44:
197:
126:
760:
208:
139:
873:, was taken by the Romanians on 21 September. It was retaken by the Austro-Hungarians on 8 October, however the Romanians were already gone. Having begun its retreat on 5 October, the Romanian North Army had already evacuated the town on the 7th, one day before the Austro-Hungarians arrived. By 14 October, the North Army had almost everywhere fallen back to the Romanian border. Csíkszereda was evacuated by the Romanians on 11 October. The furthest advance of the Romanian North Army was achieved on 3 October, following an offensive beyond Székelykeresztúr (
812:) Mountains. For the most part, however, Austro-Hungarian soldiers along the border limped towards the Transylvanian interior, accompanied by hordes of German and Hungarian refugees. For instance, over two thirds of the population of Csíkszereda left the town. However, as events would unfold, such behavior would prove exaggerated. In many places, the ethnic-Hungarian civilian population attacked small scattered groups of Romanian soldiers. A fact not merely admitted, but praised in the Hungarian press of the time, such as the newspaper
940:). The Austro-Hungarians attacked on 17 September, and initially made good progress, until the 27th Company ran into a trap and lost 44 of its men as prisoners. Several days of intense fighting followed, the Romanians being driven back to the east. The Romanians lost 136 killed and 55 prisoners, while the Austro-Hungarians lost 10 killed, 63 wounded and 82 missing. On 9 October, the VII Battalion was relieved by a Honvéd regiment from the XI Corps, the battalion rejoining its parent division, the 72nd.
152:
185:
174:
112:
818:. In response, the Romanians nowhere took to reprisals, beyond fighting and disarming the civilians who put up active resistance. Wherever the Romanian Army advanced, proclamations were published promising safety and protection to all inhabitants, regardless of nationality. No damage was done by the Romanian armies to the property of civilians, regardless if said property belonged to ethnic-Hungarians (
893:) was the Transylvanian urban settlement that was held by the Romanians during the Battle of Transylvania for the longest. The Romanian 15th Brigade of the 8th Division of the Romanian North Army took Kézdivásárhely (Târgu Secuiesc) on 29 August. Austrian military maps reveal that the town remained in Romanian hands well into October. On 8 and 9 October, as the
869:. General Arz ordered his tired forces to pursue the Romanians, but the exhausted Austro-Hungarians moved slowly, giving the Romanians an uncontested run to the border, where they settled into defensive positions prepared before the war. The pace of the pursuit is exemplified by the situation of Székelyudvarhely. This town, capital of
897:
was drawing to a close, two
Romanian units retreated from the north and northwest and formed a defensive perimeter around Kézdivásárhely. As of 14 October, most of the Romanian North Army's positions had fallen back towards the Romanian border, with the exception of Kézdivásárhely. As late as that
905:
On the first day of the offensive, the IV Romanian Corps of the North Army took 741 prisoners. During late
September – early October, the North Army captured a further 511 prisoners and 4 machine guns in the mountains, along with 1,242 further prisoners during an offensive beyond Székelykeresztúr
787:
to cross the border three hours before the start of the invasion and secure the viaduct, the 14th
Romanian Infantry Regiment jumped the gun and crossed the border along with the commandos. Having lost the element of surprise, the Romanians alerted the Austro-Hungarians, who blew up the railroad
931:
was given so much attention by the Austro-Hungarian command. The area had no roads of note, and the
Romanians were not going to cross the mountains with any units other than the smallest ones. General Arz sent the VII Battalion of the 72nd Division, along with 4 machine guns to the area. The
962:
on 18 October, where they were forced to hastily retreat. The
Romanians captured almost 1,000 prisoners, 12 guns and numerous machine guns. By 26 October, the Austro-Hungarians had gained very little territory across the Romanian border while sustaining very heavy losses.
