repel an Egyptian armored attack

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British support to the royalists remained covert. Prime Minister

3678: 3614: 3598: 3369: 3244: 3227: 3206:(standing to the left) welcomed by Yemeni crowds on his visit to 3180: 2992: 2941: 2933: 2916: 2819: 2741: 2503: 2481: 2304: 2283:

Egyptian military historians refer to the war in Yemen as their "

2210: 2172:

fought in North Yemen from 1962 to 1970 between partisans of the

8879:

and later conflicts (after 1914) of at least 100 fatalities each

7196: 7157: 3137: 2983:, 25 miles (40 km) southeast of San'a, 500 royalists under 2979:, on the British-protected side of the border. In the battle of 2911: 2347: 2312: 7971: 3926: 3910: 3895: 3816: 3687: 3674: 3658: 3590: 3296: 3273: 3122:

Egypt "with my heart brimming with love for President Nasser".

3103:

In September 1964, Nasser and Faisal met at the Arab summit in

3045: 2976: 2862: 2847: 2796: 2776: 2733: 2729: 2664: 2639: 2225: 2217: 1072: 179: 153: 3299:

expressing concern. The Institute of Forensic Medicine at the

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Creating a 25-mile demilitarized strip along the Saudi border

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then began securing arsenals, airports, and port facilities.

2414: 2381: 2377: 2233: 670: 6346:"Our man in Sanaa: A Yemen president was once trainee rabbi" 3929:

also attempted to convince the US to respond on its behalf.

3193: 3183:

Shias from the mountains, who were mostly royalist, and the

2316:

Yemeni tribesman being held as a hostage by al-Badr's forces

7662: 3520: 2680: 2660: 2544:

Author Dana Adams Schmidt with President Sallal, March 1967

2459:

would be able to secure the Yemeni republican coup d'état.

2430: 2364: 2337: 2325: 3877:

transport helicopters. They were also flying four-engined

3016:

and the Jawf, and were able to move freely in the eastern

2568:

The only men who knew about those plots were the Egyptian

2232:

offered covert support. The republicans were supported by

3528: 3098: 2898:

Supervising the phased withdrawal of the Egyptian troops.

2368:

Upon his return, Ahmad swore to crush the "agents of the

4381:"Mid-Range Wars and Atrocities of the Twentieth Century" 3822:

Egyptian field commanders complained of a total lack of

2691:

was the first nation to recognize the new republic, and

2421:. Nasser was also keen to maintain his reputation as an 7175:

Resort to Arms: International and Civil Wars, 1816–1980

7001:. Brighton ; Portland Or.: Sussex Academic Press. 2521:, whom Nasser felt had undermined his union with Syria. 4418:

Singer, Joel David, The Wages of War. 1816–1965 (1972)

3941:

Peace attempts: Khamir, Jeddah, and Haradh conferences

3777: 1752: 3761:

when the Kingdom decided to abandon its Aden Colony.

3519:, who was protected by the British administration in 3295:

was alerted and, on June 2, it issued a statement in

2359:

to tell President Nasser of Yemen's adherence to the

658: 6314: 4107: 4012: 3790:, Egyptian chief of operations, at his desk in Sanaa 3752:

freebooters" (Cooper and his team) with Tony Boyle.

3323:. The gas attacks stopped for three weeks after the 2687:

declared support for the republican revolution. The

2409:

office space, financial support, and radio airtime.

9774:

