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reading and mathematical abilities between children of ages five and seven, each in three different mental capacity groups (underachieving, average, and overachieving). The differences in the amount of knowledge retained were greater between the three different groups aged five than between the groups aged seven. This reveals that those of younger ages have an opportunity to retain more information, like numeracy. According to Gelman and
Gallistel in The Child's Understanding of Number, 'children as young as 2 years can accurately judge numerosity provided that the numerosity is not larger than two or three'. Children as young as three have been found to understand elementary mathematical concepts. Kilpatrick and his colleagues state 'most preschoolers show that they can understand and perform simple addition and subtraction by at least 3 years of age'. Lastly, it has been observed that pre-school children benefit from their basic understanding of 'counting, reading and writing of numbers, understanding of simple addition and subtraction, numerical reasoning, classifying of objects and shapes, estimating, measuring, reproduction of number patterns'.
464:). Innumeracy is also a very common problem when dealing with risk perception in health-related behavior; it is associated with patients, physicians, journalists and policymakers. Those who lack or have limited health numeracy skills run the risk of making poor health-related decisions because of an inaccurate perception of information. For example, if a patient has been diagnosed with breast cancer, being innumerate may hinder her ability to comprehend her physician's recommendations, or even the severity of the health concern or even the likelihood of treatment benefits. One study found that people tended to overestimate their chances of survival or even to choose lower-quality hospitals. Innumeracy also makes it difficult or impossible for some patients to read medical graphs correctly. Some authors have distinguished graph literacy from numeracy. Indeed, many doctors exhibit innumeracy when attempting to explain a graph or statistics to a patient. A misunderstanding between a doctor and patient, due to either the doctor, patient, or both being unable to comprehend numbers effectively, could result in serious harm to health.
405:
because of their memory capacity to comprehend the material. Patterns of innumeracy have also been observed depending on age, gender, and race. Older adults have been associated with lower numeracy skills than younger adults. Men have been identified to have higher numeracy skills than women. Some studies seem to indicate young people of
African heritage tend to have lower numeracy skills. The Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) in which children at fourth-grade (average 10 to 11 years) and eighth-grade (average 14 to 15 years) from 49 countries were tested on mathematical comprehension. The assessment included tests for number, algebra (also called patterns and relationships at fourth grade), measurement, geometry, and data. The latest study, in 2003, found that children from
423:, created the terms "biological primary abilities" and "biological secondary abilities". Biological primary abilities evolve over time and are necessary for survival. Such abilities include speaking a common language or knowledge of simple mathematics. Biological secondary abilities are attained through personal experiences and cultural customs, such as reading or high level mathematics learned through schooling. Literacy and numeracy are similar in the sense that they are both important skills used in life. However, they differ in the sorts of mental demands each makes. Literacy consists of acquiring vocabulary and grammatical sophistication, which seem to be more closely related to memorization, whereas numeracy involves manipulating concepts, such as in
34:
50:
344:, who are involved in the study of numeracy. These tests are used to assess ability to comprehend and apply numbers. They are sometimes administered with a time limit, so that the test-taker must think quickly and concisely. Research has shown that these tests are very useful in evaluating potential applicants because they do not allow the applicants to prepare for the test, unlike interview questions. This suggests that an applicant's results are reliable and accurate
105:(the lack of numeracy) can have a negative impact. Numeracy has an influence on healthy behaviors, financial literacy, and career decisions. Therefore, innumeracy may negatively affect economic choices, financial outcomes, health outcomes, and life satisfaction. It also may distort risk perception in health decisions. Greater numeracy has been associated with reduced susceptibility to
151:). For example, in one experiment, an experimenter presented an infant with two piles of crackers, one with two crackers the other with three. The experimenter then covered each pile with a cup. When allowed to choose a cup, the infant always chose the cup with more crackers because the infant could distinguish the difference.