783:) on 29 August, the Romanian forces arriving in time to destroy the last train leaving the town. The Austro-Hungarians did manage to blow up a critical railroad viaduct near the border. Although the Romanians had prepared a special commando unit under Lieutenant
932:
battalion was temporarily made part of the 73rd Honvéd
Brigade of the I Army Corps of the 7th Army. The 6/9 Mountain artillery battery was subsequently attached to the VII Battalion, and the reinforced unit was sent to engage the Romanians alongside local
926:
A local setback for the
Romanians, this low-scale engagement is the only battle during the Romanian North Army's offensive into Transylvania for which the exact casualties on both sides are known. It is questionable why the area of the
727:
The North Army had to cross the greatest distance to accomplish its mission, and as such it had a greater number of soldiers than either of the two other
Romanian armies invading Transylvania. Commanding the North Army was General
913:
The last days of the operation were marked by fighting at the mountain passes along the border. Violent fighting began in the Uz and Oituz Passes on 14 October. Between 13 and 15 October, the Austro-Hungarians conquered
860:
On 28 September, the
Romanian North Army renewed its offensive. Despite stubborn Austro-Hungarian resistance, it continued to inch forward throughout the following week, advancing to within six miles of Szászrégen
902:, but the date could only be 15 or 16 October, because on the latter date, the Battle of Transylvania ended: by 16 October, the Romanians had been driven back all along the line and Transylvania had been cleared.
933:
849:) on 11 September. On 13 September, the Romanians had driven the 1st Landsturm Cavalry Brigade from the heights near Praid. By late September, the I Reserve Corps under the command of the German General
1152:
Edmund Glaise-Horstenau, Österreich-Ungarns letzter Krieg 1914 – 1918. Vol. 5: Das
Kriegsjahr 1916 ; 2 ; Beil, Verl. der Militärwiss. Mitteilungen, Wien, 1932 (map of the area of operations)
841:). The Romanian North Army crossed the Olt River on 7 September. The 7th Division, after pushing aside the 19th Honvéd Brigade, continued its advance through the mountains towards Székelyudvarhely (
865:) and securing the heights above Parajd by early October. In early October, the Romanian General Staff issued orders for the retreat of the North Army, due to the events unfolding in the region of
1142:, p. 3289 (Note: the volumes in this series have a single continuous page count, which starts with the first page of the first volume and ends with the last page of the last volume)
1088:, p. 3280 (Note: the volumes in this series have a single continuous page count, which starts with the first page of the first volume and ends with the last page of the last volume)
428:
715:) – the North Army faced primarily Austro-Hungarian forces, and as such its campaign hardly had any major battles. After conquering three Hungarian urban districts (including two
707:
invaded the southern part, while the Romanian North Army invaded the northeastern part. Unlike the 1st and 2nd Armies – which had to contend with a German-led counter-offensive (
779:
The fragile Austro-Hungarian defenses faltered at the first push of the Romanian covering forces. Two regiments from the 15th Brigade of the 8th Division seized Kézdivásárhely (
616:
954:
After 14 October, when the fighting in the Uz and Oituz Passes commenced, the Romanians overall held their ground, inflicting reverses and serious losses. After conquering
898:
day, the town was still firmly in Romanian hands, with Romanian positions to both the north and the south of it. It is not known when exactly was the town retaken by the
529:
606:
1238:
534:
315:
736:. Prezan was, however, widely regarded as more of a courtier than a serious military officer. Fortunately for the Romanians, his operations officer was Captain
626:
567:
719:
capitals), the undefeated North Army was ordered to withdraw due to events outside its control, after inflicting heavier losses than those it had incurred.
