436:"code names" (e.g. "Charlie India Oscar", "250 250 250", "Six-Niner-Zero-Oblique-Five-Four"), characteristic phrases (e.g. "¡Atención!", "Achtung!", "Ready? Ready?", "1234567890"), and sometimes musical or electronic sounds (e.g. "The Lincolnshire Poacher", "Magnetic Fields"). Sometimes, as in the case of radio-alphabet stations, the prelude can also signify the nature or priority of the message to follow (e.g., it may indicate that no message follows). Often the prelude repeats for a period before the body of the message begins.
32:
534:
671:
818:
574:'s former frequency, 11545 kHz, in 2006, possibly to deliberately interfere with its propagation. However, Lincolnshire Poacher broadcasts on three different frequencies, and the remaining two have not been interfered with. The apparent target zone for the Lincolnshire Poacher signals originating in Cyprus was the Middle East, not the Far East, which is covered by its sister station, E03a
610:(BBC World Service headquarters), who declared that the voice was reading out nothing more sinister than snowfall figures for the ski slopes near the listener's home. After more research into this case, shortwave enthusiasts are fairly certain that this was a numbers station being broadcast on a random frequency.
548:
Those receiving the signals often have to work only with available hand-held receivers, sometimes under difficult local conditions, and in all reception conditions (such as sunspot cycles and seasonal static). However, in the field low-tech spoken number transmissions continue to have advantages even
439:
After the prelude, there is usually an announcement of the number of number-groups in the message, the page to be used from the one-time pad, or other pertinent information. The groups are then recited. Groups are usually either four or five digits or radio-alphabet letters. The groups are typically
734:
moved on to other interests in 2000 and the classification of numbers stations was continued by the follow-on group ENIGMA 2000. The document containing the description of each station and its code designation was called the "ENIGMA Control List" until 2016, after which it was incorporated into the
726:
Although many numbers stations have nicknames which usually describe some aspect of the station itself, these nicknames have sometimes led to confusion among listeners, particularly when discussing stations with similar traits. M. Gauffman of the ENIGMA numbers stations monitoring group originally
454:
employed by particular stations is not publicly known, except in one (or possibly two) cases. It is assumed that most stations use a one-time pad that would make the contents of these number groups indistinguishable from randomly generated numbers or digits. In one confirmed case, West
Germany did
377:
The transmissions were contained in a series of repeated random number sequences and could only be deciphered using the agent's one-time pad. If proper tradecraft was practised and instructions were precisely followed, an OWVL transmission was considered unbreakable. As long as the agent's cover
735:"ENIGMA 2000 Active Station List"; the latest edition of the list was published in September 2017. This classification scheme takes the form of a letter followed by a number (or, in the case of some "X" stations, more numbers). The letter indicates the language used by the station in question:
584:
In
October 1990, it was reported that a numbers station had been interfering with communications on 6577 kHz, a frequency used by air traffic in the Caribbean. The interference was such that on at least one monitored transmission, it blocked the channel entirely and forced the air traffic
446:
Finally, after all the messages have been sent, the station will sign off in some characteristic fashion. Usually, it will simply be some form of the word "end" in whatever language the station uses (e.g., "End of message; End of transmission", "Ende", "Fini", "Final", "конец"). Some stations,
353:
It has long been speculated, and was argued in one court case, that these stations operate as a simple and fool-proof method for government agencies to communicate with spies working undercover. According to this hypothesis, the messages must have been encrypted with a
256:
computers to decode spying instructions. The FBI testified that they had entered a spy's apartment in 1995, and copied the computer decryption program for the Atención numbers code. They used it to decode Atención spy messages, which the prosecutors unveiled in court.
621:
Numbers station transmissions have often been the target of intentional jamming attempts. Despite this targeting, many numbers stations continue to broadcast unhindered. Historical examples of jamming include the E10 (a station thought to originate from Israel's
605:
programme in 1983 complaining that her listening had been spoiled by a female voice reading out numbers in
English and asked the announcer what this interference was. The BBC presenter laughed at the suggestion of spy activity. He had consulted the experts at
325:
with conspiracy to spy for Cuba, and receiving and decoding messages broadcast from a numbers station operated by the Cuban
Intelligence Directorate to further that conspiracy. As discovered by the FBI up to 2010, one way that Russian agents of the
418:
431:
The prelude, introduction, or call-up of a transmission (from which stations' informal nicknames are often derived) includes some kind of identifier, for the station itself, the intended recipient, or both. This can take the form of numeric or
2700:
549:
in the 21st century. High-tech data-receiving equipment can be difficult to obtain and even a non-standard civilian shortwave radio can be difficult to obtain in a totalitarian state. Being caught with just a shortwave radio has a degree of
79:
51:
278:
The moderator of an e-mail list for global numbers station hobbyists claimed that "Someone on the Spooks list had already cracked the code for a repeated transmission if it was received garbled." Such code-breaking may be possible if a
247:
The "Atención" station of Cuba became the world's first numbers station to be officially and publicly accused of transmitting to spies. It was the centerpiece of a United States federal court espionage trial, following the arrest of the
330:
were receiving instructions was via coded messages on shortwave radio. It has been reported that the United States has used number stations to communicate encoded information to persons in other countries. There are also claims that
420:
90:
81:
382:
Evidence to support this theory includes the fact that numbers stations have changed details of their broadcasts or produced special, nonscheduled broadcasts coincident with extraordinary political events, such as the
139:
transmissions, are not uncommon. Most stations have set time schedules, or schedule patterns; however, some appear to have no discernible pattern and broadcast at random times. Stations may have set frequencies in the
91:
2743:
151:
and continue in use today. Amongst amateur radio enthusiasts there is an interest in monitoring and classifying numbers stations, with many being given nicknames to represent their quirks or origins.
2710:
780:
Some stations have also been stripped of their designation when they were discovered not to be a numbers station. This was the case for E22, which was discovered in 2005 to be test transmissions for
209:
who sent reception reports to stations that identified themselves or to entities the listeners believed responsible for the broadcasts, which is the expected behaviour of a non-clandestine station.
2107:
In the possible case, the underlying type of encryption might have been stated in the court record of the Atención case when the secretly copied decryption software was introduced into evidence.
318:, were arrested and charged with espionage. The U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Florida stated that "defendants would receive assignments via shortwave radio transmissions".
252:
of Cuban spies in 1998. The U.S. prosecutors claimed the accused were writing down number codes received from Atención, using Sony hand-held shortwave receivers, and typing the numbers into
1533:
50:
419:
80:
1287:
182:
era. According to an internal Cold War-era report of the Polish
Ministry of the Interior, numbers stations DCF37 (3.370 MHz) and DFD21 (4.010 MHz) were transmitted from
335:-operated stations, such as KKN50 and KKN44, used to broadcast similar "numbers" messages or related traffic, although these radio stations have been off the air for many years.
378:
could justify possessing a shortwave radio and he was not under technical surveillance, high-frequency OWVL was a secure and preferred system for the CIA during the Cold War.
48:
92:
2834:
428:
Generally, numbers stations follow a basic format, although there are many differences in details between stations. Transmissions usually begin on the hour or half-hour.