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at both grade levels had the highest performance. Countries like Hong Kong SAR, Japan, and Taiwan also shared high levels of numeracy. The lowest scores were found in countries like South Africa, Ghana, and Saudi Arabia. Another finding showed a noticeable difference between boys and girls, with some
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The root causes of innumeracy vary. Innumeracy has been seen in those suffering from poor education and childhood deprivation of numeracy. Innumeracy is apparent in children during the transition between numerical skills obtained before schooling and the new skills taught in the education departments
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were shown two dolls, which were then hidden with a screen. The babies saw the experimenter pull one doll from behind the screen. Without the child's knowledge, a second experimenter could remove, or add dolls, unseen behind the screen. When the screen was removed, the infants showed more surprise at
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environment increases the likelihood of the child being prepared for comprehending complex mathematical schooling. For example, if a child is influenced by many learning activities in the household, such as puzzles, coloring books, mazes, or books with picture riddles, then they will be more prepared
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Age is accounted for when discussing the development of numeracy in children. Children under the age of 5 have the best opportunity to absorb basic numeracy skills. After the age of seven, achievement of basic numeracy skills become less influential. For example, a study was conducted to compare the
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Children who are brought up in families with high SES tend to be more engaged in developmentally enhancing activities. These children are more likely to develop the necessary abilities to learn and to become more motivated to learn. More specifically, a mother's education level is considered to have
191:
The first couple of years of childhood are considered to be a vital part of life for the development of numeracy and literacy. There are many components that play key roles in the development of numeracy at a young age, such as
Socioeconomic Status (SES), parenting, Home Learning Environment (HLE),
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Fundamental (or rudimentary) numeracy skills include understanding of the real number line, time, measurement, and estimation. Fundamental skills include basic skills (the ability to identify and understand numbers) and computational skills (the ability to perform simple arithmetical operations and
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is to substantially increase the number of youths who have relevant skills for decent work and employment because, even outside these specialized areas, the lack of numeracy skills can reduce employment opportunities and promotions, resulting in unskilled manual careers, low-paying jobs, and even
439:
Health numeracy has been defined as "the degree to which individuals have the capacity to access, process, interpret, communicate, and act on numerical, quantitative, graphical, biostatistical, and probabilistic health information needed to make effective health decisions". The concept of health
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and numeracy, which can be seen in young children. Depending on the level of literacy or numeracy at a young age, one can predict the growth of literacy and/ or numeracy skills in future development. There is some evidence that humans may have an inborn sense of number. In one study for example,
178:
More sophisticated numeracy skills include understanding of ratio concepts (notably fractions, proportions, percentages, and probabilities), and knowing when and how to perform multistep operations. Two categories of skills are included at the higher levels: the analytical skills (the ability to
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Parents are advised to collaborate with their child in simple learning exercises, such as reading a book, painting, drawing, and playing with numbers. On a more expressive note, the act of using complex language, being more responsive towards the child, and establishing warm interactions are
221:
recommended to parents with the confirmation of positive numeracy outcomes. When discussing beneficial parenting behaviors, a feedback loop is formed because pleased parents are more willing to interact with their child, which in essence promotes better development in the child.
144:). For example, one experiment showed children and adults arrays of many dots. After briefly observing them, both groups could accurately estimate the approximate number of dots. However, distinguishing differences between large numbers of dots proved to be more challenging.
73:
operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. For example, if one can understand simple mathematical equations such as 2 + 2 = 4, then one would be considered to possess at least basic numeric knowledge. Substantial aspects of numeracy also include
68:
states: "Numeracy means understanding how mathematics is used in the real world and being able to apply it to make the best possible decisions...It's as much about thinking and reasoning as about 'doing sums'". Basic numeracy skills consist of comprehending fundamental
447:
Health numeracy requires basic numeracy but also more advanced analytical and statistical skills. For instance, health numeracy also requires the ability to understand probabilities or relative frequencies in various numerical and graphical formats, and to engage in
1617:
Melhuish, Edward C.; Phan, Mai B.; Sylva, Kathy; Sammons, Pam; Siraj-Blatchford, Iram; Taggart, Brenda (March 2008). "Effects of the Home
Learning Environment and Preschool Center Experience upon Literacy and Numeracy Development in Early Primary School".
492:
study the development and inequalities of numeracy over time and throughout regions. For example, Baten and Hippe find a numeracy gap between regions in western and central Europe and the rest of Europe for the period 1790–1880. At the same time, their
1948:
Melhuish, Edward C.; Phan, Mai B.; Sylva, Kathy; Sammons, Pam; Siraj-Blatchford, Iram; Taggart, Brenda (2008). "Effects of the Home
Learning Environment and Preschool Center Experience upon Literacy and Numeracy Development in Early Primary School".
460:). Health numeracy also requires understanding terms with definitions that are specific to the medical context. For instance, although 'survival' and 'mortality' are complementary in common usage, these terms are not complementary in medicine (see
467:
Different presentation formats of numerical information, for instance natural frequency icon arrays, have been evaluated to assist both low-numeracy and high-numeracy individuals. Other data formats provide more assistance to low-numeracy people.
182:
A variety of tests have been developed for assessing numeracy and health numeracy. Different tests have been developed to evaluate health numeracy. Two of these tests that have been found to be "reliable and valid" are the GHNT-21 and GHNT-6.
269:
Numeracy has a huge impact on employment. In a work environment, numeracy can be a controlling factor affecting career achievements and failures. Many professions require individuals to have well-developed numerical skills: for example,
497:
reveals that these differences as well as within country inequality decreased over time. Taking a similar approach, Baten and Fourie find overall high levels of numeracy for people in the Cape Colony (late 17th to early 19th century).
261:
an unexpected number (for example, if there were still two dolls). Some researchers have concluded that the babies were able to count, although others doubt this and claim the infants noticed surface area rather than number.