Civil wars involving the states and peoples of Asia

6909:. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. 4477:. Storbritannien: AltaMira Press. p. 352 9499:General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries 7145: 7025: 6960:— (paperback edition), London: Arrow Books, 2012. 6882:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 480. 4598: 4284:(1st ed.). New York: Pantheon Books. p. 4277: 3114:Work together in preventing armed clashes in Yemen 2830:. His mission was based on a decision made by the 2451:movement. Nasser was convinced that a regiment of 99:Egypt and Saudi Arabia's old relations break apart 8657:Islamic insurgency in Saudi Arabia (2000–present) 6575:"How Israel Intervened in the Civil War in Yemen" 5262: 5260: 5113: 5111: 3402:The new republican government was headed by Qadi 3125:On November 2, at a secret conference in Erkwit, 9755: 6483: 3933:sent only a wing of jet fighters and bombers to 3628: 3004:, particularly the small but strategic towns of 2587:Al-Wusul palace (reception area for dignitaries) 8810:Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present) 7088:Arabs at War: Military Effectiveness, 1948–1991 6666: 6602: 6600: 4933: 4931: 4929: 4927: 4925: 4280:The Israeli connection: who Israel arms and why 2209:where he rallied popular support from northern 2201:under his presidency. His government abolished 7115:Saudi Arabia: The Ceaseless Quest for Security 6675: 6553: 6461: 6448: 6435: 6232: 6137: 6135: 5459: 5438: 5411: 5346: 5328: 5319: 5310: 5257: 5248: 5108: 5087: 5037: 4969: 4848: 4846: 4844: 4796: 4794: 4173:Ground Warfare: The International Encyclopedia 3764: 3503:subsidized royalist forces on and off, as the 3234:industrial-development aid. Later that month, 2728:jets staging stunt-flying demonstrations over 2548:At least four plots were developing in San'a: 2484:, and primarily as an effort to undermine the 2324:inherited the Yemeni throne in 1948. In 1955, 9529:Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine 8976:Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine 8905: 8120:Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine 7957: 7843: 7236: 6626: 6323: 6085: 5631: 5629: 5452: 5450: 5364: 5137: 5135: 5125: 5123: 5101: 5099: 5021: 5019: 4562: 4560: 4558: 4275: 2936:coast and into the Saudi towns of Najran and 2240:or UAR) and were supplied warplanes from the 2141: 644: 539: 64:(8 years, 2 months and 5 days) 7032:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 6713: 6613: 6597: 6501: 6499: 6298: 6296: 6294: 6246: 6244: 5743: 5572: 5570: 4922: 4782: 4167: 4165: 4163: 4161: 4159: 4157: 4155: 3581:. The provincial capital of Northern Yemen, 3174:Egyptian bomb damage in a village near Marib 2642:, at the north-eastern edge of the kingdom. 2265:The new republican government was headed by 7973:List of modern conflicts in the Middle East 7172: 6830: 6383: 6196: 6194: 6132: 6000: 5579: 5274: 5272: 4841: 4791: 4636: 4314: 4312: 4241: 4046:List of modern conflicts in the Middle East 3263:The International Red Cross hospital at Uqd 2675:supported the imam, while ambassadors from 8912: 8898: 7964: 7950: 7850: 7836: 7243: 7229: 6931: 6794: 6792: 6751: 6649:Britain and the Yemen Civil War, 1962–1965 6507:Britain and the Yemen Civil War, 1962–1965 6428:Britain and the Yemen Civil War, 1962–1965 6422: 6420: 6418: 6377: 6368: 6339: 6337: 6335: 6305: 6182: 6173: 6123: 5877: 5868: 5859: 5850: 5841: 5832: 5790: 5781: 5626: 5515: 5506: 5447: 5429: 5420: 5402: 5355: 5337: 5172: 5132: 5120: 5096: 5028: 5016: 4978: 4681: 4679: 4677: 4555: 2488:(CENTO), which caused the downfall of the 2148: 2134: 651: 637: 546: 532: 44: 7173:Small, Melvin; Singer, J. David (1982) . 7152:. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston. 6496: 6291: 6241: 6076: 5617: 5567: 4832: 4773: 4764: 4755: 4403: 4271: 4269: 4152: 4141: 4139: 4137: 4135: 4133: 4131: 4129: 4127: 3748:published the letters, connecting "these 2810: 553: 9609:Coat of arms of the United Arab Republic 9539:Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation 9504:Independence Party (Mandatory Palestine) 8856:Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present) 6880:Tribes, Government, and History in Yemen 6509:. Sussex Academic Press (2004). p.. 136 6191: 6038: 5962: 5269: 5051: 5049: 4884: 4373: 4355: 4346: 4309: 4237: 4235: 4233: 4231: 4229: 4227: 4225: 4223: 4221: 4219: 4217: 4215: 4213: 4211: 4209: 4207: 4205: 4203: 4201: 4145:Michael Brecher and Jonathan Wilkenfel. 3987: 3961: 3836: 3781: 3632: 3554: 3463: 3421: 3385: 3335: 3258: 3197: 3169: 3136: 3050: 2960: 2910: 2855:United Nations Yemen Observation Mission 2624: 2539: 2396: 2351:Muhammad al-Badr praying with his guards 2346: 2311: 2303: 617: 612: 9484:Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction) 9469:Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order 8529:Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution 7143: 7085: 6789: 6430:. Sussex Academic Press (2004). p. 5-5 6415: 6332: 5886: 5531: 5529: 5527: 5210: 4717: 4674: 4199: 4197: 4195: 4193: 4191: 4189: 4187: 4185: 4183: 4181: 4061:Saudi Arabian–led intervention in Yemen 3117:Reach a solution by peaceful agreement. 2385:Abdullah Sallal, a known socialist and 1705:Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch 589: 9756: 9479:Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction) 7112: 7058: 6904: 6877: 6566: 6343: 5804: 5802: 5667: 5468: 4518: 4516: 4485: 4483: 4458:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 4266: 4124: 3331: 3099:Alexandria summit and Erkwit ceasefire 2906: 2748:, put on a demonstration over Riyadh. 2645: 2308:Yemeni tribesmen who supported al-Badr 574: 8893: 7945: 7831: 7224: 6996: 6652:. Sussex Academic Press. p. 65. 6645: 6572: 6541:from the original on 14 February 2023 6520: 5924: 5705: 5046: 4546: 3719:) and return to bases in Israel. The 3132: 2499:, which Nasser saw as Egypt's destiny 2328:-trained Colonel Ahmad Thalaya led a 1856:1946 Italian institutional referendum 1796:Spanish American wars of independence 632: 584: 527: 93:Withdrawal of Egyptian forces in 1967 8919: 7023: 6253: 5524: 4178: 2975:royalist commander at Harib fled to 2956: 2584:Al-Bashaer palace (al-Badr's palace) 2389:, as commander of the palace guard. 569: 9519:National Liberation Front (Algeria) 7063:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 5799: 5057:"The U.S. Intervenes On Both Sides" 4513: 4480: 4391:from the original on August 9, 2013 4242:Aboul-Enein, Youssef (2004-01-01). 4097: 4051:List of wars involving Saudi Arabia 3778:Republicans and Egyptian deployment 3254: 3031: 1625:The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates 62:26 September 1962 – 1 December 1970 13: 9459:Arab Socialist Union Party (Syria) 8981:1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine 8766:Insurgency in Egypt (2013–present) 8191:1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine 7250: 6985:, 27:1 (Spring 2022), pp. 84–107. 5810:"Egypt Profile: Chemical Overview" 3454: 2473:Syria leaving Nasser's UAR in 1961 2425:, setting his sights on expelling 2355:In March 1958, al-Badr arrived in 14: 9830: 9524:Palestine Liberation Organization 8603:1987 Sharjawi coup d'état attempt 4473:Miers, S. (2003). 3881:bombers from Egyptian bases like 3375: 3070:to al-Badr's headquarters in the 2892:Ending Saudi aid to the royalists 2824:United States Department of State 2620: 2190:. He dethroned the newly crowned 9738: 9737: 9464:Arabian Peninsula People's Union 9147:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict 8641:Terror campaign in Egypt (1990s) 7873: 7859: 7435: 7416:2016–2022 Yemen cholera outbreak 6639: 6514: 6474: 5932:"Cruel & Difficult Struggle" 4276:Beit-Hallahmi, Benjamin (1987). 4015: 3921:and developed their airfield in 3417: 3012:, both in the mountains between 2705:rushed to send notes to Nasser, 2596:Qasr al-Silaah (the main armory) 2117: 1645:Discourses Concerning Government 507: 496: 486: 475: 458: 445: 431: 422: 413: 390: 379: 368: 357: 345: 332: 319: 308: 297: 285: 273: 261: 240: 224: 210: 196: 184: 172: 160: 146: 129: 117: 9107:November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état 8823:Yemeni civil war (2014–present) 8792:Syrian War spillover in Lebanon 8546:1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq 7113:Safran, Nadav (February 1988). 6871: 6404:from the original on 2023-02-14 6356:from the original on 2021-10-09 5298:from the original on 2021-06-26 5236:from the original on 2021-06-07 5198:from the original on 2021-06-07 5160:from the original on 2021-06-06 5075:from the original on 2021-05-10 5004:from the original on 2021-04-10 4957:from the original on 2021-04-10 4910:from the original on 2021-10-09 4872:from the original on 2021-10-09 4820:from the original on 2021-10-09 4662:from the original on 2021-10-09 4624:from the original on 2021-10-09 4586:from the original on 2022-04-01 4467: 4421: 4412: 4364: 4335:from the original on 2016-05-29 4254:from the original on 2016-09-21 4087: 3737:Their content was published by 3601:and England, who had fought in 3194:Nasser's "long-breath" strategy 1911:Barbadian Republic Proclamation 755:Yemeni civil war (2014–present) 9799:Civil wars of the 20th century 9549:Union of Arab Republics (1972) 9311:Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz 7411:Famine in Yemen (2016–present) 4986:"Trouble for the Sons of Saud" 4329:"Protected Blog › Log in" 4321: 4078: 4056:Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen 3919:Thunderbird air defense system 3802:supplied them with war plans. 3468:Yemeni Prime Minister, Prince 3190:, who were mostly republican. 