2235:
2126:
646:
enthusiasts from as early as the 1970s. Numbers stations are often given nicknames by enthusiasts, often reflecting some distinctive element of the station such as the
4114:
1233:, Noah Lang, in conjunction with- and invited by Akin Fernandez, presented several stand-alone sculptures based on numbers stations broadcasting antennas including
370:(OWVL) described a covert communications system that transmitted messages to an agent's unmodified shortwave radio using the high-frequency shortwave bands between
4327:
654:" before each string of numbers. Sometimes these traits have helped to uncover the broadcast location of a station. The "Atención" station was thought to be from
3878:
447:
especially those thought to originate from the former Soviet Union, end with a series of zeros, e.g., "00000" "000 000"; others end with music or other sounds.
49:
1960:
267:"Under no circumstances should German nor Castor fly with BTTR or another organization on days 24, 25, 26 and 27." (BTTR is the anti-Castro airborne group
4124:
991:. The radio broadcast states in Russian, "2.5.0.0.2.5, Finland Red, Egypt White, It is twice blest, It is twice blest, rain from heaven, rain from heaven."
481:
Although few numbers stations have been tracked down by location, the technology used to transmit the numbers has historically been clear—stock shortwave
1261:, the player uses in-game radio signals transmitting numbers to solve puzzles. Some frequencies feature samples from historical German number stations.
839:
832:
175:
in his youth during World War I used to listen in to their transmissions, writing them down and passing them on to the
Austrian military intelligence.
443:
Some stations send more than one message during a transmission. In this case, some or all of the above process is repeated, with different contents.
424:
The "Russian Man" station signing off. The numbers read: 83912 83912 10080 10080 46543 46543 – 257 257 143 143 – 000 00
401:
1060:
in
Special Unit 701, part of China's effort to track down and decode enemy number stations. The novel has been adapted into a TV series and a movie.
1080:
after a segment of a recorded numbers station transmission. Samples from E10, an
Israeli numbers station, appear in the album's song "Poor Places".
1525:
239:
on the charge of spying for Cuba. The group had received and decoded messages that had been broadcast from the "Atención" number station in Cuba.
731:
762:
X indicates all other transmissions, such as polytones, in addition to some unexplained broadcasts which may not actually be numbers stations.
1555:
581:
On 27 September 2006, amateur radio transmissions in the 30 m band were affected by an S06 "Russian Man" numbers station at 17:40 UTC.
4257:
3921:
2057:
3904:
3871:
3776:
2766:
1793:
1160:, focuses on a British government agent investigating a numbers station in a remote village, and features recordings of numbers stations.
681:
4320:
3961:
303:
analyst, was arrested and charged with espionage. The federal prosecutors alleged that Montes was able to communicate with the Cuban
190:
2606:
189:
Many stations from this era continue to broadcast and some long-time stations may have been taken over by different operators. The
3189:
2200:
1754:
408:"These are what you suppose they are. People shouldn't be mystified by them. They are not for, shall we say, public consumption."
3150:
2733:
2567:
4149:
4119:
3864:
3759:
3715:
2824:
2421:
1035:
571:
213:
58:
2227:
2118:
1981:
882:
4302:
3177:
1637:
3056:
854:
478:– and can then be best received with a properly tuned antenna (of adequate, possibly conspicuous size) and a good receiver.
384:
3951:
3710:
545:, in combination or in sequence with spoken numbers, suggests varying transmissions for differing intelligence operations.
3465:
3113:
2483:
2338:
2287:
1653:
1602:
694:
613:
The Cuban numbers station "HM01" has been known to interfere with shortwave broadcaster Voice of Welt on 11530 kHz.
3895:
3217:
1014:
861:
504:
341:
revived number broadcasts in July 2016 after a hiatus of sixteen years, a move which some analysts speculated was
1932:
3611:
3397:
3374:
3348:
3123:
2509:
2157:
1915:
1890:
1688:
901:
713:
2392:
1828:
4252:
4244:
3646:
3571:
1210:
2019 episode "Decrypted" features a numbers station that appears on an iPod, attached to the entity The
Extinction.
530:. (RTTY-modulated subcarriers were also present on some U.S. commercial radio transmissions during the Cold War.)
307:
through encoded messages, with instructions being received through "encrypted shortwave transmissions from Cuba".
4262:
868:
527:
2621:
1112:
sampled tape recordings of German numbers station broadcasts in the track "A Song for Europa" on his 2016 album
4348:
4193:
4018:
3933:
3513:
3083:
537:
The Speech/Morse generator (pictured here) is a machine that has been used for many well-known numbers stations
4368:
3887:
1242:
1022:
627:
575:
404:(the government department that, at that time, regulated radio broadcasting in the United Kingdom) as saying
1578:
850:
260:
The United States government's evidence included the following three examples of decoded Atención messages.
4358:
1330:
1175:
471:
4310:
3183:
935:
300:
217:
1420:
311:
1387:
803:
set of recordings of numbers stations. It was first released in 1997 by the Irdial-Discs record label.
4353:
1857:
1320:
1169:
172:
101:
1858:"United States v. Walter Kendall Myers, United States District Court, District of Columbia, no. xxx"
4225:
3956:
2738:
1310:
1238:
651:
592:
frequency, 7325 kHz, has also been used. This prompted a letter to the BBC from a listener in
304:
194:
2774:
642:
Monitoring and chronicling transmissions from numbers stations has been a hobby for shortwave and
4363:
4277:
4267:
4215:
3946:
3596:
3566:
3458:
3386:
The
Underground Frequency Guide: A Directory of Unusual, Illegal, and Covert Radio Communications
2678:
2371:
2150:
The Underground Frequency Guide: A Directory of Unusual, Illegal, and Covert Radio Communications
1908:
The Underground Frequency Guide: A Directory of Unusual, Illegal, and Covert Radio Communications
1266:
980:
828:
165:, which has compiled recordings of these transmissions, number stations have been reported since
626:
intelligence agency) being jammed by the "Chinese Music Station" (thought to originate from the
4292:
4230:
4210:
4159:
3916:
3409:
2987:
2909:
2701:"The truth is way, way out there: how Cold War radio signals inspired new series Truth Seekers"
1135:
includes a track titled "II. The People" that samples a recording of the Lincolnshire Poacher.
1109:
268:
132:
1986:
If it had Not Been for Fifteen Minutes: A true account of espionage and hair-raising adventure
1801:
1388:"The shortwave and the calling: For Akin Fernandez, cryptic messages became music to his ears"
1163:
Numbers stations, including the Lincolnshire Poacher, feature in Simpson's 2019 adaptation of
650:. For example, the "Lincolnshire Poacher" station played the first two bars of the folk song "
345:; sixteen such broadcasts occurred in 2017, including unusually timed transmissions in April.
4179:
3845:
2959:
1197:
1009:
875:
550:
2023:
1021:
communicates using a numbers station, which has a female voice that speaks German and uses "
440:
repeated, either by reading each group twice or by repeating the entire message as a whole.
4282:
4220:
4106:
4062:
4047:
3996:
3941:
3771:
3754:
3727:
3490:
3194:
2857:
1982:"Chapter 6 – So here she was, with a pillow over her head and over the radio ..."
1076:
496:
322:
284:
120:
507:, are the workhorses of international shortwave broadcasting, including numbers stations.
