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3638:(126 million). The report shows that globally, 30% of women aged 15–49 years are living with anaemia while 10 per cent of women aged 20–49 years suffer from underweight. South Asia, West and Central Africa and Eastern and Southern Africa are home to 60% of women with anaemia and 65% of women being underweight. In contrast, overweight is affecting more than 35% of women aged 20–49 years, of which 13% are living with obesity. Middle East and North Africa has the highest prevalence of overweight with 61% affected. North America closely follows at 60%. Fewer than 1 in 3 adolescent girls and women have diets meeting the minimum dietary diversity in the Sudan (10%), Burundi (12%), Burkina Faso (17%) and Afghanistan (26%). In Niger, the percentage of women accessing a minimally diverse diet fell from 53% to 37% between 2020 and 2022.
304:. Stunting is more prevalent in urban slums than in rural areas. Studies on malnutrition have the population categorised into different groups including infants, under-five children, children, adolescents, pregnant women, adults and the elderly population. The use of different growth references in different studies leads to variances in the undernutrition prevalence reported in different studies. Some of the growth references used in studies include the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) growth charts, WHO reference 2007, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) growth charts, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), WHO reference 1995, Obesity Task Force (IOTF) criteria and Indian Academy of Pediatrics (IAP) growth charts.
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prevalence of chronic undernutrition among under-five children in East Africa was identified to be 33.3%. This prevalence of undernutrition among under-five children ranged from 21.9% in Kenya to 53% in
Burundi. In Tanzania, the prevalence of stunting, among children under five varied from 41% in lowland and 64.5% in highland areas. Undernutrition by underweight and wasting was 11.5% and 2.5% in lowland and 22.% and 1.4% in the highland areas of Tanzania respectively. In South Sudan, the prevalence of undernutrition explained by stunting, underweight and wasting in under-five children were 23.8%, 4.8% and 2.3% respectively. In 28 countries, at least 30% of children were still affected by stunting in 2022.
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Organization estimates that malnutrition accounts for 54 percent of child mortality worldwide, about 1 million children. There is a strong association between undernutrition and child mortality. Another estimate also by WHO states that childhood underweight is the cause for about 35% of all deaths of children under the age of five years worldwide. Over 90% of the stunted children below five years of age live in sub-Saharan Africa and South
Central Asia. Although access to adequate food and improving nutritional intake is an obvious solution to tackling undernutrition in children, the progress in reducing children undernutrition is disappointing.
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access food are associated with aging, and may contribute to malnutrition. Sadness or depression can play a role, causing changes in appetite, digestion, energy level, weight, and well-being. A study on the relationship between malnutrition and other conditions in the elderly found that malnutrition in the elderly can result from gastrointestinal and endocrine system disorders, loss of taste and smell, decreased appetite and inadequate dietary intake. Poor dental health, ill-fitting dentures, or chewing and swallowing problems can make eating difficult. As a result of these factors, malnutrition is seen to develop more easily in the elderly.
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2986:(GHI) is a multidimensional statistical tool used to describe the state of countries' hunger situation. The GHI measures progress and failures in the global fight against hunger. The GHI is updated once a year. The data from the 2015 report shows that Hunger levels have dropped 27% since 2000. Fifty two countries remain at serious or alarming levels. In addition to the latest statistics on Hunger and Food Security, the GHI also features different special topics each year. The 2015 report include an article on conflict and food security.
2171:, and access to healthcare. Many newly made mothers face financial barriers; community-based healthcare workers have helped to alleviate these barriers, while also providing a viable alternative to traditional and expensive hospital-based medical care. Recent studies, based upon surveys conducted from 1995 to 2010, show that exclusive breastfeeding rates have risen globally, from 33% to 39%. Despite the growth rates, medical professionals acknowledge the need for improvement given the importance of exclusive breastfeeding.
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malnutrition in women is associated with poverty, lack of development and awareness, and illiteracy. The same study showed that gender discrimination in households can prevent a woman's access to sufficient food and healthcare. How socialization affects the health of women in
Bangladesh, Najma Rivzi explains in an article about a research program on this topic. In some cases, such as in parts of Kenya in 2006, rates of malnutrition in pregnant women were even higher than rates in children.
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exceeded male undernutrition prevalence rates in South/Southeast Asia and Latin
America and were lower in Sub-Saharan Africa. Datasets for Ethiopia and Zimbabwe reported undernutrition rates between 1.5 and 2 times higher in men than in women; however, in India and Pakistan, datasets rates of undernutrition were 1.5–2 times higher in women than in men. Intra-country variation also occurs, with frequent high gaps between regional undernutrition rates.
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2696:) of clean water and 6 teaspoons of sugar; however, they disagree about whether they should contain half a teaspoon of table salt or a full teaspoon. Most sources recommend using half a teaspoon of salt per liter of water. However, people with malnutrition have an excess of body sodium. To avoid worsening this symptom, ORS for people with severe undernutrition should contain half the usual amount of sodium and more potassium.
2603:, and unsweetened fresh fruit juice. Along with continued eating, many homemade products can also help restore normal electrolyte levels. For example, early during the course of a child's diarrhea, it can be beneficial to provide cereal water (salted or unsalted) or vegetable broth (salted or unsalted). If available, vitamin A, potassium, magnesium, and zinc supplements should be added, along with other vitamins and minerals.
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2761:) can occur in malnutrition, particularly in children. Mild hypothermia causes confusion, trembling, and clumsiness; more severe cases can be fatal. Keeping malnourished children warm can prevent or treat hypothermia. Covering the child (including their head) in blankets is one method. Another method is to warm the child through direct skin-to-skin contact with their mother or father, then covering both parent and child.
1838:. However, in the early 2000s, the Malawian government changed its agricultural policies, and implemented subsidies for fertilizer and seed introduced against World Bank strictures. By 2007, farmers were producing record-breaking corn harvests. Corn production leaped to 3.4 million in 2007 compared to 1.2 million in 2005, making Malawi a major food exporter. Consequently, food prices lowered and wages for
3414:, for example, account for 1 million. Malnutrition in the first two years is irreversible. Malnourished children grow up with worse health and lower education achievement. Their own children tend to be smaller. Malnutrition was previously seen as something that exacerbates the problems of diseases such as measles, pneumonia and diarrhea, but malnutrition actually causes diseases, and can be fatal in its own right.
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2385:. Its objective was to help doctors provide more efficient treatments. There may be some chance of error when using this method. The Screening Tool for the Assessment of Malnutrition in Paediatrics (STAMPa) is another method for the identification and evaluation of malnutrition in young children. The assessment tool has fair to medium reliability in the identification of children at risk of malnutrition.
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not a lack of food. Age-related reduced dietary intake due to chewing and swallowing problems, sensory decline, depression, imbalanced gut microbiome, poverty and loneliness are major contributors to undernutrition in the elderly population. Malnutrition is also attributed due to wrong diet plan adopted by people who aim to reduce their weight without medical practitioners or nutritionist advice.
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3695:" has created several methods to teach children about nutrition. They introduce 2 different topics, self-awareness which teaches children about taking care of their own health and social awareness, which is how culinary arts vary from culture to culture. As well as its importance when it comes to nutrition. They include eBooks, tips, cooking clubs. including facts about vegetables and fruits.
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live; this is inefficient because approximately half of the money spent goes for transport. Cuny further pointed out that "studies of every recent famine have shown that food was available in-country—though not always in the immediate food deficit area" and "even though by local standards the prices are too high for the poor to purchase it, it would usually be cheaper for a donor to buy the
1397:, access to land, or levels of education. Community plays a crucial role in addressing the social causes of malnutrition. For example, communities with high social support and knowledge sharing about social protection programs can enable better public service demands. Better public service demands and social protection programs minimise the risk of malnutrition in these communities.
