102:
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654:. The problem of shielding the reactor continued to render the idea impractical. In December 1945, a John Wilson of London, announced he had created an atomic car. This created considerable interest. The Minister of Fuel and Power along with a large press contingent turned out to view it. The car did not show and Wilson claimed that it had been sabotaged. A later court case found that he was a fraud and there was no nuclear-powered car.
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579:, announced that it is going to develop a nuclear-powered spacecraft for deep space travel. Preliminary design was done by 2013, and 9 more years are planned for development (in space assembly). The price is set at 17 billion rubles (600 million dollars). The nuclear propulsion would have mega-watt class, provided necessary funding, Roscosmos Head stated.
442:
radiation released from the nuclear reactors. Nuclear-powered rockets are not used to lift off the Earth. Nuclear thermal rockets can provide great performance advantages compared to chemical propulsion systems. Nuclear power sources could also be used to provide the spacecraft with electrical power for operations and scientific instrumentation. Examples:
56:
657:
Despite the shielding problem, through the late 1940s and early 1950s debate continued around the possibility of nuclear-powered cars. The development of nuclear-powered submarines and ships, and experiments to develop a nuclear-powered aircraft at that time kept the idea alive. Russian papers in the
266:
in the 1960s the tactical advantage of such aircraft was greatly diminished and respective projects were cancelled. Because the technology was inherently dangerous it was not considered in non-military contexts. Nuclear-powered missiles were also researched and discounted during the same period.
693:
engineer C R Lewis had discounted the idea in 1957 because of estimates that an 80,000 lb (36,000 kg) engine would be required by a 3,000 lb (1,400 kg) car. His view was that an efficient means of storing energy was required for nuclear power to be practical. Despite this,
441:
Bimodal nuclear thermal rockets conduct nuclear fission reactions similar to those employed at nuclear power plants including submarines. The energy is used to heat the liquid hydrogen propellant. Advocates of nuclear-powered spacecraft point out that at the time of launch, there is almost no
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This system would consist of a space nuclear power and a matrix of ion engines. "...Hot inert gas temperature of 1500 °C from the reactor turns turbines. The turbine turns the generator and compressor, which circulates the working fluid in a closed circuit. The working fluid is cooled in the
432:
Bimodal nuclear thermal rockets conduct nuclear fission reactions similar to those employed at nuclear power plants including submarines. The energy is used to heat the liquid hydrogen propellant. The vehicle depicted is the "Copernicus" an upper stage assembly being designed for the
590:, with cosmonauts staying on the Red planet for 30 days. This journey to Mars with nuclear propulsion and a steady acceleration would take six weeks, instead of eight months by using chemical propulsion – assuming thrust of 300 times higher than that of chemical propulsion.
658:
mid-1950s reported the development of a nuclear-powered car by
Professor V P Romadin, but again shielding proved to be a problem. It was claimed that its laboratories had overcome the shielding problem with a new alloy that absorbed the rays.
192:
on about 12 November 2015. The torpedo was stated as having a range of up to 10,000 km, a cruising speed of 100 knots, and an operational depth of up to 1000 metres below the surface. The torpedo carried a 100-megaton nuclear warhead.
59:
Pressurised water reactors are the most common reactors used in ships and submarines. The pictorial diagram shows the operating principles. Primary coolant is in orange and the secondary coolant (steam and later feedwater) is in
1740:
S. K. Borowski et al., "Nuclear
Thermal Rocket/Vehicle Design Options for Future NASA Missions to the Moon and Mars", U. S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NASA-TM-0107071, September 1993.
412:
External Pulsed Plasma
Propulsion (EPPP), a propulsion concept by NASA that derives its thrust from plasma waves generated from a series of small, supercritical fission/fusion pulses behind an object in
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compound that was light and absorbed radiation, obviating the need for heavy shielding. A reporter at the time considered it might make nuclear-powered cars and aircraft a possibility.
26:
as their primary power source. The idea of using nuclear material for propulsion dates back to the beginning of the 20th century. In 1903 it was hypothesized that radioactive material,
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258:. Neither country created any operational nuclear aircraft. One design problem, never adequately solved, was the need for heavy shielding to protect the crew from
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currently (as of 2022) has 11 aircraft carriers and 70 submarines in service, that are all powered by nuclear reactors. For more detailed articles see:
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fueled nuclear reactors that can provide propulsion for long periods without refueling. There are also applications in the space sector with
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455:, an American project to develop a nuclear thermal rocket. The program ran at the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory from 1955 through 1972.
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607:, for fuel dates back to at least 1903. Analysis of the concept in 1937 indicated that the driver of such a vehicle might need a 50-ton
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as they would presumably allow a country to keep nuclear bombers in the air for extremely long periods of time, a useful tactic for
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Thornton, G; Blumbeg, B. (January 1961). "Aircraft
Nuclear Propulsion Heat Transfer Reactor Experiments Fulfill Test Goals".