418:
There is a theory that innumeracy is more common than illiteracy when dividing cognitive abilities into two separate categories. David C. Geary, a notable cognitive developmental and evolutionary psychologist from the
179:
understand numerical information, such as required to interpret graphs and charts) and the statistical skills (the ability to apply higher probabilistic and statistical computation, such as conditional probabilities).
501:
In contrast to these studies comparing numeracy over countries or regions, it is also possible to analyze numeracy within countries. For example, Baten, Crayen and Voth look at the effects of war on numeracy in
307:
unemployment. For example, carpenters and interior designers need to be able to measure, use fractions, and handle budgets. Another example of numeracy influencing employment was demonstrated at the
41:
have fun as they improve numeracy with "Number Bingo". They roll three dice, construct an equation from the numbers to produce a new number, then cover that number on the board, trying to get
1399:
Fagerlin, A.; Zikmund-Fisher, B.J.; Ubel, P.A.; Jankovic, A.; Derry, H.A.; Smith, D.M. (2007). "Measuring
Numeracy without a Math Test: Development of the Subjective Numeracy Scale".
147:
Precise representations of distinct items demonstrate that people are more accurate in estimating amounts and distinguishing differences when the numbers are relatively small (see
1875:
154:
Both systems—approximate representation of magnitude and precise representation quantity of individual items—have limited power. For example, neither allows representations of
2651:
Peters, E.; Dieckmann, N.; Våstfjåll, D.; Mertz, C.K.; Slovic, P.; Hibbard, J.H. (2009). "Bringing meaning to numbers: The impact of evaluative categories on decisions".
1801:
Purpura, David; Hume, L.; Sims, D.; Lonigan, C. (2011). "Early literacy and early numeracy: The value of including early literacy skills in the prediction of numeracy".
444:. Health numeracy and health literacy can be thought of as the combination of skills needed for understanding risk and making good choices in health-related behavior.
1565:"'Girl Power' in Eastern Europe? The human capital development of Central-Eastern and Eastern Europe in the seventeenth to nineteenth centuries and its determinants"
347:
These tests first became prevalent during the 1980s, following the pioneering work of psychologists, such as P. Kline, who published a book in 1986 entitled
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an effect on the child's ability to achieve in numeracy. That is, mothers with a high level of education will tend to have children who succeed more in numeracy.
125:
Humans have evolved to mentally represent numbers in two major ways from observation (not formal math). These representations are often thought to be innate (see
2736:
Baten, Jörg; Fourie, Johan (2015). "Numeracy of
Africans, Asians, and Europeans during the early modern period: new evidence from Cape Colony court registers".
129:), to be shared across human cultures, to be common to multiple species, and not to be the result of individual learning or cultural transmission. They are:
1564:
351:, which explained that psychometric testing could provide reliable and objective results, which could be used to assess a candidate's numerical abilities.
2235:
Låg, T.; Bauger, L.; Lindberg, M.; Friborg, O. (2014). "The role of numeracy and intelligence in health-risk estimation and medical data interpretation".
1350:
Schapira, M.M.; Walker, C.M.; Cappaert, K.J.; Ganschow, P.S.; Fletcher, K.E.; McGinley, E.L.; Del Pozo, S.; Schauer, C.; Tarima, S.; Jacobs, E.A. (2012).
1856:
Brooks, M.; Pui, S. (2010). "Are individual differences in numeracy unique from general mental ability? A closer look at a common measure of numeracy".
2311:
Hess, R.; Visschers, V.H.M.; Siegrist, M.; Keller, C. (2011). "How do people perceive graphical risk communication? The role of subjective numeracy".
2823:
Baten, Jörg; Priwitzer, Stefan (2015). "Social and intertemporal differences of basic numeracy in
Pannonia (first century BCE to third century CE)".
609:
Brooks, M.; Pui (2010). "Are individual differences in numeracy unique from general mental ability? A closer look at a common measure of numeracy".
162:. More complex representations require education. However, achievement in school mathematics correlates with an individual's unlearned approximate
1171:
Halberda, J.; Mazzocco, M.L.M.M.; Feigenson, L. (2008). "Individual differences in non-verbal number acuity correlate with maths achievement".
140:
Approximate representations of numerical magnitude imply that one can relatively estimate and comprehend an amount if the number is large (see
1222:
Schwartz, L.M.; Woloshin, S.; Black, W.C.; Welch, H.G. (1997). "The Role of
Numeracy in Understanding the Benefit of Screening Mammography".
410:
exceptions. For example, girls performed significantly better in
Singapore, and boys performed significantly better in the United States.
212:, chances for skills premium and level of education (i.e. numeracy). Hence, they were more likely to share this experience with children.
2870:
2608:
Peters, E.; Dieckmann, N.; Dixon, A.; Hibbard, J.H.; Mertz, C.K. (2007). "Less is more in presenting quality information to consumers".
2264:"Breast cancer patients' treatment expectations after exposure to the decision aid program, Adjuvant Online: The influence of numeracy"
396:
refers to a persistent and specific impairment of basic numerical-arithmetical skills learning in the context of normal intelligence.