3555:. This document reaffirmed the right to have access to safe and nutritious food by everyone, also considering that everyone gets sufficient food, and set the goals for all nations to improve their commitment to food security by halving their number of undernourished people by 2015. In 2004 the Food and Agriculture Organization adopted the
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Nyonator, Frank, J Koku
Awooner-Williams, James Phillips, Tanya Jones, Robert Miller. (2003). The Ghana Community-based Health Planning and Services Initiative: Fostering Evidence-based Organizational Change and Development in a Resource-constrained Setting. In Policy Research Division Working Papers
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Rates of malnutrition tend to increase with age with less than 10 percent of the "young" elderly (up to age 75) malnourished, while 30 to 65 percent of the elderly in home care, long-term care facilities, or acute hospitals are malnourished. Many elderly people require assistance in eating, which may
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During pregnancy and breastfeeding, women must ingest enough nutrients for themselves and their child, so they need significantly more protein and calories during these periods, as well as more vitamins and minerals (especially iron, iodine, calcium, folic acid, and vitamins A, C, and K). In 2001 the
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In 2022, more than 1 billion adolescent girls and women suffered from undernutrition, according to UNICEF's 2023 report "Undernourished and
Overlooked: A Global Nutrition Crisis in Adolescent Girls and Women". The gender gap in food insecurity more than doubled between 2019 (49 million) and 2021
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Babies can be given small amounts of fluids via an eyedropper or a syringe without the needle. Children under two should receive a teaspoon of fluid every one to two minutes; older children and adults should take frequent sips of fluids directly from a cup. After the first two hours, fluids and foods
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However, specially formulated foods do appear to be useful in treating moderate acute malnutrition in the developing world. These foods may have additional benefits in humanitarian emergencies, since they can be stored for years, can be eaten directly from the packet, and do not have to be mixed with
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of 42 studies found that many approaches to mitigating acute malnutrition are equally effective; thus, intervention decisions can be based on cost-related factors. Overall, evidence for the effectiveness of acute malnutrition interventions is not robust. The limited evidence related to cost indicates
2015:, which benefits farmers, the urban poor, and the city in general. City residents separate organic waste from their garbage, bag it, and then exchange it for fresh fruit and vegetables from local farmers. This reduces the country's waste while giving the urban poor a steady supply of nutritious food.
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Murarkar, S., Gothankar, J., Doke, P., Pore, P., Lalwani, S., Dhumale, G., Quraishi, S., Patil, R., Waghachavare, V., Dhobale, R., Rasote, K., Palkar, S. and Malshe, N., 2020. Prevalence and determinants of undernutrition among under-five children residing in urban slums and rural area, Maharashtra,
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under five years of age). Undernutrition is an increasing health problem in people aged over 65 years, even in developed countries, especially among nursing home residents and in acute care hospitals. In the elderly, undernutrition is more commonly due to physical, psychological, and social factors,
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Studies on nutrition concerning gender bias within households look at patterns of food allocation, and one study from 2003 suggested that women often receive a lower share of food requirements than men. Gender discrimination, gender roles, and social norms affecting women can lead to early marriage
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Researchers from the Centre for World Food
Studies in 2003 found that the gap between levels of undernutrition in men and women is generally small, but that the gap varies from region to region and from country to country. These small-scale studies showed that female undernutrition prevalence rates
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In these developed countries, overnutrition can be prevented by choosing the right kind of food. More fast food is consumed per capita in the United States than in any other country. This mass consumption of fast food results from its affordability and accessibility. Fast food, which is low in cost
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In some developing countries, overnutrition (in the form of obesity) is beginning to appear in the same communities where malnutrition occurs. Overnutrition increases with urbanisation, food commercialisation and technological developments and increases physical inactivity. Variations in the health
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established a new classification system for malnutrition. Instead of using just weight for age measurements, Waterlow's system combines weight-for-height (indicating acute episodes of malnutrition) with height-for-age to show the stunting that results from chronic malnutrition. One advantage of the
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of moderate and severe wasting could increase by 14% due to COVID-19; coupled with reductions in nutrition and health services coverage, this could result in over 128,000 additional deaths among children under 5 in 2020 alone. Although COVID-19 is less severe in children than in adults, the risk of
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The prevalence of undernutrition is highest among children under five. In 2021, 148.1 million children under five years old were stunted, 45 million were wasted, and 37 million were overweight or obese. The same year, an estimated 45% of deaths in children were linked to undernutrition. As of 2020,
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Malnutrition and being underweight are more common in the elderly than in adults of other ages. If elderly people are healthy and active, the aging process alone does not usually cause malnutrition. However, changes in body composition, organ functions, adequate energy intake and ability to eat or
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Within the household, there may be differences in levels of malnutrition between men and women, and these differences have been shown to vary significantly from one region to another, with problem areas showing relative deprivation of women. Samples of 1000 women in India in 2008 demonstrated that
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ORS is the current standard of care for oral rehydration therapy, with reasonably wide availability. Introduced in 2003 by WHO and UNICEF, reduced-osmolarity solutions contain lower concentrations of sodium and glucose than original ORS preparations. Reduced-osmolarity ORS has the added benefit of
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improve nutrition, reduce stunting and prevent diseases in communities with severe acute malnutrition. In young children, outcomes improve when children between six months and two years of age receive complementary food (in addition to breast milk). There is also good evidence that supports giving
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Another possible long-term solution to malnutrition is to increase access to health facilities in rural parts of the world. These facilities could monitor undernourished children, act as supplemental food distribution centers, and provide education on dietary needs. Similar facilities have already
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about what causes famine. Some theorists, like the Indian economist
Amartya Sen, believe that the world has more than enough resources to sustain its population. In this view, malnutrition is caused by unequal distribution of resources and under- or unused arable land. For example, Sen argues that
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and by voluntary limits through "moral restraint." Robert
Chapman suggests that government policies are a necessary ingredient for curtailing global population growth. The United Nations recognizes that poverty and malnutrition (as well as the environment) are interdependent and complementary with
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Undernutrition adversely affects the cognitive development of children, contributing to poor earning capacity and poverty in adulthood. The development of childhood undernutrition coincides with the introduction of complementary weaning foods which are usually nutrient deficient. The World Health
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is recommended following an initial four-hour rehydration period. Daily zinc supplementation can help reduce the severity and duration of the diarrhea. Additionally, continuing daily zinc supplementation for ten to fourteen days makes diarrhea less likely to recur in the next two to three months.
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There has been a global increase in food insecurity and hunger between 2011 and 2020. In 2015, 795 million people (about one in ten people on earth) had undernutrition. It is estimated that between 691 and 783 million people in the world faced hunger in 2022. According to UNICEF, 2.4 billion
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pioneered a program that later became part of the World Bank's prescribed method for coping with a food crisis. Through the country's main food assistance program, the
Productive Safety Net Program, Ethiopia provided rural residents who were chronically short of food a chance to work for food or
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stated that "the chances of saving lives at the outset of a relief operation are greatly reduced when food is imported. By the time it arrives in the country and gets to people, many will have died." U.S. law requires food aid to be purchased at home rather than in the countries where the hungry
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Overnutrition also occurs in developing countries. It has appeared in parts of developing countries where income is on the rise. It is also a problem in countries where hunger and poverty persist. Economic development, rapid urbanisation and shifting dietary patterns have increased the burden of
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Tremblay, M., Gray, C., Akinroye, K., Harrington, D., Katzmarzyk, P., Lambert, E., Liukkonen, J., Maddison, R., Ocansey, R., Onywera, V., Prista, A., Reilly, J., Martínez, M., Duenas, O., Standage, M. and Tomkinson, G., 2014. Physical Activity of Children: A Global Matrix of Grades Comparing 15
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of malnutrition and death in children. Some of these interventions have been successful. For example, interventions with commodities such as ready to use therapeutic foods, ready to use supplementary foods, micronutrient intervention and vitamin supplementation were identified to significantly
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Undernutrition most commonly results from a lack of access to high-quality, nutritious food. The household income is a socio-economic variable that influences the access to nutritious food and the probability of under and overnutrition in a community. In the study by Ghattas et al. (2020), the
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Social conditions have a significant influence on the health of people. The social determinants of undernutrition mainly include poor education, poverty, disease burden and lack of women's empowerment. Identifying and addressing these determinants can eliminate undernutrition in the long term.
