577:
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1944:
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467:
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479:
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1678:"Book Review: Archeonumismatica: Analisi e studio dei reperti monetali da contesti pluristratificati Edited by Alberto Martín Esquivel, Antonio F. Ferrandes, and Giacomo Pardini (Workshop Internazionale di Numismatica 2). Rome: Edizioni Quasar 2023. Pp 493. ISBN 978-88-5491-198-7 (paperback) $ 67"
1045:
Modern numismatics is the study of the coins of the mid-17th century onward, the period of machine-struck coins. Their study serves more the need of collectors than historians, and it is more often successfully pursued by amateur aficionados than by professional scholars. The focus of modern
1117:
or banknotes. It is believed that people have been collecting paper money for as long as it has been in use. However, people only started collecting paper money systematically in
Germany in the 1920s, particularly the
859:
1166:
certificates. It is an area of collecting due to both the inherent beauty of some historical documents as well as the interesting historical context of each document. Some stock certificates are excellent examples of
1707:
Hellie, Richard (1999). "Reviewed work: The
Origins of the Old Rus' Weights and Monetary Systems: Two Studies in Western Eurasian Metrology and Numismatics in the Seventh to Eleventh Centuries, Omeljan Pritsak".
3029:
1046:
numismatics frequently lies in the research of production and use of money in historical contexts using mint or other records in order to determine the relative rarity of the coins they study. Varieties,
977:
of the
Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna realized their value in providing a temporal context and the difficulty that curators faced when identifying worn coins using classical literature. After
842:
Modern money (along with most ancient money) is essentially a token – an abstraction. Paper currency is perhaps the most common type of contemporary physical money. However, goods such as
584:
The earliest forms of money used by people are categorised by collectors as "odd and curious", but the use of other goods in barter exchange is excluded, even where used as a circulating
576:
1529:
1014:'s "A short history of Chinese numismatics in European languages" (2012–2013) gives an outline history of Western countries' understanding of Chinese numismatics.
1126:. The turning point occurred in the 1970s when notaphily was established as a separate area by collectors. At the same time, some developed countries such as the
850:
retain many of the essential properties of money, such as price fluctuation and limited supply, although these goods are not controlled by one single authority.
3334:
893:, who wrote in a letter that he was often approached by vine diggers with old coins asking him to buy or to identify the ruler, is credited as the first
1251:
The
Origins of the Old Rus’ Weights and Monetary Systems: Two Studies in Western Eurasian Metrology and Numismatics in the Seventh to Eleventh Centuries
1659:
The First
Dictionary of Paranumismatica: All About Tokens, Checks, Tickets, Passes, Medalets, Counters, Tallies and Weights (ed. Brian Edge), 1991.
3202:
987:(Coin finds of the Classical Period) was launched to register every coin found within Germany. This idea found successors in many countries.
3185:
1050:, the results of progressive die wear, mintage figures, and even the sociopolitical context of coin mintings are also matters of interest.
2702:
2654:
1933:
839:. Many complementary currencies use time as a unit of measure, using mutual credit accounting that keeps the balance of money intact.
2629:
1805:
925:
1350:
3324:
2059:
2682:
608:; the lambskins may be suitable for numismatic study, but the horses are not. Many objects have been used for centuries, such as
2763:
2230:
912:. During the early Renaissance ancient coins were collected by European royalty and nobility. Collectors of coins were Pope
2972:
2115:
1618:
1577:
1344:
967:
510:
1638:
1138:
began publishing their respective national catalogs of paper money, which represented major points of reference literature.
2644:
2619:
1526:
136:
131:
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1413:
1471:
1447:
983:
2785:
2385:
1664:
1552:
1391:
1495:
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2069:
2054:
917:
2768:
2605:
2167:
560:
2501:
1212:
898:
141:
109:
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2248:
2141:
1798:
201:
160:
126:
116:
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2639:
2610:
2151:
2049:
1766:
1611:
Les amis des monnaies – la sociabilité savante des collectionneurs et numismates chinois de la fin des Qing
1171:. Occasionally, an old stock document will be found that still has value as stock in a successor company.