2555:
Galesic, M.; Garcia-Retamero, R.; Gigerenzer, G. (2009). "Using icon arrays to communicate medical risks: Overcoming low numeracy".
1987:
1803:
2024:(2000). "Research on the development of academic skills: Introduction to the special issue on early literacy and early numeracy".
3201:
3034:
109:, less influence of nonnumerical information such as mood states, and greater sensitivity to different levels of numerical risk.
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Golbeck, AL; Ahlers-Schmidt, CR; Paschal, AM; Dismuke, SE (2005). "A definition and operational framework for health numeracy".
629:
2146:
Welch, H.G.; Schwartz, L.M.; Woloshin, S. (2000). "Are Increasing 5-Year Survival Rates Evidence of Success Against Cancer?".
1442:
Osborn, Chandra Y.; Wallston, Kenneth A.; Shpigel, Adam; Cavanaugh, Kerri; Kripalani, Sunil; Rothman, Russell L. (June 2013).
1662:
333:, 58% of job applicants interviewed by broadcast news directors lacked an adequate understanding of statistical materials.
330:
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Donelle, L.; Hoffman-Goetz, L.; Arocha, J.F. (2007). "Assessing health numeracy among community-dwelling older adults".
3024:
2971:
2902:
1352:"The Numeracy Understanding in Medicine Instrument: A Measure of Health Numeracy Developed Using Item Response Theory"
1265:
Lipkus, I.M.; Samsa, G.; Rimer, B.K. (2001). "General Performance on a Numeracy Scale among Highly Educated Samples".
208:
with the average age of getting married. More precisely, females who entered the marriage later, tend to have greater
1748:
1687:
431:, and builds from basic numeracy skills. This could be a potential explanation of the challenge of being numerate.
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Hoffrage, U.; Lindsey, S.; Hertwig, R.; Gigerenzer, G. (2000). "Medicine: Communicating Statistical Information".
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and her colleagues argue that achieving the benefits of numeric literacy, however, may depend on one's numeric
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303:
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901:"Despite high objective numeracy, lower numeric confidence relates to worse financial and medical outcomes"
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106:
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3029:
1901:"Patient Numeracy, Perceptions of Provider Communication, and Colorectal Cancer Screening Utilization"
1516:"Patient Numeracy, Perceptions of Provider Communication, and Colorectal Cancer Screening Utilization"
630:"Building on our Competencies: Canadian Results of the International Adult Literacy and Skills Survey"
1514:
Ciampa, Philip J.; Osborn, Chandra Y.; Peterson, Neeraja B.; Rothman, Russell L. (13 December 2010).
559:
529:
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329:". Unfortunately, it is evident that journalists often show poor numeracy skills. In a study by the
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3039:
1073:"Log or Linear? Distinct Intuitions of the Number Scale in Western and Amazonian Indigene Cultures"
110:
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at times when there was no data on schooling or other educational measures. Using a method called
311:. The Poynter Institute has recently included numeracy as one of the skills required by competent
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461:
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510:: people opting for a military career had - on average - better numeracy indicators (1 BCE to 3
420:
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refers to a lack of ability to reason with numbers. The term was coined by cognitive scientist
958:
Feigenson, Lisa; Dehaene, Stanislas; Spelke, Elizabeth (July 2004). "Core systems of number".
899:
Peters, E.; Tompkins, M.K.; Knoll, M.; Ardoin, S.P.; Shoots-Reinhard, B.; Meara, A.S. (2019).
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A number of studies have, moreover, proved that the education level of the mother is strongly
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This article is about the ability to apply numerical concepts. For the academic journal, see
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Ewers-Rogers, Jennifer; Cowan, Richard (January 1996). "Children as Apprentices to Number".
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325:, argues that "deploying numbers skillfully is as important to communication as deploying
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Ciampa, Philip J.; Osborn, Chandra Y.; Peterson, Neeraja B.; Rothman, Russell L. (2010).
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Weller, J.A.; Dieckmann, N.F.; Tusler, M.; Mertz, C.K.; Burns, W.J.; Peters, E. (2013).
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Gigerenzer, G.; Gaissmaier, W.; Kurz-Milcke, E.; Schwartz, L.M.; Woloshin, S. (2007).
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Steen, Lynn Arthur (2001), "Mathematics and Numeracy: Two Literacies, One Language",
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842:"Development and Testing of an Abbreviated Numeracy Scale: A Rasch Analysis Approach"
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Australian blog post reviewing the increasing importance of teaching numeracy skills
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Nieder, A. (2005). "Counting on neurons: The neurobiology of numerical competence".
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2783:"Numeracy and the impact of high food prices in industrializing Britain, 1780–1850"
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Cokely, E.T.; Galesic, M.; Schulz, E.; Ghazal, S.; Garcia-Retamero, R. (2012).