3024:and, in the west, the town of 2826:sought the help of ambassador 2815:While Bunche was reporting to 2530: 2502:Guaranteeing dominance of the 1846:1935 Greek coup d'état attempt 1826:German Revolution of 1918–1919 518:100,000–200,000 killed overall 1: 8593:1986 Egyptian conscripts riot 8234:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 6619:Hart-Davis, 2012. Chapter 8: 6606:Hart-Davis, 2012. Chapter 7: 6559:Hart-Davis, 2012. Chapter 6: 6489:Hart-Davis, 2012. Chapter 6: 6467:Hart-Davis, 2012. Chapter 6: 6454:Hart-Davis, 2012. Chapter 6: 6441:Hart-Davis, 2012. Chapter 6: 5816:. August 2008. Archived from 5180:"Harried Are the Peacemakers" 4118: 3873:twin-engined transports, and 3629:British involvement 1962–1965 2466:Impact of his support to the 2294: 618:1966 bombings in Saudi Arabia 9494:Federation of Arab Republics 9454:Arab Socialist Union (Libya) 9444:Arab Socialist Union (Egypt) 9045:Israeli–Palestinian conflict 8993:Arab separatism in Khuzestan 8797:Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013) 8784:Turkish involvement in Syria 8668:al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen 8499:Political violence in Turkey 8433:Israeli–Palestinian conflict 8340:Yemeni–Adenese clan violence 8219:Italian bombing of Palestine 8181:1935–1936 Iraqi Shia revolts 8130:Arab separatism in Khuzestan 7888:Saudi–Yemeni border skirmish 7144:Schmidt, Dana Adams (1968). 7121:: Cornell University Press. 7086:Pollack, Kenneth M. (2002). 6632:Hart-Davis 2012. Chapter 8: 6344:Melman, Yossi (2008-10-17). 6093:"Desperation of a Strongman" 3507:(a ruler of a predominantly 3459: 3441: 3165: 2603: 2552:A plot headed by Lieutenant 2468:Algerian War of Independence 2236:(then formally known as the 2096:Republic without republicans 1841:11 September 1922 Revolution 1836:Mongolian Revolution of 1921 728:Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen 688:Yemeni–Adenese clan violence 7: 9789:Wars involving Saudi Arabia 9619:Flag of the Arab Federation 9449:Arab Socialist Union (Iraq) 9439:Arab Socialist Action Party 8049:Turkish War of Independence 8033:Unification of Saudi Arabia 7719:Water supply and sanitation 7215:The wages of war, 1816–1965 6672:Schmidt (1968), pp. 168–169 6581:(in Hebrew). Archived from 6238:Schmidt (1968), pp. 296–297 5465:Schmidt (1968), pp. 222–223 5444:Schmidt (1968), pp. 221–222 5417:Schmidt (1968), pp. 208–209 5352:Schmidt (1968), pp. 180–182 5334:Schmidt (1968), pp. 179–180 5325:Schmidt (1968), pp. 178–179 5316:Schmidt (1968), pp. 169–170 5266:Schmidt (1968), pp. 164–165 5254:Schmidt (1968), pp. 199–200 5117:Schmidt (1968), pp. 193–194 5093:Schmidt (1968), pp. 192–193 5043:Schmidt (1968), pp. 190–191 4975:Schmidt (1968), pp. 185–186 4108: 4008: 3765:Saudi and Jordanian support 3499:fight alongside its ranks. 2948:to the North, and San'a to 2486:Central Treaty Organization 2228:supplied military aid, and 1831:Turkish War of Independence 1753: 10: 9835: 9590:On the Way of Resurrection 9583:The Battle for One Destiny 9514:Lebanese National Movement 8955:Third International Theory 8714:Iran–Israel proxy conflict 8708:Houthi insurgency in Yemen 8697:Balochi insurgency in Iran 8673:1999 Shia uprising in Iraq 8509:1977 Shia uprising in Iraq 8504:Islamist uprising in Syria 8482:Turkish invasion of Cyprus 8371:Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964 8257:Kurdish separatism in Iran 8176:Goharshad Mosque rebellion 7423:COVID-19 pandemic in Yemen 7213:— Originally published as 6573:Stern, Yoav (2004-07-26). 6320:Dresch (1994), pp. 261–262 6008:"Beginning to Face Defeat" 5587:"Fewer Curses, More Sense" 5280:"For Allah & the Imam" 5143:"Another Job for the U.N." 4250:. No. Jan–Feb, 2004. 4066:Houthi insurgency in Yemen 3644:Federation of South Arabia 3432:Federation of South Arabia 3379: 3159:Prince Abdullah bin Hassan 3095:conference on November 2. 2558:A plot conceived by Sallal 2525: 2205:. The Imam escaped to the 1886:1970 Cambodian coup d'état 1635:The Commonwealth of Oceana 18: 9733: 9642: 9599: 9567: 9544:Unified Political Command 9434:Arab Nationalist Movement 9379: 9331:Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi 9191: 9160: 9127:1969 Sudanese coup d'état 8998:1979 Khuzestan insurgency 8963: 8927: 8872: 8835: 8740: 8681: 8621: 8554: 8472:Black September in Jordan 8464: 8363: 8307: 8204: 8148: 8102: 7979: 7883: 7794: 7727: 7684: 7675: 7625: 7616: 7579: 7509: 7500: 7453: 7444: 7433: 7379:Aftermath of the takeover 7314: 7271: 7262: 7179:Beverly Hills, California 7024:Oren, Michael B. (2002). 6932:Hart-Davis, Duff (2011). 6907:A History of Modern Yemen 6390:. Sussex Academic Press. 6329:Schmidt (1968), pp. 62–63 4854:"Diplomacy in the Desert" 4788:Schmidt (1968), pp. 30–31 3983: 3957: 3945: 3857:piston-engined fighters, 3358:Egyptian foreign minister 2923:(dotted line ) offensives 2834:, which was conceived by 2832:National Security Council 2059:The Emperor's New Clothes 1811:5 October 1910 revolution 1806:French Revolution of 1848 829:Liberty as non-domination 678: 565: 517: 468: 402: 253: 109: 54: 43: 35: 30: 9052:1952 Egyptian revolution 8574:Kurdish–Turkish conflict 8569:1980 Turkish coup d'état 8388:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War 8320:1953 Iranian coup d'état 8315:1952 Egyptian revolution 8043:1919 Egyptian revolution 8026:Mount Lebanon starvation 7514:House of Representatives 7396:Civil war (2014–present) 4071: 4041:Houthi takeover in Yemen 3913:and the coastal town of 3669:, defense minister, and 3278:Israeli foreign minister 2765:South Arabian Federation 2517:Retribution against the 2441:For Egypt Not For Nasser 2392: 2299: 1901:1987 Fijian coups d'état 1861:1952 Egyptian revolution 839:Political representation 9705:Palestinian nationalism 9624:Flag of the Arab Revolt 9117:1966 Syrian coup d'état 9097:1963 Syrian coup d'état 9077:1961 Syrian coup d'état 8803:War in Iraq (2013–2017) 8651:Iraqi Kurdish Civil War 8646:Yemeni Civil War (1994) 8456:1966 Syrian coup d'état 8383:First Iraqi–Kurdish War 8224:Allied invasion of Iraq 8171:Saudi–Yemeni War (1934) 8094:Mahmud Barzanji revolts 7324:Saudi–Yemeni War (1934) 6683:"Appointment in Khamir" 6143:"When Friends Fall Out" 4892:"Fugitive from Bullets" 4568:"After Ahmad the Devil" 3834:report on the country. 3434:, which had now become 2535: 2453:Egyptian Special Forces 2180:. The war began with a 2166:26 September Revolution 1881:1969 Libyan coup d'état 1665:Discourse on Inequality 814:Consent of the governed 723:Yemeni civil war (1994) 606:International incidents 9132:1969 Libyan revolution 9010:1941 Iraqi coup d'état 8748:2011 Bahraini uprising 8732:South Yemen insurgency 8613:Abu Nidal's executions 8598:1986 Damascus bombings 8377:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 8229:Syria–Lebanon campaign 7999:Middle Eastern theatre 7906:First Arab–Israeli War 7401:Saudi–led intervention 7148:Yemen: The Unknown War 7059:Orkaby, Asher (2017). 6934:The War That Never Was 6838:"Dialogue of the Deaf" 6721:"A Preference for War" 6521:Carol, Steven (2019). 6261:"Yoke of Independence" 6188:Schmidt (1968), p. 294 6179:Schmidt (1968), p. 293 6129:Schmidt (1968), p. 291 5883:Schmidt (1968), p. 268 5874:Schmidt (1968), p. 267 5865:Schmidt (1968), p. 265 5856:Schmidt (1968), p. 264 5847:Schmidt (1968), p. 263 5838:Schmidt (1968), p. 260 5796:Schmidt (1968), p. 259 5787:Schmidt (1968), p. 257 5637:"Long Breath in Yemen" 5537:"A Man to End the War" 5521:Schmidt (1968), p. 234 5512:Schmidt (1968), p. 233 5456:Schmidt (1968), p. 222 5435:Schmidt (1968), p. 214 5426:Schmidt (1968), p. 209 5408:Schmidt (1968), p. 207 5361:Schmidt (1968), p. 182 5343:Schmidt (1968), p. 180 5129:Schmidt (1968), p. 195 5105:Schmidt (1968), p. 193 5034:Schmidt (1968), p. 190 5025:Schmidt (1968), p. 186 4606:"Revolt & Revenge" 4318:Pollack (2002), p. 54. 3997: 3967: 3869:twin-engined bombers, 3846: 3791: 3655:Lockheed Constellation 3638: 3560: 3473: 3427: 3391: 3341: 3264: 3211: 3175: 3142: 3059: 2966: 2924: 2811:Operation Hard-surface 2769:British Foreign Office 2707:Faisal of Saudi Arabia 2630: 2593:The telephone exchange 2545: 2402: 2352: 2317: 2309: 2216:On the royalist side, 2176:and supporters of the 738:South Yemen insurgency 352:Abdul Rahman al-Eryani 254:Commanders and leaders 9809:Egypt–Yemen relations 9784:Wars involving Jordan 9764:North Yemen Civil War 9690:Jordanian nationalism 9424:Arab Islamic Republic 9419:Arab Higher Committee 9296:Rashid Ali al-Gaylani 9276:Salah al-Din al-Bitar 9087:North Yemen civil war 9020:Arab–Israeli conflict 8588:South Yemen civil war 8487:Shatt al-Arab clashes 8412:Mar. 1963 Syrian coup 8401:North Yemen civil war 8350:1958 Iraqi revolution 8277:1948 Arab–Israeli War 8271:Arab–Israeli conflict 8140:Sheikh Said rebellion 8004:Battle of Robat Karim 7912:North Yemen civil war 7386:Crisis (2011–present) 7354:South Yemen civil war 7334:North Yemen civil war 7181:: Sage Publications. 6997:Jones, Clive (2004). 6905:Dresch, Paul (2000). 6878:Dresch, Paul (1994). 6800:"No Time for Fanfare" 6646:Jones, Clive (2010). 