270:
819:
good, although it does not have to be. Many materials have been used to form money, from naturally scarce
3146:
2710:
2672:
2064:
1430:
1377:
1217:
1039:
944:
295:
228:
179:
121:
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2390:
2223:
1973:
1507:
1483:
1459:
1425:
959:
732:
2773:
2740:
2009:
1099:, and other similar items. It is related to numismatics proper (concerned with coins which have been
1001:
503:
263:
243:
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1791:
1545:
936:
858:
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Coin collectors and enthusiasts at an exhibition organized by the
Numismatic Society of Calcutta,
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2730:
2687:
2418:
2131:
2095:
1994:
1207:
1202:
223:
60:
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2725:
2465:
1968:
1197:
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to name a few. Numismatics is called the "Hobby of Kings", due to its most esteemed founders.
756:
390:
1271:
Maurer, B. "Primitive and
Nonmetallic Money". In Yago, K.; Battilosi, S.; Cassis., Y. (eds.).
973:
In the 20th century, coins gained recognition as archaeological objects, and scholars such as
2745:
2216:
1288:"Ramen Politics: Informal Money and Logics of Resistance in the Contemporary American Prison"
963:
701:
258:
233:
1677:
3408:
3207:
2903:
2780:
2677:
2662:
2475:
2440:
2423:
2334:
2110:
1943:
1222:
496:
30:
8:
3272:
3195:
3190:
2720:
2715:
2506:
2372:
2256:
2105:
1978:
1858:
1777:
1334:
1141:
213:
165:
1752:
780:
3368:
2559:
2402:
2189:
2136:
1878:
1868:
1725:
1396:
1315:
1253:(Harvard Series In Ukrainian Studies). Cambridge: Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute.
1188:
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In the United States, the US Mint established a coin cabinet in 1838 when chief coiner
929:
471:
359:
172:
97:
3055:
1244:
Archeonumismatica: analisi e studio dei reperti monetali da contesti pluristratificati
1087:, and other items used in place of legal currency or for commemoration. This includes
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2496:
2380:
2349:
1883:
1863:
1838:
1660:
1614:
1573:
1340:
1319:
1307:
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gave "coins of every device, including old pieces of the kings and foreign money" as
248:
218:
208:
90:
909:
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1903:
1893:
1848:
1828:
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1689:
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1047:
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554:
327:
312:
238:
193:
3312:
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3018:
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2594:
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2294:
2277:
1814:
1634:
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1533:
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939:
was founded in 1836 and immediately began publishing the journal that became the
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20:
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This article is about numismatics as an academic discipline. For collecting, see
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148:
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1303:
1242:
Martín
Esquivel, Alberto; Ferrandes, F. Antonio and Pardini, Giacomo. (2023).
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1928:
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1853:
1503:
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1311:
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913:
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155:
1548:
1287:
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3250:
2885:
2542:
2339:
2239:
2199:
2024:
2019:
2004:
1999:
1958:
1100:
1091:, encased coins, souvenir medallions, tags, badges, counter-stamped coins,
978:
863:
483:
371:
366:
317:
1773:
1022:
is an in-depth study of
Chinese numismatics in China in the 19th century.
580:
Numismatic items from
Ancient, medieval and British India, made of silver.
3245:
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3023:
2854:
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2735:
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2014:
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3006:
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2445:
2090:
1923:
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1592:
1080:
1011:
1008:(1894) set the groundwork for the study of American historical medals.
884:
832:
664:
621:
421:
1030:
3163:
3091:
3048:
3013:
2947:
2913:
2908:
2880:
2554:
2520:
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2100:
1963:
1595:, "A short history of Chinese numismatics in European languages", in
1519:
1168:
1110:
1063:
921:
828:
786:
762:
738:
714:
605:
589:
530:, including coins, tokens, paper money, medals and related objects.