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2404:"Design Features of Graphs in Health Risk Communication: A Systematic Review"
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2349:; Garcia-Retamero, R. (2010). "Graph Literacy: A Cross-Cultural Comparison".
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Bullock, James O. (October 1994), "Literacy in the Language of Mathematics",
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Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Health Literacy Measurement tools
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2453:"Using Visual Aids to Improve Communication of Risks about Health: A Review"
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Joerg, Baten; Mikołaj, Szołtysek; Monica, Campestrini (14 December 2016).
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506:, and Baten and Priwitzer find a "military bias" in what is today western
452:, while avoiding errors sometimes associated with Bayesian reasoning (see
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Lipkus, I.M.; Peters, E.; Kimmick, G.; Liotcheva, V.; Marcom, P. (2010).
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790:"How numeracy influences risk comprehension and medical decision making"
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1444:"Development and Validation of the General Health Numeracy Test (GHNT)"
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2696:"The early regional development of human capital in Europe, 1790–1880"
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A handbook of test construction: Introduction to psychometric design
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Ancker, J.S.; Senathirajah, Y.; Kukafka, R.; Starren, J.B. (2006).
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person can manage and respond to the mathematical demands of life.
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734:"Cognitive Function, Numeracy and Retirement Saving Trajectories*"
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2186:"Helping Doctors and Patients Make Sense of Health Statistics"
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Reyna, V.F.; Nelson, W.L.; Han, P.K.; Dieckmann, N.F. (2009).
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Innumeracy in the wild: Misunderstanding and misusing numbers
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Jeremy Kilpatrick; Jane Swafford; Bradford Findell (2001).
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Precise representation of the quantity of individual items.
38:
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Baten, Jörg; Crayen, Dorothee; Voth, Hans-Joachim (2014).
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Innumeracy and risk perception in health decision-making
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Innumeracy: Mathematical Illiteracy and its Consequences
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Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association
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379:; however, it was popularized in 1989 by mathematician
64:
with, and apply simple numerical concepts. The charity
2345:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1070:
1001:
Izard, V.; Sann, C.; Spelke, E.S.; Streri, A. (2009).
957:
731:
133:
Approximate representation of numerical magnitude, and
2145:
1071:
Dehaene, S.; Izard, V.; Spelke, E.; Pica, P. (2008).
1000:
2601:
2451:
Garcia-Retamero, R.; Okan, Y.; Cokely, E.T. (2012).
1842:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1310:"Measuring risk literacy: The Berlin Numeracy Test"
2444:
1680:Adding + it up: helping children learn mathematics
1562:
672:
2179:
2177:
1710:
3407:
1601:
1492:
1264:
635:. Statistics Canada. p. 209. Archived from
2780:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1007:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
905:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
679:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
340:numerical reasoning tests have been created by
26:"Innumeracy" redirects here. For the book, see
2822:
2174:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2004:
2896:
1855:
892:
675:"Numerical ability predicts mortgage default"
627:
354:
169:
2495:
2190:Psychological Science in the Public Interest
1215:
1053:
835:
833:
653:
651:
649:
224:
120:
53:Number bingo improves math skills. LPB Laos.
2735:
2653:Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied
2548:
2339:
2052:
2026:Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology
2001:
1739:
1003:"Newborn infants perceive abstract numbers"
951:
783:
781:
779:
777:
732:Banks, J.; O'Dea, C.; Oldfield, Z. (2010).
673:Gerardi, K.; Goette, L.; Meier, S. (2013).
399:
2903:
2889:
2693:
2395:
2255:
1301:
1258:
1121:
666:
440:numeracy is a component of the concept of
2757:
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2523:
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2468:
2427:
2370:
2287:
2228:
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2201:
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1475:
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1104:
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994:
934:
924:
875:
857:
830:
813:
757:
708:
698:
646:
608:
251:There seems to be a relationship between
1804:Journal of Experimental Child Psychology
1236:10.7326/0003-4819-127-11-199712010-00003
774:
725:
471:
48:
32:
3035:National Council of Teachers of English
2113:American Journal of Preventive Medicine
2020:
1745:
229:Along with parenting and SES, a strong
195:
186:
3408:
1652:
1127:
657:
2884:
1781:
846:Journal of Behavioral Decision Making
2825:Scandinavian Economic History Review
2703:Scandinavian Economic History Review
302:. This is why a major target of the
1572:European Review of Economic History
480:, numeracy is often used to assess
331:Society of Professional Journalists
16:Ability to apply numerical concepts
13:
3025:International Literacy Association
2972:List of countries by literacy rate
2790:Review of Economics and Statistics
2694:Baten, Jörg; Hippe, Ralph (2012).