6374:Safran (1988), p. 119 6311:Dresch (2000), p. 120 6302:Dresch (2000), p. 124 6250:Dresch (2000), p. 115 6082:Safran (1988), p. 122 5751:"Revolt Within a War" 5623:Safran (1988), p. 121 5576:Safran (1988), p. 120 5372:"The Alexandria Duet" 4838:Schmidt (1968), p. 34 4779:Schmidt (1968), p. 29 4770:Schmidt (1968), p. 23 4761:Schmidt (1968), p. 22 4409:Pollack (2002), p. 56 4361:Pollack (2002), p. 55 4352:Pollack (2002), p. 53 3994:Abdurrahman Bin Yahya 3991: 3966:King Faisal at Jeddah 3965: 3840: 3785: 3657:749. He then flew to 3636: 3558: 3467: 3425: 3389: 3382:Siege of Sanaa (1967) 3339: 3262: 3201: 3173: 3140: 3054: 2964: 2914: 2628: 2543: 2400: 2350: 2315: 2307: 2197:and declared Yemen a 2174:Mutawakkilite Kingdom 2162:North Yemen civil war 2049:Criticism of monarchy 1871:North Yemen civil war 1685:The Federalist Papers 980:Federal parliamentary 718:South Yemen civil war 693:North Yemen civil war 557:North Yemen civil war 469:Casualties and losses 375:Abdul Latif Dayfallah 292:Abdurrahman bin Yahya 31:North Yemen civil war 9804:1960s in North Yemen 9794:Wars involving Yemen 9779:Wars involving Egypt 9725:Tunisian nationalism 9695:Lebanese nationalism 9655:Egyptian nationalism 9650:Algerian nationalism 9554:United Arab Republic 9429:Arab Liberation Army 9409:Arab Ba'ath Movement 9266:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr 8727:Fatah–Hamas conflict 8663:Operation Desert Fox 8636:1991 Iraqi uprisings 8630:Gulf War (1990–1991) 8541:Grand Mosque seizure 8519:Yemenite War of 1979 8477:Yemenite War of 1972 8417:Nov. 1963 Iraqi coup 8407:Feb. 1963 Iraqi coup 8161:Ahmed Barzani revolt 8072:Turkish–Armenian War 7930:Yemenite War of 1979 7918:Yemenite War of 1972 6384:Clive Jones (2004). 6220:on December 15, 2008 6202:"The Siege of San'a" 6111:on December 15, 2008 5988:on December 15, 2008 5970:"Coping in Khartoum" 5950:on December 15, 2008 5912:on December 15, 2008 5769:on February 20, 2008 5731:on February 20, 2008 5555:on February 20, 2008 5390:on December 13, 2011 4644:"Visitor from Cairo" 4501:on September 6, 2008 4109:Thawrat 26 Sibtambar 3497:Saudi National Guard 2817:UN Secretary-General 2361:United Arab Republic 2275:1967 siege of Sana'a 2238:United Arab Republic 2207:Saudi Arabian border 2164:, also known as the 2034:Classical radicalism 1776:Republic of Florence 1715:Democracy in America 874:Separation of powers 849:Public participation 419:20,000 semi-regulars 326:Faisal bin Abdulaziz 9814:1970 in North Yemen 9715:Sahrawi nationalism 9072:1959 Mosul uprising 9005:Great Syrian Revolt 8875:This list includes 8843:2021 Beirut clashes 8703:2004 Qamishli riots 8580:Turkey–PKK conflict 8536:1979 Qatif Uprising 8355:1959 Mosul uprising 8345:1958 Lebanon crisis 8292:1973 Yom Kippur War 8263:Iran crisis of 1946 8251:Al-Wathbah uprising 8241:1943 Barzani revolt 8135:Great Syrian Revolt 8115:Iraqi Revolt (1920) 8038:Simko Shikak revolt 6279:on January 27, 2008 6161:on January 27, 2008 6026:on November 5, 2012 5894:"Divided in Defeat" 5820:on October 27, 2011 5693:on October 28, 2010 5655:on October 28, 2010 5476:"Back to Bloodshed" 5218:"The Mess in Yemen" 4705:on February 1, 2011 3902:outside San'a. The 3663:Neil "Billy" McLean 3537:Special Air Service 3411:US State Department 3404:Abdul Rahman Iryani 3354:Khartoum Resolution 3332:Egyptian withdrawal 3202:Egyptian President 2907:Egyptian offensives 2659:. Ambassadors from 2646:Diplomatic attempts 2554:Ali Abdul al Moghny 2407:Free Yemen Movement 2267:Abdul Rahman Iryani 2178:Yemen Arab Republic 2124:Politics portal 1929:Antigua and Barbuda 1876:Zanzibar Revolution 1786:American Revolution 1675:The Social Contract 844:Popular sovereignty 713:Second Yemenite War 315:Abdullah bin Hassan 304:Mohamed bin Hussein 218:Yemen Arab Republic 9720:Syrian nationalism 9700:Libyan nationalism 9660:Greater Mauritania 9576:The Arab Awakening 9559:United Arab States 9534:Rejectionist Front 9341:Gamal Abdel Nasser 9152:Yemeni unification 9142:Lebanese Civil War 9122:17 July Revolution 9092:Ramadan Revolution 9067:14 July Revolution 8524:Iranian Revolution 8493:Lebanese Civil War 8439:1948 Palestine war 8186:1935 Yazidi revolt 8077:Franco-Turkish War 7648:Telecommunications 7406:Saudi–led blockade 6856:on January 5, 2012 6759:"Journey to Jedda" 6739:on January 5, 2012 6701:on January 5, 2012 6634:Breach of Security 6621:Breach of Security 5713:"In the Old Style" 4687:"The Imam's Peace" 4171:Sandler, Stanley. 3998: 3968: 3853:. They were using 3847: 3792: 3639: 3561: 3545:Corps of Engineers 3474: 3428: 3392: 3342: 3301:University of Bern 3265: 3212: 3204:Gamal Abdel Nasser 3176: 3143: 3133:Royalist offensive 3060: 3042:Kawakaban Province 2967: 2925: 2631: 2546: 2519:Saudi royal family 2403: 2401:Map of North Yemen 2353: 2318: 2310: 2252:Gamal Abdel Nasser 2249:Egyptian President 2188:Abdullah as-Sallal 2090:Primus inter pares 1906:Nepalese Civil War 1896:Iranian Revolution 1866:14 July Revolution 1821:Russian Revolution 1816:Chinese Revolution 1766:Republic of Venice 1615:Discourses on Livy 703:First Yemenite War 662:Internal conflicts 397:Gamal Abdel Nasser 339:Abdullah as-Sallal 16:1962–1970 conflict 9751: 9750: 9680:Iraqi nationalism 9371:Constantin Zureiq 9221:Abdul Rahman Arif 9201:Butrus al-Bustani 8887: 8886: 8110:Franco-Syrian War 8067:Greco-Turkish War 8055:Anglo-Turkish War 8021:Assyrian genocide 8016:Armenian genocide 7987:Italo-Turkish War 7939: 7938: 7825: 7824: 7790: 7789: 7671: 7670: 7612: 7611: 7556:Political parties 7534:Foreign relations 7496: 7495: 7431: 7430: 7369:Houthi insurgency 7188:978-0-8039-1776-7 7128:978-0-8014-9484-0 7097:978-0-8032-3733-9 7043:978-0-19-515174-9 7008:978-1-903900-23-9 6974:978-0-099-55329-8 6943:978-1-84605-825-7 6916:978-0-521-79092-5 6889:978-0-19-827790-3 6818:on April 23, 2008 6561:Manna from Heaven 6491:Manna from Heaven 6469:Manna from Heaven 6456:Manna from Heaven 6443:Manna from Heaven 6397:978-1-903900-23-9 6064:on April 23, 2008 6046:"A Distant Peace" 5675:"The New Caution" 4552:Oren (2002), p. 7 4248:Infantry Magazine 4147:A Study of Crisis 4106: 3931:President Kennedy 3900:Al-Rawda Airfield 3728:Alec Douglas-Home 3713:French Somaliland 3535:, founder of the 3267:The first use of 3220:Zakaria Mohieddin 2985:Prince Abdullah's 2957:Ramadan offensive 2919:(solid line) and 2787:, and the entire 2753:Aden Protectorate 2740:after a visit to 2715:Hussein of Jordan 2711:Arabian Peninsula 2693:Nikita Khrushchev 2652:Hussein of Jordan 2590:The radio station 2570:chargé d'affaires 2445:Spanish Civil War 2411:Anthony Nutting's 2158: 2157: 2101:Republican empire 2074:List of republics 1923:National variants 1851:Spanish Civil War 1791:French Revolution 1771:Republic of Genoa 1655:The Spirit of Law 1588:Theoretical works 932:Neo-republicanism 765: 764: 750:Yemeni revolution 733:Houthi insurgency 626: 625: 522: 521: 428:200,000 tribesmen 105: 104: 9826: 9741: 9740: 9614:Eagle of Saladin 9321:Amin al-Husseini 9286:Faisal I of Iraq 9256:Sultan al-Atrash 9251:Mansur al-Atrash 9226:Abdul Salam Arif 9035:War of Attrition 8921:Arab nationalism 8914: 8907: 8900: 8891: 8890: 8849:Israel–Hamas war 8776:Syrian civil war 8759:Sinai insurgency 8720:2006 Lebanon War 8395:Dhofar Rebellion 8330:Cyprus Emergency 8325:Jebel Akhdar War 8297:1982 Lebanon War 8287:1967 Six-Day War 8196:Dersim rebellion 8156:Ararat rebellion 8060:Al-Jazeera Front 7966: 7959: 7952: 7943: 7942: 7900:Saudi–Yemeni war 7878: 7877: 7864: 7863: 7852: 7845: 7838: 7829: 7828: 7810: 7803: 7682: 7681: 7638: 7623: 7622: 7589:Republican Guard 7507: 7506: 7451: 7450: 7439: 7296:Kingdom of Aksum 7269: 7268: 7245: 7238: 7231: 7222: 7221: 7208: 7177:(2nd ed.). 7169: 7151: 7140: 7119:Ithaca, New York 7109: 7082: 7070:978-019-061844-5 7055: 7031: 7020: 6955: 6936:. Random House. 6928: 6901: 6866: 6865: 6863: 6861: 6852:. Archived from 6834: 6828: 6827: 6825: 6823: 6814:. Archived from 6796: 6787: 6786: 6784: 6782: 6777:on June 22, 2008 6773:. Archived from 6755: 6749: 6748: 6746: 6744: 6735:. Archived from 6717: 6711: 6710: 6708: 6706: 6697:. Archived from 6679: 6673: 6670: 6664: 6663: 6643: 6637: 6630: 6624: 6617: 6611: 6608:Shortage of Gold 6604: 6595: 6594: 6592: 6590: 6570: 6564: 6557: 6551: 6550: 6548: 6546: 6518: 6512: 6503: 6494: 6487: 6481: 6478: 6472: 6465: 6459: 6452: 6446: 6439: 6433: 6424: 6413: 6412: 6410: 6409: 6381: 6375: 6372: 6366: 6365: 6363: 6361: 6341: 6330: 6327: 6321: 6318: 6312: 6309: 6303: 6300: 6289: 6288: 6286: 6284: 6275:. Archived from 6257: 6251: 6248: 6239: 6236: 6230: 6229: 6227: 6225: 6216:. Archived from 6198: 6189: 6186: 6180: 6177: 6171: 6170: 6168: 6166: 6157:. Archived from 6139: 6130: 6127: 6121: 6120: 6118: 6116: 6107:. Archived from 6089: 6083: 6080: 6074: 6073: 6071: 6069: 6060:. Archived from 6042: 6036: 6035: 6033: 6031: 6022:. Archived from 6004: 5998: 5997: 5995: 5993: 5984:. Archived from 5966: 5960: 5959: 5957: 5955: 5946:. Archived from 5928: 5922: 5921: 5919: 5917: 5908:. Archived from 5890: 5884: 5881: 5875: 5872: 5866: 5863: 5857: 5854: 5848: 5845: 5839: 5836: 5830: 5829: 5827: 5825: 5806: 5797: 5794: 5788: 5785: 5779: 5778: 5776: 5774: 5765:. Archived from 5747: 5741: 5740: 5738: 5736: 5727:. Archived from 5709: 5703: 5702: 5700: 5698: 5689:. Archived from 5671: 5665: 5664: 5662: 5660: 5651:. Archived from 5633: 5624: 5621: 5615: 5614: 5612: 5610: 5605:on July 13, 2007 5601:. Archived from 5583: 5577: 5574: 5565: 5564: 5562: 5560: 5551:. Archived from 5533: 5522: 5519: 5513: 5510: 5504: 5503: 5501: 5499: 5494:on July 16, 2010 5490:. Archived from 5472: 5466: 5463: 5457: 5454: 5445: 5442: 5436: 5433: 5427: 5424: 5418: 5415: 5409: 5406: 5400: 5399: 5397: 5395: 5386:. Archived from 5368: 5362: 5359: 5353: 5350: 5344: 5341: 5335: 5332: 5326: 5323: 5317: 5314: 5308: 5307: 5305: 5303: 5276: 5267: 5264: 5255: 5252: 5246: 5245: 5243: 5241: 5214: 5208: 5207: 5205: 5203: 5176: 5170: 5169: 5167: 5165: 5139: 5130: 5127: 5118: 5115: 5106: 5103: 5094: 5091: 5085: 5084: 5082: 5080: 5053: 5044: 5041: 5035: 5032: 5026: 5023: 5014: 5013: 5011: 5009: 4982: 4976: 4973: 4967: 4966: 4964: 4962: 4939:"Pax Americana?" 