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674:. Tangáxuan gave Guzmán presents of gold and silver and supplied him with soldiers and provisions. Nevertheless, Guzmán had him arrested and tortured, to get him to reveal the location of hidden stores of gold. Presumably there was no more gold, because Tangáxuan did not reveal it under torture. Guzmán had him dragged by a horse and then burned alive on February 14, 1530.
591:. In 1531 Zumárraga published a treatise decrying Guzmán's 1529 campaign as unjust. Guzmán, who had by then made many enemies, fell out of favor with the authorities and the Second Audiencia. In 1533 he was removed from the Governorship of Pánuco and in 1534 of that of Nueva Galicia. In 1537 he was charged with treason, jailed and later expelled from New Spain.
246:, since the King worried he was becoming too powerful. As Governor of Pánuco, Guzmán cracked down hard on the supporters of Cortés, stripping him and his supporters of property and rights. He conducted numerous expeditions of conquest into the northwestern areas of Mexico, enslaving thousands of Indians and shipping them to the
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As governor Guzmán instituted a system of Indian slave trade in Pánuco. During a raid along Río de Las Palmas in 1528 he allowed every horseman to take 20 Indian slaves and each footman 15. In 1529 he gave out individual slaving permissions amounting to more than 1000 slaves. Initially Guzmán did not
603:
in charge of the
Audiencia. Then, gathering a military force of 300 to 400 discontented conquistadors and between 5,000 and 8,000 indigenous Nahua allies, Guzmán set out on December 21, 1529, to the west of Mexico City to conquer lands and peoples who until then had resisted the conquest. Among the
354:
and he had Indian slaves smuggled into Pánuco and shipped on to the
Caribbean. Indian slaves were branded on the face. Taking Indian slaves was not explicitly outlawed in the period before 1528. Beginning in 1528, Indian slaving operations came under increased royal control but were not prohibited.
810:
containing his own version of the events leading to his fall. In his account he justified his execution of the Purépecha
Cazonci as being necessary in order to bring a Christian rule of law to the area, and he assured that: "in truth no execution more just has been carried out in all of New Spain,
555:
Nevertheless, Guzmán was now in charge in New Spain. Among his official acts was placing plaques bearing the royal coat of arms on the principal buildings of the capital, to stress that sovereignty resided in the king, not in Cortés. He had Pedro de
Alvarado arrested for questioning the loyalty of
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Guzmán's rule as a governor of Pánuco was stern against
Spanish rivals and brutal against the Indians. He cracked down harshly on Cortés's supporters in Pánuco, accusing some of them of disloyalty to the Crown by backing Cortés's claim to the title of viceroy. Some were stripped of their property;
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Dijes and
Sagredo write, "It truly jumps to our attention that Riva Palacio starts, as soon as he commences his account of Nuño, to use at every step a unique language, applying to him the harshest expressions in the Castilian tongue, language not used with any other, which leaves him open to our
814:
In 1558 he wrote his last will which was uncovered in 1973, it shows him as a poverty stricken noble struggling to save his heirs from his debts, having had even to pawn his heirlooms to pay for medicine. In it, he requested some of the property that was confiscated from him to be returned to his
677:
Meanwhile, in Mexico City, the actions of the
Audiencia attracted the attention of Juan de Zumárraga, bishop of Mexico, who put it under an ecclesiastical interdiction on March 7, 1530. The immediate cause of the interdiction was a case of violation of sanctuary. The Audiencia had violently taken
477:, generally with the objectives of maximizing personal economic gains by the Spanish conquistadors. Hoping to establish a more orderly government, to reduce the authority of Cortés, and secure the authority of the Spanish crown in the New World, on December 13, 1527 the metropolitan government of
512:
and from there make a joint entrance into the capital. The four from Spain, however, did not wait for the arrival of Guzmán, and proceeded directly to the capital. They arrived on
December 8, 1528, taking over the government on the following day. They were given a splendid reception by the city
836:
described him in the following terms: "... In all the provinces of New Spain there was not another man more foul and evil than of Pánuco". His biographer
Santana describes his personality as characterized by "cruelty of the highest order, ambition without limit, a refined hypocrisy, great
350:
allow
Spaniards to sell slaves for export except in exchange for livestock, but later he gave more than 1500 slave licenses (each permitting the taking of between 15 and 50 slaves) in an eight-month period. The slaving operation in Pánuco expanded when Guzmán became President of the
325:
and the Spanish Crown who saw him as a counterbalance to the figure of Cortés whose aspirations to power worried the King of Spain. Guzmán's appointment gave heart to Spanish conquerors who had not received what they considered sufficient rewards from Cortés's distribution of
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heirs, and wages still due to him for his years as Governor and President be paid and turned over to his heirs. With affection he bequeathed most of his belongings to a woman Sabina de Guzmán, who had taken care of him in his illness. He also bequeathed belongings to the
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be concluded within 90 days. Most of these associates had participated in the government in the proceeding few years while Cortés was in Honduras, with a lot of in-fighting among themselves and injustices to the population, both Spanish and Indigenous.