378:
1721:
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3230:
3103:
3081:
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1898:
1888:
1873:
1693:
1114:
1072:
1059:
890:
866:
836:
816:
625:
585:
527:
397:
385:
102:
85:
72:
1783:
2923:
2875:
1131:
1123:
565:
546:
3375:
3173:
3001:
2952:
2525:
2511:
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1761:
1135:
847:
426:
3062:
897:
collector. Petrarch presented a collection of Roman coins to
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1496:
1472:
1448:
1414:
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778:
754:
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445:
431:
414:
409:
1006:
American colonial history illustrated by contemporary medals
2863:
2515:
1843:
1246:(Workshop Internazionale di Numismatica, 2). Roma: Quasar.
1076:
1035:
843:
815:
Throughout its history, money itself has been made to be a
550:
354:
80:
2411:
935:
Professional societies organised in the 19th century. The
3108:
604:
as the principal currency unit, and gave small change in
541:, but the discipline also includes the broader study of
2318:
heads of currently or formerly sovereign royal families
928:
of Brandenburg who started the Berlin coin cabinet and
748:
to hold or own as a custom or usage, to use customarily
537:, are often characterized as students or collectors of
1682:
The Journal of the Archaeological Institute of America
994:
donated his personal collection. William E. Du Bois'
3352:
3335:
Knowledge:WikiProject Orders, decorations, and medals
1162:
is the study and collection of companies' shares and
1237:
The Numismatic World in the Long Nineteenth Century.
1178:
3315:
is the accepted criterion for official distinctions
3400:
1700:
3203:International Commission for Orders of Chivalry
1570:Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science
1239:New York: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group.
2308:and their national/public/official authorities
1075:(UK English: Paranumismatica) is the study of
2224:
1799:
1675:
1613:. Paris: Maisonneuve et Larose nlle édition.
1273:Handbook of the History of Money and Currency
1235:Krmnicek Stefan and Hadrien Rambach. (2023).
947:was founded in 1858 and began publishing the
504:
1285:
879:may have possibly existed in ancient times.
658:
636:First attested in English in 1829, the word
1934:VAM (Morgan and Peace dollar die varieties)
1332:
695:
679:
673:
667:
2433:
2231:
2217:
1806:
1792:
511:
497:
16:Study of currencies, coins and paper money
1608:
853:
3325:Category:Orders, decorations, and medals
2060:International Coin Certification Service
1669:
1140:
1029:
857:
575:
559:
1641:from the original on September 14, 2013
1394:. Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short.
1326:
796:to dispense, divide, assign, keep, hold
3401:
1706:
2212:
2116:Standard Catalog of World Paper Money
1787:
1025:
968:Sylloge of Coins of the British Isles
831:to entirely artificial money, called
3311:* = Direct or indirect reference to
3030:Prizes known as the Nobel of a field
1599:vols 35-36 (2012–2013), pp. 395-429,
1567:
1286:Gibson-Light, Michael (2018-06-01).
3330:
1813:
804:
13:
1370:
1270:
1229:
14:
3425:
2070:Professional Coin Grading Service
1740:
3386:
3374:
3362:
3329:
3320:
3319:
3061:
3054:
3047:
2238:
2193:
2183:
2168:Coin shows in the United States
2111:Replacement banknote (star note)
2055:Certified Acceptance Corporation
1942:
1772:
1760:
1746:
1181:
924:of France, Ferdinand I, Elector
477:
465:
49:
1653:
1627:
1602:
1586:
1561:
1538:
1513:
1353:from the original on 2006-07-14
1336:Chronology of Money 1900 — 1919
949:American Journal of Numismatics
654:. It was borrowed in 1792 from
596:in prison). As an example, the
1489:
1465:
1441:
1407:
1385:
1364:
1279:
1264:
1213:List of numismatic collections
998:(1846) describes the cabinet.
526:is the study or collection of
1:
2142:List of metal detecting finds
1751:The dictionary definition of
1676:Moreno Pulido, Elena (2024).
1339:. University of Wales Press.