2610:Medical Care Research & Review
14:
3437:
2854:
1749:The American Mathematical Monthly
2203:10.1111/j.1539-6053.2008.00033.x
1963:10.1111/j.1540-4560.2008.00550.x
1713:Early Child Development and Care
1632:10.1111/j.1540-4560.2008.00550.x
1448:Patient Education and Counseling
750:10.1111/j.1468-0297.2010.02395.x
78:, operation sense, computation,
2816:
2774:
2729:
2687:
2304:
2104:
2070:Journal of Health Communication
1977:
1941:
1905:Journal of Health Communication
1892:
1868:
1858:Individual Differences Research
1831:
1794:
1704:
1671:
1646:
1556:
1520:Journal of Health Communication
1435:
1392:
1343:
1164:
611:Individual Differences Research
175:compare numerical magnitudes).
117:or confidence in one's skills.
3202:Occupational Safety and Health
2578:11858/00-001M-0000-0024-F6BE-3
2525:11858/00-001M-0000-0025-9B18-3
2372:11858/00-001M-0000-0024-F299-8
2213:11858/00-001M-0000-0025-7CFC-A
621:
602:
304:Sustainable Development Goal 4
60:is the ability to understand,
1:
2866:CDC Health Literacy Resources
2837:10.1080/03585522.2015.1032339
2516:10.1126/science.290.5500.2261
1880:Global Campaign For Education
488:, researchers like Professor
319:, former executive editor of
264:
2910:
2715:10.1080/03585522.2012.727763
2622:10.1177/10775587070640020301
2457:The Scientific World Journal
2325:10.1080/13669877.2010.488745
2125:10.1016/j.amepre.2005.06.012
1917:10.1080/10810730.2010.522699
1532:10.1080/10810730.2010.522699
1317:Judgment and Decision Making
960:Trends in Cognitive Sciences
580:Numerosity adaptation effect
215:
7:
2738:The Economic History Review
1224:Annals of Internal Medicine
1130:Nature Reviews Neuroscience
517:
246:
234:to face school activities.
10:
3442:
3030:International Literacy Day
2237:Behavioral Decision Making
1817:10.1016/j.jecp.2011.07.004
1682:. National Academy Press.
1279:10.1177/0272989X0102100105
972:10.1016/j.tics.2004.05.002
662:. Oxford University Press.
355:Innumeracy and dyscalculia
342:occupational psychologists
336:To assess job applicants,
170:Definitions and assessment
25:
18:
3322:
3094:
3048:
3017:
2964:
2918:
2082:10.1080/10810730701619919
1460:10.1016/j.pec.2013.01.001
1329:10.1017/S1930297500001819
560:National Numeracy Network
530:Approximate number system
413:
367:, coined by analogy with
225:Home-learning environment
142:Approximate number system
121:Representation of numbers
3040:No Child Left Behind Act
2861:The Berlin Numeracy Test
2363:10.1177/0272989X10373805
2313:Journal of Risk Research
2280:10.1177/0272989X09360371
2160:10.1001/jama.283.22.2975
1951:Journal of Social Issues
1784:The Mathematics Educator
1725:10.1080/0300443961250102
1620:Journal of Social Issues
1413:10.1177/0272989X07304449
1368:10.1177/0272989X12447239
596:
400:Patterns and differences
2759:10.1111/1468-0289.12064
2750:10.1111/1468-0289.12064
2351:Medical Decision Making
2268:Medical Decision Making
1983:Scanlan, Chip (2004). "
1653:Hughes, Martin (1986).
1401:Medical Decision Making
1356:Medical Decision Making
1267:Medical Decision Making
1097:10.1126/science.1156540
1028:10.1073/pnas.0812142106
926:10.1073/pnas.1903126116
700:10.1073/pnas.1220568110
462:five-year survival rate
458:Conservatism (Bayesian)
3214:Information literacies
794:Psychological Bulletin
658:Peters, Ellen (2020).
421:University of Missouri
237:
54:
46:
3421:Mathematics education
3380:Post-literate society
3340:Children's literature
3219:Information and media
2941:Functional illiteracy
472:Evolution of numeracy
52:
36:
2802:10.1162/REST_a_00403
1998:, September 8, 2004.
1911:(Suppl 3): 157–168.
1597:on 28 February 2019.
738:The Economic Journal
196:Socioeconomic status
187:Childhood influences
3345:Composition studies
3061:Ruth Johnson Colvin
2926:Adolescent literacy
2510:(5500): 2261–2262.
2470:10.1100/2012/562637
2420:10.1197/jamia.M2115
1876:"SDG4's 10 targets"
1657:. Wiley-Blackwell.
1655:Children and Number
1580:10.1093/ereh/hew017
1193:10.1038/nature07246
1185:2008Natur.455..665H
1089:2008Sci...320.1217D
1083:(5880): 1217–1220.
1019:2009PNAS..10610382I
1013:(25): 10382–10385.
917:2019PNAS..11619386P
911:(39): 19386–19391.
691:2013PNAS..11011267G
685:(28): 11267–11271.
628:Statistics Canada.