4935: 4920: 4919: 4917: 4915: 4888: 4882: 4881: 4879: 4877: 4850: 4839: 4836: 4830: 4829: 4827: 4825: 4798: 4789: 4786: 4780: 4777: 4771: 4768: 4762: 4759: 4753: 4752: 4750: 4748: 4743:on July 15, 2010 4739:. Archived from 4721: 4715: 4714: 4712: 4710: 4701:. Archived from 4683: 4672: 4671: 4669: 4667: 4640: 4634: 4633: 4631: 4629: 4602: 4596: 4595: 4593: 4591: 4564: 4553: 4550: 4544: 4543: 4541: 4539: 4530:. Archived from 4520: 4511: 4510: 4508: 4506: 4497:. Archived from 4491:"Yemen: History" 4487: 4478: 4471: 4465: 4463: 4457: 4449: 4447: 4446: 4440: 4434:. Archived from 4433: 4425: 4419: 4416: 4410: 4407: 4401: 4400: 4398: 4396: 4377: 4371: 4368: 4362: 4359: 4353: 4350: 4344: 4343: 4341: 4340: 4325: 4319: 4316: 4307: 4306: 4304: 4302: 4283: 4273: 4264: 4263: 4261: 4259: 4239: 4176: 4169: 4150: 4143: 4112: 4111: 4101: 4099: 4091: 4085: 4084:material support 4082: 4025: 4020: 4019: 4018: 3898:refurbished the 3824:topographic maps 3794:Egypt supported 3788:Kamal Hassan Ali 3623:guerilla warfare 3619:antitank weapons 3482:Hassan ibn Yahya 3470:Hassan ibn Yahya 3321:cyanogen bromide 3286:Hassan bin Yahya 3255:Chemical warfare 3032:Haradh offensive 2857:. The former UN 2828:Ellsworth Bunker 2805:Abdel Hakim Amer 2449:Arab nationalist 2423:Arab nationalist 2342:Muhammad al-Badr 2203:slavery in Yemen 2195:Muhammad al-Badr 2150: 2143: 2136: 2122: 2121: 2106:Republican Party 2084:Peasant republic 2044:Communitarianism 1761:Classical Athens 1756: 1730: 1720: 1710: 1700: 1690: 1680: 1670: 1660: 1650: 1640: 1630: 1620: 1610: 1600: 834:Mixed government 768: 767: 673: 663: 653: 646: 639: 630: 629: 560: 558: 548: 541: 534: 525: 524: 512: 511: 510: 501: 500: 499: 491: 490: 489: 480: 479: 478: 464:130,000 soldiers 463: 462: 461: 450: 449: 448: 437:100+ mercenaries 436: 435: 427: 426: 425: 418: 417: 416: 395: 394: 393: 384: 383: 382: 373: 372: 371: 362: 361: 360: 354: 350: 349: 348: 337: 336: 335: 324: 323: 322: 313: 312: 311: 302: 301: 300: 294: 290: 289: 288: 280:Hassan ibn Yahya 278: 277: 276: 268:Muhammad al-Badr 266: 265: 264: 246: 244: 243: 233: 229: 228: 227: 216: 214: 213: 202: 200: 199: 190: 188: 187: 178: 176: 175: 166: 164: 163: 157: 152: 150: 149: 135: 133: 132: 124:Kingdom of Yemen 122: 121: 120: 56: 55: 48: 28: 27: 21:Yemeni civil war 9834: 9833: 9829: 9828: 9827: 9825: 9824: 9823: 9769:1960s conflicts 9754: 9753: 9752: 9747: 9729: 9665:Greater Morocco 9638: 9634:Pan-Arab colors 9629:Hawk of Quraish 9595: 9563: 9414:Arab Federation 9375: 9361:Abdullah Rimawi 9336:Mostéfa Merarda 9291:Muammar Gaddafi 9271:Ahmed Ben Bella 9246:Jamal al-Atassi 9236:Bashar al-Assad 9187: 9156: 9137:Black September 9015:Anglo-Iraqi War 8959: 8923: 8918: 8888: 8883: 8881: 8868: 8831: 8753:Egyptian Crisis 8736: 8677: 8617: 8550: 8460: 8449:Second Intifada 8359: 8303: 8200: 8166:Simele massacre 8144: 8125:Adwan Rebellion 8098: 7975: 7970: 7940: 7935: 7894:Najran conflict 7879: 7872: 7858: 7856: 7826: 7821: 7813: 7806: 7799: 7786: 7777:Public holidays 7723: 7667: 7636: 7608: 7575: 7551:Law enforcement 7492: 7440: 7427: 7310: 7306:Islamic history 7281:Ancient history 7258: 7249: 7189: 7129: 7098: 7071: 7044: 7009: 6944: 6917: 6890: 6874: 6869: 6859: 6857: 6836: 6835: 6831: 6821: 6819: 6798: 6797: 6790: 6780: 6778: 6757: 6756: 6752: 6742: 6740: 6719: 6718: 6714: 6704: 6702: 6681: 6680: 6676: 6671: 6667: 6660: 6644: 6640: 6636:. pp. 181, 184. 6631: 6627: 6618: 6614: 6605: 6598: 6588: 6586: 6571: 6567: 6558: 6554: 6544: 6542: 6535: 6519: 6515: 6504: 6497: 6488: 6484: 6479: 6475: 6466: 6462: 6453: 6449: 6440: 6436: 6425: 6416: 6407: 6405: 6398: 6382: 6378: 6373: 6369: 6359: 6357: 6342: 6333: 6328: 6324: 6319: 6315: 6310: 6306: 6301: 6292: 6282: 6280: 6259: 6258: 6254: 6249: 6242: 6237: 6233: 6223: 6221: 6200: 6199: 6192: 6187: 6183: 6178: 6174: 6164: 6162: 6141: 6140: 6133: 6128: 6124: 6114: 6112: 6091: 6090: 6086: 6081: 6077: 6067: 6065: 6044: 6043: 6039: 6029: 6027: 6006: 6005: 6001: 5991: 5989: 5968: 5967: 5963: 5953: 5951: 5930: 5929: 5925: 5915: 5913: 5892: 5891: 5887: 5882: 5878: 5873: 5869: 5864: 5860: 5855: 5851: 5846: 5842: 5837: 5833: 5823: 5821: 5808: 5807: 5800: 5795: 5791: 5786: 5782: 5772: 5770: 5749: 5748: 5744: 5734: 5732: 5711: 5710: 5706: 5696: 5694: 5673: 5672: 5668: 5658: 5656: 5635: 5634: 5627: 5622: 5618: 5608: 5606: 5585: 5584: 5580: 5575: 5568: 5558: 5556: 5535: 5534: 5525: 5520: 5516: 5511: 5507: 5497: 5495: 5474: 5473: 5469: 5464: 5460: 5455: 5448: 5443: 5439: 5434: 5430: 5425: 5421: 5416: 5412: 5407: 5403: 5393: 5391: 5370: 5369: 5365: 5360: 5356: 5351: 5347: 5342: 5338: 5333: 5329: 5324: 5320: 5315: 5311: 5301: 5299: 5278: 5277: 5270: 5265: 5258: 5253: 5249: 5239: 5237: 5216: 5215: 5211: 5201: 5199: 5178: 5177: 5173: 5163: 5161: 5141: 5140: 5133: 5128: 5121: 5116: 5109: 5104: 5097: 5092: 5088: 5078: 5076: 5055: 5054: 5047: 5042: 5038: 5033: 5029: 5024: 5017: 5007: 5005: 4984: 4983: 4979: 4974: 4970: 4960: 4958: 4937: 4936: 4923: 4913: 4911: 4890: 4889: 4885: 4875: 4873: 4852: 4851: 4842: 4837: 4833: 4823: 4821: 4800: 4799: 4792: 4787: 4783: 4778: 4774: 4769: 4765: 4760: 4756: 4746: 4744: 4723: 4722: 4718: 4708: 4706: 4685: 4684: 4675: 4665: 4663: 4642: 4641: 4637: 4627: 4625: 4604: 4603: 4599: 4589: 4587: 4566: 4565: 4556: 4551: 4547: 4537: 4535: 4522: 4521: 4514: 4504: 4502: 4489: 4488: 4481: 4472: 4468: 4451: 4450: 4444: 4442: 4438: 4431: 4429:"Archived copy" 4427: 4426: 4422: 4417: 4413: 4408: 4404: 4394: 4392: 4379: 4378: 4374: 4369: 4365: 4360: 4356: 4351: 4347: 4338: 4336: 4327: 4326: 4322: 4317: 4310: 4300: 4298: 4296: 4274: 4267: 4257: 4255: 4240: 4179: 4170: 4153: 4144: 4125: 4121: 4116: 4115: 4092: 4088: 4083: 4079: 4074: 4021: 4016: 4014: 4011: 3986: 3960: 3948: 3943: 3780: 3767: 3701:Stratofreighter 3677:. According to 3651:Duff Hart-Davis 3631: 3462: 3457: 3455:Opposing forces 3444: 3420: 3384: 3378: 3352:As part of the 3334: 3276:, not gas. The 3257: 3226:In a speech on 3196: 3168: 3135: 3101: 3034: 2959: 2909: 2813: 2703:John F. Kennedy 2669:Washington D.C. 2648: 2623: 2606: 2538: 2533: 2528: 2457:fighter-bombers 2395: 2322:Ahmad bin Yahya 2302: 2297: 2154: 2116: 2111: 2110: 2029: 2021: 2020: 1924: 1916: 1915: 1801:Trienio Liberal 1742: 1734: 1733: 1728: 1718: 1708: 1698: 1688: 1678: 1668: 1658: 1648: 1638: 1628: 1618: 1608: 1598: 1589: 1581: 1580: 1316:Flynn (Stephen) 1201: 1193: 1192: 1033: 1025: 1024: 950: 942: 941: 897: 889: 888: 884:Social equality 879:Social contract 869:Self-governance 824:Democratization 799:Anti-corruption 794:Anti-monarchism 789: 773:Politics series 766: 761: 674: 665: 661: 659: 657: 627: 622: 608: 561: 556: 554: 552: 508: 506: 505: 497: 495: 487: 485: 484: 476: 474: 459: 457: 456: 452: 446: 444: 443: 430: 429: 423: 421: 420: 414: 412: 411: 391: 389: 388: 386:Hamoud Al-Jaifi 380: 378: 377: 369: 367: 366: 358: 356: 355: 346: 344: 343: 342: 333: 331: 320: 318: 317: 309: 307: 306: 298: 296: 295: 286: 284: 283: 282: 274: 272: 271: 262: 260: 241: 239: 238: 234: 225: 223: 222: 221: 211: 209: 197: 195: 194: 185: 183: 182: 173: 171: 170: 161: 159: 158: 147: 145: 144: 143: 139: 130: 128: 127: 118: 116: 74: 63: 49: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9832: 9822: 9821: 9816: 9811: 9806: 9801: 9796: 9791: 9786: 9781: 9776: 9771: 9766: 9749: 9748: 9746: 9745: 9734: 9731: 9730: 9728: 9727: 9722: 9717: 9712: 9707: 9702: 9697: 9692: 9687: 9682: 9677: 9672: 9667: 9662: 9657: 9652: 9646: 9644: 9643:Related topics 9640: 9639: 9637: 9636: 9631: 9626: 9621: 9616: 9611: 9605: 9603: 9597: 9596: 9594: 9593: 9586: 9579: 9571: 9569: 9565: 9564: 9562: 9561: 9556: 9551: 9546: 9541: 9536: 9531: 9526: 9521: 9516: 9511: 9509:Islamic Legion 9506: 9501: 9496: 9491: 9486: 9481: 9476: 9471: 9466: 9461: 9456: 9451: 9446: 9441: 9436: 9431: 9426: 9421: 9416: 9411: 9406: 9401: 9399:Al-Mourabitoun 9396: 9391: 9385: 9383: 9377: 9376: 9374: 9373: 9368: 9366:Hamdeen Sabahi 9363: 9358: 9356:Fuad al-Rikabi 9353: 9348: 9346:Adnan Pachachi 9343: 9338: 9333: 9328: 9323: 9318: 9316:Saddam Hussein 9313: 9308: 9306:Sati' al-Husri 9303: 9298: 9293: 9288: 9283: 9278: 9273: 9268: 9263: 9258: 9253: 9248: 9243: 9241:Hafez al-Assad 9238: 9233: 9231:Zaki al-Arsuzi 9228: 9223: 9218: 9213: 9208: 9203: 9197: 9195: 9189: 9188: 9186: 9185: 9180: 9175: 9170: 9164: 9162: 9158: 9157: 9155: 9154: 9149: 9144: 9139: 9134: 9129: 9124: 9119: 9114: 9112:Aden Emergency 9109: 9104: 9099: 9094: 9089: 9084: 9079: 9074: 9069: 9064: 9059: 9057:Iraqi Intifada 9054: 9049: 9048: 9047: 9042: 9040:Yom Kippur War 9037: 9032: 9027: 9017: 9012: 9007: 9002: 9001: 9000: 8990: 8985: 8984: 8983: 8973: 8967: 8965: 8961: 8960: 8958: 8957: 8952: 8947: 8942: 8937: 8935:Arab socialism 8931: 8929: 8925: 8924: 8917: 8916: 8909: 8902: 8894: 8885: 8884: 8873: 8870: 8869: 8867: 8866: 8863:Red Sea crisis 8859: 8852: 8845: 8839: 8837: 8833: 8832: 8830: 8829: 8828: 8827: 8813: 8806: 8799: 8794: 8789: 8788: 8787: 8771: 8770: 8769: 8762: 8750: 8744: 8742: 8738: 8737: 8735: 8734: 8729: 8724: 8723: 8722: 8710: 8705: 8700: 8693: 8685: 8683: 8679: 8678: 8676: 8675: 8670: 8665: 8660: 8653: 8648: 8643: 8638: 8633: 8625: 8623: 8619: 8618: 8616: 8615: 8610: 8608:Mecca massacre 8605: 8600: 8595: 8590: 8585: 8584: 8583: 8571: 8566: 8558: 8556: 8552: 8551: 8549: 8548: 8543: 8538: 8533: 8532: 8531: 8521: 8516: 8511: 8506: 8501: 8496: 8489: 8484: 8479: 8474: 8468: 8466: 8462: 8461: 8459: 8458: 8453: 8452: 8451: 8446: 8444:First Intifada 8441: 8429: 8427:1964 Hama riot 8424: 8422:Aden Emergency 8419: 8414: 8409: 8404: 8397: 8392: 8391: 8390: 8385: 8373: 8367: 8365: 8361: 8360: 8358: 8357: 8352: 8347: 8342: 8337: 8332: 8327: 8322: 8317: 8311: 8309: 8305: 8304: 8302: 8301: 8300: 8299: 8294: 8289: 8284: 8279: 8267: 8266: 8265: 8253: 8248: 8246:Al-Waziri coup 8243: 8238: 8237: 8236: 8231: 8226: 8221: 8208: 8206: 8202: 8201: 8199: 8198: 8193: 8188: 8183: 8178: 8173: 8168: 8163: 8158: 8152: 8150: 8146: 8145: 8143: 8142: 8137: 8132: 8127: 8122: 8117: 8112: 8106: 8104: 8100: 8099: 8097: 8096: 8091: 8090: 8089: 8084: 8079: 8074: 8069: 8064: 8063: 8062: 8045: 8040: 8035: 8030: 8029: 8028: 8023: 8018: 8013: 8008: 8007: 8006: 7989: 7983: 7981: 7977: 7976: 7969: 7968: 7961: 7954: 7946: 7937: 7936: 7934: 7933: 7927: 7921: 7915: 7909: 7903: 7897: 7896:(1931/32–1932) 7891: 7884: 7881: 7880: 7855: 7854: 7847: 7840: 7832: 7823: 7822: 7820: 7819: 7812: 7811: 7804: 7796: 7795: 7792: 7791: 7788: 7787: 7785: 7784: 7779: 7774: 7769: 7764: 7759: 7754: 7749: 7744: 7739: 7733: 7731: 7725: 7724: 7722: 7721: 7716: 7711: 7706: 7701: 7696: 7691: 7685: 7679: 7673: 7672: 7669: 7668: 7666: 7665: 7660: 7655: 7650: 7645: 7640: 7632: 7626: 7620: 7614: 7613: 7610: 7609: 7607: 7606: 7601: 7596: 7591: 7585: 7583: 7577: 7576: 7574: 7573: 7571:Prime Minister 7568: 7566:Vice President 7563: 7558: 7553: 7548: 7547: 7546: 7536: 7531: 7526: 7521: 7516: 7510: 7504: 7498: 7497: 7494: 7493: 7491: 7490: 7485: 7483:National parks 7480: 7475: 7470: 7465: 7460: 7454: 7448: 7442: 7441: 7434: 7432: 7429: 7428: 7426: 7425: 7420: 7419: 7418: 7413: 7408: 7403: 7393: 7388: 7383: 7382: 7381: 7376: 7366: 7364:1994 Civil War 7361: 7356: 7351: 7350: 7349: 7344: 7338:Yemenite Wars 7336: 7331: 7326: 7320: 7318: 7312: 7311: 7309: 7308: 7303: 7298: 7293: 7288: 7283: 7278: 7272: 7266: 7260: 7259: 7248: 7247: 7240: 7233: 7225: 7219: 7218: 7210: 7209: 7187: 7170: 7141: 7127: 7110: 7096: 7083: 7069: 7056: 7042: 7021: 7007: 6994: 6983:Israel Studies 6978: 6977: 6957: 6956: 6942: 6929: 6915: 6902: 6888: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6867: 6844:. 