466:
radio signals transmitted at relatively low power can travel around the world under ideal
8:
4315:
4189:
4006:
3979:
3833:
3737:
3485:
2598:
1392:
1205:
922:
689:
396:
206:
20:
3236:
Beaumont, Paul (November 2012). "Numbers Stations: A Modern Perspective (Part 1)".
2796:
1529:
987:
is awoken by a numbers station broadcast to detonate a nuclear suitcase bomb in central
296:
119:
characterized by broadcasts of formatted numbers, which are believed to be addressed to
4287:
4272:
4164:
4139:
4077:
4028:
4013:
3722:
3689:
3663:
3641:
3636:
3606:
3591:
3451:
3299:
3253:
Beaumont, Paul (January 2013). "Numbers Stations: A Modern Perspective (Part 2)".
2626:
2204:
1937:
1463:
996:
975:
542:
523:
367:
128:
4129:
3838:
3507:
3414:
3393:
3370:
3344:
3322:
3303:
3291:
3258:
3241:
3213:
3173:
3119:
2575:
2549:
2182:
2153:
2152:(3 ed.). Solana Beach, California: High Text Publications, Inc. pp. 27–28.
2034:
1911:
1886:
1684:
1633:
1467:
1455:
1126:
956:
794:
659:
597:
511:
500:
467:
433:
342:
161:
1114:
374:
at a predetermined time, date, and frequency contained in their communications plan.
4184:
4134:
3803:
3535:
3283:
3165:
2829:
2801:
1447:
1300:
1230:
1187:
746:
332:
327:
124:
41:
1961:"North Korea sends chilling coded radio messages to South Korea amid fears of WW3"
931:
4001:
3823:
3798:
3732:
3694:
3335:
3311:
Friesen, Christopher (15 January 2014). "Spy 'Numbers Stations' still enthrall".
3205:
3146:
2649:
2257:
1201:, a numbers station called WZZZ begins broadcasting words along with its numbers.
1164:
943:
781:
647:
359:
3407:
Smolinski, Chris (February 1998). "Spy Numbers Stations: Have you heard them?".
3151:"Spycraft: The secret history of the CIA's spytechs, from communism to al-Qaeda"
1910:(3 ed.). Solana Beach, California: High Text Publications. pp. 88–95.
1704:
4169:
3989:
3501:
2462:"ENIGMA: The European Numbers Information Gathering and Monitoring Association"
2313:
1350:
1157:
1088:
1084:
567:
463:
221:
198:
141:
61:" interval signal, followed by a coded transmission of five numbers, 0-2-5-8-8.
3287:
3210:
Spycraft: The secret history of the CIA's spytechs, from communism to al-Qaeda
3169:
3129:
2365:
2342:
2291:
1657:
1606:
1451:
4342:
4087:
4067:
4052:
3781:
3749:
3651:
3626:
3545:
3418:
3326:
3295:
3262:
3245:
2553:
2186:
2049:
1965:
1481:
1459:
1325:
1305:
1131:
1093:
1030:
984:
631:
515:
358:
to avoid any risk of decryption by the enemy. Writing in 2008, Wallace &
116:
2934:
2884:
4174:
4092:
4082:
4023:
3828:
3616:
3601:
3540:
3525:
3518:
2964:
2734:"Book review: Mai Jia's In the Dark shines a light on China's secret world"
2705:
1292:
1102:
1057:
952:
800:
451:
388:
355:
315:
280:
249:
225:
183:
3856:
3038:
2487:
2461:
274:"Congratulate all the female comrades for International Day of the Woman."
3984:
3818:
3684:
3530:
3313:
2540:
2396:
1190:
broadcasting the voices of individuals who have mysteriously disappeared.
1146:
1098:
927:
533:
482:
338:
283:
decoding key is used more than once. If used properly, however, the code
167:
148:
362:
described how numbers stations could be used in this way for espionage:
4057:
3813:
3793:
3786:
3766:
3673:
3389:
2086:
1729:
1234:
948:
756:
607:
519:
236:
136:
70:
3271:
2538:
Friesen, Christopher (2014). "Spy 'Numbers Stations' still enthrall".
2173:
Collins, Barry W. (July 1997). "The day the U.S. Army invaded W4TLV".
1435:
1270:, the main character Alex Mason is brainwashed in the Soviet Gulag of
264:"prioritize and continue to strengthen friendship with Joe and Dennis"
4038:
4033:
3971:
3808:
3621:
3550:
3474:
3013:
1933:"North Korea revives coded spy broadcasts after 16 year silence"
1271:
1122:
643:
601:
514:
to numbers station signals has revealed the presence of data bursts,
113:
3433:
1368:
817:
766:
There are also a few other stations with a specific classification:
4042:
3656:
2862:
1507:
1257:
1215:
1097:
includes the track "Transmission", which rearranges samples of the
1001:
202:
179:
3438:
1881:
Helms, Harry L. (1981). "Government and Military Communications".
3742:
3272:"From the Archives: The U.S. and West German Agent Radio Ciphers"
1556:"The Swedish Security Service Releases Info on a Numbers Station"
1436:"From the archives: The U.S. and West German agent radio ciphers"
1053:
593:
475:
201:
for espionage, with declassified documents proving the same. Few
171:
with the numbers transmitted in Morse code. It is reported that
147:
Numbers stations have been reported since at least the start of
1315:
1274:, and receives orders from a numbers station broadcast in Cuba.
1018:
988:
960:
623:
253:
229:
1071:
123:
operating in foreign countries. Most identified stations use
3443:
585:
controller to switch the pilot to an alternative frequency.
499:(AM) transmitters with optionally–variable frequency, using
1885:. Blue Ridge Summit, Pennsylvania: TAB Books]. p. 58.
655:
3084:"How numbers stations like the ones in 'Black Ops' worked"
1683:. Blue Ridge Summit, Pennsylvania: TAB Books. p. 52.
541:
The frequently reported use of high-tech modulations like
2686:
589:
1952:
1548:
4328:
Counterintelligence and counter-terrorism organizations
1576:
2006:
2004:
2002:
1348:
205:
responses have been received from numbers stations by
197:
have both acknowledged the use of numbers stations by
3057:"Signalis Review: Numbers Stations and Numbing Dread"
2825:"Jóhann Jóhannsson's Track By Track Guide to Orphée"
1755:"The ghostly radio station that no one claims to run"
450:
Because of the secretive nature of the messages, the
3439:
Numbers Stations Audio recordings from 80's and 90's
3212:(illustrated, print ed.). New York, NY: Plume.
1679:
Helms, Harry L. (1981). "Espionage Radio Activity".
1528:[Listen to a secret telegram] (in Swedish).
1361:
1282:
1004:", featuring a numbers station that induces amnesia.
637:
561:
216:", which is thought to have been run by the British
127:
to vocalize numbers, although digital modes such as
3384:Schimmel, Donald W. (1994). "1. Numbers Stations".
2422:
Before enigma; the early numbers stations, monitors
2081:
2079:
2077:
2075:
1999:
1924:
1518:
955:, features a numbers station transmitting from the
634:" radio broadcasts which are anti-CCP in nature).
553:, for example, that no spying is being conducted.
321:In June 2009, the United States similarly charged
16:Shortwave radio stations broadcasting only numbers
3337:Uno, Dos, Cuatro: A Guide to the Numbers Stations
526:, and other unusual transmitter modulations like
4340:
3434:Numbers Stations Research and Information Center
3039:"(secret) Messages and (cryptic) Communications"
2367:HM01 and Voice of Welt 11530 AM 10 18 2018 1743z
2363:
2072:
1697:
1186:by Stuart Drennan features a numbers station in
938:‑run numbers station in the British countryside.