1257:
1150:
1145:Alexander the Great memorial
3340:Knowledge:WikiProject Awards
2249:Auxiliary science of history
2152:List of most expensive coins
1780:travel guide from Wikivoyage
1053:
904:The first book on coins was
787:
763:
739:
715:
631:
7:
3147:Fraternities and sororities
2065:Numismatic Guaranty Company
1378:Online Etymology Dictionary
1275:. Springer. p. 87-104.
1218:List of numismatic journals
1174:
1040:Scandinavian Monetary Union
945:American Numismatic Society
663:, itself a derivation from
10:
3430:
1974:Sheldon coin grading scale
1637:. Maritime International.
1497:
1473:
1449:
1415:
1057:
962:publishing collections of
960:Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum
920:of the Holy Roman Empire,
808:
779:
755:
731:
709:
18:
3306:
3221:
3122:
3072:
3045:
2992:
2896:
2840:
2829:
2809:
2701:
2653:
2638:
2604:
2593:
2541:
2371:
2364:
2327:
2293:
2286:
2271:
2246:
2180:
2160:
2124:
2078:
2040:
2033:
1987:
1951:
1940:
1821:
1304:10.1007/s11133-018-9376-0
640:comes from the adjective
1609:Jankowski, Lyce (2018).
1546:Brigham Young University
937:Royal Numismatic Society
2132:List of coin collectors
2096:Greenback (1860s money)
1431:A Greek–English Lexicon
1208:Numismatic associations
1203:Glossary of numismatics
981:in Germany, a project,
970:was published in 1958.
966:. The first volume of
391:Commemorative banknotes
3381:Business and economics
2190:Numismatics portal
1969:Paper currency grading
1198:Awards for numismatics
1156:
1079:-like objects such as
1042:
873:
854:History of numismatics
696:
680:
674:
668:
659:
581:
573:
533:Specialists, known as
472:Numismatics portal
110:Circulating currencies
1422:Liddell, Henry George
1292:Qualitative Sociology
1149:from the Temnos Mint
1144:
1107:are also exonumists.
1033:
1020:Les amis des monnaies
996:Pledges of History...
984:Fundmünzen der Antike
964:Ancient Greek coinage
861:
729:, which derives from
579:
563:
202:Historical currencies
43:the study of currency
3208:Magical organization
2668:Intellectual freedom
2476:Master of ceremonies
1769:at Wikimedia Commons
1568:Kent, Allen (1985).
1333:Glyn Davies (1996).
1249:Pritsak, O. (1998).
1223:List of numismatists
941:Numismatic Chronicle
173:Fictional currencies
3273:Order of precedence
2106:Paper money catalog
1979:Third-party grading
1859:Coin counterfeiting
906:De Asse et Partibus
724:current coin/custom
545:and other means of
360:Commemorative coins
271:Medieval currencies
180:Proposed currencies
3186:Hereditary society
2403:Royal family order
2137:List of currencies
1879:Commemorative coin
1869:Coin rolling scams
1555:2008-07-25 at the
1532:2022-07-31 at the
1397:A Latin Dictionary
1189:Numismatics portal
1157:
1043:
1026:Modern numismatics
930:Henry IV of France
899:Emperor Charles IV
874:
777:, ultimately from
582:
574:
3350:
3349:
3316:
3261:Campaign streamer
3043:
3042:
3039:
3038:
2988:
2987:
2823:
2805:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2759:
2758:
2589:
2588:
2484:
2483:
2427:
2381:Order of chivalry
2360:
2359:
2353:
2350:Self-styled order
2206:
2205:
2176:
2175:
1884:Euro starter kits
1864:Coin roll hunting
1839:Circulation issue
1765:Media related to
1620:978-2-37701-030-1
1579:978-0-8247-2037-7
1371:Harper, Douglas.