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was a UN resolution adopted November 16, 1974 by all 135 countries that attended the 1974 World Food Conference. This non-legally binding document set forth certain aspirations for countries to follow to sufficiently take action on the global food problem. Ultimately this document outline and
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Non-governmental organizations and United Nations agencies began to devote considerable energy to alleviating malnutrition around the world. The exact methods and priorities for doing this tended to fluctuate over the years, with varying levels of focus on different types of malnutrition like
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Many aid groups have found that giving cash assistance (or cash vouchers) is more effective than donating food. Particularly in areas where food is available but unaffordable, giving cash assistance is a cheaper, faster, and more efficient way to deliver help to the hungry. In 2008, the UN's
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reported this prevalence as having slightly improved, but still being at 14.8%. In Asia, India has one of the highest burden of wasting with over 20% wasted children. However, the burden of undernutrition among under-five children in African countries is much higher. A pooled analysis of the
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The United Nations estimated that there were 821 million undernourished people in the world in 2017. This is using the UN's definition of 'undernourishment', where it refers to insufficient consumption of raw calories, and so does not necessarily include people who lack micro nutrients. The
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Deriving too much of one's diet from a single source, such as eating almost exclusively potato, maize or rice, can cause malnutrition. This may either be from a lack of education about proper nutrition, only having access to a single food source, or from poor healthcare access and unhealthy
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Women in some societies are traditionally given less food than men since men are perceived to have heavier workloads. Household chores and agricultural tasks can in fact be very arduous and require additional energy and nutrients; however, physical activity, which largely determines energy
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and increased the risk of death during childbirth. A 2008 review of interventions estimated that universal supplementation with calcium, iron, and folic acid during pregnancy could prevent 105,000 maternal deaths (23.6 percent of all maternal deaths). Malnutrition has been found to affect
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Due in part to limited research on supplementary feeding, there is little evidence that this strategy is beneficial. A 2015 systematic review of 32 studies found that there are limited benefits when children under 5 receive supplementary feeding, especially among younger, poorer, and more
681:. Hence identifying and addressing the immediate risk factors has become a major health priority. The recent evidence on the impact of diet-induced obesity in fathers and mothers around the time of conception is identified to negatively program the health outcomes of multiple generations.
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Most clinical studies use the term 'malnutrition' to refer to undernutrition. However, the use of 'malnutrition' instead of 'undernutrition' makes it impossible to distinguish between undernutrition and overnutrition, a less acknowledged form of malnutrition. Accordingly, a 2019 report by
3742:. Providing the different nutrients such as protein and energy keeps even small but consistent weight gain. Hospital admissions for malnutrition in the United Kingdom have been related to insufficient social care, where vulnerable people at home or in care homes are not helped to eat.
2405:. Despite widespread use of this type of program, further studies are needed to understand the impact of these programs on overall child health and how to better address faltering growth in a child and improve practices related to feeding children in lower to middle income countries.
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Cederholm, T., Bosaeus, I., Barazzoni, R., Bauer, J., Van Gossum, A., Klek, S., Muscaritoli, M., Nyulasi, I., Ockenga, J., Schneider, S., de van der Schueren, M. and Singer, P., 2015. Diagnostic criteria for malnutrition – An ESPEN Consensus Statement. Clinical Nutrition, 34(3), pp.
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Kiarie, J., Karanja, S., Busiri, J., Mukami, D. and Kiilu, C., 2021. The prevalence and associated factors of undernutrition among under-five children in South Sudan using the standardized monitoring and assessment of relief and transitions (SMART) methodology. BMC Nutrition,
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for people to feed themselves in dignity, be free from hunger, food insecurity, and malnutrition. As of 2018, the treaty has been signed by 166 countries, by signing states agreed to take steps to the maximum of their available resources to achieve the right to adequate food.
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and continued breastfeeding up to 2 years or older for overall optimal health outcomes. Exclusive breastfeeding is defined as giving an infant only breast milk for six months as a source of food and nutrition. This means no other liquids, including water or semi-solid foods.
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Food and drink can help prevent dehydration in malnourished people with diarrhea. Eating (or breastfeeding, among infants) should resume as soon as possible. Sugary beverages like soft drinks, fruit juices, and sweetened teas are not recommended as they may worsen diarrhea.
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conditions occur more frequently. Extreme weather events, like drought, have a major impact on agricultural production, and hence nutrition. For example, the 1998–2001 Central Asian drought killed about 80 percent of livestock in Iran and caused a 50% reduction in wheat and
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Mrema, J., Elisaria, E., Mwanri, A. and Nyaruhucha, C., 2021. Prevalence and Determinants of Undernutrition among 6- to 59-Months-Old Children in Lowland and Highland Areas in Kilosa District, Tanzania: A Cross-Sectional Study. Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism, 2021,
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causes of malnutrition. For example, the population of a community might be at increased risk for malnutrition if government is poor and the area lacks health-related services. On a smaller scale, certain households or individuals may be at an even higher risk due to
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New technology in agricultural production has great potential to combat undernutrition. It makes farming easier, thus improving agricultural yields. By increasing farmers' incomes, this could reduce poverty. It would also open up area which farmers could use to
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Martins, V., Toledo Florêncio, T., Grillo, L., Do Carmo P. Franco, M., Martins, P., Clemente, A., Santos, C., Vieira, M. and Sawaya, A., 2011. Long-Lasting Effects of Undernutrition. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 8(6), pp.
2252:'s Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) provided the framework for the partnership. It includes a variety of interventions, including support for improved food production, a strengthening of social protection, and integration of the
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is key to slowing unsustainable population growth and the resulting negative impacts on the economy, environment, and national and regional development efforts". However, more than 200 million women worldwide lack adequate access to family planning services.
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Mayo Clinic January 7, 2011. "In an emergency situation where a pre-formulated solution is unavailable, you can make your own oral rehydration solution by mixing half teaspoon salt, six level teaspoons of sugar and one litre (about 1 quart) of safe drinking
2004:
cash. Foreign aid organizations like the World Food Program were then able to buy food locally from surplus areas to distribute in areas with a shortage of food. Aid organizations now view the Ethiopian program as a model of how to best help hungry nations.
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Murray CJ, Vos T, Lozano R, Naghavi M, Flaxman AD, Michaud C, et al. (December 2012). "Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010".
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were planted on Mediterranean islands, for use on sea journeys. However, for several centuries, Europeans appear to have forgotten the importance of these measures. They rediscovered this knowledge in the 18th century, and by the early 19th century, the
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Mortality due to malnutrition accounted for 58 percent of the total mortality in 2006: "In the world, approximately 62 million people, all causes of death combined, die each year. One in twelve people worldwide is malnourished and according to the
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McCarthy, H. et al. (2012) "The development and evaluation of the screening tool for the assessment of malnutrition in Paediatrics (Stamp©) for use by Healthcare staff," Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, 25(4), pp. 311–318. Available at:
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Bhutta, Z., Ahmed, T., Black, R., Cousens, S., Dewey, K., Giugliani, E., Haider, B., Kirkwood, B., Morris, S., Sachdev, H. and Shekar, M., 2008. What works? Interventions for maternal and child undernutrition and survival. The Lancet, 371(9610),
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Undernutrition can manifest as stunting, wasting, and underweight. If undernutrition occurs during pregnancy, or before two years of age, it may result in permanent problems with physical and mental development. Extreme undernutrition can cause
299:
It is estimated that nearly one in three persons globally has at least one form of malnutrition: wasting, stunting, vitamin or mineral deficiency, overweight, obesity, or diet-related noncommunicable diseases. Undernutrition is more common in
923:. As undernutrition worsens, those affected have less energy and experience impairment in brain functions. This can make it difficult (or impossible) for them to perform the tasks needed to acquire food, earn an income, or gain an education.