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His subsequent reputation, in scholarship and popular discourse, has been that of a cruel, violent and irrational tyrant. His legacy has partly been colored by the fact that history was written largely by his political opponents such as Hernán Cortés,
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In spite of his lack of success as governor, in 1529 he was appointed President of the First Audiencia, which the Council of the Indies and the Crown instated to check the ventures of industrious private individuals, such as Cortés, in New Spain.
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The Audiencia also banned direct communication with the court in Spain. This was so effective that Bishop Zumárraga felt the necessity of hiding a letter sealed in wax in a cask, to be smuggled to the Spanish authorities by a confederate sailor.
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others were tried and executed. He also incorporated territory from adjacent provinces into the province of Pánuco. These actions brought New Spain on the verge of a civil war between Guzmán and supporters of Cortés' led by Governor of New Spain
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in 1526, but here he fell sick and did not arrive in Mexico until May 1527, immediately assuming his post. Cortés had already extended his reach into Pánuco, so that Guzmán's appointment was a direct challenge. His appointment was opposed by the
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Cortés himself was now in Spain, where he was defending his conduct and appealing his loss of authority to Charles. Cortés had some success with his appeal, being named Marqués del Valle de Oaxaca and receiving some other honors.
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In posteriority and partly in his own time Nuño de Guzmán achieved a reputation as the worst villain of the conquistadors, in the words of his biographer Donald Chipman he has been depicted as the "personification of the
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The regulations of September 19, 1528, required slave owners to present proof of the legality of the taking of any slaves before branding. In 1529 the Crown began an investigation into the slaving enterprises of Guzmán.
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and other food, razed and burned the dwellings, and tortured the native leaders to gather information on what riches could be stolen there, or from nearby populations. For the most part, these riches did not exist.
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and achieved gratitude of the later Emperor. Nuño Beltrán de Guzmán received some experience in law, but never finished a degree. For a period he and his younger brother served as one of 100 royal bodyguards of
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In 1537, he was arrested for treason, abuse of power and mistreatment of the indigenous inhabitants of his territories, and he was sent to Spain in shackles. He was eventually released, dying in poverty in 1558.
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Gonzalo de Salazar. There was already some animosity between Cortés and Guzmán, because the former had been reluctant to recognize the latter as governor of Pánuco. The later events made the two enemies.
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In 1525 the Spanish crown appointed him governor of the autonomous territory of Pánuco on the Gulf Coast in what is now northeast Mexico, arriving to take up the appointment in May 1527. He traveled with
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The instructions given to the Audiencia included a recommendation for good treatment of the indigenous people and a directive that the investigation into the conduct of Cortés and his associates
338:, when Estrada sent an expedition to reclaim the lands expropriated by Guzmán. During the court case against Cortés in 1529, Guzmán accused Cortés himself of being a traitor and a rebel. Bishop
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Rojinsky 2010:238 (translated from the Spanish: "cierto ninguna se ha hecho más justa en toda la Nueva España; y si yo alguna pena podia merecer es porque dudé algunos días de hacerla")
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One nineteenth-century chronicler of the Conquest referred to Beltrán de Guzmán as "the detestable governor of Pánuco and perhaps the most depraved man ever to set foot in New Spain."