1346:978-0-7083-1351-0
1154: 188–170 BC
869:, a standardized
521:
520:
3421:
3391:
3390:
3389:
3379:
3378:
3367:
3366:
3365:
3358:
3333:
3332:
3323:
3322:
3310:
3288:Awareness ribbon
3283:Devotional medal
3196:Gentlemen's club
3065:
3058:
3051:
2838:
2837:
2827:
2826:
2815:
2769:Religion-related
2651:
2650:
2602:
2601:
2431:
2430:
2416:
2409:
2408:
2369:
2368:
2347:
2295:Founts of honour
2291:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2233:
2226:
2219:
2210:
2209:
2200:Money portal
2198:
2197:
2196:
2188:
2187:
2186:
2038:
2037:
1946:
1904:Mint-made errors
1894:History of coins
1849:Coin base weight
1829:Bi-metallic coin
1808:
1801:
1794:
1785:
1784:
1776:
1764:
1750:
1734:
1733:
1704:
1698:
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1650:
1648:
1646:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1606:
1600:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1565:
1559:
1549:library web page
1542:
1536:
1517:
1511:
1500:
1499:
1493:
1487:
1476:
1475:
1469:
1463:
1452:
1451:
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1405:
1389:
1383:
1382:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1358:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1268:
1191:
1186:
1185:
1184:
1155:
1152:
1113:is the study of
1048:mint-made errors
811:History of money
805:History of money
800:
797:
794:
790:
784:
783:
776:
773:
770:
766:
760:
759:
752:
749:
746:
742:
736:
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718:
712:
711:
699:
693:
690:
687:
683:
677:
671:
662:
653:
650:
647:
549:used to resolve
513:
506:
499:
484:Money portal
482:
481:
480:
470:
469:
468:
194:History of money
149:Local currencies
53:
44:
26:
25:
3429:
3428:
3424:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3419:
3418:
3399:
3398:
3397:
3387:
3385:
3373:
3363:
3361:
3353:
3351:
3346:
3313:fount of honour
3302:
3293:Code of conduct
3278:Honorary degree
3223:
3217:
3213:Religious order
3169:Learned society
3142:Fraternal order
3124:
3118:
3074:
3068:
3067:
3066:
3060:
3059:
3053:
3052:
3035:
2984:
2892:
2831:
2819:
2814:
2797:
2755:
2697:
2683:Humanitarianism
2642:
2634:
2630:Law enforcement
2620:List of highest
2608:
2596:
2585:
2537:
2480:
2422:
2415:
2407:
2356:
2323:
2275:
2267:
2242:
2237:
2207:
2202:
2194:
2192:
2184:
2182:
2172:
2156:
2120:
2074:
2042:
2029:
1983:
1947:
1938:
1817:
1815:Coin collecting
1812:
1743:
1738:
1737:
1722:10.2307/2697226
1705:
1701:
1674:
1670:
1658:
1654:
1644:
1642:
1633:
1632:
1628:
1621:
1607:
1603:
1591:
1587:
1580:
1572:. p. 281.
1566:
1562:
1557:Wayback Machine
1543:
1539:
1534:Wayback Machine
1527:75 on-line text
1518:
1514:
1494:
1490:
1470:
1466:
1446:
1442:
1436:Perseus Project
1412:
1408:
1402:Perseus Project
1390:
1386:
1369:
1365:
1356:
1354:
1347:
1331:
1327:
1284:
1280:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1232:
1230:Further reading
1227:
1187:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1153:
1122:(Series notes)
1105:coin collectors
1089:elongated coins
1070:
1058:Main articles:
1056:
1038:coins from the
1028:
1002:C. Wyllys Betts
956:British Academy
877:Coin collecting
856:
821:precious metals
813:
807:
798:
795:
792:
774:
771:
768:
753:, in turn from
750:
747:
744:
726:
723:
720:
691:
688:
685:
678:, a variant of
651:
648:
645:
634:
614:precious metals
594:instant noodles
517:
488:
478:
476:
466:
464:
456:
455:
348:Coin collecting
343:
342:
333:
332:
286:
285:
276:
275:
197:
196:
185:
184:
76:
75:
42:
41:
24:
21:Coin collecting
17:
12:
11:
5:
3427:
3417:
3416:
3411:
3396:
3395:
3383:
3371:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3344:
3343:
3342:
3327:
3317:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3300:
3295:
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3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3264:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3243:
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3227:
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3219:
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3200:
3199:
3198:
3188:
3183:
3178:
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3176:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3155:
3154:
3152:Secret society
3149:
3144:
3139:
3128:
3126:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3100:
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2868:
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2866:
2852:
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2844:
2835:
2824:
2807:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2796:
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2790:
2789:
2788:
2778:
2777:
2776:
2774:Ecclesiastical
2766:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
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2707:
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2699:
2698:
2696:
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2690:
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2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2659:
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2648:
2636:
2635:
2633:
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2627:
2625:Campaign medal
2622:
2616:
2614:
2599:
2591:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2567:
2562:
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2528:
2518:
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2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2437:
2435:
2428:
2406:
2405:
2400:
2398:Order of merit
2395:
2394:
2393:
2391:Colonial order
2388:
2386:Military order
2377:
2375:
2366:
2362:
2361:
2358:
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2355:
2354:
2345:
2342:
2337:
2335:Ecclesiastical
2331:
2329:
2325:
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2321:
2320:
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2300:
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2236:
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2017:
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1991:
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1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
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1846:
1841:
1836:
1834:Challenge coin
1831:
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1823:
1819:
1818:
1811:
1810:
1803:
1796:
1788:
1782:
1781:
1770:
1758:
1742:
1741:External links
1739:
1736:
1735:
1716:(4): 909–910.
1699:
1694:10.1086/731320
1688:(3): 072–074.
1668:
1665:978-0951691007
1652:
1635:"Collectibles"
1626:
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1585:
1578:
1560:
1537:
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1384:
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1325:
1298:(2): 199–220.
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1231:
1228:
1226:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1194:
1193:
1192:
1176:
1173:
1093:wooden nickels
1055:
1052:
1027:
1024:
1016:Lyce Jankowski
910:Guillaume Budé
855:
852:
809:Main article:
806:
803:
719:) which means
672:, genitive of
633:
630:
519:
518:
516:
515:
508:
501:
493:
490:
489:
487:
486:
474:
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429:
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169:
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151:
145:
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139:
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112:
106:
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100:
94:
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88:
83:
77:
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63:
55:
54:
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45:
35:
34:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3426:
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3407:
3406:
3404:
3394:
3384:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3370:
3360:
3359:
3356:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3336:
3328:
3326:
3318:
3314:
3309:
3308:
3305:
3299:
3298:Code of honor
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3256:Battle honour
3254:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3228:
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3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3197:
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3187:
3184:
3182:
3181:Honor society
3179:
3175:
3172:
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3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3137:Confraternity
3135:
3134:
3133:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3125:organisations
3121:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3083:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3071:
3064:
3057:
3050:
3032:
3031:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2995:
2991:
2981:
2980:Shoulder mark
2978:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
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2925:
2922:
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2899:
2895:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2873:
2872:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2860:
2859:
2858:/Grand Cordon
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2833:(decorations)
2828:
2825:
2821:
2813:
2808:
2794:
2791:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2782:
2779:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2770:
2767:
2765:
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2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
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2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
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2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2652:
2649:
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2637:
2631:
2628:
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2618:
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2580:
2578:
2575:
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2568:
2566:
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2543:Jurisdictions
2540:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2492:/Grand Cordon
2490:
2487:
2486:
2477:
2474:
2472:
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2464:
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2459:
2457:
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2382:
2379:
2378:
2376:
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2341:
2340:Organisations
2338:
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2333:
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2330:
2326:
2317:
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2307:
2306:
2305:
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2222:
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2215:
2214:
2211:
2201:
2191:
2179:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2159:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2147:List of mints
2145:
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2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2123:
2117:
2114:
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2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
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1990:
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1956:
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1950:
1945:
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1930:
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1914:Proof coinage
1912:
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1902:
1900:
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1880:
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1854:Coin cleaning
1852:
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1768:
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1759:
1757:at Wiktionary
1756:
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1744:
1731:
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1710:Slavic Review
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1433:
1432:
1427:
1426:Scott, Robert
1423:
1419:
1410:
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1388:
1380:
1379:
1374:
1373:"numismatics"
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1165:
1161:
1148:
1143:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1128:United States
1125:
1121:
1120:Serienscheine
1116:
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1023:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1007:
1003:
999:
997:
993:
992:Adam Eckfeldt
988:
986:
985:
980:
976:
971:
969:
965:
961:
958:launched the
957:
952:
950:
946:
942:
938:
933:
931:
927:
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914:Boniface VIII
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868:
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826:
822:
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789:
782:
772:usage, custom
765:
758:
741:
734:
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666:
661:
657:
643:
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629:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
598:Kyrgyz people
595:
591:
587:
578:
571:
567:
562:
558:
556:
553:and exchange
552:
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367:Bullion coins
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345:
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156:Company scrip
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137:South America
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40:
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22:
3251:Service flag
3235:
3028:
2886:Medal ribbon
2857:
2832:
2818:Named after
2711:Architecture
2673:Human rights
2569:
2491:
2441:Grand master
2424:Post-nominal
2273:Distinctions
2272:
2252:
2240:Phaleristics
2041:Coin grading
2025:Coin wrapper
2020:Coin storage
2010:Coin counter
2005:Coin catalog
2000:Coin capsule
1959:Coin grading
1908:
1753:
1713:
1709:
1702:
1685:
1681:
1671:
1655:
1643:. Retrieved
1629:
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1335:
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1109:
1103:), and many
1101:legal tender
1097:credit cards
1071:
1044:
1019:
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1005:
1000:
995:
989:
982:
979:World War II
972:
954:In 1931 the
953:
948:
940:
934:
905:
903:
889:
875:
841:
825:cowry shells
814:
702:latinisation
660:numismatique
641:
637:
635:
622:large stones
610:cowry shells
583:
535:numismatists
532:
523:
522:
405:Credit cards
166:Time dollars
38:
3409:Numismatics
3369:Numismatics
3246:Vexillology
3236:Numismatics
3097:Passage fee
3073:Ceremonies
2855:Grand Cross
2830:For wearing
2577:Grand Lodge
2507:Hospitaller
2489:Grand Cross
2434:By function
2287:By conferee
2261:decorations
2253:numismatics
2079:Paper money
2015:Coin folder
1919:Seigniorage
1909:Numismatics
1822:Numismatics
1778:Numismatics
1767:Numismatics
1754:numismatics
1597:Early China
1160:Scripophily
1147:tetradrachm
1115:paper money
1081:token coins
1068:Scripophily
975:Guido Bruck
895:Renaissance
871:silver coin
638:numismatics
618:cocoa beans
570:West Bengal
524:Numismatics
439:Scripophily
39:Numismatics
3403:Categories
3174:Fellowship
3132:Fraternity
3114:Collar day
3075:and events
2919:Collar pin
2741:Philosophy
2731:Literature
2565:Commandery
2446:Chancellor
2344:Commercial
2091:Fiat money
1995:Coin board
1924:Token coin
1593:Helen Wang
1357:2006-08-09
1258:References
1034:Two 20 kr
1012:Helen Wang
926:Joachim II
918:Maximilian
916:, Emperor
908:(1514) by
885:Saturnalia
835:, such as
833:fiat money
829:cigarettes
669:numismatis
665:Late Latin
644:, meaning
642:numismatic
590:cigarettes
572:, in 2022.
341:Collection
284:Production
214:Achaemenid
3164:Syndicate
3092:Feoffment
3014:Plaquette
2948:Epaulette
2914:Lapel pin
2909:Award pin
2881:Medal bar
2693:Volunteer
2571:Obedience
2555:Bailiwick
2521:Postulant
2497:Commander
2451:Treasurer
2314:Dynasties
2101:Notaphily
2043:companies
1964:Coin slab
1520:Suetonius
1502: in
1478: in
1454: in
1320:254976793
1312:1573-7837
1169:engraving
1111:Notaphily
1064:Notaphily
1054:Subfields
951:in 1866.
922:Louis XIV
901:in 1355.