178:Numbers stations were most abundant during the
2228:"If it had not been for 15 Minutes, Chapter 6"
2119:"If it had not been for 15 Minutes, Chapter 7"
739:E indicates a station broadcasting in English.
455:use a one-time pad for numbers transmissions.
348:
224:in the mid-1970s but later was broadcast from
3872:
3459:
3203:
3144:
2758:
2041:
2010:
1412:
1034:, the protagonists listen to a parody of the
742:G indicates a station broadcasting in German.
698:that contextualizes different points of view.
684:to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies
104:of the German Democratic Republic, from 1988.
1482:"The spooky world of the 'numbers stations'"
1351:"The spooky world of the 'numbers stations'"
212:One well-known numbers station was the E03 "
3886:
3413:. Hicksville, NY: CQ Communications: 8–10.
3333:
2519:(Booklet). 1.3. ENIGMA 2000. September 2017
2282:
2280:
2278:
1149:dramas have incorporated numbers stations:
3879:
3865:
3466:
3452:
2855:
2725:
1826:
1105:" to resemble a numbers station broadcast.
797:: Recordings of Shortwave Numbers Stations
566:The North Korean foreign language service
458:
3406:
3392:: High Text Publications. pp. 1–28.
3160:. Studies in Computational Intelligence.
3081:
2822:
2764:
2047:
1883:How to Tune the Secret Shortwave Spectrum
1681:How to Tune the Secret Shortwave Spectrum
902:Learn how and when to remove this message
714:Learn how and when to remove this message
470:conditions – which are affected by local
3383:
3252:
3235:
2856:Zorgdrager, Bradley (7 September 2016).
2590:
2275:
2147:
1958:
1905:
1349:Olivia Sorrel-Dejerine (16 April 2014).
745:S indicates a station broadcasting in a
532:
416:
88:
77:
4293:Scientific & Technical intelligence
3343:. Lake Geneva, WI: Tiare Publications.
3310:
3118:. Lake Geneva, WI: Tiare Publications.
3115:Secret Signals: The Euronumbers Mystery
3014:"Skeptoid: Spy Radio: Numbers Stations"
2537:
2203:. Cvni.net. 3 July 1999. Archived from
2172:
1817:, 506 F. Supp. 2d 1285 (S.D. Fla. 2007)
1752:
727:assigned a code to each known station.
4341:
3716:Chinese espionage in the United States
3364:
2960:"Welcome to Night Vale Recap: Numbers"
2823:Robertson, Derek (15 September 2016).
2797:"Neil Cicierega – Transmission Lyrics"
2731:
2647:
2619:
2445:
2341:. Simonmason.karoo.net. Archived from
2290:. Simonmason.karoo.net. Archived from
2225:
2116:
2048:Pescovitz, David (16 September 1999).
1979:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1627:
1418:
838:Please improve this section by adding
3860:
3447:
3111:
2837:from the original on 15 February 2018
2454:
2433:
2374:from the original on 11 December 2021
1880:
1791:
1748:
1746:
1678:
1406:
1385:
1139:
920:The British–American action thriller
807:
235:In 2001, the United States tried the
4115:By alliances, nations and industries
3711:Chinese intelligence activity abroad
3269:
2685:. Series 5. Episode 5. At 1:09:00.
2596:
2364:Anthony Spinelli (18 October 2018),
2238:from the original on 1 November 2014
2129:from the original on 2 November 2013
2060:from the original on 19 January 2000
1930:
1433:
994:The American science fiction series
973:In the British television spy drama
811:
664:
616:
242:
3777:Interpersonal (HUMINT) intelligence
3257:. Poole, UK: PW Publishing: 50–55.
3240:. Poole, UK: PW Publishing: 50–53.
2609:from the original on 12 March 2016.
2599:"Movie Review: The Numbers Station"
2568:"E2K 32 – E22 is not what it seems"
1772:
658:, because a supposed error allowed
13:
3228:
2732:Forbes, Malcolm (27 August 2015).
2597:Dowd, A. A. (25 April 2013).
2117:Wagner, Thomas (8 December 2012).
1743:
385:attempted coup of August 1991
232:. It ceased broadcasting in 2008.
30:
14:
4380:
3612:Computer and network surveillance
3427:
2746:from the original on 3 March 2016
2709:. 29 October 2020. Archived from
2648:Murray, Noel (12 November 2010).
2620:Harvey, Dennis (8 January 2014).
2510:"ENIGMA 2000 Active Station List"
2424:NSRIC; retrieved 13 December 2019
1656:. 24 January 2015. Archived from
1632:. Brasília: Amazon. p. 333.
1628:AMARAL, Cristiano Torres (2021).
1600:
1536:from the original on 8 March 2016
1419:Schaum, Ryan (30 November 2014).
638:Identification and classification
562:Interfering with other broadcasts
3647:Short-range agent communications
3082:Milzarski, Eric (27 June 2018).
2765:Shachtman, Noah (23 June 2004).
2622:"Film Review: 'Banshee Chapter'"
2226:Wagner, Thomas (24 April 2002).
1836:Cipher Machines & Cryptology
1792:Sokol, Brett (8 February 2001).
1526:"Lyssna på ett hemligt telegram"
1285:
926:, released in 2013 and starring
816:
752:V indicates all other languages.
669:
662:to be carried on the frequency.
402:Department of Trade and Industry
69:Problems playing this file? See
46:
4263:Words of estimative probability
4125:Operational platforms by nation
3104:
3075:
3049:
3031:
3006:
2980:
2952:
2927:
2902:
2877:
2849:
2816:
2789:
2693:
2671:
2641:
2613:
2560:
2531:
2502:
2476:
2439:
2427:
2414:
2385:
2357:
2331:
2306:
2250:
2219:
2193:
2166:
2141:
2110:
2101:
2016:
1973:
1959:Osbourne, Simon (12 May 2017).
1931:Choe, Sang-Hun (21 July 2016).
1899:
1874:
1850:
1820:
1808:
1753:Gorvett, Zaria (15 July 2020).
1722:
1672:
1646:
1621:
1593:
1570:
755:M is a station broadcasting in
556:
290:
3388:(3rd ed.). Solana Beach,
2024:Irdial-Discs, included booklet
1730:"E03 The LincolnShire Poacher"
1500:
1474:
1427:
1400:
1386:Segal, David (3 August 2004).
1379:
1342:
1249:
1007:In the British mystery series
941:The 2013 American horror film
570:began to broadcast on the E03
400:quoted a spokesperson for the
220:. It was first broadcast from
191:Czech Ministry of the Interior
186:beginning in the early 1950s.
1:
3473:
3367:Intercepting Numbers Stations
1599:stations KKN44, BFBX and OLX
1579:"Säpos hemliga radiotelegram"
1577:Catinka Mannerfelt Agneskog.
1336:
1223:
1042:
1023:London Bridge Is Falling Down
967:
840:secondary or tertiary sources
787:
474:levels, weather, season, and
3369:. Perth, UK: Interproducts.
2767:"Wilco Pays Up for Spycasts"
2148:Schimmel, Donald W. (1994).