733:" was given. Two years later Guzmán visited the city, and at the request of its inhabitants, who were fearful of Indian attacks and lacked sufficient water, he ordered it moved to
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Nuño Beltrán de Guzmán gave the name "Conquista del Espíritu Santo de la Mayor España" to the territories he explored and conquered. However, the queen of Spain,
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1105:
mention very little about Guzmán, and what they say is positive. They conclude that Rivas Palacio could have made use of the unpublished sources of the
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to investigate. Guzmán was arrested in 1536. He was held a prisoner for more than a year and then sent to Spain in fetters. He was released from the
563:
In 1530, upon Hernán Cortés' return to New Spain, Guzmán was removed from the office of President of the Audiencia and instead appointed governor of
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faction of the struggle for power in early colonial Mexico, who viewed him as an outsider with no military experience. But he had the support of the
819:, in spite of the conflicts he had had with its members in New Spain. He probably died in Valladolid in 1558 on October 16 or shortly thereafter.
1128:
Chipman, Donald E. (1978). "The Will of Nuño de Guzmán; President, Governor and Captain General of New Spain and the Province of Pánuco, 1558".
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17:
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from the convent of San Francisco a servant of Cortés accused of grave crimes, and two religious, Cristóbal de Angulo and García de Llerena.
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and to Spanish settlers who had not participated in the conquest but saw their paths to position and wealth blocked by the Cortés faction.
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Reports of Guzmán's treatment of the Indigenous had reached Mexico City and Spain, and, at Bishop Zumárraga's request the Crown sent
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This expedition has been described as a "genocidal enterprise". Typically, the conquistadors attacked an Indian village, stole the
1386:
505:, Diego Maldonado and Alonso de Parada; these two last fell sick during the voyage to New Spain and died shortly after arrival.
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bodyguard - court records show him on the payroll every year from 1539 to 1561 (in 1561 as "deceased"). In 1552 he wrote up a
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783:. New Galicia was a separate entity, not under the authority of the Audiencia of Mexico City (but still part of New Spain).
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745:). This occurred probably between October 1541 and February of the following year. Later the settlers began to complain to
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250:. In the resulting power struggles where he also made himself an enemy of important churchmen, Guzmán came out the loser.
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765:, mother of Charles V, did not approve of the name. By a royal decree dated January 25, 1531, she supplied the name
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and if I were deserving of any punishment it would be for having doubted some days about whether to carry it out."
655:
278:, to an old noble family. His father was Hernán Beltrán de Guzmán, a wealthy merchant and a High Constable in the
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342:, who had traveled with Guzmán to Hispaniola, in turn accused Guzmán of being allied with the governor of Cuba,
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737:. This occurred on May 24, 1533. Later, after Guzmán had returned to Spain, it was moved again, to a site near
705:, where he set up his headquarters, sending out new expeditions from there. One of these founded the cities of
394:
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Rereading the Conquest: Power, Politics, and the History of Early Colonial Michoacán, Mexico, 1521–1565
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Rereading the Conquest: Power, Politics, and the History of Early Colonial Michoacán, Mexico, 1521–1565
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223:– the high court that governed New Spain – from 1528 to 1530. He founded several cities in Northwestern
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Rereading the Conquest: Power, Politics, and the History of Early Colonial Michoac‡n, Mexico, 1521-1565
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567:. As governor of Nueva Galicia he continued his politics of violent submission of the Indians of the
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605:
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Wars of the Americas: A Chronology of Armed Conflict in the Western Hemisphere, 1492 to the Present
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The discrepancy between the dates of arrival in various sources is resolved by Chipman 1967:143-144
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At the time Guzmán was serving as governor of Pánuco, so Charles ordered the judges to assemble in
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Undeterred, Guzmán continued the violent suppression on the peoples of the present-day states of
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attempt to refute him." (43) They point out that the other chroniclers of the period—among them
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in 1522, and undertook sensitive diplomatic missions, including one dealing with the Bishop of
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282:; his mother was Doña Magdalena de Guzmán. The Guzmán family supported Prince Charles in the
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to take over the government of the colony. This Audiencia consisted of a president and four
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Companion to empire: a genealogy of the written word in Spain and New Spain, c.550-1550
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Companion to empire: a genealogy of the written word in Spain and New Spain, c.550-1550
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and having been a sworn enemy of Cortés even before setting foot in New Spain.