621:
763:
Romanian map showing the maximum advance of the Romanian North Army into Transylvania, using a blue line which passes, from South to North, to the west of
611:
1228:
845:). Having shouldered aside the 16th Honvéd Brigade at Gyergyószentmiklós, the 14th Division reached the eastern edges of the salt-mining town of Parajd (
1243:
1233:
853:, had joined the Austro-Hungarians in their fight against the Romanian North Army. The Corps succeeded in slowing the Romanians down. Von Morgen's
665:
308:
43:
682:
1138:
Leonard Wood, Austin Melvin Knight, Frederick Palmer, Frank Herbert Simonds, Arthur Brown Ruhl, P. F. Collier & sons, 1917,
1084:
Leonard Wood, Austin Melvin Knight, Frederick Palmer, Frank Herbert Simonds, Arthur Brown Ruhl, P. F. Collier & sons, 1917,
301:
594:
747:
Initially, the Romanian North Army was opposed by a single Austro-Hungarian infantry division, the 61st. Part of General
492:
949:
751:'s 1st Army, it was weak and battered during battles against the Russians, the division amounting to only 3,555 men.
716:
524:
1177:
Frank Moore Colby, Allen Leon Churchill, Herbert Treadwell Wade, Frank H. Vizetelly, Dodd, Mead and Company, 1917,
854:
556:
31:
740:, a "talented if prickly" individual. Such was the influence of Captain Antonescu that, in his memoirs, General
512:
384:
1162:
647:
487:
708:
411:
379:
748:
450:
201:
1110:
364:
937:
416:
1248:
675:
369:
233:
229:
894:
712:
421:
1151:
642:
1253:
993:
759:
635:
577:
541:
507:
475:
394:
338:
910:). The North Army carried out its retreat in the best order and suffered only negligible losses.
470:
438:
878:
772:
359:
562:
517:
497:
482:
344:
325:
27:
599:
1055:
1009:
733:
704:
652:
502:
224:
928:
809:
823:
804:) after running out of ammunition. One brigade kept the Romanians largely east of Borszék (
700:
548:
405:
354:
374:
8:
584:
460:
389:
159:
1140:
The story of the great war: with complete historical record of events to date, Volume 11
1086:
The story of the great war: with complete historical record of events to date, Volume 11
660:
741:
465:
184:
173:
117:
907:
886:
877:). Thus, the line of the North Army's furthest advance was drawn through Libánfalva (
874:
842:
764:
729:
589:
572:
178:
49:
955:
915:
890:
796:. There, they temporarily halted their offensive and dug in on the east side of the
780:
870:
670:
455:
445:
857:
comprised two infantry divisions: the 89th German and the 71st Austro-Hungarian.
850:
399:
212:
196:
131:
78:
834:
829:
On 8 September, the Romanians announced themselves in possession of Maroshévíz (
784:
151:
899:
789:
814:
1222:
737:
207:
189:
144:
744:
used the formula "Prezan (Antonescu)" to denote Prezan's plans and actions.
433:
74:
699:
on the side of the Allies, three of its armies invading Transylvania. The
797:
793:
696:
35:
819:
156:
838:
830:
959:
958:
between 13 and 15 October, the Austro-Hungarians were intercepted at
293:
998:
Prelude to Blitzkrieg: The 1916 Austro-German Campaign in Romania
866:
82:
936:. The Romanians had already driven the gendarmes from Pietrosz (
788:
viaduct. In early September, the Romanians reached Csíkszereda (
862:
805:
801:
800:. Further to the north, the Austro-Hungarians gave up Bélbor (
882:
846:
768:
48:
Romanian soldiers surprising the Austro-Hungarians at the
1208:
The Times History and Encyclopaedia of the War, Volume 11
1202:
1200:
1192:
The Times History and Encyclopaedia of the War, Volume 11
1127:
The Times History and Encyclopaedia of the War, Volume 11
1073:
The Times History and Encyclopaedia of the War, Volume 11
1043:
The Times History and Encyclopaedia of the War, Volume 11
1037:
1035:
1197:
1032:
1165:
Canada in the Great World War: The turn of the tide
1097:Prit Buttar, Bloomsbury Publishing, Sep 22, 2016,
921:
808:) while gendarmes held their own in the Kelemen (
1239:Battles of World War I involving Austria-Hungary
1220:
1025:Larry Watts, Eastern European Monographs, 1993,
1099:Russia's Last Gasp: The Eastern Front 1916–17
1014:Russia's Last Gasp: The Eastern Front 1916–17
309:
1163:United publishers of Canada, limited, 1920,
21:Northern front of the Battle of Transylvania
1229:Battles of the Eastern Front (World War I)
316:
302:
42:
988:
986:
984:
982:
980:
978:
976:
135:
108:
1244:Battles of World War I involving Germany
1234:Battles of World War I involving Romania
758:
1221:
1113:The Literary Digest, Volume 53, Part 2
973:
270:Final phase of the Romanian offensive:
754:
323:
297:
263:First day of the Romanian offensive:
238:Battle of the Kelemen Mountains only
695:On 27 August 1916, Romania entered
13:
14:
1265:
950:Battle of the Eastern Carpathians
885:) and west of Székelykeresztúr (
732:, an officer who had studied in
279:Battle of the Kelemen Mountains:
254:Battle of the Kelemen Mountains:
206:
195:
183:
172:
150:
137:
124:
110:
1184:
1179:The New International Year Book
1171:
1156:
1145:
1132:
1119:
922:Battle of the Kelemen Mountains
889:). The town of Kézdivásárhely (
767:(on the map, Cristurul secui),
64:27 August–16 October 1916
1104:
1091:
1078:
1065:
1048:
1019:
1002:
1:
966:
722:
943:
749:Arthur Arz von Straussenburg
202:Arthur Arz von Straussenburg
7:
1111:Funk & Wagnalls, 1916,
837:), and Gyergyószentmiklós (
10:
1270:
947:
771:(on the map, Paraid) and
709:First Battle of Petrozsény
335:
244:
218:
165:
102:
94:Romanian tactical victory
56:
41:
25:
20:
994:Indiana University Press
683:Romania rejoins the war
1194:, pp. 210, 230 and 233
1012:, September 22, 2016,
776:
775:(on the map, Ibănești)
360:Petroșani (offensive)
166:Commanders and leaders
28:Battle of Transylvania
1056:Yale University Press
1010:Bloomsbury Publishing
822:) or ethnic-Germans (
762:
245:Casualties and losses
992:Michael B. Barrett,
824:Transylvanian Saxons
549:The Romanian Debacle
493:Southern Carpathians
881:), west of Parajd (
676:Treaty of Bucharest
525:Eastern Carpathians
225:Romanian North Army
1058:, April 28, 2015,
1027:Romanian Cassandra
777:
755:Romanian offensive
742:Alexandru Averescu
595:Pitești–Târgoviște
446:Orșova (offensive)
250:Negligible overall
1249:Conflicts in 1916
1206:The Times, 1917,
1190:The Times, 1917,
1125:The Times, 1917,
1071:The Times, 1917,
1041:The Times, 1917,
929:Kelemen Mountains
908:Cristuru Secuiesc
887:Cristuru Secuiesc
875:Cristuru Secuiesc
843:Odorheiu Secuiesc
833:), Csíkpálfalva (
730:Constantin Prezan
690:
689:
355:Sibiu (offensive)
327:Romanian Campaign
292:
291:
239:
179:Constantin Prezan
98:
97:
32:Romanian Campaign
1261:
1211:
1204:
1195:
1188:
1182:
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1169:
1160:
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1149:
1143:
1136:
1130:
1123:
1117:
1108:
1102:
1095:
1089:
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1076:
1069:
1063:
1052:
1046:
1039:
1030:
1023:
1017:
1006:
1000:
990:
895:Battle of Brassó
871:Udvarhely County
765:Székelykeresztúr
713:Battle of Brassó
671:Treaty of Buftea
330:
328:
318:
311:
304:
295:
294:
237:
211:
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58:
57:
46:
18:
17:
1269:
1268:
1264:
1263:
1262:
1260:
1259:
1258:
1254:1916 in Romania
1219:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1205:
1198:
1189:
1185:
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1040:
1033:
1024:
1020:
1007:
1003:
991:
974:
969:
952:
946:
924:
855:I Reserve Corps