575:Numerical cognition
127:Numerical cognition
1990:2009-01-14 at the
744:(548): F381–F410.
535:Bayesian inference
450:Bayesian inference
377:Douglas Hofstadter
322:The New York Times
55:
47:
21:Numeracy (journal)
3403:
3402:
3365:Media consumption
2931:Emergent literacy
2557:Health Psychology
2154:(22): 2975–2978.
1664:978-0-631-13581-4
1526:(sup3): 157–168.
1179:(7213): 665–668.
454:Base rate fallacy
381:John Allen Paulos
309:Poynter Institute
292:financial analyst
66:National Numeracy
28:Innumeracy (book)
3433:
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2665:10.1037/a0016978
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2569:10.1037/a0014474
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2249:10.1002/bdm.1788
2232:
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2137:
2136:
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2101:
2065:
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2049:
2038:10.1037/h0088185
2022:Lefevre, Jo-Anne
2018:
1999:
1985:Why Math Matters
1981:
1975:
1974:
1945:
1939:
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1928:
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1701:
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1669:
1668:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1614:
1599:
1598:
1596:
1590:. Archived from
1569:
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1479:
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1433:
1432:
1396:
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889:
879:
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806:10.1037/a0017327
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618:
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478:economic history
476:In the field of
160:negative numbers
94:. A numerically
3441:
3440:
3436:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3431:
3430:
3406:
3405:
3404:
3399:
3375:Oral literature
3318:
3234:Multiliteracies
3090:
3044:
3013:
2960:
2936:Family literacy
2914:
2909:
2857:
2852:
2821:
2817:
2785:
2779:
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2734:
2730:
2698:
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2233:
2229:
2182:
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2144:
2140:
2109:
2105:
2066:
2053:
2019:
2002:
1992:Wayback Machine
1982:
1978:
1946:
1942:
1897:
1893:
1884:
1882:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1854:
1843:
1838:Numbers in Mind
1836:
1832:
1799:
1795:
1780:
1776:
1762:10.2307/2974528
1744:
1740:
1709:
1705:
1690:
1676:
1672:
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1647:
1615:
1602:
1594:
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1493:
1440:
1436:
1397:
1393:
1348:
1344:
1312:
1306:
1302:
1263:
1259:
1230:(11): 966–972.
1220:
1216:
1169:
1165:
1142:10.1038/nrn1626
1126:
1122:
1069:
1054:
999:
995:
956:
952:
897:
893:
859:10.1.1.678.6236
838:
831:
786:
775:
730:
726:
671:
667:
656:
647:
639:
632:
626:
622:
607:
603:
599:
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550:Health literacy
520:
474:
442:health literacy
437:
416:
402:
357:
267:
256:five-month-old
249:
240:
227:
218:
198:
189:
172:
123:
107:framing effects
31:
24:
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12:
11:
5:
3439:
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3423:
3418:
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3398:
3397:
3395:Writing system
3392:
3387:
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3357:
3352:
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3335:Asemic writing
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3098:
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3092:
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3083:
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3076:Griffith Jones
3073:
3071:James Paul Gee
3068:
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2956:Whole language
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2885:
2879:
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2856:
2855:External links
2853:
2851:
2850:
2831:(2): 110–134.
2815:
2796:(3): 418–430.
2773:
2744:(2): 632–656.
2728:
2709:(3): 254–289.
2686:
2659:(3): 213–227.
2643:
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2338:
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2254:
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2119:(4): 375–376.
2103:
2076:(7): 651–665.
2051:
2000:
1996:Poynter Online
1976:
1940:
1891:
1867:
1841:
1830:
1811:(4): 647–658.
1793:
1774:
1756:(8): 735–743,
1738:
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1600:
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1454:(3): 350–356.
1434:
1407:(5): 672–680.
1391:
1362:(6): 851–865.
1342:
1300:
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1163:
1136:(3): 177–190.
1120:
1052:
993:
966:(7): 307–314.
950:
891:
852:(2): 198–212.
829:
800:(6): 943–973.
773:
724:
665:
645:
642:on 2011-09-27.
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3360:Literacy test
3358:
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3350:Dick and Jane
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3333:
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3304:Transliteracy
3302:
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3299:Technological
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3269:Psychological
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3127:Computational
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3081:Frank Laubach
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3009:United States
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2951:Post-literacy
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495:data analysis
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482:human capital
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272:mathematician
262:
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231:home-learning
222:
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101:By contrast,
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43:four in a row
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3182:Geo-literacy
3107:Agricultural
3086:Brian Street
3066:Paulo Freire
3018:Institutions
2993:New Zealand
2828:
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1950:
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1716:
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1592:the original
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1558:
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1437:
1404:
1400:
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1345:
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1320:
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1273:(1): 37–44.