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In the future, variety of factors could potentially disrupt global food supply and cause widespread malnutrition. According to UNICEF's projections, it is projected that almost 600 million people will be chronically undernourished in 2030.
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World Health Organization, 2005, Annex 12 – Preparation of Home Made Oral Rehydration Solution, p. 51 (57 in PDF): "Ingredients: Half a teaspoon of salt (2.5 grams), six level teaspoons of sugar (30 grams) and one litre of safe drinking
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Throughout history, various peoples have known the importance of eating certain foods to prevent symptoms now associated with malnutrition. Yet such knowledge appears to have been repeatedly lost and then re-discovered. For example, the
388:
has contributed to increases in overweight and obesity. In 2020, experts estimated that by the end of the year, the pandemic could have double the number of people at risk of suffering acute hunger. Similarly, experts estimated that the
3492:; varying levels of concern on protein deficiency compared to vitamins, minerals and lack of raw calories; and varying priorities given to the problem of malnutrition in general compared to other health and development concerns. The
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Regularly measuring and charting children's growth and including activities to promote health (an intervention called growth monitoring and promotion, also known as GPM) is often considered by policy makers and is recommended by the
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According to the World Bank, treating malnutrition – mostly by fortifying foods with micronutrients – improves lives more quickly than other forms of aid, and at a lower cost. After reviewing a variety of development proposals, The
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Ghattas, H., Acharya, Y., Jamaluddine, Z., Assi, M., El Asmar, K. and Jones, A., 2020. The child-level double burden of malnutrition in the MENA and LAC regions: Prevalence and social determinants. Maternal & Child Nutrition,
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According to the FAO, women are often responsible for preparing food and have the chance to educate their children about beneficial food and health habits, giving mothers another chance to improve the nutrition of their children.
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Caulfield, L., de Onis, M., Blössner, M. and Black, R., 2004. Undernutrition as an underlying cause of child deaths associated with diarrhea, pneumonia, malaria, and measles. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 80(1),
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Hossain, A., Niroula, B., Duwal, S., Ahmed, S. and Kibria, M., 2020. Maternal profiles and social determinants of severe acute malnutrition among children under-five years of age: A case-control study in Nepal. Heliyon, 6(5),
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may also contribute to malnutritions in countries which lack technology. However, in the developing world, eighty percent of malnourished children live in countries that produce food surpluses, according to estimates from the
451:
5614:
Billah, M., Khatiwada, S., Morris, M., & Maloney, C. (2022). Effects of paternal overnutrition and interventions on future generations. International Journal Of Obesity, 46(5), 901–917. doi: 10.1038/s41366-021-01042-7
8335:, Institute of Public Health Nutrition, Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh, May 2008, page 18 (19 in PDF) and following pages.
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should prioritize interventions against hunger and malnutrition to maximize the effectiveness of aid spending. The Consensus recommended prioritizing these interventions ahead of any others, including the fights against
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There are many different signs of dehydration in undernourished people. These can include sunken eyes; a very dry mouth; decreased urine output and/or dark urine; increased heart rate with decreasing blood pressure; and
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Tesema, G., Yeshaw, Y., Worku, M., Tessema, Z. and Teshale, A., 2021. Pooled prevalence and associated factors of chronic undernutrition among under-five children in East Africa: A multilevel analysis. PLOS ONE, 16(3),
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overnutrition in the cities of low and middle-income countries. In China, consumption of high-fat foods has increased, while consumption of rice and other goods has decreased. Overeating leads to many diseases, such as
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status of individuals in the same society are associated with the societal structure and an individual's socioeconomic status which leads to income inequality, racism, educational differences and lack of opportunities.
3540:, this 1978 document was adopted by many countries in the Americas, the purpose of the document is, "to consolidate in this hemisphere, within the framework of democratic institutions, a system of personal liberty and
5256:
Kulkarni, R., Rajput, U., Dawre, R., Sonkawade, N., Pawar, S., & Sonteke, S. et al. (2020). Severe Malnutrition and Anemia Are Associated with Severe COVID in Infants. Journal Of Tropical Pediatrics, 67(1). doi:
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However, after the 1966 International Covenant the global concern for the access to sufficient food only became more present, leading to the first ever World Food Conference that was held in 1974 in Rome, Italy. The
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and The Lancet Commission have also identified "he double burden of malnutrition", which occurs from "the coexistence of overnutrition (overweight and obesity) alongside undernutrition (stunted growth and wasting)."
2079:
Food sovereignty is one suggested policy framework to resolve access issues. In this framework, people (rather than international market forces) have the right to define their own food, agricultural, livestock, and
9237:"A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010"
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Warming methods are usually most important at night. Prolonged bathing or prolonged medical exams can further lower body temperature and are not recommended for malnourished children at high risk of hypothermia.
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2734:, whether known or suspected, can be treated with a mixture of sugar and water. If the patient is conscious, the initial dose of sugar and water can be given by mouth. Otherwise, they should receive glucose by
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their own farmers, they urged developing countries to cut or eliminate subsidized agricultural inputs, like fertilizer. Without subsidies, few (if any) farmers in developing countries can afford fertilizer at
9120:
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8943:"Promotion And Protection Of All Human Rights, Civil, Political, Economic, Social And Cultural Rights, Including The Right To Development: Report of the Special Rapporteur on the right to food, Jean Ziegler"
1991:
in which all citizens or residents of a country regularly receive an unconditional sum of money, either from a government or some other public institution, in addition to any income received from elsewhere.
708:
An adaptation of Gomez's original classification is still used today. While it provides a way to compare malnutrition within and between populations, this classification system has been criticized for being
8872:
recommends, for initial hypoglycemia, a 50 milliliter bolus of 10% glucose or sucrose. This can also be achieved by added 1 rounded teaspoon of sugar to 10.5 teaspoons of water (which is 3.5 tablespoons of
2137:
diseases. Breastfeeding may improve cognitive abilities in children, and correlates strongly with individual educational achievements. As previously noted, lack of proper breastfeeding is a major factor in
8814:
liters of water, and 50 grams of sucrose. And please remember, sucrose has approximately twice the molecular weight of glucose, with one mole of glucose weighing 180 g and one mole of sucrose weighing 342
4843:
Gautam, S., Verma, M., Barman, S. and Arya, A., 2018. Nutritional status and its corelates in under five slum children of Kanpur Nagar, India. International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics, 5(2), p.584.
7155:
Li, Jiming, Yeyun Xin and Longping Yuan. (2010). Pushing the Yield Frontier: Hybrid rice in China. In MillionsFed: Proved Success in Agriculture Development. Washington, DC: International Policy Research
340:
in 2017. In 2020, 900 million women and children had anemia, which is often caused by iron deficiency. More than 3.1 billion people in the world – 42% – were unable to afford a healthy diet in 2021.
2685:. For general use, each packet should be mixed with a liter of water. However, for malnourished children, experts recommend adding a packet of ORS to two liters of water, along with an extra 50 grams of
2546:
everyday foods with micronutrients before selling them to consumers. For example, flour has been fortified with iron, zinc, folic acid, and other B vitamins like thiamine, riboflavin, niacin and vitamin
4232:
Bhutta ZA, Das JK, Rizvi A, Gaffey MF, Walker N, Horton S, et al. (August 2013). "Evidence-based interventions for improvement of maternal and child nutrition: what can be done and at what cost?".