851:Curt von Morgen
757:
725:
693:
692:
691:
686:
680:
657:
451:Băile Herculane
331:
326:
324:
322:
287:
285:
283:
281:
277:
276:
274:
273:1,753 prisoners
272:
268:
267:
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258:
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251:
232:
213:Curt von Morgen
205:
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194:
182:
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171:
149:
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138:
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132:Austria-Hungary
125:
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86:
79:Austria-Hungary
52:railway station
47:
12:
11:
5:
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1103:
1090:
1077:
1064:
1054:David Cooper,
1047:
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1018:
1001:
971:
970:
968:
965:
948:Main article:
945:
942:
923:
920:
900:Central Powers
891:Târgu Secuiesc
792:), capital of
790:Miercurea Ciuc
781:Târgu Secuiesc
756:
753:
724:
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688:
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557:2nd Jiu Valley
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350:Northern front
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275:4 machine guns
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219:Units involved
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1011:
1008:Prit Buttar,
1005:
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738:Ion Antonescu
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636:1917 Campaign
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617:Râmnicu Sărat
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339:1916 Campaign
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266:741 prisoners
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19:
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813:
785:Ilie Șteflea
778:
746:
726:
694:
681:
634:
633:
555:
547:
546:
518:Dragoslavele
488:Cinghinarele
404:
349:
345:Transylvania
337:
286:44 prisoners
278:
269:
262:
259:55 prisoners
253:
103:Belligerents
75:Transylvania
26:Part of the
1060:Béla Bartók
815:Pesti Napló
794:Csik County
697:World War I
476:2nd Cobadin
471:1st Cobadin
50:Nagy-Gyimes
36:World War I
1223:Categories
967:References
839:Gheorgheni
773:Libánfalva
723:Background
705:2nd Armies
666:Bessarabia
542:Olt Valley
483:1st Orșova
288:82 missing
284:63 wounded
257:136 killed
81:(today in
944:Aftermath
934:gendarmes
798:Olt River
653:3rd Oituz
648:Mărășești
585:Bucharest
578:Robănești
563:2nd Oituz
530:Úz Valley
508:Sălătrucu
503:1st Oituz
461:Turtucaia
282:10 killed
160:partisans
1210:, p. 445
1181:, p. 806
1167:, p. 395
1129:, p. 233
1115:, p. 924
1101:, p. 353
1075:, p. 234
1062:, p. 151
1045:, p. 230
1016:, p. 320
996:, 2013,
938:Pietrosu
879:Ibănești
820:Székelys
810:Călimani
568:Zimnicea
466:Bazargic
439:Flămânda
429:Bulgaria
365:Șelimbăr
234:7th Army
230:1st Army
69:Location
1029:, p. 43
956:Palanca
916:Palanca
867:Dobruja
835:Delnița
831:Toplița
643:Mărăști
627:Focșani
607:Retreat
590:Prunaru
573:Slatina
498:Predeal
456:Dobruja
370:Livadia
157:Székely
145:Germany
118:Romania
83:Romania
30:of the
863:Reghin
806:Borsec
802:Bilbor
769:Parajd
734:France
717:county
661:Galați
622:Brăila
535:Ghimeș
422:Brașov
417:Bărcuț
142:
129:
115:
91:Result
883:Praid
847:Praid
612:Buzău
600:Argeș
406:Sibiu
400:Colun
390:Roșia
960:Agăș
703:and
434:Ruse
375:Baru
61:Date
826:).
701:1st
34:of
1225::
1199:^
1034:^
975:^
918:.
711:,
77:,
906:(
861:(
317:e
310:t
303:v
240:)
236:(
85:)
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