1270:
1266:
1260:
1227:
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637:the original
623:
614:
610:
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565:Number sense
500:
475:
466:
446:
438:
417:
403:
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384:
383:in his book
372:
360:
358:
348:
346:
338:psychometric
335:
320:
288:Risk Analyst
268:
250:
241:
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219:
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190:
181:
177:
173:
164:number sense
153:
146:
139:
124:
111:Ellen Peters
102:
100:
76:number sense
71:arithmetical
57:
56:
37:Children in
3294:Statistical
3209:Information
3095:Other types
2347:Galesic, M.
540:Dyscalculia
486:age-heaping
394:dyscalculia
317:Max Frankel
313:journalists
88:probability
80:measurement
3410:Categories
3284:Scientific
3157:Ecological
3056:Marie Clay
1885:2020-09-22
1864:: 257–265.
1790:(1): 10–16
617:: 257–265.
590:Subitizing
545:Graphicacy
490:Jörg Baten
373:Innumeracy
369:illiteracy
361:innumeracy
280:accountant
265:Employment
206:correlated
149:Subitizing
103:innumeracy
92:statistics
3426:Knowledge
3330:Aliteracy
3279:Religious
3177:Financial
3167:Emotional
3162:Electracy
2965:Locations
2723:154669586
2333:146594087
2319:: 47–61.
1733:0300-4430
1698:248386156
1468:0738-3991
854:CiteSeerX
525:Acalculia
407:Singapore
365:neologism
359:The term
300:architect
276:physicist
216:Parenting
192:and age.
156:fractions
3416:Literacy
3355:Dyslexia
3264:Physical
3244:Numeracy
3152:Diaspora
3137:Cultural
3132:Critical
3122:Computer
2919:Learning
2912:Literacy
2845:51962193
2768:51961313
2681:11035873
2673:19751072
2630:17406019
2595:10545246
2587:19290713
2542:33050943
2534:11188724
2489:22629146
2463:: 1–10.
2438:16929039
2389:32662502
2381:20671213
2298:20160070
2222:26161749
2168:10865276
2133:16242604
2098:20421979
2090:17934942
2046:10881390
1988:Archived
1971:18460752
1935:21154091
1825:21831396
1640:18460752
1588:51963985
1550:21154091
1486:23433635
1429:30150256
1421:17641137
1386:22635285
1337:11617465
1295:25249366
1287:11206945
1252:19412405
1209:27196030
1201:18776888
1158:14578049
1150:15711599
1115:18511690
1047:19520833
988:17313189
980:15242690
945:31501338
886:32313367
824:19883143
768:22228911
719:23798401
555:Literacy
518:See also
429:geometry
425:calculus
296:engineer
253:literacy
247:Literacy
210:autonomy
96:literate
84:geometry
58:Numeracy
3390:Writing
3385:Reading
3370:Orality
3323:Related
3239:Musical
3147:Digital
3112:Braille
3004:Romania
2997:Tokelau
2946:Phonics
2810:3518364
2638:1001326
2504:Science
2480:3354448
2429:1656964
2289:3616375
1926:3075203
1770:2974528
1541:3075203
1477:3644342
1377:4162626
1244:9412301
1181:Bibcode
1106:2610411
1085:Bibcode
1077:Science
1038:2700913
1015:Bibcode
936:6765274
913:Bibcode
877:7161838
815:2844786
759:3249594
710:3710828
687:Bibcode
508:Hungary
504:England
284:actuary
258:infants
3309:Visual
3289:Social
3274:Racial
3249:Object
3192:Health
3117:Carbon
3049:People
2977:Canada
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3259:Power
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3229:Media
3224:Legal
3187:Graph
3172:Faith
2987:Bihar
2982:India
2841:S2CID
2806:S2CID
2786:(PDF)
2764:S2CID
2719:S2CID
2699:(PDF)
2677:S2CID
2634:S2CID
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2538:S2CID
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2329:S2CID
2094:S2CID
2072:. 7.
1967:S2CID
1860:. 4.
1766:JSTOR
1636:S2CID
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1248:S2CID
1205:S2CID
1154:S2CID
984:S2CID
640:(PDF)
633:(PDF)
613:. 4.
597:Notes
585:Oracy
363:is a
327:verbs
3142:Data
2669:PMID
2626:PMID
2583:PMID
2530:PMID
2485:PMID
2461:2012
2434:PMID
2377:PMID
2294:PMID
2218:PMID
2164:PMID
2148:JAMA
2129:PMID
2086:PMID
2042:PMID
1931:PMID
1821:PMID
1729:ISSN
1694:OCLC
1684:ISBN
1659:ISBN
1546:PMID
1482:PMID
1464:ISSN
1417:PMID
1382:PMID
1283:PMID
1240:PMID
1197:PMID
1146:PMID
1111:PMID
1043:PMID
976:PMID
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882:PMID
820:PMID
764:PMID
715:PMID
90:and
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3314:Web
2833:doi
2798:doi
2754:hdl
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2573:hdl
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2520:hdl
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2475:PMC
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2367:hdl
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2321:doi
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