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Michoacán and Eden: Vasco de Quiroga and the Evangelization of Western Mexico
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immorality, ingratitude without equal, and a fierce hatred for Cortés".
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of New Spain, about both the repeated relocations and Guzmán's cruelty.
713:. His violent expeditions into Chichimec lands were a main cause of the
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632:
1177:
Nuno de Guzman and the Province of Panuco in New Spain, 1518–1533
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Nuno de Guzman and the Province of Panuco in New Spain, 1518–1533
497:(judges). Nuño Beltrán de Guzmán was named president. His oidores were
397: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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635:. Part of the purpose of the expedition was to find the fabled
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27:
16th-century Spanish conquistador and colonial administrator
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Biografías de hijos ilustres de la Provincia de Guadalajara
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The campaign started with the torture and execution of the
729:, founded a small town near Nochistlán to which the name "
709:. Another traveled as far as the current Mexican state of
579:. He also founded several cities that still exist such as
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In the years following the conquest of Central Mexico by
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government. Guzmán arrived a few days after the others.
1210:(in Spanish). Vol. 1. Mexico City: Joaquín Porrua.
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and came into conflict with church authorities such as
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in 1538. In 1539 he returned to his position as royal
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In 1531 (probably January), one of Guzmán's captains,
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As an example, the Spanish were received peaceably in
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Hernán Beltrán de Guzmán and Doña Magdalena de Guzmán
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Dijes Antón, Juan; Sagredo y Martín, Manuel (1889).
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670:, which largely coincides with the modern state of
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707:Santiago de Galicia de Compostela and Purificación
627:lands in the province that was to become known as
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961:American Holocaust: The Conquest of the New World
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1223:(in Spanish). Mexico City: Panorama Editorial.
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1271:"Nuño de Guzmán: el hombre y sus antecedentes"
1240:"Nuño de Guzman y la esclavitud de los indios"
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697:. In the latter state, he founded the city of
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219:from 1529 to 1534, and president of the first
1352:Spanish colonial governors and administrators
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977:Krippner-Martínez, James (1 November 2010).
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274:Nuño Beltrán de Guzmán was born ca. 1485 in
1179:. Glendale, California: Arthur H. Clark Co.
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898:. Glendale, California: Arthur H. Clark Co.
1090:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1010:. University of Texas Press. p. 124.
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46:Nuño Beltrán de Guzmán as depicted in the
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1004:Verástique, Bernardino (1 January 2010).
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457:Learn how and when to remove this message
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211:. He was the governor of the province of
70:9 December 1528 – 9 January 1531
59:President of the Real Audiencia of Mexico
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864:The Encomenderos of New Spain, 1521-1555
1308:Mexico Connect - Nuño Beltrán de Guzmán
1188:. Foro hispánico. Vol. 37. Rodopi.
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946:. Foro hispánico. Vol. 37. Rodopi.
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721:Foundation of Guadalajara in New Spain
701:on September 29, 1531. He returned to
203: – 1558) was a Spanish
862:Himmerich y Valencia, Robert (1991).
395:adding citations to reliable sources
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240:Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire
183:Conquistador, colonial administrator
1316:Biografía de Nuño Beltrán de Guzmán
1199:Pennsylvania State University Press
1062:. Vol. II. Barcelona: Espasa.
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920:Pennsylvania State University Press
473:, New Spain had been governed by a
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363:As President of the Real Audiencia
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1377:Castilian-Manchegan conquistadors
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1215:Orozco Linares, Fernando (1985).
1193:Krippner-Martinez, James (2001).
1080:. Guadalajara, Spain. p. 45.
914:Krippner-Martinez, James (2001).
775:This territory extended from the
983:. Penn State Press. p. 55.