3586:
4370:"Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015"
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with loss of lean body mass and muscle function. Abdominal obesity or weight loss coupled with sarcopenia lead to immobility, skeletal disorders, insulin resistance, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and
3702:" this includes 8 different eBooks to download for free. These eBooks contain drawings to color, audio narration, and a large number of characters to make nutrition lessons entertaining for children.
1786:), "Zero Hunger", which aims to reduce malnutrition, undernutrition, and stunted child growth. Managing severe acute undernutrition in a community setting has received significant research attention.
1582:
is also a form of malnutrition. In the United States, more than half of all adults are now overweight—a condition that, like hunger, increases susceptibility to disease and disability, reduces worker
9506:
6448:
Gabriele, A. and Schettino, F., 2008. Child Malnutrition and Mortality in Developing Countries: Evidence from a Cross-Country Analysis. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, 8(1), pp. 53–81.
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4080:
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for nutritional deficiencies per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004. Nutritional deficiencies included: protein-energy malnutrition, iodine deficiency, vitamin A deficiency, and iron deficiency anaemia.
2650:
If vomiting occurs, fluids can be paused for 5–10 minutes and then restarted more slowly. Vomiting rarely prevents rehydration, since fluids are still absorbed and vomiting is usually short-term.
2282:
became the main global policy focus to reduce hunger and poverty. In particular, Goal 2: Zero Hunger sets globally agreed-upon targets to wipe out hunger, end all forms of malnutrition, and make
6342:
Tasnim, T., 2018. Determinants of Malnutrition in Children Under Five Years in Developing Countries: A Systematic Review. Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, 9(6), p.333.
2692:
People who have no access to commercially available ORS can make a homemade version using water, sugar, and table salt. Experts agree that homemade ORS preparations should include one liter (34
3406:
births and intrauterine growth restrictions cause 2.2 million child deaths a year. Poor or non-existent breastfeeding causes another 1.4 million. Other deficiencies, such as lack of
2260:
4676:
References Min, J., Zhao, Y., Slivka, L. and Wang, Y., 2017. "Double burden of diseases worldwide: coexistence of undernutrition and overnutrition-related non-communicable chronic diseases".
9824:
2377:(CDC) established the International Micronutrient Malnutrition Prevention and Control (IMMPaCt) program. It tested children for malnutrition by conducting a three-dimensional scan, using an
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to the first 2 years of life". For example, in children under two years of age, iron deficiency anemia is likely to affect brain function acutely, and probably also chronically. Similarly,
463:
deficiencies. It adversely affects physical and mental functioning, and causes changes in body composition and body cell mass. Undernutrition is a major health problem, causing the highest
9582:
Black RE, Allen LH, Bhutta ZA, Caulfield LE, de Onis M, Ezzati M, et al. (January 2008). "Maternal and child undernutrition: global and regional exposures and health consequences".
1730:
would have even greater consequences in terms of malnutrition. Even without an increase of extreme weather events, a simple increase in temperature reduces the productivity of many crop
6848:
Ofori-Asenso, R., Agyeman, A., Laar, A. and Boateng, D., 2016. Overweight and obesity epidemic in Ghana – a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health, 16(1).
3529:
2183:. Additionally, there was an emerging consensus that combating malnutrition is one of the most cost-effective ways to contribute to development. This led to the 2010 launch of the UN's
1846:(DRC). Despite the country's great agricultural potential, the prevalence of malnutrition in the DRC is among the highest in the world. Proponents for investing in agriculture include
2286:. The partnership Compact2025 develops and disseminates evidence-based advice to politicians and other decision-makers, with the goal of ending hunger and undernutrition by 2025. The
5050:
van Zwienen-Pot, J., Visser, M., Kuijpers, M., Grimmerink, M. and Kruizenga, H., 2017. Undernutrition in nursing home rehabilitation patients. Clinical Nutrition, 36(3), pp. 755–759.
2643:. If clean water is available, they should be encouraged to drink that too. Malnourished people should be allowed to drink as much as they want, unless signs of swelling emerge.
8953:
of the United Nations (FAO), the world already produces enough food to feed every child, woman and man and could feed 12 billion people, or double the current world population."
2647:
should be alternated, rehydration should be continued at the same rate or more slowly, depending on how much fluid the child wants and whether they are having ongoing diarrhea.
2142:
rates, and is a primary determinant of disease development for children. The medical community recommends exclusively breastfeeding infants for 6 months, with nutritional whole
3380:
2012 report, one in four of the world's children are chronically malnourished. In 2006, more than 36 million died of hunger or diseases due to deficiencies in micronutrients".
701:, Mexico. They defined three categories of malnutrition: first, second, and third degree. The degree of malnutrition is calculated based on a child's body size compared to the
11185:
8155:
Taylor, Melissa; Tapkigen, Janet; Ali, Israa; Liu, Qin; Long, Qian; Nabwera, Helen (October 12, 2023). Cochrane Developmental, Psychosocial and Learning Problems Group (ed.).
4775:
Estecha Querol, S., Al-Khudairy, L., Iqbal, R., Johnson, S. and Gill, P., 2021. Adolescent undernutrition in South Asia: a scoping review protocol. BMJ Open, 10(1), p.e031955.
3508:
9683:
The addition of antibiotics to therapeutic regimens for uncomplicated severe acute malnutrition was associated with a significant improvement in recovery and mortality rates.
3745:
In Australia malnutrition or risk of malnutrition occurs in 80 percent of elderly people presented to hospitals for admission. Malnutrition and weight loss can contribute to
1948:
However, during a drought, delivering food might be the most appropriate way to help people, especially those who live far from markets and thus have limited access to them.
484:
9945:
Bhutta ZA, Ahmed T, Black RE, Cousens S, Dewey K, Giugliani E, et al. (February 2008). "What works? Interventions for maternal and child undernutrition and survival".
2665:
Oral rehydration solutions consist of clean water mixed with small amounts of sugars and salts. These solutions help restore normal electrolyte levels, provide a source of
1348:
Identification of the social conditions that causes malnutrition in children under five has received significant research attention as it is a major public health problem.
6185:
Aheto JM, Keegan TJ, Taylor BM, Diggle PJ. Childhood Malnutrition and Its Determinants among Under-Five Children in Ghana. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2015;29(6):552–61.
4907:
World Health Organization, Global prevalence of vitamin A deficiency in populations at risk 1995–2005, World Health Organization global database on vitamin A deficiency.
2417:. In people with severe malnutrition complicated by other health problems, treatment in a hospital setting is recommended. In-hospital treatment often involves managing
455:
The prevalence of undernourishment (PoU) was still higher in 2022 than before the pandemic in 58% of countries, and the situation is worse in low-income countries (77%).
7651:
Pugh LC, Milligan RA, Frick KD, Spatz D, Bronner Y (June 2002). "Breastfeeding duration, costs, and benefits of a support program for low-income breastfeeding women".
6299:
Fotso JC, Kuate-Defo B (2005). "Measuring socioeconomic status in health research in developing countries: Should we be focusing on households, communities or both?".
3567:
Undernutrition is an important determinant of maternal and child health, accounting for more than a third of child deaths and more than 10 percent of the total global
1630:
2635:
Malnourished people with diarrhea (especially children) should be encouraged to drink fluids; the best choices are fluids with modest amounts of sugar and salt, like
2179:
Starting around 2009, there was renewed international media and political attention focused on malnutrition. This resulted in part from spikes in food prices and the
9101:
8681:, World Health Organization, 2005. See especially Ch. 4 "Management of Acute Diarrhoea (Without Blood)" and Ch. 8 "Management of Diarrhoea With Severe Malnutrition."
7126:
9624:
Tomkins, A., 2014. Tackling undernutrition in children – new opportunities for innovation and action. Paediatrics and International Child Health, 34(4), pp.235–238.
8445:
Lazzerini M, Rubert L, Pani P (June 2013). "Specially formulated foods for treating children with moderate acute malnutrition in low- and middle-income countries".