1906:Schimmel, Donald W. (1994).
1829:"Cuban Agent Communications"
1421:"The First Numbers Stations"
1331:Markovian Parallax Denigrate
1176:The Lovecraft Investigations
100:numbers station, run by the
7:
4311:Intelligence cycle security
3184:Central Intelligence Agency
2910:"The Whisperer in Darkness"
2858:"Norma Jean: Polar Similar"
2087:"Intro to Numbers Stations"
1630:Guia Moderno do Radioescuta
1508:"Numbers Stations Research"
1278:
1219:discusses numbers stations.
776:DP: Digital-pseudo polytone
349:Suspected use for espionage
301:Defense Intelligence Agency
218:Secret Intelligence Service
10:
4385:
3270:Bury, Jan (October 2007).
1434:Bury, Jan (October 2007).
1152:The standalone 2015 drama
628:People's Republic of China
412:
159:According to the notes of
154:
85:Cuban numbers station HM01
18:
4301:
4243:
4203:
4148:
4105:
3970:
3932:
3912:
3903:
3894:
3703:
3672:
3582:
3559:
3481:
3288:10.1080/01611190701578104
3170:10.1007/978-3-540-76361-1
2201:"NSNL 15: Voice stations"
2011:Wallace & Melton 2008
1827:Rijmenants, Dirk (2013).
1794:"Espionage Is in the Air"
1581:(in Swedish). SvD Nyheter
1512:Numbers Stations Research
1452:10.1080/01611190701578104
1321:Warrenton Training Center
1170:The Whisperer in Darkness
1028:In the 2020 British show
730:Portions of the original
630:and usually used to jam "
503:power output stages with
173:Archduke Anton of Austria
3365:Pierce, Langley (1994).
2089:. NSRIC. 8 February 2016
1815:United States v. Alvarez
1311:Yosemite Sam (shortwave)
1239:the Lincolnshire Poacher
1064:
1025:" as an interval signal.
652:The Lincolnshire Poacher
305:Intelligence Directorate
195:Swedish Security Service
4278:Intelligence assessment
4268:All-source intelligence
3888:Intelligence management
3597:Covert listening device
3567:Intelligence assessment
2988:"Magnus 144: Decrypted"
2393:"Chinese Music Station"
1980:Wagner, Thomas (2004).
1267:Call of Duty: Black Ops
1173:, the second series of
914:
459:Transmission technology
19:For the 2013 film, see
3962:Operational techniques
3917:Special reconnaissance
3410:Popular Communications
1182:The 5-part 2022 drama
827:relies excessively on
538:
524:phase-shifted carriers
452:cryptographic function
425:
269:Brothers to the Rescue
133:frequency-shift keying
105:
102:National People's Army
86:
57:Recording of the E03 "
42:"Lincolnshire Poacher"
35:
4349:Cold War broadcasting
3846:Targeted surveillance
3182:– via The U.S.
3112:Mason, Simon (1991).
2939:BBC Radio 4 Limelight
2446:Poundstone, William.
2400:(Windows Media Audio)
1603:"Shortwave Espionage"
1558:. NSRIC. 24 July 2015
1198:Welcome to Night Vale
1195:In a 2015 episode of
1074:named its 2001 album
1052:, a Chinese novel by
1048:The first section of
692:by rewriting it in a
551:plausible deniability
536:
423:
121:intelligence officers
95:
84:
34:
4369:Cold War terminology
4283:Medical intelligence
4253:Competing hypotheses
4063:Industrial espionage
4048:Denial and deception
3772:Industrial espionage
3572:competing hypotheses
3334:Havana Moon (1987).
3195:The Internet Archive
3158:Intelligence Studies
2914:BBC Radio 4 Podcasts
2490:on 15 September 2009
1804:on 21 February 2001.
1077:Yankee Hotel Foxtrot
1036:Lincolnshire Poacher
572:Lincolnshire Poacher
485:using powers from 10
323:Walter Kendall Myers
214:Lincolnshire Poacher
59:Lincolnshire Poacher
4359:Secret broadcasting
4316:Counterintelligence
4231:Technical (TECHINT)
4226:Open-source (OSINT)
4216:Geospatial (GEOINT)
4190:Casualty estimation
2578:on 17 November 2007
2345:on 20 February 2007
2294:on 10 February 2016
1532:. 23 January 2015.
1393:The Washington Post
1206:The Magnus Archives
1108:Icelandic composer
923:The Numbers Station
596:. She wrote to the
497:Amplitude modulated
397:The Daily Telegraph
207:shortwave listeners
21:The Numbers Station
4288:Military geography
4273:Basic intelligence
4211:Financial (FININT)
4152:signature (MASINT)
4078:One-way voice link
4014:Concealment device
3723:Cold War espionage
3690:Front organization
3664:Surveillance tools
3642:Phone surveillance
3637:One-way voice link
3592:Concealment device
3190:"alternate source"
2713:on 25 October 2022
2654:: '6995 kHz'"
2207:on 26 January 2021
1938:The New York Times
1660:on 24 January 2015
1609:on 3 December 2011
1213:A 2008 episode of
1140:Radio and podcasts
1083:American musician
808:In popular culture
539:
426:
394:A 1998 article in
368:one-way voice link
129:phase-shift keying
106:
87:
36:
4336:
4335:
4239:
4238:
4130:Direction finding
4120:In modern history
4101:
4100:
3854:
3853:
3508:Agent provocateur
3204:Wallace, Robert;
3199:. 7 October 2016.