604:officers on this expedition was
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1382:History of Guadalajara, Jalisco
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1058:Riva Palacio, Vicente (1991) .
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1387:People from Guadalajara, Spain
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595:As conqueror of western Mexico
207:and colonial administrator in
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1269:Marín-Tamayo, Fausto (1956).
1206:García Puron, Manuel (1984).
1060:México a través de los siglos
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98:Sebastián Ramírez de Fuenleal
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1417:16th-century Spanish people
1412:16th-century Mexican people
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1175:Chipman, Donald E. (1967).
894:Chipman, Donald E. (1967).
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772:(Kingdom of New Galicia).
234:Originally a bodyguard of
1332:Foundation of Guadalajara
1103:Francisco López de Gómara
868:University of Texas Press
800:Castle of Torrejón prison
352:Royal Audiencia of Mexico
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1184:Rojinsky, David (2010).
1037:. ABC-CLIO. p. 43.
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834:Bernal Díaz del Castillo
488:Real Audiencia de México
116:May 1527 – 1533
87:as Governor of New Spain
1238:Zavala, Silvio (1952).
965:Oxford University Press
796:Diego Pérez de la Torre
284:Revolt of the Comuneros
100:of the second Audiencia
1107:Archives of the Indies
1031:Marley, David (2008).
757:Kingdom of New Galicia
699:San Miguel de Culiacán
606:Pedro Almíndez Chirino
601:Juan Ortiz de Matienzo
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499:Juan Ortiz de Matienzo
303:Governorship of Pánuco
194:Nuño Beltrán de Guzmán
18:Nuño Beltrán de Guzmán
1372:Spanish city founders
1357:Spanish conquistadors
1219:Gobernantes de México
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1324:La primera Audiencia
832:". His contemporary
790:Final years in Spain
641:Seven Cities of Gold
599:In 1529, Guzmán put
391:improve this article
959:David E. Stannard,
537:Rodrigo de Albornoz
475:military government
280:Spanish Inquisition
747:Antonio de Mendoza
727:Cristóbal de Oñate
541:Gonzalo de Salazar
310:Luís Ponce de Leon
276:Guadalajara, Spain
248:Caribbean colonies
236:Charles I of Spain
105:Governor of Pánuco
1407:1529 in New Spain
1402:1528 in New Spain
1397:1530 in New Spain
1275:Historia Mexicana
1244:Historia Mexicana
1069:978-84-7764-516-0
1044:978-1-59884-100-8
1017:978-0-292-77380-6
990:978-0-271-03940-4
763:Joanna of Castile
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1362:1490s births
1329:(in Spanish)
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1313:(in Spanish)
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389:Please help
384:verification
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205:conquistador
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93:Succeeded by
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1367:1558 deaths
1099:Bernal Díaz
749:, then the
731:Guadalajara
589:Guadalajara
328:encomiendas
229:Guadalajara
201: 1490
152:Guadalajara
76:Preceded by
1341:Categories
1292:2022-06-18
1261:2022-06-18
841:References
823:Reputation
781:Compostela
516:The first
485:named the
417:newspapers
314:Hispaniola
270:Early life
180:Occupation
167:Valladolid
1158:147449952
1086:cite book
1074:cited in
777:Rio Lerma
767:Reino de
687:Zacatecas
672:Michoacán
625:Chichimec
613:Purépecha
585:Querétaro
581:Zacatecas
479:Charles V
209:New Spain
172:Parent(s)
132:1529–1534
128:In office
112:In office
66:In office
1287:25134487
1256:25134226
808:memorial
739:Tlacotan
633:Culiacán
510:Veracruz
293:Flanders
289:Carlos V
804:contino
751:viceroy
743:Zapopan
695:Sinaloa
691:Nayarit
683:Jalisco
666:of the
664:cazonci
617:cazonci
494:oidores
431:scholar
156:Castile
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319:Cortés
225:Mexico
213:Pánuco
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1283:JSTOR
1252:JSTOR
1154:S2CID
1146:JSTOR
703:Tepic
648:maize
438:JSTOR
424:books
1225:ISBN
1101:and
1092:link
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587:and
543:and
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317:Pro-
262:and
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