781:
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2007:
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Advent of Atom
Powered Plane Speeded, Ray Cromley, The Victoria Advocate, Victoria, Texas, Wednesday, June 24, 1959, page 4
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One of the suggestions emerging in the summer of 1958 from the first meeting of the scientific advisory group that became
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1299:"Atomic Car" hoax - Elderly inventor gets goal sentence, Cairns Post, Queensland Australia, Monday 22 July 1946, page 3
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Atom-powered
Automobile Claimed Russian, The victoria Advocate, Victoria, Texas, Sunday, January 30, 1955, page 7
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First Atomic Car "sabotaged", Townsville Daily
Bulletin, Queensland, Australia, Monday 3 December 1945 page 2
91:
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The new source of energy, The World Set Free, H G Wells, Collins, London and
Glasgow, 1956 edition, page 55
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462:
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The
Science Review, Issues 1-12, University of Melbourne Science Club, Melbourne University, 1937, page 22
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was a nuclear powered locomotive, proposed in a feasibility study done in 1954 at the
University of Utah.
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Russia's Channel One Television news broadcast a picture and details of a nuclear-powered torpedo called
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Academician Anatoly Koroteev: "Nuclear power can provide a qualitative leap in the development of space"
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1161:"Russia, NASA to hold talks on nuclear-powered spacecraft. Muscovites have the balls but not the money"
281:
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1997:
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1241:
1186:"Interview: Academician Anatoly Koroteyev An Inside Look at Russia's Nuclear Power Propulsion System"
809:
689:. Apart from these concept models, none were built and no automotive nuclear power plants ever made.
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121:. Russia is the only country that currently has nuclear-powered civilian surface ships, mainly
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A Survey of Nuclear Propulsion Technologies for Space Applications, A. Micks, March 15, 2013
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Abel, G.K.; Borst, L.B.; Bowie, D.M.; Petty, K.W.; Stover, B.J.; Van Dilla, M.A. (1954),
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craft that uses clouds of antiprotons to initiate fission and fusion within fuel pellets
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557:, NASA development of nuclear propulsion for long-duration spaceflight, begun in 2003
494:
449:(Nuclear Energy for Rocket Vehicle Applications), a US nuclear thermal rocket program
369:, first engineering design study of nuclear pulse (i.e., atomic explosion) propulsion
171:
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RW Bussard, An advanced fusion energy system for outer-planet space propulsion, 2003
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radiator. The generator produces electricity for the same ion (plasma) engine..."
200:
was for "a nuclear-powered torpedo that could roam the seas almost indefinitely".
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Bussard, R.; DeLauer, R. (1958). Nuclear Rocket Propulsion (Report). McGraw-Hill.
1225:
1112:"Russian Space Agency Announces Plans to Build Nuclear-Powered Deep Space Rocket"
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1583:"Mars Exploration: Radioisotope Power and Heating for Mars Surface Exploration"
1325:
720:
486:
329:
231:
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1726:
1010:
Propulsion Systems for Manned Exploration of the Solar System (NASA TM X-1864)
470:, a Soviet nuclear thermal rocket engine developed from 1965 through the 1980s
222:
system, known as HTRE-3 (Heat Transfer Reactor Experiment no. 3). The central
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Many types of nuclear propulsion have been proposed, and some of them (e.g.,
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Some practical uses of radium rays, The Republic, Sunday, September 13, 1903
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capable of land and amphibious warfare. The design was never mass-produced.
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2002:
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30:, might be a suitable fuel for engines to propel cars, planes, and boats.
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1622:
Bussard, R. (1965). Fundamentals of Nuclear Flight (Report). McGraw-Hill.
755:
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engines which could be more efficient than conventional rocket engines.
31:
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to heat the air. The reactor rapidly raised the temperature via an air
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1238:"Space Propulsion for Martian Mission may be Developed in 6-9 Years"
708:
Ford made another potentially nuclear-powered model in 1962 for the
678:
22:
includes a wide variety of propulsion methods that use some form of
3927:
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external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into
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789:
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690:
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physicist named R. M. Langer espoused the idea of a car powered by
243:
1442:"Ford Seattle-ite: one of history's most significant concept cars"
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1962:
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1197:. No. Fall/Winter 2012-2013. 21st Century. 3 December 2012
702:
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Research into nuclear-powered aircraft was pursued during the
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1915:
1034:
Schmidt, G. R.; Bonometti, J. A.; Morton, P. J. (July 2000).
1015:(Report). U. S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration
984:"Russia Reveals 'Unstoppable' Nuclear-Powered Cruise Missile"
446:
348:
223:
1505:
A History of the American Main Battle Tank, Volume 2: Abrams
405:, a proposed crewed interplanetary spacecraft that used the
3398:
3287:
3097:
3055:
1760:
1310:"Benson Ford poses challenge on atomic powered automobiles"
1281:
Automobile Quarterly, Volume 31 Number 1, 1992, pages 14-29
1036:
Nuclear Pulse Propulsion: Orion and Beyond (AIAA 2000-3856)
694:
Chrysler's stylists in 1958 drew up some possible designs.
608:
561:
263:
64:
1084:
474:
Demonstration Rocket for Agile Cislunar Operations (DRACO)
3371:
3235:
1972:
910:, BBC news, 12 November 2015 - retrieved 27 November 2015
586:
According to him, the propulsion will be able to support
214:
1089:. NASA Glenn's Research & Technology. Archived from
603:
The idea of making cars that used radioactive material,
1136:
Russia And US To Discuss Nuke-Powered Spaceship Project
908:
Russia reveals giant nuclear torpedo in state TV 'leak'
856:"The Future Role of Nuclear Propulsion in the Military"
322:, that used a nuclear-powered air ramjet for propulsion
40:. Many aircraft carriers and submarines currently use
1033:
1551:"Multi-Mission Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator"
1147:
Russians to ride a nuclear-powered spacecraft to Mars
665:
there were at least four theoretical nuclear-powered
1575:
1262:
Russia Leads Nuclear Space Race After U.S. Drops Out
799:
1527:
928:
716:. This also never went beyond the initial concept.