1965-12-17. 6829: 6806:. 1965-09-03. 6788: 6765:. 1965-08-27. 6750: 6727:. 1965-07-16. 6712: 6689:. 1965-05-14. 6674: 6665: 6659:978-1845191986 6658: 6638: 6625: 6623:. pp. 175–177. 6612: 6596: 6565: 6552: 6534:978-1532084119 6533: 6513: 6495: 6482: 6473: 6460: 6447: 6434: 6414: 6396: 6376: 6367: 6331: 6322: 6313: 6304: 6290: 6267:. 1967-11-24. 6252: 6240: 6231: 6208:. 1967-12-15. 6190: 6181: 6172: 6149:. 1967-11-17. 6131: 6122: 6099:. 1967-10-20. 6084: 6075: 6052:. 1967-09-15. 6037: 6014:. 1967-09-08. 5999: 5976:. 1967-08-11. 5961: 5938:. 1967-08-04. 5923: 5900:. 1967-06-30. 5885: 5876: 5867: 5858: 5849: 5840: 5831: 5798: 5789: 5780: 5757:. 1967-02-17. 5742: 5719:. 1966-11-04. 5704: 5681:. 1966-05-27. 5666: 5643:. 1966-05-13. 5625: 5616: 5593:. 1965-12-31. 5578: 5566: 5543:. 1965-05-07. 5523: 5514: 5505: 5482:. 1965-01-29. 5467: 5458: 5446: 5437: 5428: 5419: 5410: 5401: 5378:. 1964-09-25. 5363: 5354: 5345: 5336: 5327: 5318: 5309: 5286:. 1963-03-08. 5268: 5256: 5247: 5224:. 1963-09-13. 5209: 5186:. 1963-06-21. 5171: 5148:. 1963-05-10. 5131: 5119: 5107: 5095: 5086: 5063:. 1963-01-18. 5045: 5036: 5027: 5015: 4992:. 1962-11-23. 4977: 4968: 4945:. 1962-12-28. 4921: 4898:. 1962-12-21. 4883: 4860:. 1962-12-07. 4840: 4831: 4808:. 1962-10-26. 4802:"Arabia Felix" 4790: 4781: 4772: 4763: 4754: 4731:. 1961-07-07. 4716: 4693:. 1959-09-14. 4673: 4650:. 1958-03-10. 4635: 4612:. 1955-04-25. 4597: 4574:. 1962-10-05. 4554: 4545: 4512: 4479: 4466: 4420: 4411: 4402: 4372: 4363: 4354: 4345: 4320: 4308: 4295:978-0394559223 4294: 4265: 4177: 4151: 4122: 4120: 4117: 4114: 4113: 4098:ثورة 26 سبتمبر 4086: 4076: 4075: 4073: 4070: 4069: 4068: 4063: 4058: 4053: 4048: 4043: 4038: 4033: 4031:Aden Emergency 4027: 4026: 4010: 4007: 3985: 3982: 3981: 3980: 3976: 3959: 3956: 3947: 3944: 3942: 3939: 3923:Khamis Mushayt 3871:Ilyushin Il-14 3867:Ilyushin Il-28 3865:jet fighters, 3809:Ahmed Abu-Zeid 3779: 3776: 3766: 3763: 3692:Shabtai Shavit 3630: 3627: 3550:Arab socialism 3541:Lyndon Johnson 3533:David Stirling 3461: 3458: 3456: 3453: 3443: 3440: 3419: 3416: 3380:Main article: 3377: 3376:Siege of Sanaa 3374: 3333: 3330: 3256: 3253: 3249:Czechoslovakia 3236:Alexei Kosygin 3195: 3192: 3167: 3164: 3134: 3131: 3119: 3118: 3115: 3112: 3100: 3097: 3072:Qara mountains 3044:, to southern 3033: 3030: 2958: 2955: 2908: 2905: 2900: 2899: 2896: 2893: 2878: 2877: 2874: 2865:Major General 2836:McGeorge Bundy 2812: 2809: 2789:communist bloc 2757:United Nations 2722:Robert Stookey 2647: 2644: 2622: 2621:Coup aftermath 2619: 2605: 2602: 2601: 2600: 2597: 2594: 2591: 2588: 2585: 2566: 2565: 2562: 2559: 2556: 2537: 2534: 2532: 2529: 2527: 2524: 2523: 2522: 2515: 2500: 2493: 2490:Iraqi monarchy 2474: 2471: 2470:from 1954–1962 2455:and a wing of 2437:Mohamed Heikal 2394: 2391: 2301: 2298: 2296: 2293: 2271:Hassan al-Amri 2156: 2155: 2153: 2152: 2145: 2138: 2130: 2127: 2126: 2113: 2112: 2109: 2108: 2103: 2098: 2093: 2086: 2081: 2076: 2071: 2066: 2061: 2056: 2054:Egalitarianism 2051: 2046: 2041: 2036: 2030: 2028:Related topics 2027: 2026: 2023: 2022: 2019: 2018: 2013: 2012: 2011: 2006: 1999:United Kingdom 1996: 1991: 1986: 1981: 1976: 1971: 1966: 1961: 1956: 1951: 1946: 1941: 1936: 1931: 1925: 1922: 1921: 1918: 1917: 1914: 1913: 1908: 1903: 1898: 1893: 1888: 1883: 1878: 1873: 1868: 1863: 1858: 1853: 1848: 1843: 1838: 1833: 1828: 1823: 1818: 1813: 1808: 1803: 1798: 1793: 1788: 1783: 1781:Dutch Republic 1778: 1773: 1768: 1763: 1758: 1749: 1747:Roman Republic 1743: 1740: 1739: 1736: 1735: 1732: 1731: 1721: 1711: 1701: 1691: 1681: 1671: 1661: 1651: 1641: 1631: 1621: 1611: 1601: 1590: 1587: 1586: 1583: 1582: 1579: 1578: 1573: 1568: 1563: 1558: 1553: 1548: 1543: 1538: 1533: 1528: 1523: 1518: 1513: 1508: 1503: 1498: 1493: 1488: 1483: 1478: 1473: 1468: 1463: 1458: 1453: 1448: 1443: 1438: 1433: 1428: 1423: 1418: 1413: 1408: 1403: 1398: 1393: 1388: 1383: 1378: 1373: 1368: 1363: 1358: 1353: 1348: 1343: 1338: 1333: 1328: 1323: 1318: 1313: 1308: 1303: 1298: 1293: 1288: 1283: 1278: 1273: 1268: 1263: 1258: 1253: 1248: 1243: 1238: 1233: 1228: 1223: 1218: 1213: 1208: 1202: 1199: 1198: 1195: 1194: 1191: 1190: 1188:Wollstonecraft 1185: 1180: 1175: 1170: 1165: 1160: 1155: 1150: 1145: 1140: 1135: 1130: 1125: 1120: 1115: 1110: 1105: 1100: 1095: 1090: 1085: 1080: 1075: 1070: 1065: 1060: 1055: 1050: 1045: 1040: 1034: 1031: 1030: 1027: 1026: 1023: 1022: 1017: 1012: 1007: 1002: 997: 992: 987: 982: 977: 972: 967: 962: 957: 951: 948: 947: 944: 943: 940: 939: 934: 929: 924: 919: 914: 909: 904: 898: 895: 894: 891: 890: 887: 886: 881: 876: 871: 866: 861: 856: 851: 846: 841: 836: 831: 826: 821: 816: 811: 806: 801: 796: 790: 787: 786: 783: 782: 776: 775: 763: 762: 760: 759: 758: 757: 752: 740: 735: 730: 725: 720: 715: 710: 705: 700: 698:Aden Emergency 695: 690: 685: 683:Al-Waziri coup 679: 676: 675: 656: 655: 648: 641: 633: 624: 623: 621: 620: 615: 603: 602: 597: 595:1966 offensive 592: 587: 582: 577: 572: 566: 563: 562: 551: 550: 543: 536: 528: 520: 519: 515: 514: 493: 471: 470: 466: 465: 451:3,000 soldiers 438: 405: 404: 400: 399: 364:Hassan al-Amri 328: 256: 255: 251: 250: 206: 168:United Kingdom 112: 111: 107: 106: 103: 102: 101: 100: 97: 94: 91: 80: 76: 75: 72: 70: 66: 65: 60: 52: 51: 41: 40: 33: 32: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9831: 9820: 9817: 9815: 9812: 9810: 9807: 9805: 9802: 9800: 9797: 9795: 9792: 9790: 9787: 9785: 9782: 9780: 9777: 9775: 9772: 9770: 9767: 9765: 9762: 9761: 9759: 9744: 9736: 9735: 9732: 9726: 9723: 9721: 9718: 9716: 9713: 9711: 9708: 9706: 9703: 9701: 9698: 9696: 9693: 9691: 9688: 9686: 9683: 9681: 9678: 9676: 9675:Greater Yemen 9673: 9671: 9670:Greater Syria 9668: 9666: 9663: 9661: 9658: 9656: 9653: 9651: 9648: 9647: 9645: 9641: 9635: 9632: 9630: 9627: 9625: 9622: 9620: 9617: 9615: 9612: 9610: 9607: 9606: 9604: 9602: 9598: 9592: 9591: 9587: 9585: 9584: 9580: 9578: 9577: 9573: 9572: 9570: 9566: 9560: 9557: 9555: 9552: 9550: 9547: 9545: 9542: 9540: 9537: 9535: 9532: 9530: 9527: 9525: 9522: 9520: 9517: 9515: 9512: 9510: 9507: 9505: 9502: 9500: 9497: 9495: 9492: 9490: 9487: 9485: 9482: 9480: 9477: 9475: 9472: 9470: 9467: 9465: 9462: 9460: 9457: 9455: 9452: 9450: 9447: 9445: 9442: 9440: 9437: 9435: 9432: 9430: 9427: 9425: 9422: 9420: 9417: 9415: 9412: 9410: 9407: 9405: 9402: 9400: 9397: 9395: 9392: 9390: 9387: 9386: 9384: 9382: 9381:Organizations 9378: 9372: 9369: 9367: 9364: 9362: 9359: 9357: 9354: 9352: 9349: 9347: 9344: 9342: 9339: 9337: 9334: 9332: 9329: 9327: 9324: 9322: 9319: 9317: 9314: 9312: 9309: 9307: 9304: 9302: 9301:George Habash 9299: 9297: 9294: 9292: 9289: 9287: 9284: 9282: 9281:Izzat Darwaza 9279: 9277: 9274: 9272: 9269: 9267: 9264: 9262: 9259: 9257: 9254: 9252: 9249: 9247: 9244: 9242: 9239: 9237: 9234: 9232: 9229: 9227: 9224: 9222: 9219: 9217: 9216:Yasser Arafat 9214: 9212: 9209: 9207: 9204: 9202: 9199: 9198: 9196: 9194: 9193:Personalities 9190: 9184: 9181: 9179: 9176: 9174: 9171: 9169: 9168:Arab identity 9166: 9165: 9163: 9159: 9153: 9150: 9148: 9145: 9143: 9140: 9138: 9135: 9133: 9130: 9128: 9125: 9123: 9120: 9118: 9115: 9113: 9110: 9108: 9105: 9103: 9100: 9098: 9095: 9093: 9090: 9088: 9085: 9083: 9082:Arab Cold War 9080: 9078: 9075: 9073: 9070: 9068: 9065: 9063: 9060: 9058: 9055: 9053: 9050: 9046: 9043: 9041: 9038: 9036: 9033: 9031: 9028: 9026: 9023: 9022: 9021: 9018: 9016: 9013: 9011: 9008: 9006: 9003: 8999: 8996: 8995: 8994: 8991: 8989: 8986: 8982: 8979: 8978: 8977: 8974: 8972: 8969: 8968: 8966: 8962: 8956: 8953: 8951: 8948: 8946: 8943: 8941: 8938: 8936: 8933: 8932: 8930: 8926: 8922: 8915: 8910: 8908: 8903: 8901: 8896: 8895: 8892: 8880: 8878: 8871: 8865: 8864: 8860: 8858: 8857: 8853: 8851: 8850: 8846: 8844: 8841: 8840: 8838: 8834: 8826: 8825: 8824: 8819: 8818: 8817: 8816:Yemeni crisis 8814: 8812: 8811: 8807: 8805: 8804: 8800: 8798: 8795: 8793: 8790: 8786: 8785: 8781: 8780: 8779: 8778: 8777: 8772: 8768: 8767: 8763: 8761: 8760: 8756: 8755: 8754: 8751: 8749: 8746: 8745: 8743: 8739: 8733: 8730: 8728: 8725: 8721: 8718: 8717: 8716: 8715: 8711: 8709: 8706: 8704: 8701: 8699: 8698: 8694: 8692: 8691: 8687: 8686: 8684: 8680: 8674: 8671: 8669: 8666: 8664: 8661: 8659: 8658: 8654: 8652: 8649: 8647: 8644: 8642: 8639: 8637: 8634: 8632: 8631: 8627: 8626: 8624: 8620: 8614: 8611: 8609: 8606: 8604: 8601: 8599: 8596: 8594: 8591: 8589: 8586: 8582: 8581: 8577: 8576: 8575: 8572: 8570: 8567: 8565: 8564: 8563:Iran–Iraq War 8560: 8559: 8557: 8553: 8547: 8544: 8542: 8539: 8537: 8534: 8530: 8527: 8526: 8525: 8522: 8520: 8517: 8515: 8514:NDF Rebellion 8512: 8510: 8507: 8505: 8502: 8500: 8497: 8495: 8494: 8490: 8488: 8485: 8483: 8480: 8478: 8475: 8473: 8470: 8469: 8467: 8463: 8457: 8454: 8450: 8447: 8445: 8442: 8440: 