3179:978-3-540-76359-8
3145:Wallace, Robert;
3088:We Are The Mighty
3063:. 26 October 2022
2968:. 4 December 2015
2420:Māris Goldmanis,
2035:The Conet Project
1639:978-65-00-20800-9
1369:"Number stations"
1110:Jóhann Jóhannsson
1017:", a spy ring in
1000:has an episode, "
957:Black Rock Desert
912:
911:
904:
886:
851:"Numbers station"
795:The Conet Project
724:
723:
716:
678:This article may
660:Radio Havana Cuba
617:Attempted jamming
512:spectrum analysis
421:
343:psychological war
243:Atención spy case
162:The Conet Project
93:
82:
52:
4376:
4354:Numbers stations
4135:Traffic analysis
4107:Signals (SIGINT)
3942:Asset recruiting
3910:
3909:
3901:
3900:
3881:
3874:
3867:
3858:
3857:
3468:
3461:
3454:
3445:
3444:
3422:
3403:
3380:
3361:
3359:
3357:
3342:
3330:
3307:
3266:
3249:
3223:
3206:Melton, H. Keith
3200:
3187:
3155:
3147:Melton, H. Keith
3141:
3139:
3137:
3128:. Archived from
3099:
3098:
3096:
3094:
3079:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3068:
3053:
3047:
3046:
3035:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3010:
3004:
3003:
3001:
2999:
2984:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2956:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2945:
2931:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2906:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2881:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2853:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2830:Drowned in Sound
2820:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2793:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2777:on 21 April 2008
2773:. Archived from
2762:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2729:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2697:
2691:
2690:
2675:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2645:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2574:. Archived from
2564:
2558:
2557:
2535:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2514:
2506:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2486:. Archived from
2480:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2458:
2452:
2451:
2443:
2437:
2436:, pp. 20–21
2431:
2425:
2418:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2401:
2395:. Archived from
2389:
2383:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2361:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2339:"Secret Signals"
2335:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2310:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2288:"Secret Signals"
2284:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2170:
2164:
2163:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2114:
2108:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2083:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2050:"Counting spies"
2045:
2039:
2038:
2028:
2020:
2014:
2008:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1862:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1833:
1824:
1818:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1800:. Archived from
1789:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1750:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1726:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1676:
1670:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1605:. Archived from
1597:
1591:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1530:Säkerhetspolisen
1522:
1516:
1515:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1416:
1410:
1404:
1398:
1397:
1383:
1377:
1376:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1346:
1301:Secret broadcast
1295:
1290:
1289:
1288:
1231:Mattress Factory
1188:Northern Ireland
907:
900:
896:
893:
887:
885:
844:
820:
812:
770:SK: Digital mode
719:
712:
708:
705:
699:
695:balanced fashion
673:
672:
665:
505:plate modulation
492:
488:
422:
373:
333:State Department
328:Illegals Program
297:Ana Belén Montes
285:cannot be broken
170:
125:speech synthesis
94:
83:
54:
53:
33:
4384:
4383:
4379:
4378:
4377:
4375:
4374:
4373:
4339:
4338:
4337:
4332:
4297:
4235:
4221:Imagery (IMINT)
4199:
4160:Electro-optical
4151:
4150:Measurement and
4144:
4097:
4073:Numbers station
4002:Black operation
3966:
3928:
3890:
3885:
3855:
3850:
3824:Sting operation
3733:Black operation
3699:
3695:Limited hangout
3677:
3668:
3632:Numbers station
3584:
3578:
3555:
3495:
3477:
3472:
3430:
3425:
3400:
3377:
3355:
3353:
3351:
3340:
3231:
3229:Further reading
3226:
3220:
3208:(26 May 2009).
3188:
3180:
3153:
3135:
3133:
3132:on 13 June 2006
3126:
3107:
3102:
3092:
3090:
3080:
3076:
3066:
3064:
3055:
3054:
3050:
3037:
3036:
3032:
3022:
3020:
3012:
3011:
3007:
2997:
2995:
2986:
2985:
2981:
2971:
2969:
2958:
2957:
2953:
2943:
2941:
2933:
2932:
2928:
2918:
2916:
2908:
2907:
2903:
2893:
2891:
2883:
2882:
2878:
2868:
2866:
2854:
2850:
2840:
2838:
2821:
2817:
2807:
2805:
2795:
2794:
2790:
2780:
2778:
2763:
2759:
2749:
2747:
2730:
2726:
2716:
2714:
2699:
2698:
2694:
2677:
2676:
2672:
2662:
2660:
2646:
2642:
2632:
2630:
2618:
2614:
2595:
2591:
2581:
2579:
2566:
2565:
2561:
2536:
2532:
2522:
2520:
2512:
2508:
2507:
2503:
2493:
2491:
2482:
2481:
2477:
2467:
2465:
2460:
2459:
2455:
2444:
2440:
2432:
2428:
2419:
2415:
2405:
2403:
2402:on 8 March 2012
2399:
2391:
2390:
2386:
2377:
2375:
2362:
2358:
2348:
2346:
2337:
2336:
2332:
2322:
2320:
2312:
2311:
2307:
2297:
2295:
2286:
2285:
2276:
2266:
2264:
2256:
2255:
2251:
2241:
2239:
2224:
2220:
2210:
2208:
2199:
2198:
2194:
2171:
2167:
2160:
2146:
2142:
2132:
2130:
2115:
2111:
2106:
2102:
2092:
2090:
2085:
2084:
2073:
2063:
2061:
2046:
2042:
2026:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2009:
2000:
1990:
1988:
1978:
1974:
1957:
1953:
1943:
1941:
1929:
1925:
1918:
1904:
1900:
1893:
1879:
1875:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1841:
1839:
1831:
1825:
1821:
1813:
1809:
1798:Miami New Times
1790:
1773:
1763:
1761:
1751:
1744:
1734:
1732:
1728:
1727:
1723:
1713:
1711:
1703:
1702:
1698:
1691:
1677:
1673:
1663:
1661:
1652:
1651:
1647:
1640:
1626:
1622:
1612:
1610:
1598:
1594:
1584:
1582:
1575:
1571:
1561:
1559:
1554:
1553:
1549:
1539:
1537:
1524:
1523:
1519:
1506:
1505:
1501:
1491:
1489:
1488:. 16 April 2014
1480:
1479:
1475:
1432:
1428:
1417:
1413:
1405:
1401:
1384:
1380:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1291:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1252:
1229:In 2005 at the
1226:
1165:H. P. Lovecraft
1142:
1067:
1056:, focuses on a
1045:
970:
944:Banshee Chapter
917:
908:
897:
891:
888:
845:
843:
837:
833:primary sources
821:
810:
790:
782:All India Radio
773:HM: Hybrid mode
747:Slavic language
720:
709:
703:
700:
690:help improve it
687:
674:
670:
648:interval signal
640:
619:
564:
559:
510:Application of
490:
486:
461:
417:
415:
371:
351:
293:
245:
166:
157:
110:numbers station
96:A recording of
89:
78:
76:
75:
67:
65:
64:
63:
62:
55:
47:
44:
37:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4382:
4372:
4371:
4366:
4364:Radio stations
4361:
4356:
4351:
4334:
4333:
4331:
4330:
4325:
4324:
4323:
4313:
4307:
4305:
4299:
4298:
4296:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4258:Target-centric
4255:
4249:
4247:
4241:
4240:
4237:
4236:
4234:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4207:
4205:
4201:
4200:
4198:
4197:
4187:
4182:
4180:Radiofrequency
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4156:
4154:
4146:
4145:
4143:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4111:
4109:
4103:
4102:
4099:
4098:
4096:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4010:
4009:
3999:
3994:
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3905:Human (HUMINT)
3898:
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3502:Agent handling
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3479:
3478:
3471:
3470:
3463:
3456:
3448:
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3429:
3428:External links
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3375:
3362:
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3308:
3267:
3250:
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2994:. 11 July 2019
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2517:signalshed.com
2501:
2475:
2453:
2450:. p. 197.
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2249:
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2192:
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2100:
2071:
2040:
2015:
1998:
1972:
1951:
1923:
1916:
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1849:
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1807:
1771:
1742:
1721:
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1638:
1620:
1601:Mason, Simon.
1592:
1569:
1547:
1517:
1499:
1473:
1446:(4): 343–357.
1426:
1411:
1409:, pp. 5–6
1399:
1396:. p. C01.