2921:Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future
1677:may not follow Knowledge's policies or guidelines
3999:
1411:
1345:Reading Eagle, Sunday, February 20, 1955, page 8
1616:
226:based reactor took the place of chemical fuel
3624:Small sealed transportable autonomous (SSTAR)
2174:
1840:Antimatter-catalyzed nuclear pulse propulsion
1806:
747:was an experimental concept tank designed by
407:antimatter-catalyzed nuclear pulse propulsion
397:Antimatter-catalyzed nuclear pulse propulsion
34:picked up this idea in his 1914 fiction work
1085:Contact: Gynelle C. Steele (July 15, 2005).
751:in the 1950s. The tank was intended to be a
328:nuclear-powered cruise missile announced by
300:'s project to build a nuclear-powered bomber
113:Nuclear-powered vessels are mainly military
1556:. NASA/JPL. January 1, 2008. Archived from
1391:"Une anticipation Simca : la "fulgur""
1365:"Radioactive cars of the twentieth century"
354:
2181:
2167:
1813:
1799:
1588:. NASA/JPL. April 18, 2006. Archived from
919:Science Magazine, 29 November 1991, p.1284
823:Electrically powered spacecraft propulsion
719:In 2009, for the hundredth anniversary of
1713:Learn how and when to remove this message
1502:
1492:WTF? Cadillac World Thorium Fuel Concept?
1078:
863:NATO Energy Security Centre of Excellence
853:
417:
3536:
1061:External Pulsed Plasma Propulsion (EPPP)
958:"False Starts For Aviation's Atomic Age"
562:Russian Federal Space Agency development
427:
213:
203:
150:
132:
100:
74:
65:Surface ships, submarines, and torpedoes
54:
1621:
1507:. United States: Presidio. p. 36.
1414:"The Atom powered carPopular Mechanics"
1007:
949:
849:
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843:
841:
839:
837:
4000:
3551:Liquid-fluoride thorium reactor (LFTR)
2188:
1820:
1626:
1439:
955:
351:) tested for spacecraft applications.
3793:
3556:Molten-Salt Reactor Experiment (MSRE)
2965:
2952:
2162:
1794:
1543:
782:radioisotope thermoelectric generator
409:engine as its main form of propulsion
389:-NASA nuclear pulse propulsion design
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2953:
2008:Status-6 Oceanic Multipurpose System
1657:
1521:
1158:
981:
834:
184:Status-6 Oceanic Multipurpose System
162:List of United States Naval reactors
97:of nuclear-powered aircraft carriers
3561:Integral Molten Salt Reactor (IMSR)
2044:Aircraft Nuclear Propulsion program
1768:Atomic Rockets -- Realistic Designs
1729:Nuclear Space Propulsion: NASA 1968
1194:21st Century Science and Technology
982:Gady, Franz-Stefan (2 March 2018).
975:
543:
489:, a conceptual interstellar fusion
13:
3370:
2521:Positron-emission tomography (PET)
1777:ten speculative concepts from NASA
1610:
593:
14:
4019:
2544:Neutron capture therapy of cancer
2443:Radioisotope thermoelectric (RTG)
1653:
663:1950s American automobile culture
501:
16:Nuclear power to propel a vehicle
3979:
3968:
3967:
3955:
3644:Fast Breeder Test Reactor (FBTR)
2143:
2142:
1662:
1420:. Hearst Magazines. p. 141.
1331:
802:
699:Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company
476:, under development in the 2020s
2733:Historical stockpiles and tests
1496:
1485:
1459:
1433:
1424:
1412:Hearst Magazines (April 1957).
1405:
1383:
1357:
1348:
1339:
1302:
1293:
1284:
1275:
1266:
1255:
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1209:
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1066:(Report). NASA. January 1, 1999
1053:
1041:(Report). Am. Inst. Aero. Astro
1027:
956:Norris, Guy (14 October 2014).
648:president, on 7 August 1945 in
3634:Energy Multiplier Module (EM2)
2516:Single-photon emission (SPECT)
1008:Moeckel, W. E. (August 1969).
1001:
922:
913:
901:
892:
883:
818:Safe Affordable Fission Engine
661:In 1958, at the height of the
377:British Interplanetary Society
145:List of civilian nuclear ships
1:
3962:Nuclear technology portal
828:
697:In 1959 it was reported that
336:
3824:Field-reversed configuration
3434:Uranium Naturel Graphite Gaz
1629:"Atomic Power — In your car"
1627:Cushin, Harry (April 1951).
1440:Hanlon, Mike (4 June 2004).
1316:. October 2, 1951. p. 3
1159:Page, Lewis (5 April 2011).
577:Russian Federal Space Agency
463:Strategic Defense Initiative
238:in a number of ground tests.