837:banknotes
632:Etymology
606:lambskins
386:Banknotes
379:Notaphily
313:Hammering
296:Designers
219:Byzantine
86:Banknotes
3414:Currency
3268:Nobility
3241:Heraldry
3231:Chivalry
3224:concepts
3222:Related
3123:Related
3104:Festival
3082:Accolade
2968:Campaign
2936:Heraldic
2812:insignia
2786:Scouting
2688:Politics
2640:Civilian
2606:Military
2597:by field
2471:Chaplain
2456:Assessor
2086:Banknote
1988:Supplies
1899:Key date
1889:Exonumia
1874:Coin set
1645:June 13,
1639:Archived
1553:Archived
1530:Archived
1524:Augustus
1450:νομίζειν
1351:Archived
1175:See also
1073:Exonumia
1060:Exonumia
891:Petrarch
881:Augustus
867:denarius
827:through
740:nomizein
733:νομίζειν
684:meaning
649:of coins
586:currency
528:currency
398:Exonumia
249:Japanese
229:Filipino
209:Aksumite
73:Currency
61:Glossary
31:a series
29:Part of
3355:Portals
3019:Rosette
2973:Service
2941:Pilgrim
2924:Tie pin
2904:Rosette
2876:Necklet
2764:Science
2751:Theatre
2726:History
2703:Culture
2655:Society
2595:Others,
2560:Chapter
2550:Charter
2502:Officer
2461:Bailiff
2365:By type
2328:Private
1952:Grading
1730:2697226
1504:Liddell
1480:Liddell
1456:Liddell
1434:at the
1416:νόμισμα
1392:nomisma
1132:Germany
1124:Notgeld
887:gifts.
716:nomisma
710:νόμισμα
704:of the
697:Nomisma
681:nomisma
675:numisma
588:(e.g.,
566:Kolkata
547:payment
427:Cheques
372:Grading
306:Milling
301:Coining
264:Tibetan
244:Italian
224:Chinese
142:Oceania
91:Forgery
3002:Trophy
2994:Prizes
2963:Button
2953:Ribbon
2850:Collar
2842:Formal
2820:people
2793:Beauty
2781:Sports
2746:Poetry
2526:Squire
2512:Knight
2419:Styles
2413:Titles
2373:Orders
2304:States
2265:medals
2263:, and
2257:orders
2255:about
1929:Toning
1728:
1663:
1617:
1576:
1498:νέμειν
1343:
1318:
1310:
1136:France
1134:, and
1085:medals
1066:, and
943:. The
848:silver
817:scarce
788:nemein
781:νέμειν
656:French
624:, and
602:horses
446:Stocks
432:Scrips
422:Tokens
415:Medals
410:Jetons
328:Errors
323:Metals
239:Indian
127:Europe
117:Africa
3393:Money
3159:Guild
3087:Vigil
3024:Money
2931:Badge
2897:Other
2871:Medal
2862:with
2736:Music
2663:Peace
2582:Lodge
2466:Prior
2278:Lists
2161:Shows
2125:Lists
2050:ANACS
2034:Other
1726:JSTOR
1508:Scott
1484:Scott
1474:νόμος
1460:Scott
1316:S2CID
1164:bonds
864:Roman
764:nomos
757:νόμος
706:Greek
700:is a
600:used
555:goods
551:debts
543:money
539:coins
451:Bonds
355:Coins
254:Roman
234:Greek
81:Coins
3191:Club
2958:Ring
2864:sash
2721:Film
2645:List
2611:List
2531:Page
2516:Dame
2251:and
1844:Coin
1661:ISBN
1647:2013
1615:ISBN
1574:ISBN
1506:and
1482:and
1458:and
1341:ISBN
1308:ISSN
1083:and
1077:coin
1036:gold
844:gold
823:and
689:coin
626:gems
318:Cast
291:Mint
259:Thai
161:LETS
122:Asia
98:List
3109:Vow
3007:War
2810:By
2716:Art
2678:Law
1718:doi
1690:doi
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592:or
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