3428:
Hunger has been a perennial human problem. However, until the early 20th century, there was relatively little awareness of the qualitative aspects of malnutrition.
3480:'s 1912 formulisation of the concept of vitamins. Scientific study of malnutrition increased in the 1920s and 1930s, and grew even more common after World War II.
8593:
Boateng AA, Sriram K, Meguid MM, Crook M (February 2010). "Refeeding syndrome: treatment considerations based on collective analysis of literature case reports".
2343:
and support, for example in the care of HIV-infected persons, especially in "resource-constrained settings where malnutrition and food insecurity are endemic".
6198:
Khan MM, Kraemer A (August 2009). "Factors associated with being underweight, overweight and obese among ever-married non-pregnant urban women in Bangladesh".
9717:
Collins, S., Sadler, K., Bahwere, P. and Hallam, A., 2007. Management of severe acute malnutrition in children – Authors' reply. The Lancet, 369(9563), p.741.
9170:"Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010"
8500:"Ready-to-use therapeutic food (RUTF) for home-based nutritional rehabilitation of severe acute malnutrition in children from six months to five years of age"
6559:
The epidemiology of coeliac disease (CD) is changing. Presentation of CD with malabsorptive symptoms or malnutrition is now the exception rather than the rule
5740:
2354:
Sending food and money is a common form of development aid, aimed at feeding hungry people. Some strategies help people buy food within local markets. Simply
1289:, shaving incalculable potential off a nation's development." Among those affected, very few people experience the most visible and severe effects: disabling
368:
Projected numbers of undernourished people by FAO indicate that the world is far off track to achieve the Sustainable Development Goal of zero hunger by 2030.
2121:
In 2016, estimates suggested that more widespread breastfeeding could prevent about 823,000 deaths annually of children under age 5. In addition to reducing
9989:
9510:
8808:, WHO, 2005. Specifically, 45 milliliters of potassium chloride solution from a stock solution containing 100g KCl per liter, along with one packet of ORS,
3533:
provided guidance as to how the international community as one could work towards fighting and solving the growing global issue of malnutrition and hunger.
2129:
provides an important source of micronutrients - which are clinically proven to bolster children's immune systems – and provides long-term defenses against
7599:"Factors influencing breastfeeding exclusivity during the first 6 months of life in developing countries: a quantitative and qualitative systematic review"
3457:
to every crewman on their ships. This massively reduced scurvy deaths among British sailors, which in turn gave the British a significant advantage in the
623:
in West Africa. It means "the sickness the baby gets when the next baby is born," as it often occurs when the older child is deprived of breastfeeding and
9443:
Before 1945 very little academic or political notice was taken of the problem of world hunger, since 1945 there has been a vast literature on the subject.
6022:
2599:. Within two to three hours of starting rehydration, children should be encouraged to take food, particularly foods rich in potassium like bananas, green
2520:
clean water or refrigerated. In young children with severe acute malnutrition, it is unclear if ready-to-use therapeutic food differs from a normal diet.
4368:
Wang, Haidong; Naghavi, Mohsen; Allen, Christine; Barber, Ryan M.; et al. (GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators) (October 8, 2016).
4190:
3461:. Later on in the 19th century, the Royal Navy replaced lemons with limes (unaware at the time that lemons are far more effective at preventing scurvy).
2995:
undernourishment occurred despite the world's farmers producing enough food to feed around 12 billion people—almost double the current world population.
1646:). They can also occur in areas which lack the technology or resources needed for the higher yields found in modern agriculture. These resources include
1524:
Undernutrition due to lack of adequate breastfeeding is associated with the deaths of an estimated one million children annually. Illegal advertising of
4153:
1682:. This leads to low agricultural production, low wages, and high, unaffordable food prices. Fertilizer is also increasingly unavailable because Western
8070:"Effectiveness of interventions to manage acute malnutrition in children under 5 years of age in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review"
7754:
5229:
1662:, and storage facilities. As a result of widespread poverty, farmers and governments cannot provide enough of these resources to improve local yields.
8396:"Food supplementation for improving the physical and psychosocial health of socio-economically disadvantaged children aged three months to five years"
6407:
4615:
1929:, the biggest non-governmental distributor of food, announced that it would begin distributing cash and vouchers instead of food in some areas, which
1281:
Iodine deficiency is "the most common preventable cause of mental impairment worldwide." "Even moderate deficiency, especially in pregnant women and
5445:
2241:. It aimed to help these countries improve information and analysis about nutrition, enabling them to develop effective national nutrition policies.
9633:
Mupunga, I., Mngqawa, P. and Katerere, D., 2017. Peanuts, Aflatoxins and Undernutrition in Children in Sub-Saharan Africa. Nutrients, 9(12), p.1287.
2576:, a group of economists who reviewed a variety of development proposals, ranked micronutrient supplementation as its number-one treatment strategy.
5086:
McMinn, J., Steel, C. and Bowman, A., 2011. Investigation and management of unintentional weight loss in older adults. BMJ, 342(mar29 1), p. d1732.
5000:
4646:
Ngaruiya, C., Hayward, A., Post, L. and Mowafi, H., 2017. "Obesity as a form of malnutrition: over-nutrition on the Uganda 'malnutrition' agenda".
713:" and for not considering overweight as a form of malnutrition. Also, height alone may not be the best indicator of malnutrition; children who are
9705:
8037:
6582:
3666:
Women have unique nutritional requirements, and in some cases need more nutrients than men; for example, women need twice as much calcium as men.
669:(BMI) of 25 or more, and can lead to obesity (a BMI of 30 or more). Obesity has become a major health issue worldwide. Overnutrition is linked to
10591:
10147:
Saka B, Kaya O, Ozturk GB, Erten N, Karan MA (December 2010). "Malnutrition in the elderly and its relationship with other geriatric syndromes".
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3734:
contribute to malnutrition. However, the mortality rate due to undernourishment may be reduced. Because of this, one of the main requirements of
6333:
Alvear-Vega, S. and Vargas-Garrido, H., 2022. Social determinants of malnutrition in Chilean children aged up to five. BMC Public Health, 22(1).
1827:
companies that made seeds available. These resources were in short supply in Africa, decreasing the Green Revolution's impact on the continent.
1590:. Overeating is much more common in the United States, since most people have adequate access to food. Many parts of the world have access to a
4916:
Black RE et al., Maternal and child undernutrition: global and regional exposures and health consequences, The Lancet, 2008, 371(9608), p. 253.
4534:
4520:
2677:
reducing stool volume and vomiting while simultaneously preventing dehydration. Packets of reduced-osmolarity ORS include glucose, table salt,
5392:"Burden of anemia and its underlying causes in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019"
4564:
Lenters, Lindsey; Wazny, Kerri; Bhutta, Zulfiqar A. (2016), Black, Robert E.; Laxminarayan, Ramanan; Temmerman, Marleen; Walker, Neff (eds.),
3537:
1319:
665:
Excessive consumption of energy-dense foods and drinks and limited physical activity causes overnutrition. It causes overweight, defined as a
11505:
11030:
3876:
336:
As of June 2021, 1.9 billion adults were overweight or obese, and 462 million adults were underweight. Globally, two billion people had
8157:"The impact of growth monitoring and promotion on health indicators in children under five years of age in low- and middle-income countries"
5596:
The GBD. 2015 Obesity Collaborators. Health Effects of Overweight and Obesity in 195 Countries over 25 Years. N. Engl J Med. 2017;377:13–27.
2287:
3757:
noted that routine nutrition screenings represent one way to detect and therefore decrease the prevalence of malnutrition in the elderly.
888:. Protein and energy undernutrition increases susceptibility to infection; so do deficiencies of specific micronutrients (including iron,
554:(PEM). This condition involves both micronutrient deficiencies and an imbalance of protein intake and energy expenditure. It differs from
7092:
2662:(ORT). In severely undernourished children with diarrhea, rehydration should be done slowly, according to the World Health Organization.