8437: 8436: 8435: 8434: 8430: 8428: 8425: 8423: 8420: 8418: 8415: 8413: 8410: 8408: 8405: 8403: 8402: 8398: 8396: 8393: 8389: 8386: 8384: 8381: 8380: 8379: 8378: 8374: 8372: 8369: 8368: 8366: 8362: 8356: 8353: 8351: 8348: 8346: 8343: 8341: 8338: 8336: 8333: 8331: 8328: 8326: 8323: 8321: 8318: 8316: 8313: 8312: 8310: 8306: 8298: 8295: 8293: 8290: 8288: 8285: 8283: 8280: 8278: 8275: 8274: 8273: 8272: 8268: 8264: 8261: 8260: 8259: 8258: 8254: 8252: 8249: 8247: 8244: 8242: 8239: 8235: 8232: 8230: 8227: 8225: 8222: 8220: 8217: 8216: 8215: 8214: 8210: 8209: 8207: 8203: 8197: 8194: 8192: 8189: 8187: 8184: 8182: 8179: 8177: 8174: 8172: 8169: 8167: 8164: 8162: 8159: 8157: 8154: 8153: 8151: 8147: 8141: 8138: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8126: 8123: 8121: 8118: 8116: 8113: 8111: 8108: 8107: 8105: 8101: 8095: 8092: 8088: 8087:United States 8085: 8083: 8080: 8078: 8075: 8073: 8070: 8068: 8065: 8061: 8058: 8057: 8056: 8053: 8052: 8051: 8050: 8046: 8044: 8041: 8039: 8036: 8034: 8031: 8027: 8024: 8022: 8019: 8017: 8014: 8012: 8009: 8005: 8002: 8001: 8000: 7997: 7996: 7995: 7994: 7990: 7988: 7985: 7984: 7982: 7978: 7974: 7967: 7962: 7960: 7955: 7953: 7948: 7947: 7944: 7931: 7928: 7925: 7924:NDF Rebellion 7922: 7919: 7916: 7913: 7910: 7907: 7904: 7901: 7898: 7895: 7892: 7889: 7886: 7885: 7882: 7876: 7871: 7867: 7862: 7853: 7848: 7846: 7841: 7839: 7834: 7833: 7830: 7818: 7815: 7814: 7809: 7805: 7802: 7798: 7797: 7793: 7783: 7780: 7778: 7775: 7773: 7770: 7768: 7765: 7763: 7760: 7758: 7755: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7745: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7735: 7734: 7732: 7730: 7726: 7720: 7717: 7715: 7712: 7710: 7707: 7705: 7702: 7700: 7697: 7695: 7692: 7690: 7687: 7686: 7683: 7680: 7678: 7674: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7651: 7649: 7646: 7644: 7641: 7639: 7633: 7631: 7628: 7627: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7615: 7605: 7602: 7600: 7597: 7595: 7592: 7590: 7587: 7586: 7584: 7582: 7578: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7564: 7562: 7559: 7557: 7554: 7552: 7549: 7545: 7542: 7541: 7540: 7537: 7535: 7532: 7530: 7527: 7525: 7522: 7520: 7517: 7515: 7512: 7511: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7499: 7489: 7486: 7484: 7481: 7479: 7476: 7474: 7471: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7456: 7455: 7452: 7449: 7447: 7443: 7438: 7424: 7421: 7417: 7414: 7412: 7409: 7407: 7404: 7402: 7399: 7398: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7384: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7372: 7371: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7362: 7360: 7357: 7355: 7352: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7339: 7337: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7329:Alwaziri coup 7327: 7325: 7322: 7321: 7319: 7317: 7313: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7273: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7261: 7257: 7253: 7246: 7241: 7239: 7234: 7232: 7227: 7226: 7223: 7216: 7212: 7211: 7206: 7202: 7198: 7194: 7190: 7184: 7180: 7176: 7171: 7167: 7163: 7159: 7155: 7150: 7149: 7142: 7138: 7134: 7130: 7124: 7120: 7116: 7111: 7107: 7103: 7099: 7093: 7089: 7084: 7080: 7076: 7072: 7066: 7062: 7057: 7053: 7049: 7045: 7039: 7035: 7030: 7029: 7022: 7018: 7014: 7010: 7004: 7000: 6995: 6992: 6988: 6984: 6980: 6979: 6975: 6971: 6967: 6963: 6959: 6958: 6953: 6949: 6945: 6939: 6935: 6930: 6926: 6922: 6918: 6912: 6908: 6903: 6899: 6895: 6891: 6885: 6881: 6876: 6875: 6855: 6851: 6847: 6843: 6839: 6833: 6817: 6813: 6809: 6805: 6801: 6795: 6793: 6776: 6772: 6768: 6764: 6760: 6754: 6738: 6734: 6730: 6726: 6722: 6716: 6700: 6696: 6692: 6688: 6684: 6678: 6669: 6661: 6655: 6651: 6650: 6642: 6635: 6629: 6622: 6616: 6609: 6603: 6601: 6585:on 2012-05-27 6584: 6580: 6576: 6569: 6562: 6556: 6540: 6536: 6530: 6527:. iUniverse. 6526: 6525: 6517: 6511: 6508: 6502: 6500: 6492: 6486: 6477: 6470: 6464: 6457: 6451: 6444: 6438: 6432: 6429: 6423: 6421: 6419: 6403: 6399: 6393: 6389: 6388: 6380: 6371: 6355: 6351: 6347: 6340: 6338: 6336: 6326: 6317: 6308: 6299: 6297: 6295: 6278: 6274: 6270: 6266: 6262: 6256: 6247: 6245: 6235: 6219: 6215: 6211: 6207: 6203: 6197: 6195: 6185: 6176: 6160: 6156: 6152: 6148: 6144: 6138: 6136: 6126: 6110: 6106: 6102: 6098: 6094: 6088: 6079: 6063: 6059: 6055: 6051: 6047: 6041: 6025: 6021: 6017: 6013: 6009: 6003: 5987: 5983: 5979: 5975: 5971: 5965: 5949: 5945: 5941: 5937: 5933: 5927: 5911: 5907: 5903: 5899: 5895: 5889: 5880: 5871: 5862: 5853: 5844: 5835: 5819: 5815: 5811: 5805: 5803: 5793: 5784: 5768: 5764: 5760: 5756: 5752: 5746: 5730: 5726: 5722: 5718: 5714: 5708: 5692: 5688: 5684: 5680: 5676: 5670: 5654: 5650: 5646: 5642: 5638: 5632: 5630: 5620: 5604: 5600: 5596: 5592: 5588: 5582: 5573: 5571: 5554: 5550: 5546: 5542: 5538: 5532: 5530: 5528: 5518: 5509: 5493: 5489: 5485: 5481: 5477: 5471: 5462: 5453: 5451: 5441: 5432: 5423: 5414: 5405: 5389: 5385: 5381: 5377: 5373: 5367: 5358: 5349: 5340: 5331: 5322: 5313: 5297: 5293: 5289: 5285: 5281: 5275: 5273: 5263: 5261: 5251: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5223: 5219: 5213: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5175: 5159: 5155: 5151: 5147: 5144: 5138: 5136: 5126: 5124: 5114: 5112: 5102: 5100: 5090: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5052: 5050: 5040: 5031: 5022: 5020: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4981: 4972: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4934: 4932: 4930: 4928: 4926: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4887: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4849: 4847: 4845: 4835: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4797: 4795: 4785: 4776: 4767: 4758: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4720: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4682: 4680: 4678: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4649: 4645: 4639: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4601: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4563: 4561: 4559: 4549: 4534:on 2009-10-28 4533: 4529: 4525: 4519: 4517: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4486: 4484: 4476: 4470: 4461: 4455: 4441:on 2012-03-20 4437: 4430: 4424: 4415: 4406: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4376: 4367: 4358: 4349: 4334: 4330: 4324: 4315: 4313: 4297: 4291: 4287: 4282: 4281: 4272: 4270: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4238: 4236: 4234: 4232: 4230: 4228: 4226: 4224: 4222: 4220: 4218: 4216: 4214: 4212: 4210: 4208: 4206: 4204: 4202: 4200: 4198: 4196: 4194: 4192: 4190: 4188: 4186: 4184: 4182: 4174: 4168: 4166: 4164: 4162: 4160: 4158: 4156: 4148: 4142: 4140: 4138: 4136: 4134: 4132: 4130: 4128: 4123: 4110: 4104: 4095: 4090: 4081: 4077: 4067: 4064: 4062: 4059: 4057: 4054: 4052: 4049: 4047: 4044: 4042: 4039: 4037: 4034: 4032: 4029: 4028: 4024: 4013: 4006: 4004: 3995: 3990: 3977: 3974: 3973: 3972: 3964: 3955: 3953: 3938: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3907: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3844: 3839: 3835: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3820: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3789: 3784: 3775: 3771: 3762: 3759: 3753: 3751: 3747: 3742: 3741: 3735: 3733: 3729: 3724: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3708: 3706: 3702: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3649:According to 3647: 3645: 3635: 3626: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3597:from France, 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3570: 3567: 3557: 3553: 3551: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3489: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3471: 3466: 3452: 3448: 3439: 3437: 3433: 3424: 3418:Final accords 3415: 3412: 3407: 3405: 3400: 3398: 3388: 3383: 3373: 3371: 3365: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3350: 3348: 3338: 3329: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3289: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3270: 3261: 3252: 3250: 3246: 3240: 3237: 3231: 3229: 3224: 3221: 3217: 3209: 3205: 3200: 3191: 3189: 3186: 3182: 3172: 3163: 3160: 3155: 3151: 3149: 3139: 3130: 3128: 3123: 3116: 3113: 3110: 3109: 3108: 3106: 3096: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3080: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3058: 3053: 3049: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3029: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2997: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2973: 2963: 2954: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2930: 2929:general staff 2927:The Egyptian 2922: 2918: 2913: 2904: 2897: 2894: 2891: 2890: 2889: 2886: 2884: 2875: 2872: 2871: 2870: 2868: 2867:Carl von Horn 2864: 2860: 2856: 2851: 2849: 2843: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2818: 2808: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2792: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2760: 2758: 2754: 2749: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2718: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2701: 2696: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2653: 2643: 2641: 2635: 2627: 2618: 2616: 2610: 2598: 2595: 2592: 2589: 2586: 2583: 2582: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2571: 2563: 2560: 2557: 2555: 2551: 2550: 2549: 2542: 2520: 2516: 2513: 2512:Bab-el-Mandeb 2509: 2505: 2501: 2498: 2494: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2472: 2469: 2465: 2464: 2463: 2460: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2399: 2390: 2388: 2383: 2379: 2373: 2371: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2349: 2345: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2314: 2306: 2292: 2290: 2287:". Historian 