7:
3781:Aircraft Reactor Experiment
2966:
2728:States with nuclear weapons
1467:"1962 Ford Seattle-ite XXI"
795:
784:(RTG), like the successful
731:depicting a car powered by
309:
294:Aircraft Nuclear Propulsion
270:
220:Aircraft Nuclear Propulsion
10:
4024:
3794:
3619:Liquid-metal-cooled (LMFR)
2743:Tests in the United States
630:in the January edition of
565:
421:
358:
340:
207:
181:
177:
68:
3949:
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3814:
3804:
3756:
3744:Stable Salt Reactor (SSR)
3657:
3639:Reduced-moderation (RMWR)
3604:
3587:
3527:
3454:
3446:Advanced gas-cooled (AGR)
3420:
3411:
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2080:Tupolev Tu-95LAL / Tu-119
2072:
2036:
2023:
2016:
1998:Nuclear marine propulsion
1990:
1955:
1939:
1903:
1885:Nuclear salt-water rocket
1835:
1828:
1753:ソヴィエト連邦における宇宙用原子炉の開発とその実用
810:Nuclear technology portal
675:Studebaker Packard Astral
528:Nuclear salt-water rocket
480:
461:(1987–1991), part of the
140:Nuclear marine propulsion
109:nuclear-powered submarine
71:Nuclear marine propulsion
3649:Dual fluid reactor (DFR)
3265:Steam-generating (SGHWR)
2601:Electron-beam processing
2028:Nuclear-powered aircraft
1880:Nuclear pulse propulsion
1761:RKA home page in Russian
1745:RKA home page in English
1314:The Brooklyn Daily Eagle
738:
727:, Loren Kulesus created
677:, as well as the French
568:TEM (nuclear propulsion)
379:study of a fusion rocket
361:Nuclear pulse propulsion
355:Nuclear pulse propulsion
210:Nuclear-powered aircraft
3764:Organic nuclear reactor
2936:Nuclear power phase-out
2859:Nuclear decommissioning
2799:Reactor-grade plutonium
2549:Targeted alpha-particle
2428:Accidents and incidents
1875:Nuclear photonic rocket
1870:Nuclear electric rocket
1865:Gas core reactor rocket
1850:Fission-fragment rocket
669:proposed, the American
598:
550:Nuclear electric rocket
538:Nuclear photonic rocket
523:Gas core reactor rocket
508:Fission fragment rocket
1890:Nuclear thermal rocket
1503:Hunnicutt, RP (1990).
854:Trakimavičius, Lukas.
792:Mars landers in 1976.
638:William Bushnell Stout
438:
424:Nuclear thermal rocket
418:Nuclear thermal rocket
343:Nuclear power in space
318:- which developed the
262:. Since the advent of
239:
110:
98:
61:
2926:Anti-nuclear movement
1968:TOPAZ nuclear reactor
1087:"F-22 Raptor Stealth"
636:. He was followed by
588:human mission to Mars
431:
234:and powered the dual
217:
204:Aircraft and missiles
167:Soviet naval reactors
151:Military maritime use
133:Civilian maritime use
104:
78:
58:
3834:Reversed field pinch
3629:Traveling-wave (TWR)
3113:Supercritical (SCWR)
2611:Gemstone irradiation
2125:Ford Seattle-ite XXI
1683:improve this article
1531:An Atomic Locomotive
1093:on February 19, 2006
714:Ford Seattle-ite XXI
710:Seattle World's Fair
701:had developed a new
646:Society of Engineers
2999:Aqueous homogeneous
2794:Reprocessed uranium
2467:Safety and security
1895:Radioisotope rocket
1695:footnote references
1595:on October 12, 2012
533:Radioisotope rocket
435:Space Launch System
4008:Nuclear propulsion
3913:Dense plasma focus
2828:Actinide chemistry
2293:Isotope separation
2190:Nuclear technology
1931:Project Prometheus
1822:Nuclear propulsion
1773:2010-01-06 at the
1563:on August 13, 2012
1371:on 26 October 2018
1224:2014-07-14 at the
937:(1). McGraw-Hill.