2443:
A severely malnourished child who appears to have dehydration, but has not had diarrhea, should be treated as if they have an infection.
1301:. These effects occur most commonly in mountain villages. However, 16 percent of the world's people have at least mild goiter (a swollen
1051:
9873:
8347:"Community-based supplementary feeding for promoting the growth of children under five years of age in low and middle income countries"
2374:
1726:
crops there. Other central Asian nations experienced similar losses. An increase in extreme weather such as drought in regions such as
558:
in that calorie restriction may not result in negative health effects. Hypoalimentation (underfeeding) is one cause of undernutrition.
274:
Commission suggested expanding the definition of malnutrition to include "all its forms, including obesity, undernutrition, and other
10540:
1714:
498:
depend on which micronutrient is lacking. However, undernourished people are often thin and short, with very poor energy levels; and
8776:
1823:
The Green Revolution was possible in Asia because of existing infrastructure and institutions, such as a system of roads and public
313:
the prevalence of wasting among children under five in South Asia was reported to be 16% moderately or severely wasted. As of 2022,
11192:
9169:
7191:
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is a major factor preventing low income households from getting nutritious food For example, Khan and Kraemer (2009) found that in
9888:
7814:
7874:
7553:
Lessen R, Kavanagh K (March 2015). "Position of the academy of nutrition and dietetics: promoting and supporting breastfeeding".
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1364:
was associated with chronic malnutrition since it inhibited purchase of nutritious foods (like milk, meat, poultry, and fruits).
8865:
8328:
5652:
Stevenson RD, Conaway MR (August 2011). "Weight and mortality rates: "Gómez classification" for children with cerebral palsy?".
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10342:
6500:
Baro M, Deubel TF (2006). "Persistent Hunger: Perspectives on Vulnerability, Famine, and Food Security in Sub-Saharan Africa".
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3683:
Frequent pregnancies with short intervals between them and long periods of breastfeeding add an additional nutritional burden.
1746:
2393:
that community and outpatient management of children with uncomplicated malnutrition may be the most cost-effective strategy.
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5455:
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4585:
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4441:
4337:
4062:
4007:
3957:
3911:
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1554:
It is not just the total amount of calories that matters but specific nutritional deficiencies such as vitamin A deficiency,
535:, but can also result from other micronutrient deficiencies and diseases. This condition can have major health consequences.
8038:"Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion"
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5331:
4085:
3800:
633:(meaning 'to waste away') can result from a sustained diet that is deficient in both protein and energy. This causes their
8837:
7134:
2062:
10584:
8946:
7946:
5318:
2446:
Among malnourished people who are hospitalized, nutritional support improves protein intake, calorie intake, and weight.
1987:
has been proposed as a way to ensure that everyone has enough money to buy food and other basic needs. This is a form of
10364:
Bolin T, Bare M, Caplan G, Daniells S, Holyday M (2010). "Malabsorption may contribute to malnutrition in the elderly".
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2436:
are usually recommended because malnutrition weakens the immune system, causing a high risk of infection. Additionally,
10549:
9481:
7467:
2218:
697:
In 1956, Gómez and Galvan studied factors associated with death in a group of undernourished children in a hospital in
17:
3503:(UDHR). Within this document it stated that access to food was part of an adequate right to a standard of living. The
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which disguises the patient's undernourished condition. 'Kwashiorkor' means 'displaced child' and is derived from the
11023:
10053:"Risk of malnutrition and health-related quality of life in community-living elderly men and women: the Tromsø study"
8950:
5543:
3552:
2263:
campaign is an online communication campaign whose goal is to raise awareness about hunger. The campaign has created
2245:
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1634:
Most of the people unable to afford a healthy diet in 2021 lived in southern Asia, and in eastern and western Africa.
3395:, result in another 84,000 deaths. In 2010 malnutrition caused about 1.5 million deaths in women and children.
1352:
probability of overnutrition is significantly higher in higher-income families than in disadvantaged families. High
5773:
3538:
Additional Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights in the area of Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights
1843:
513:
Micronutrient undernutrition results from insufficient intake of vitamins and minerals. Worldwide, deficiencies in
324:
affects one third of children under age 5 around the world, leading to 670,000 deaths and 250,000–500,000 cases of
10107:
Wellman NS, Weddle DO, Kranz S, Brain CT (October 1997). "Elder insecurities: poverty, hunger, and malnutrition".
9287:
7899:
7844:
7468:"PE Initiative: Fostering Evidence-based Organizational Change and Development in a Resource- constrained Setting"
4101:
Papadia C, Di Sabatino A, Corazza GR, Forbes A (February 2014). "Diagnosing small bowel malabsorption: a review".
2290:(IFPRI) led the partnership, with the involvement of UN organisations, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and
1266:. This most commonly occurs in people who were malnourished during a "critical period ... from the final third of
538:
It is possible to have overnutrition simultaneously with micronutrient deficiencies; this condition is termed the
10894:
10862:
10666:
10608:
7380:
7355:
6980:
Battisti, David S. "Climate Change in Developing Countries." University of Washington. Seattle. October 27, 2008.
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2414:
551:
177:
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three-quarters of UK women aged 16–49 indicated by them having less folic acid than the WHO recommended levels.
10577:
7856:
6131:
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reports, temperature increases in these regions are "very likely." Even small changes in temperatures can make
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Safer water, better health – Costs, benefits and sustainability of interventions to protect and promote health
4161:
2323:
Efforts such as infant and young child feeding practices to improve nutrition are some of the common forms of
2221:
launched a partnership to combat undernutrition, especially in children. The program was first implemented in
850:
The World Health Organization frequently uses these classifications of malnutrition, with some modifications.
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8942:
2838:
2279:
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1614:, people are living more sedentary lifestyles. These factors combine to make weight gain difficult to avoid.
1327:
1314:
946:
can also occur in malnourished people, and can be life-threatening, especially in babies and small children.
435:
266:, overnutrition in the form of obesity is beginning to appear within the same communities as undernutrition.
68:
9007:
8272:"Nutritional Support and Outcomes in Malnourished Medical Inpatients: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis"
7758:
4663:, 2019. "The Global Syndemic of Obesity, Undernutrition, and Climate Change: The Lancet Commission report."
3650:
and childbearing, close birth spacing, and undernutrition, all of which contribute to malnourished mothers.
2159:
medical interventions benefiting child health. While there are considerable differences among developed and
51:
11405:
11016:
10671:
10293:"Malnutrition in elder care: qualitative analysis of ethical perceptions of politicians and civil servants"
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resulted in 600,000 deaths down from 883,000 deaths in 1990. Other nutritional deficiencies, which include
2774:
2607:
2275:
1898:
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11095:
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6586:
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One of the first official global documents addressing Food security and global malnutrition was the 1948
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1945:, which runs a money transfer program that allows cash to be sent from one part of a country to another.
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380:, which continues to highlight the weaknesses of current food and health systems. It has contributed to
11400:
8394:
Kristjansson E, Francis DK, Liberato S, Benkhalti Jandu M, Welch V, Batal M, et al. (March 2015).
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7238:
Memorandum to former Representative Steve Solarz (United States, Democratic Party, New York), July 1994
4570:
Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health: Disease Control Priorities, Third Edition (Volume 2)
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3580:
2440:
are recommended in all severely undernourished children with diarrhea requiring admission to hospital.
2191:
2050:
1185:
495:
352:
239:
5884:
Stillwaggon E (2008). "Race, Sex, and the Neglected Risks for Women and Girls in Sub-Saharan Africa".
5097:"Global hunger declining, but still unacceptably high International hunger targets difficult to reach"
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2834:
781:
Waterlow classification is that weight for height can be calculated even if a child's age is unknown.