2286: 2281: 2278: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2263: 2260: 2255: 2253: 2250: 2245: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2214: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2193: 2192:King and Imam 2189: 2185: 2184: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2151: 2146: 2144: 2139: 2137: 2132: 2131: 2129: 2128: 2125: 2120: 2115: 2114: 2107: 2104: 2102: 2099: 2097: 2094: 2092: 2091: 2087: 2085: 2082: 2080: 2077: 2075: 2072: 2070: 2067: 2065: 2062: 2060: 2057: 2055: 2052: 2050: 2047: 2045: 2042: 2040: 2037: 2035: 2032: 2031: 2025: 2024: 2017: 2016:United States 2014: 2010: 2007: 2005: 2002: 2001: 2000: 1997: 1995: 1992: 1990: 1987: 1985: 1982: 1980: 1977: 1975: 1972: 1970: 1967: 1965: 1962: 1960: 1957: 1955: 1952: 1950: 1947: 1945: 1942: 1940: 1937: 1935: 1932: 1930: 1927: 1926: 1920: 1919: 1912: 1909: 1907: 1904: 1902: 1899: 1897: 1894: 1892: 1891:Metapolitefsi 1889: 1887: 1884: 1882: 1879: 1877: 1874: 1872: 1869: 1867: 1864: 1862: 1859: 1857: 1854: 1852: 1849: 1847: 1844: 1842: 1839: 1837: 1834: 1832: 1829: 1827: 1824: 1822: 1819: 1817: 1814: 1812: 1809: 1807: 1804: 1802: 1799: 1797: 1794: 1792: 1789: 1787: 1784: 1782: 1779: 1777: 1774: 1772: 1769: 1767: 1764: 1762: 1759: 1757: 1755: 1750: 1748: 1745: 1744: 1738: 1737: 1727: 1726: 1725:On Revolution 1722: 1717: 1716: 1712: 1707: 1706: 1702: 1697: 1696: 1695:Rights of Man 1692: 1687: 1686: 1682: 1677: 1676: 1672: 1667: 1666: 1662: 1657: 1656: 1652: 1647: 1646: 1642: 1637: 1636: 1632: 1627: 1626: 1622: 1617: 1616: 1612: 1607: 1606: 1605:De re publica 1602: 1597: 1596: 1592: 1591: 1585: 1584: 1577: 1574: 1572: 1569: 1567: 1564: 1562: 1559: 1557: 1554: 1552: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1542: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1502: 1499: 1497: 1494: 1492: 1489: 1487: 1484: 1482: 1479: 1477: 1474: 1472: 1469: 1467: 1464: 1462: 1459: 1457: 1454: 1452: 1449: 1447: 1444: 1442: 1439: 1437: 1434: 1432: 1429: 1427: 1424: 1422: 1419: 1417: 1414: 1412: 1411:Jones (Lynne) 1409: 1407: 1404: 1402: 1399: 1397: 1394: 1392: 1389: 1387: 1384: 1382: 1379: 1377: 1374: 1372: 1369: 1367: 1364: 1362: 1359: 1357: 1354: 1352: 1349: 1347: 1344: 1342: 1339: 1337: 1334: 1332: 1329: 1327: 1324: 1322: 1319: 1317: 1314: 1312: 1309: 1307: 1304: 1302: 1299: 1297: 1294: 1292: 1289: 1287: 1284: 1282: 1279: 1277: 1274: 1272: 1269: 1267: 1264: 1262: 1259: 1257: 1254: 1252: 1249: 1247: 1244: 1242: 1239: 1237: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1227: 1224: 1222: 1219: 1217: 1214: 1212: 1209: 1207: 1206:Adams (Gerry) 1204: 1203: 1197: 1196: 1189: 1186: 1184: 1181: 1179: 1176: 1174: 1171: 1169: 1166: 1164: 1161: 1159: 1156: 1154: 1151: 1149: 1146: 1144: 1141: 1139: 1136: 1134: 1131: 1129: 1126: 1124: 1121: 1119: 1116: 1114: 1111: 1109: 1106: 1104: 1101: 1099: 1096: 1094: 1091: 1089: 1086: 1084: 1081: 1079: 1076: 1074: 1071: 1069: 1066: 1064: 1061: 1059: 1056: 1054: 1051: 1049: 1046: 1044: 1041: 1039: 1036: 1035: 1029: 1028: 1021: 1018: 1016: 1013: 1011: 1008: 1006: 1005:Revolutionary 1003: 1001: 998: 996: 995:Parliamentary 993: 991: 988: 986: 983: 981: 978: 976: 973: 971: 968: 966: 963: 961: 958: 956: 953: 952: 946: 945: 938: 935: 933: 930: 928: 925: 923: 920: 918: 915: 913: 910: 908: 905: 903: 900: 899: 893: 892: 885: 882: 880: 877: 875: 872: 870: 867: 865: 862: 860: 857: 855: 852: 850: 847: 845: 842: 840: 837: 835: 832: 830: 827: 825: 822: 820: 817: 815: 812: 810: 807: 805: 804:Civil society 802: 800: 797: 795: 792: 791: 785: 784: 781: 780:Republicanism 778: 777: 774: 770: 769: 756: 753: 751: 748: 747: 746: 745: 744:Yemeni crisis 741: 739: 736: 734: 731: 729: 726: 724: 721: 719: 716: 714: 711: 709: 708:NDF Rebellion 706: 704: 701: 699: 696: 694: 691: 689: 686: 684: 681: 680: 677: 672: 669: 664: 654: 649: 647: 642: 640: 635: 634: 631: 619: 616: 614: 611: 610: 609: 607: 601: 598: 596: 593: 591: 588: 586: 583: 581: 578: 576: 573: 571: 568: 567: 564: 559: 549: 544: 542: 537: 535: 530: 529: 526: 516: 504: 494: 483: 473: 472: 467: 455: 442: 439: 434: 410: 407: 406: 401: 398: 387: 376: 365: 353: 341: 340: 329: 327: 316: 305: 293: 281: 270: 269: 258: 257: 252: 249: 237: 236:Supported by: 232: 220: 219: 207: 205: 193: 181: 169: 155: 142: 141:Supported by: 138: 126: 125: 114: 113: 108: 98: 95: 92: 89: 88: 87: 85: 81: 78: 77: 71: 68: 67: 61: 58: 57: 53: 47: 42: 39: 38:Arab Cold War 34: 29: 26: 22: 9710:Pan-Islamism 9588: 9581: 9574: 9474:Ba'ath Party 9351:Ameen Rihani 9211:Jassem Alwan 9206:Michel Aflaq 9086: 9062:Algerian War 8988:Iraqi Revolt 8874: 8861: 8854: 8847: 8821: 8820: 8808: 8801: 8782: 8774: 8773: 8764: 8757: 8712: 8695: 8688: 8656: 8628: 8578: 8561: 8491: 8431: 8400: 8399: 8375: 8269: 8255: 8213:World War II 8211: 8047: 7991: 7911: 7866:List of wars 7747:Coat of arms 7689:Demographics 7539:Human rights 7524:Constitution 7473:Governorates 7333: 7214: 7174: 7147: 7114: 7087: 7060: 7034:7–13, 39, 40 7027: 6998: 6982: 6933: 6906: 6879: 6872:Bibliography 6858:. 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1719:(1835–1840) 1689:(1787–1788) 1599:(c. 375 BC) 1521:Robespierre 1296:Etherington 1231:Benn (Tony) 1200:Politicians 1178:Tocqueville 1138:Montesquieu 1118:Machiavelli 864:Rule of law 859:Res publica 570:Coup d'état 513:26,000 dead 156:(1962–1963) 73:North Yemen 9819:Proxy wars 9758:Categories 9568:Literature 9261:Tariq Aziz 9178:Arab world 9173:Arab Union 9102:Dhofar War 7868:involving 7637:(currency) 7391:Revolution 6860:August 26, 6822:August 26, 6781:August 26, 6743:August 26, 6705:August 26, 6589:October 2, 6505:Jones, C. 6426:Jones, C. 6408:2016-11-11 6283:August 26, 6224:August 26, 6165:August 26, 6115:August 26, 6068:August 26, 6030:August 26, 5992:August 26, 5954:August 26, 5916:August 26, 5824:August 28, 5773:August 26, 5735:August 26, 5697:August 26, 5659:August 26, 5609:August 26, 5559:August 26, 5498:August 26, 5394:August 26, 5302:August 26, 5240:August 26, 5202:August 26, 5164:August 26, 5079:August 26, 5008:August 26, 4961:August 26, 4914:August 26, 4876:August 26, 4824:August 26, 4747:August 26, 4725:"Worn Out" 4709:August 26, 4666:August 26, 4628:August 26, 4590:August 26, 4538:August 29, 4505:August 29, 4445:2012-10-15 4395:August 29, 4339:2016-08-07 4119:References 3828:Salah Nasr 3817:nationhood 3798:, and the 3786:Brigadier 3758:Rab Butler 3690:director, 3673:, head of 3282:Golda Meir 3105:Alexandria 2989:T-54 tanks 2508:Suez Canal 2419:Arab world 2370:Christians 2295:Background 2079:Monarchism 2069:Liberalism 2064:Jacobinism 1754:Gaṇasaṅgha 1609:(54–51 BC) 1093:Harrington 970:Democratic 960:Capitalist 955:Autonomous 937:Venizelism 922:Khomeinism 492:1,000 dead 84:Republican 9601:Symbolism 8945:Nasserism 8940:Ba'athism 7709:Languages 7699:Education 7658:Transport 7599:Air Force 7561:President 7529:Elections 7468:Districts 7446:Geography 7079:972901480 7052:155856672 6991:1084-9513 6966:772967969 6952:760081166 6850:0040-781X 6812:0040-781X 6771:0040-781X 6733:0040-781X 6695:0040-781X 6610:. p. 174. 6563:. p. 148. 6493:. p. 147. 6471:. p. 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1078:Condorcet 965:Christian 927:Nasserism 902:Classical 819:Democracy 9743:Category 9685:Islamism 9394:Al-Fatat 9161:Concepts 8928:Ideology 8690:Iraq War 7817:Category 7714:Religion 7581:Military 7502:Politics 7374:Takeover 7301:Sasanian 7276:Timeline 7256:articles 7197:81018518 7158:68024747 7137:16833520 7106:49225708 7017:54066312 6925:43657092 6898:19623719 6545:6 August 6539:Archived 6402:Archived 6354:Archived 5296:Archived 5234:Archived 5196:Archived 5158:Archived 5073:Archived 5002:Archived 4955:Archived 4908:Archived 4870:Archived 4818:Archived 4660:Archived 4622:Archived 4584:Archived 4454:cite web 4389:Archived 4333:Archived 4258:5 August 4252:Archived 4009:See also 3875:Mil Mi-4 3832:economic 3740:Al-Ahram 3717:Djibouti 3603:Rhodesia 3566:Baathist 3493:Pakistan 3478:New York 3317:chlorine 3313:lewisite 3305:phosgene 2785:Ethiopia 2746:Pakistan 2685:Belgrade 2357:Damascus 2334:Al Urdhi 2199:republic 2168:, was a 2004:Scotland 1944:Barbados 1595:Republic 1511:Prescott 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King 2615:Hodeida 2526:History 2510:to the 2504:Red Sea 2492:in 1958 2482:Algeria 2427:British 2285:Vietnam 2230:Britain 1969:Morocco 1959:Jamaica 1954:Ireland 1939:Bahamas 1741:History 1561:Taverne 1536:Skinner 1516:Ritchie 1461:Madison 1441:Lincoln 1391:Jackson 1381:Huppert 1376:Hopkins 1301:Fabiani 1261:Chapman 1246:Bolívar 1236:Bennett 1226:Bartley 1216:Atatürk 1128:Mazzini 1123:Madison 1053:Bentham 1043:Baggini 1010:Secular 990:Islamic 975:Federal 912:Federal 896:Schools 575:Ramadan 503:Unknown 482:Unknown 7932:(1979) 7920:(1972) 7902:(1934) 7890:(1931) 7742:Cinema 7737:Anthem 7704:Health 7694:Tribes 7643:Mining 7630:Energy 7488:Rivers 7463:Cities 7316:Modern 7291:Himyar 7254: 7203: 7195: 7185: 7166:443591 7164: 7156: 7135: 7125: 7104: 7094: 7077: 7067: 7050: 7040: 7015: 7005: 6989: 6972: 6964: 6950: 6940: 6923: 6913: 6896: 6886: 6848: 6810: 6769: 6731: 6693: 6656: 6531: 6394: 6271: 6212: 6153: 6103: 6056: 6018: 5980: 5942: 5904: 5761: 5723: 5685: 5647: 5597: 5547: 5486: 5382: 5290: 5228: 5190: 5152: 5067: 4996: 4949: 4902: 4864: 4812: 4735: 4697: 4654: 4616: 4578: 4292: 4094:Arabic 3984:Haradh 3958:Jeddah 3952:Khamir 3946:Khamir 3927:Riyadh 3911:Najran 3896:Moscow 3863:MiG-17 3859:MiG-15 3855:Yak-11 3694:, and 3688:Mossad 3675:Mossad 3613:, and 3607:Malaya 3591:Hajjah 3517:Beijan 3397:dinars 3297:Geneva 3274:napalm 3188:Sunnis 3093:Erkwit 3085:Jihana 3064:Haradh 3057:Haradh 3046:Hajjah 2977:Beihan 2934:Tihama 2921:Haradh 2848:Beirut 2822:, the 2797:Najran 2777:Turkey 2734:Jeddah 2730:Riyadh 2671:, and 2665:London 2640:Khobar 2514:strait 2330:revolt 2273:. 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