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1202:
1193:
1192:
1191:
1180:
1161:
1158:Julian Simpson
1141:
1138:
1137:
1136:
1129:'s 2016 album
1119:
1106:
1085:Neil Cicierega
1081:
1070:American band
1066:
1063:
1062:
1061:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1039:
1026:
1005:
992:
981:Nuclear Strike
969:
966:
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916:
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824:
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639:
636:
618:
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568:Voice of Korea
563:
560:
558:
555:
464:High-frequency
460:
457:
434:radio-alphabet
414:
411:
410:
409:
380:
379:
375:
350:
347:
314:and his wife,
312:Carlos Alvarez
299:, a senior US
292:
289:
276:
275:
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244:
241:
222:Bletchley Park
199:Czechoslovakia
156:
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142:high-frequency
66:
56:
45:
40:
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38:
29:
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15:
9:
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2:
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4321:organizations
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4309:
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4303:Dissemination
4300:
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4094:
4091:
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4088:Steganography
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4068:Interrogation
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4053:Eavesdropping
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4040:
4037:
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4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
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3983:
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3978:
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3963:
3960:
3958:
3957:Direct action
3955:
3953:
3952:Covert action
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3939:
3937:
3935:
3931:
3923:
3922:organizations
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3911:
3908:
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3902:
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3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3782:interrogation
3780:
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3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3752:
3751:
3750:Eavesdropping
3748:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3735:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3717:
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3686:
3683:
3682:
3680:
3675:
3671:
3665:
3662:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3653:
3652:Steganography
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3627:Invisible ink
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
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3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
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3573:
3570:
3569:
3568:
3565:
3564:
3562:
3558:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3546:Sleeper agent
3544:
3542:
3539:
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3534:
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3529:
3527:
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3517:
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3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3431:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3411:
3405:
3401:
3399:1-878707-17-5
3395:
3391:
3387:
3382:
3378:
3376:0-9519783-4-9
3372:
3368:
3363:
3352:
3350:0-936653-06-X
3346:
3339:
3338:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3321:(2): 12, 14.
3320:
3316:
3315:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3282:(4): 343–57.
3281:
3277:
3273:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3234:
3233:
3221:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3202:
3198:
3197:(archive.org)
3196:
3191:
3185:
3181:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3152:
3149:(June 2008).
3148:
3143:
3131:
3127:
3125:0-936653-28-0
3121:
3117:
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3015:
3009:
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2966:
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2940:
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2930:
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2890:
2886:
2885:"Fugue State"
2880:
2865:
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2859:
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2798:
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2728:
2712:
2708:
2707:
2702:
2696:
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2684:
2680:
2674:
2659:
2658:The A.V. Club
2655:
2653:
2644:
2629:
2628:
2623:
2616:
2608:
2604:
2603:The A.V. Club
2600:
2593:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2563:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2542:
2534:
2518:
2511:
2505:
2489:
2485:
2484:"ENIGMA 2000"
2479:
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2423:
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2315:
2309:
2293:
2289:
2283:
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2279:
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2259:
2253:
2237:
2233:
2232:Radio Weblogs
2229:
2222:
2206:
2202:
2196:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2169:
2161:
2159:1-878707-17-5
2155:
2151:
2144:
2128:
2124:
2123:Radio Weblogs
2120:
2113:
2104:
2088:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2044:
2037:. p. 59.
2036:
2032:
2031:hyperreal.org
2025:
2019:
2013:, p. 438
2012:
2007:
2005:
2003:
1987:
1983:
1976:
1968:
1967:
1966:Daily Express
1962:
1955:
1940:
1939:
1934:
1927:
1919:
1917:1-878707-17-5
1913:
1909:
1902:
1894:
1892:0-8306-1185-1
1888:
1884:
1877:
1859:
1853:
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1830:
1823:
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1760:
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1749:
1747:
1731:
1725:
1710:
1706:
1700:
1692:
1690:0-8306-1185-1
1686:
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1649:
1641:
1635:
1631:
1624:
1608:
1604:
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1527:
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1395:
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1389:
1382:
1374:
1370:
1364:
1356:
1352:
1345:
1341:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1326:Radio Londres
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1306:Letter beacon
1304:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1294:
1283:
1273:
1269:
1268:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1254:
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1199:
1194:
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1185:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1172:
1171:
1166:
1162:
1159:
1156:, written by
1155:
1151:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1143:
1134:
1133:
1132:Polar Similar
1128:
1124:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1111:
1107:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1095:
1094:Mouth Silence
1090:
1086:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1073:
1069:
1068:
1059:
1058:cryptographer
1055:
1051:
1047:
1046:
1037:
1033:
1032:
1031:Truth Seekers
1027:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1011:
1006:
1003:
999:
998:
993:
990:
986:
985:sleeper agent
983:", a Russian
982:
978:
977:
972:
971:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
945:
940:
937:
934:, features a
933:
932:Malin Åkerman
929:
925:
924:
919:
918:
906:
903:
895:
892:December 2023
884:
881:
877:
874:
870:
867:
863:
860:
856:
853: –
852:
848:
847:Find sources:
841:
835:
834:
830:
825:This section
823:
819:
814:
813:
802:
798:
796:
792:
791:
785:
783:
775:
772:
769:
768:
767:
761:
758:
754:
751:
748:
744:
741:
738:
737:
736:
733:
728:
718:
715:
707:
697:
696:
691:
685:
683:
676:
667:
666:
663:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
635:
633:
632:Sound of Hope
629:
625:
614:
611:
609:
604:
603:
599:
598:World Service
595:
591:
586:
582:
579:
577:
573:
569:
554:
552:
546:
544:
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531:
529:
525:
521:
517:
516:radioteletype
513:
508:
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502:
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484:
479:
477:
473:
469:
465:
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453:
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405:
403:
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398:
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369:
365:
364:
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357:
346:
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329:
324:
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150:
145:
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138:
135:, as well as
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126:
122:
118:
117:radio station
115:
111:
103:
99:
74:
72:
60:
43:
26:
22:
4093:Surveillance
4083:Resident spy
4072:
4024:Cryptography
3829:Surveillance
3631:
3617:Cyber spying
3602:Cryptography
3541:Resident spy
3526:Double agent
3506:
3408:
3385:
3366:
3354:. Retrieved
3336:
3318:
3312:
3279:
3275:
3254:
3237:
3209:
3193:
3161:
3157:
3134:. Retrieved
3130:the original
3114:
3105:Bibliography
3091:. Retrieved
3087:
3077:
3065:. Retrieved
3060:
3051:
3042:
3033:
3021:. Retrieved
3017:
3008:
2996:. Retrieved
2991:
2982:
2970:. Retrieved
2965:The Mary Sue
2963:
2954:
2942:. Retrieved
2938:
2929:
2917:. Retrieved
2913:
2904:
2892:. Retrieved
2888:
2879:
2867:. Retrieved
2861:
2851:
2839:. Retrieved
2828:
2818:
2806:. Retrieved
2800:
2791:
2779:. Retrieved
2775:the original
2770:
2760:
2748:. Retrieved
2739:The National
2737:
2727:
2715:. Retrieved
2711:the original
2706:The Guardian
2704:
2695:
2682:
2673:
2661:. Retrieved
2657:
2651:
2643:
2631:. Retrieved
2625:
2615:
2602:
2592:
2580:. Retrieved
2576:the original
2572:www.cvni.net
2571:
2562:
2545:
2539:
2533:
2521:. Retrieved
2516:
2504:
2492:. Retrieved
2488:the original
2478:
2466:. Retrieved
2456:
2447:
2441:
2429:
2416:
2404:. Retrieved
2397:the original
2387:
2376:, retrieved
2366:
2359:
2347:. Retrieved
2343:the original
2333:
2321:. Retrieved
2317:
2308:
2296:. Retrieved
2292:the original
2265:. Retrieved
2261:
2252:
2240:. Retrieved
2231:
2221:
2209:. Retrieved
2205:the original
2195:
2178:
2174:
2168:
2149:
2143:
2131:. Retrieved
2122:
2112:
2103:
2091:. Retrieved
2062:. Retrieved
2053:
2043:
2030:
2018:
1989:. Retrieved
1985:
1975:
1964:
1954:
1942:. Retrieved
1936:
1926:
1907:
1901:
1882:
1876:
1864:. Retrieved
1852:
1840:. Retrieved
1835:
1822:
1814:
1810:
1802:the original
1797:
1762:. Retrieved
1758:
1733:. Retrieved
1724:
1712:. Retrieved
1708:
1699:
1680:
1674:
1664:23 September
1662:. Retrieved
1658:the original
1648:
1629:
1623:
1611:. Retrieved
1607:the original
1595:
1583:. Retrieved
1572:
1560:. Retrieved
1550:
1538:. Retrieved
1520:
1511:
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1490:. Retrieved
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1293:Radio portal
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1103:Space Oddity
1092:
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942:
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732:ENIGMA group
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704:January 2023
701:
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682:undue weight
679:
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557:Interference
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483:transmitters
480:
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395:
393:
389:Soviet Union
381:
372:3 and 30 MHz
356:one-time pad
352:
337:
320:
309:
294:
291:Recent cases
281:one-time pad
277:
259:
250:Wasp Network
246:
234:
226:RAF Akrotiri
211:
188:
184:West Germany
177:
160:
158:
146:
109:
107:
97:
68:
25:
4165:Geophysical
3947:Cell system
3934:Clandestine
3819:Stay-behind
3728:Recruitment
3685:Canary trap
3583:Devices and
3531:Field agent
3356:24 December
3314:Radio World
3276:Cryptologia
3136:24 December
3093:20 February
3023:12 February
2972:20 November
2935:"Dead Hand"
2894:26 February
2889:BBC Radio 4
2841:28 December
2808:30 November
2633:28 December
2605:. Chicago.