651:The New York Times
640:, designer of the
555:Project Prometheus
459:Project Timberwind
439:
260:radiation sickness
256:nuclear deterrence
240:
111:
99:
62:
37:The World Set Free
20:Nuclear propulsion
3995:
3994:
3945:
3944:
3941:
3940:
3892:Magnetized-target
3789:
3788:
3752:
3751:
3583:
3582:
3579:
3578:
3523:
3522:
3407:
3406:
3339:
3338:
2944:
2943:
2899:
2898:
2768:
2767:
2755:Weapon-free zones
2582:
2581:
2574:Radiopharmacology
2156:
2155:
2098:
2097:
2090:9M730 Burevestnik
1986:
1985:
1723:
1722:
1715:
1418:Popular Mechanics
780:are powered by a
723:' acquisition of
633:Popular Mechanics
573:Anatolij Perminov
495:Robert W. Bussard
172:Nuclear submarine
119:aircraft carriers
4015:
3983:
3982:
3971:
3970:
3960:
3959:
3958:
3870:
3829:Levitated dipole
3799:
3791:
3790:
3739:Helium gas (GFR)
3602:
3601:
3597:
3534:
3533:
3418:
3417:
3368:
3367:
3361:
3360:
3356:
3355:
3137:
3136:
3133:
3132:
2971:
2963:
2962:
2955:Nuclear reactors
2950:
2949:
2849:High-level (HLW)
2779:
2778:
2626:
2625:
2606:Food irradiation
2596:Atomic gardening
2489:
2488:
2472:Nuclear meltdown
2298:Nuclear material
2288:Fissile material
2283:Fertile material
2198:
2197:
2183:
2176:
2169:
2160:
2159:
2146:
2145:
2085:Myasishchev M-60
2021:
2020:
1947:Project Daedalus
1921:Project Longshot
1833:
1832:
1815:
1808:
1801:
1792:
1791:
1759:
1751:
1731:
1718:
1711:
1707:
1704:
1698:
1666:
1665:
1658:
1649:
1647:
1646:
1637:. Archived from
1623:
1618:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1594:
1587:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1562:
1555:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1539:
1538:
1525:
1519:
1518:
1500:
1494:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1469:. Archived from
1463:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1437:
1431:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1367:. Archived from
1361:
1355:
1352:
1346:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1335:
1329:
1323:
1321:
1306:
1300:
1297:
1291:
1288:
1282:
1279:
1273:
1270:
1264:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1249:
1240:. Archived from
1234:
1228:
1217:
1213:
1207:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1190:
1182:
1176:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1156:
1150:
1144:
1138:
1133:
1127:
1126:
1124:
1123:
1114:. Archived from
1108:
1102:
1101:
1099:
1098:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1065:
1057:
1051:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1040:
1031:
1025:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1014:
1005:
999:
998:
996:
994:
979:
973:
972:
970:
968:
953:
947:
946:
926:
920:
917:
911:
905:
899:
896:
890:
887:
881:
880:
878:
877:
871:
865:. Archived from
860:
851:
812:
807:
806:
805:
768:The Mars rovers
544:Nuclear electric
387:US Naval Academy
383:Project Longshot
373:Project Daedalus
304:Tupolev Tu-95LAL
298:General Electric
282:Myasishchev M-50
218:A picture of an
50:nuclear electric
24:nuclear reaction
4023:
4022:
4018:
4017:
4016:
4014:
4013:
4012:
3998:
3997:
3996:
3991:
3956:
3954:
3937:
3901:
3868:
3853:
3810:
3800:
3795:
3785:
3748:
3653:
3598:
3591:
3590:
3575:
3519:
3450:
3425:
3403:
3375:
3357:
3350:
3349:
3348:
3335:
3301:
3292:
3274:
3239:
3230:
3144:
3127:
3126:
3125:
3117:
3031:Natural fission
2985:
2984:
2972:
2967:
2957:
2940:
2916:Nuclear weapons
2895:
2854:Low-level (LLW)
2832:
2764:
2716:
2615:
2578:
2525:
2478:
2399:
2331:
2254:
2192:
2187:
2157:
2152:
2134:
2094:
2068:
2032:
2012:
1982:
1951:
1935:
1899:
1824:
1819:
1775:Wayback Machine
1757:
1749:
1727:
1719:
1708:
1702:
1699:
1680:
1671:This article's
1667:
1663:
1656:
1644:
1642:
1613:
1611:Further reading
1608:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1585:
1581:
1580:
1576:
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1560:
1553:
1549:
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1497:
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1434:
1429:
1425:
1410:
1406:
1396:
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1349:
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1319:
1317:
1308:
1307:
1303:
1298:
1294:
1289:
1285:
1280:
1276:
1271:
1267:
1260:
1256:
1247:
1245:
1236:
1235:
1231:
1226:Wayback Machine
1215:
1214:
1210:
1200:
1198:
1188:
1184:
1183:
1179:
1169:
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1157:
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1134:
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1121:
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1096:
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1083:
1079:
1069:
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1063:
1059:
1058:
1054:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1032:
1028:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1006:
1002:
992:
990:
980:
976:
966:
964:
954:
950:
927:
923:
918:
914:
906:
902:
897:
893:
888:
884:
875:
873:
869:
858:
852:
835:
831:
808:
803:
801:
798:
753:nuclear-powered
741:
601:
596:
594:Ground vehicles
570:
564:
546:
504:
483:
426:
420:
363:
357:
345:
339:
312:
273:
212:
206:
186:
180:
153:
135:
73:
67:
46:nuclear thermal
17:
12:
11:
5:
4021:
4011:
4010:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3989:
3977:
3965:
3950:
3947:
3946:
3943:
3942:
3939:
3938:
3936:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3923:Muon-catalyzed
3920:
3915:
3909:
3907:
3903:
3902:
3900:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3883:
3882:
3872:
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3787:
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3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
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3679:
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3663:
3661:
3655:
3654:
3652:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3614:Integral (IFR)
3611:
3605:
3599:
3588:
3585:
3584:
3581:
3580:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3542:
3540:
3531:
3525:
3524:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3517:
3516:
3515:
3510:
3509:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3478:
3473:
3472:
3471:
3460:
3458:
3452:
3451:
3449:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3429:
3427:
3423:
3415:
3409:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3380:
3378:
3373:
3365:
3358:
3344:
3341:
3340:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3333:
3332:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3305:
3303:
3299:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3290:
3284:
3282:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3261:
3260:
3255:
3244:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3228:
3227:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3205:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3184:
3179:
3178:
3177:
3172:
3169:
3166:
3163:
3149:
3147:
3142:
3134:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3115:
3110:
3109:
3108:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3094:
3093:
3088:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3033:
3028:
3027:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3001:
2995:
2993:
2987:
2986:
2978:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2959:
2958:
2946:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2938:
2933:
2931:Uranium mining
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2907:
2905:
2901:
2900:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2893:
2888:
2887:
2886:
2881:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2840:
2838:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2830:
2825:
2824:
2823:
2813:
2808:
2807:
2806:
2804:Minor actinide
2801:
2796:
2785:
2783:
2776:
2770:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
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2745:
2740:
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2724:
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2718:
2717:
2715:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2702:
2697:
2696:
2695:
2690:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2669:
2668:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2632:
2630:
2623:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2592:
2590:
2584:
2583:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2535:
2533:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2501:Autoradiograph
2497:
2495:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2476:
2475:
2474:
2464:
2463:
2462:
2452:
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2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2409:
2407:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2397:
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2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2341:
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2333:
2332:
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2329:
2328:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2316:
2315:
2310:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2264:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2252:
2251:
2250:
2245:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2223:Atomic nucleus
2220:
2215:
2210:
2204:
2202:
2194:
2193:
2186:
2185:
2178:
2171:
2163:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2150:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2076:
2074:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2049:Convair NB-36H
2046:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2030:
2024:
2018:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1949:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1907:
1905:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1845:Bussard ramjet
1842:
1836:
1830:
1826:
1825:
1818:
1817:
1810:
1803:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1765:
1764:
1763:
1755:
1742:
1737:
1721:
1720:
1675:external links
1670:
1668:
1661:
1655:
1654:External links
1652:
1651:
1650:
1624:
1619:
1612:
1609:
1607:
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1574:
1542:
1520:
1513:
1495:
1484:
1473:on 12 May 2013
1458:
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1326:Newspapers.com
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814:
813:
797:
794:
740:
737:
721:General Motors
687:Arbel Symétric
600:
597:
595:
592:
575:, head of the
566:Main article:
563:
560:
559:
558:
552:
545:
542:
541:
540:
535:
530:
525:
520:
515:
510:
503:
502:Direct nuclear
500:
499:
498:
487:Bussard ramjet
482:
479:
478:
477:
471:
465:
456:
450:
422:Main article:
419:
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359:Main article:
356:
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341:Main article:
338:
335:
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330:Vladimir Putin
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279:
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232:heat exchanger
208:Main article:
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84: (CVN-68)
69:Main article:
66:
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15:
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3660:
3659:Generation IV
3656:
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3640:
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3635:
3632:
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3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
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3612:
3610:
3609:Breeder (FBR)
3607:
3606:
3603:
3600:
3595:
3586:
3572:
3569:
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3559:
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3233:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3176:
3173:
3170:
3167:
3164:
3161:
3160:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3154:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3138:
3135:
3131:
3124:
3120:
3114:
3111:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2988:
2983:
2982:
2975:
2970:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2951:
2947:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2911:Nuclear power
2909:
2908:
2906:
2902:
2892:
2891:Transmutation
2889:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2835:
2829:
2826:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2791:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2771:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2719:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2688:high-altitude
2686:
2685:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2678:Proliferation
2676:
2674:
2671:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2618:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2585:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2564:Brachytherapy
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2528:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2481:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2468:
2465:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2456:
2453:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2406:
2402:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2360:Cross section
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2334:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2257:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2184:
2179:
2177:
2172:
2170:
2165:
2164:
2161:
2149:
2141:
2140:
2137:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2115:Ford FX-Atmos
2113:
2111:
2110:Chrysler TV-8
2108:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2059:Project Pluto
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2035:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2015:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1926:Project Rover
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1911:Project Orion
1909:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1860:Fusion rocket
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1816:
1811:
1809:
1804:
1802:
1797:
1796:
1793:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1762:
1756:
1754:
1750:(in Japanese)
1748:
1747:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1732:
1730:
1725:
1724:
1717:
1714:
1706:
1696:
1692:
1691:inappropriate
1688:
1684:
1678:
1676:
1669:
1660:
1659:
1641:on 2015-05-13
1640:
1636:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1614:
1591:
1584:
1578:
1559:
1552:
1546:
1533:
1532:
1524:
1516:
1514:9780891413882
1510:
1506:
1499:
1493:
1488:
1472:
1468:
1462:
1447:
1443:
1436:
1427:
1419:
1415:
1408:
1392:
1386:
1370:
1366:
1360:
1351:
1342:
1334:
1327:
1315:
1311:
1305:
1296:
1287:
1278:
1269:
1263:
1258:
1244:on 2011-04-05
1243:
1239:
1233:
1227:
1223:
1220:
1212:
1196:
1195:
1187:
1181:
1166:
1162:
1155:
1148:
1143:
1137:
1132:
1118:on 2017-04-20
1117:
1113:
1107:
1092:
1088:
1081:
1062:
1056:
1037:
1030:
1011:
1004:
989:
985:
978:
963:
962:Aviation Week
959:
952:
944:
940:
936:
932:
925:
916:
909:
904:
895:
886:
872:on 2021-10-18
868:
864:
857:
850:
848:
846:
844:
842:
840:
838:
833:
824:
821:
819:
816:
815:
811:
800:
793:
791:
787:
783:
779:
778:
773:
772:
766:
764:
759:
757:
754:
750:
746:
745:Chrysler TV-8
736:
734:
730:
726:
722:
717:
715:
711:
706:
704:
700:
695:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
659:
655:
653:
652:
647:
643:
639:
635:
634:
629:
625:
620:
618:
614:
610:
606:
591:
589:
584:
580:
578:
574:
569:
556:
553:
551:
548:
547:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
518:Fusion rocket
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
505:
496:
492:
488:
485:
484:
475:
472:
469:
466:
464:
460:
457:
454:
453:Project Rover
451:
448:
445:
444:
443:
436:
430:
425:
411:
408:
404:
401:
398:
395:, a proposed
394:
391:
388:
384:
381:
378:
374:
371:
368:
367:Project Orion
365:
364:
362:
352:
350:
344:
331:
327:
324:
321:
317:
316:Project Pluto
314:
313:
305:
302:
299:
295:
292:
289:
288:
287:Aviation Week
283:
280:
278:
275:
274:
268:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
248:United States
245:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
216:
211:
201:
199:
194:
191:
185:
173:
170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
154:
146:
143:
141:
137:
136:
130:
128:
124:
120:
116:
108:
103:
96:
94:
89:
85:
83:
77:
72:
57:
53:
51:
47:
43:
39:
38:
33:
29:
25:
21:
3984:
3972:
3953:
3933:Pyroelectric
3887:Laser-driven
3667:Sodium (SFR)
3594:fast-neutron
3433:
2979:
2869:Reprocessing
2750:WMD treaties
2569:Radiosurgery
2539:Fast-neutron
2511:Scintigraphy
2454:
2130:Simca Fulgur
2120:Ford Nucleon
2003:Nuclear navy
1855:Fission sail
1821:
1758:(in Russian)
1728:
1709:
1703:January 2015
1700:
1685:by removing
1672:
1643:. Retrieved
1639:the original
1632:
1599:September 7,
1597:. Retrieved
1590:the original
1577:
1565:. Retrieved
1558:the original
1545:
1535:, retrieved
1530:
1523:
1504:
1498:
1487:
1475:. Retrieved
1471:the original
1461:
1449:. Retrieved
1445:
1435:
1426:
1417:
1407:
1395:. Retrieved
1385:
1373:. Retrieved
1369:the original
1359:
1350:
1341:
1324:– via
1318:. Retrieved
1313:
1304:
1295:
1286:
1277:
1268:
1257:
1246:. Retrieved
1242:the original
1232:
1216:(in Russian)
1211:
1199:. Retrieved
1192:
1180:
1168:. Retrieved
1165:The Register
1164:
1154:
1142:
1131:
1120:. Retrieved
1116:the original
1106:
1095:. Retrieved
1091:the original
1080:
1068:. Retrieved
1055:
1043:. Retrieved
1029:
1017:. Retrieved
1003:
991:. Retrieved
988:The Diplomat
987:
977:
965:. Retrieved
961:
951:
934:
930:
924:
915:
903:
894:
885:
874:. Retrieved
867:the original
862:
777:Perseverance
776:
770:
767:
760:
742:
718:
707:
696:
683:Robert Opron
681:designed by
679:Simca Fulgur
671:Ford Nucleon
667:concept cars
660:
656:
649:
642:Stout Scarab
631:
621:
602:
585:
581:
571:
513:Fission sail
493:named after
440:
346:
320:SLAM missile
285:
252:Soviet Union
241:
195:
189:
187:
157:Nuclear navy
112:
92:
81:
35:
19:
18:
3844:Stellarator
3808:confinement
3702:Superphénix
3529:Molten-salt
3481:VHTR (HTGR)
3258:HW BLWR 250
3224:R4 Marviken
3153:Pressurized
3123:Heavy water
3107:many others
3036:Pressurized
2991:Light water
2693:underground
2651:Disarmament
2559:Tomotherapy
2554:Proton-beam
2418:Power plant
2380:Temperature
2213:Engineering
2073:USSR/Russia
2054:Convair X-6
1991:Sea vessels
1956:USSR/Russia
1634:Motor Trend
1393:(in French)
1201:26 December
1170:26 December
1070:January 15,
1045:January 15,
1019:January 15,
756:medium tank
729:concept art
644:and former
628:uranium-235
622:In 1941, a
611:barrier to
326:Burevestnik
277:Convair X-6
236:J47 engines
123:icebreakers
107:Delta-class
32:H. G. Wells
3869:(acoustic)
3486:PBR (PBMR)
2874:Spent fuel
2864:Repository
2844:Fuel cycle
2811:Activation
2588:Processing
2455:Propulsion
2413:by country
2345:Activation
1829:Spacecraft
1645:2012-04-23
1537:2023-12-14
1446:Gizmag.com
1248:2011-07-11
1122:2017-04-20
1097:2009-07-08
967:17 October
931:Nucleonics
876:2021-10-15
829:References
615:them from
337:Spacecraft
228:combustion
115:submarines
3839:Spheromak
3538:Fluorides
3202:IPHWR-700
3197:IPHWR-540
3192:IPHWR-220
2981:Moderator
2661:Explosion
2636:Arms race
2423:Economics
2375:Reflector
2370:Radiation
2365:Generator
2320:Plutonium
2273:Deuterium
2238:Radiation
2208:Chemistry
1687:excessive
1567:August 6,
943:0096-6207
771:Curiosity
617:radiation
88:lead ship
80:USS
4002:Category
3974:Category
3928:Polywell
3859:Inertial
3816:Magnetic
3571:TMSR-LF1
3566:TMSR-500
3546:Fuji MSR
3506:THTR-300
3346:Graphite
3209:PHWR KWU
3175:ACR-1000
3103:IPWR-900
3086:ACPR1000
3081:HPR-1000
3071:CPR-1000
3046:APR-1400
2837:Disposal
2789:Actinide
2782:Products
2641:Delivery
2484:Medicine
2313:depleted
2308:enriched
2278:Helium-3
2243:ionizing
2148:Category
2017:Aircraft
1771:Archived
1477:26 April
1451:26 April
1397:26 April
1375:26 April
1222:Archived
993:26 March
796:See also
790:Viking 2
786:Viking 1
749:Chrysler
725:Cadillac
691:Chrysler
685:and the
375:, 1970s
332:in 2018.
310:Missiles
271:Aircraft
250:and the
244:Cold War
190:Status-6
3986:Commons
3897:Z-pinch
3867:Bubble
3849:Tokamak
3712:FBR-600
3692:CFR-600
3687:BN-1200
3353:coolant
3280:Organic
3165:CANDU 9
3162:CANDU 6
3130:coolant
3091:ACP1000
3066:CAP1400
3004:Boiling
2969:Fission
2816:Fission
2760:Weapons
2700:Warfare
2683:Testing
2673:History
2666:effects
2621:Weapons
2531:Therapy
2506:RadBall
2493:Imaging
2385:Thermal
2350:Capture
2337:Neutron
2325:Thorium
2303:Uranium
2268:Tritium
2248:braking
2228:Fission
2218:Physics
2201:Science
1963:RD-0410
1735:YouTube
1681:Please
1673:use of
1320:June 4,
1149:// 2009
733:thorium
624:Caltech
468:RD-0410
437:(2010).
403:ICAN-II
393:AIMStar
246:by the
178:Torpedo
127:US Navy
90:of the
42:uranium
3797:Fusion
3757:Others
3697:Phénix
3682:BN-800
3677:BN-600
3672:BN-350
3501:HTR-PM
3496:HTR-10
3476:UHTREX
3441:Magnox
3436:(UNGG)
3329:Lucens
3324:KS 150
3061:ATMEA1
3041:AP1000
3024:Kerena
2904:Debate
2656:Ethics
2646:Design
2629:Topics
2460:rocket
2438:Fusion
2433:Policy
2395:Fusion
2355:Poison
2233:Fusion
2103:Ground
2064:WS-125
1511:
941:
712:, the
703:rubber
613:shield
605:radium
491:ramjet
481:Ramjet
413:space.
125:. The
117:, and
95:-class
93:Nimitz
82:Nimitz
28:radium
3918:Migma
3906:Other
3875:Fusor
3774:Piqua
3769:Arbus
3727:PRISM
3469:MHR-T
3464:GTMHR
3394:EGP-6
3389:AMB-X
3364:Water
3309:HWGCR
3248:HWLWR
3187:IPHWR
3158:CANDU
3019:ESBWR
2774:Waste
2738:Tests
2721:Lists
2705:Yield
2448:MMRTG
2405:Power
1916:NERVA
1593:(PDF)
1586:(PDF)
1561:(PDF)
1554:(PDF)
1189:(PDF)
1064:(PDF)
1039:(PDF)
1013:(PDF)
870:(PDF)
859:(PDF)
739:Other
447:NERVA
349:NERVA
264:ICBMs
224:EBR-1
198:JASON
60:blue.
3734:Lead
3717:CEFR
3707:PFBR
3589:None
3399:RBMK
3384:AM-1
3314:EL-4
3288:WR-1
3270:AHWR
3214:MZFR
3182:CVTR
3171:AFCR
3098:VVER
3056:APWR
3051:APR+
3014:ABWR
2884:cask
2879:pool
2821:LLFP
2710:TNTe
2390:Fast
2260:Fuel
1601:2009
1569:2012
1509:ISBN
1479:2012
1453:2012
1399:2012
1377:2012
1322:2015
1203:2013
1172:2013
1072:2023
1047:2023
1021:2023
995:2018
969:2014
939:ISSN
788:and
774:and
763:X-12
761:The
743:The
673:and
609:lead
599:Cars
290:hoax
138:See
48:and
3806:by
3722:PFR
3513:PMR
3491:AVR
3413:Gas
3351:by
3319:KKN
3253:ATR
3168:EC6
3128:by
3076:EPR
3009:BWR
1978:TEM
1973:TMK
1733:on
1689:or
4004::
3456:He
3422:CO
3298:CO
3219:R3
2037:US
1940:UK
1904:US
1631:.
1444:.
1416:.
1312:.
1191:.
1163:.
986:.
960:.
935:19
933:.
861:.
836:^
735:.
619:.
385:,
296:-
284:-
105:A
86:,
3596:)
3592:(
3424:2
3376:O
3374:2
3372:H
3300:2
3240:O
3238:2
3236:H
3145:O
3143:2
3141:D
2182:e
2175:t
2168:v
1814:e
1807:t
1800:v
1716:)
1710:(
1705:)
1701:(
1697:.
1679:.
1648:.
1603:.
1571:.
1517:.
1481:.
1455:.
1401:.
1379:.
1328:.
1251:.
1205:.
1174:.
1125:.
1100:.
1074:.
1049:.
1023:.
997:.
971:.
945:.
879:.
497:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