2541:Radio World
2468:24 February
2448:Big Secrets
2378:26 November
1842:30 December
1735:6 September
1440:Cryptologia
1250:Video games
1243:Cherry Ripe
1154:Fugue State
1147:BBC Radio 4
1099:David Bowie
1050:In the Dark
947:, starring
928:John Cusack
576:Cherry Ripe
543:data bursts
520:subcarriers
518:-modulated
468:propagation
339:North Korea
168:World War I
149:World War I
4343:Categories
4194:earthquake
4058:False flag
3896:Collection
3814:Sexpionage
3794:COINTELPRO
3787:safe house
3767:False flag
3704:Operations
3678:techniques
3674:Tradecraft
3255:Radio User
3238:Radio User
2919:5 December
2869:1 November
2717:1 November
2434:Mason 1991
2318:Priyom.org
2298:7 November
2262:Priyom.org
2033:(Report).
1991:30 October
1759:BBC Future
1709:Priyom.org
1613:28 October
1585:23 January
1407:Mason 1991
1337:References
1235:the Buzzer
1224:Visual Art
1127:Norma Jean
1043:Literature
968:Television
949:Ted Levine
862:newspapers
829:references
799:is a four-
788:Recordings
757:Morse code
608:Bush House
237:Cuban Five
137:Morse code
71:media help
4185:Materials
4039:Defection
4034:Dead drop
4007:black bag
3972:Espionage
3738:black bag
3622:Dead drop
3551:Spymaster
3475:Espionage
3419:0733-3315
3327:0274-8541
3304:205487634
3296:0161-1194
3263:1748-8117
3246:1748-8117
3043:Wave Farm
2683:Endeavour
2679:"Quartet"
2663:1 October
2554:0274-8541
2548:(2): 14.
2523:25 August
2349:26 August
2211:26 August
2187:0033-4812
2181:: 48–49.
1866:26 August
1468:205487634
1460:0161-1194
1272:Vorkutlag
1184:Dead Hand
1123:metalcore
1121:American
1013:episode "
1010:Endeavour
979:episode "
644:ham radio
602:Waveguide
528:polytones
489:kW to 100
310:In 2006,
295:In 2001,
114:shortwave
4245:Analysis
4043:Turncoat
3990:handling
3804:SHAMROCK
3657:microdot
3560:Analysis
3067:17 April
3018:Skeptoid
2863:Exclaim!
2835:Archived
2781:12 March
2750:12 March
2744:Archived
2607:Archived
2372:archived
2242:18 March
2236:Archived
2133:18 March
2127:Archived
2093:12 March
2064:12 March
2058:Archived
1562:12 March
1540:12 March
1534:Archived
1486:BBC News
1423:. NSRIC.
1355:BBC News
1279:See also
1258:Signalis
1216:Skeptoid
1145:Several
1087:'s 2014
1002:6955 kHz
476:sunspots
472:RF noise
193:and the
180:Cold War
98:The Gong
4192: (
4170:Nuclear
4140:TEMPEST
3799:MINARET
3743:wetwork
3061:Fanbyte
2944:1 April
2627:Variety
2582:5 April
2494:1 March
2464:. NSRIC
2406:16 July
2323:17 June
2267:17 June
1944:30 July
1764:12 July
1714:17 June
1492:12 July
1054:Mai Jia
1015:Quartet
876:scholar
688:Please
594:Andorra
501:class-C
413:Formats
387:in the
155:History
4029:Cutout
3980:Agents
3834:Global
3760:MASINT
3755:SIGINT
3607:Cutout
3491:Assets
3486:Agents
3417:
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2802:Genius
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961:Nevada
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360:Melton
254:laptop
230:Cyprus
144:band.
4204:Other
4175:Radar
4019:Cover
3997:Asset
3985:field
3519:Agent
3514:Cover
3341:(PDF)
3300:S2CID
3164:(2).
3154:(PDF)
2992:Acast
2771:Wired
2513:(PDF)
2314:"S06"
2054:Salon
2027:(PDF)
1861:(PDF)
1838:(PDF)
1832:(PDF)
1705:"E03"
1654:"OLX"
1464:S2CID
1125:band
1072:Wilco
1065:Music
883:JSTOR
869:books
680:lend
112:is a
3839:Mass
3809:FVEY
3536:Mole
3415:ISSN
3394:ISBN
3371:ISBN
3358:2013
3345:ISBN
3323:ISSN
3292:ISSN
3259:ISSN
3242:ISSN
3214:ISBN
3174:ISBN
3138:2013
3120:ISBN
3095:2024
3069:2023
3025:2022
3000:2021
2974:2020
2946:2022
2921:2019
2896:2016
2871:2020
2843:2023
2810:2017
2783:2016
2752:2016
2719:2020
2665:2012
2635:2023
2584:2016
2550:ISSN
2525:2020
2496:2015
2470:2015
2408:2012
2380:2018
2351:2010
2325:2017
2300:2015
2269:2017
2244:2022
2213:2010
2183:ISSN
2154:ISBN
2135:2022
2095:2016
2066:2016
1993:2013
1946:2016
1912:ISBN
1887:ISBN
1868:2010
1844:2013
1766:2021
1737:2014
1716:2017
1685:ISBN
1666:2020
1634:ISBN
1615:2011
1587:2015
1564:2016
1542:2016
1494:2021
1456:ISSN
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930:and
915:Film
855:news
656:Cuba
493:kW.
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316:Elsa
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