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11446:
10016:
9455:
9401:
Grigg D (1981). "The historiography of hunger: changing views on the world food problem, 1945–1980".
9337:
5390:
Safiri S, Kolahi AA, Noori M, Nejadghaderi SA, Karamzad N, Bragazzi NL, et al. (November 2021).
5320:
Essential Nutrition Actions: Improving Maternal, Newborn, Infant and Young Child Health and Nutrition
4542:
4013:
2437:
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2310:
1070:
480:
279:
9305:
8825:"Guidelines for the control of shigellosis, including epidemics due to Shigella dysenteriae type 1".
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even if the term malnutrition is used which, by definition, could also apply to too much nutrition.
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2712:
2659:
2130:
1738:
10564:
6352:
5972:"Early postnatal protein-calorie malnutrition and cognition: a review of human and animal studies"
5267:
5243:
2658:
If prevention has failed and dehydration develops, the preferred treatment is rehydration through
764:
SOURCE:"Serum Total Protein and Albumin Levels in Different Grades of Protein Energy Malnutrition"
11178:
11113:
10676:
8270:
Bally MR, Blaser Yildirim PZ, Bounoure L, Gloy VL, Mueller B, Briel M, Schuetz P (January 2016).
6601:
3692:
2283:
2049:"no matter how a famine is caused, methods of breaking it call for a large supply of food in the
1820:. Consequently, food prices and malnutrition decreased (as they had earlier in Western nations).
942:. Children are particularly at risk and can become hypoglycemic after 4 to 6 hours without food.
678:
10212:
Volkert D (2002). "Malnutrition in the elderly – prevalence, causes and corrective strategies".
10185:
Volkert D (2002). "Malnutrition in the elderly – prevalence, causes and corrective strategies".
7423:
Waters HR, Penny ME, Creed-Kanashiro HM, Robert RC, Narro R, Willis J, et al. (July 2006).
6870:
5575:
4926:
1709:
is of importance to food security. Almost all malnourished people (95%) live in the tropics and
11510:
11500:
11377:
11354:
11323:
11133:
10754:
9374:
9363:
8777:"WHO Drug Information Vol. 16, No. 2, 2002: Current Topics: New formula oral rehydration salts"
6956:
6907:
4572:, Washington (DC): The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank,
3392:
2758:
2361:
Longer-term measures include improving agricultural practices, reducing poverty, and improving
1908:
claims to be part of the solution to malnutrition, asserting that countries can best break the
1683:
1659:
1603:
1525:
684:
According to UNICEF, at least 1 in every 10 children under five is overweight in 33 countries.
532:
81:
10504:
7356:"Environment – United Nations Population Division | Department of Economic and Social Affairs"
7107:
7073:
6627:
5284:
4724:
WHO. The double burden of malnutrition. Policy brief. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2017.
4690:
2527:
if fed too quickly. Refeeding syndrome can result regardless of whether food is taken orally,
1912:
and malnutrition by building export-led economies, which give them the financial means to buy
11495:
11300:
10914:
10847:
10715:
9235:
Lim SS, Vos T, Flaxman AD, Danaei G, Shibuya K, Adair-Rohani H, et al. (December 2012).
7799:
EU launches new partnership to combat Undernutrition with Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
7270:
5223:
5061:
4735:
4431:
4052:
3886:
3881:
3815:
3783:
3559:, which offered states a framework of how to increase the right to food on a national basis.
2673:
2489:
1938:
1528:
contributed to malnutrition and continued three decades after its 1981 prohibition under the
1507:
In infants, a lack of breastfeeding may contribute to undernourishment. Anorexia nervosa and
1286:
1180:
1078:
956:
505:
is also common. People who are undernourished often get infections and frequently feel cold.
220:
10034:
8824:
8805:
8694:
8678:
8648:
8629:
8239:
7499:
Victora CG, Bahl R, Barros AJ, França GV, Horton S, Krasevec J, et al. (January 2016).
6513:
1535:
Maternal malnutrition can also factor into the poor health or death of a baby. Over 800,000
1426:
as a replacement for traditional fuels raises the price of food. The United Nations special
637:
to adapt to prolong survival. The primary symptoms are severe wasting, leaving little or no
291:
11441:
11387:
10825:
10819:
10811:
10796:
10777:
10446:
9775:
Nubé M, Van Den Boom GJ (2003). "Gender and adult undernutrition in developing countries".
9643:
Trehan I, Goldbach HS, LaGrone LN, Meuli GJ, Wang RJ, Maleta KM, Manary MJ (January 2013).
9410:
8929:. Bonn, Washington DC, Dublin: Welthungerhilfe, IFPRI, and Concern Worldwide. October 2015.
7992:
5495:"Serum Total Protein and Albumin Levels in Different Grades of Protein Energy Malnutrition"
5351:
Morley, J., 2012. Undernutrition in older adults. Family Practice, 29(suppl 1), pp.i89-i93.
3896:
3789:
3676:
3496:
of the 1950s and 1960s saw considerable improvement in capability to prevent malnutrition.
2784:
2573:
2532:
2199:
1842:
rose. Such investments in agriculture are still needed in other African countries like the
1805:
1361:
1263:
1127:
705:
weight for their age. The risk of death increases with increasing degrees of malnutrition.
522:
321:
301:
263:
9532:
9168:
Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, Lim S, Shibuya K, Aboyans V, et al. (December 2012).
8850:
8321:
8319:
8317:
8315:
8313:
8311:
8309:
8307:
7845:
Compact2025: Ending hunger and undernutrition. 2015. Project Paper. IFPRI: Washington, DC.
6991:
6798:
6072:
4319:
3646:
inequality in nutrition in some countries such as India is present in all stages of life.
1812:) to Asia. Investments in agriculture, such as fund fertilizers and seeds, increased food
843:
SOURCE: "Classification and definition of protein-calorie malnutrition." by Waterlow, 1972
8:
11515:
11469:
11410:
11341:
11274:
11047:
11039:
10931:
10919:
10909:
10456:
8780:
8702:
The Treatment of diarrhoea : a manual for physicians and other senior health workers
7798:
7320:
Chapman R (1999). "No room at the inn, or why population problems are not all economic".
6483:
3952:
3947:
3750:
3739:
3465:
3464:
According to historian Michael Worboys, malnutrition was essentially discovered, and the
2983:
2708:
2536:
2333:
2045:
2012:
1606:", where fat- and sugar-laden foods have taken precedence over healthy nutritious foods.
1595:
1462:
1394:
1389:
1145:
1016:
657:. Conditions are characterized by extreme wasting of the muscles and a gaunt expression.
642:
555:
373:
people were moderately or severely food insecure in 2022, 391 million more than in 2019.
173:
9414:
9204:
8181:
8156:
7996:
7811:
7404:
Ohlin, G. (1967). Population control and economic development. Paris: Dev Centers, OECD.
7195:
4883:
4824:
3423:
2722:
Examples of commercially available oral rehydration salts (Nepal on left, Peru on right)
2373:
Measuring children is crucial to identifying malnourishment. In 2000, the United States
1933:, the WFP's executive director, described as a "revolution" in food aid. The aid agency
11256:
10982:
10839:
10638:
10319:
10292:
10268:
10243:
10077:
10052:
9970:
9892:
9847:
9800:
9669:
9644:
9607:
9426:
9261:
9236:
9217:
8989:
8753:
8726:
8524:
8499:
8422:
8395:
8371:
8346:
8304:
8109:
8096:
8069:
8016:
7731:
7704:
7676:
7623:
7598:
7413:
Nielson, K. (1992). Global Justice, Capitalism and the Third World. (R.A. Wilkons, Ed.)
7337:
7293:
6755:
6728:
6702:
6679:
6654:
6316:
6108:
6091:
5998:
5971:
5947:
5920:
5901:
5861:
5821:
5796:
5760:
5677:
5557:
5418:
5391:
5206:
5181:
4977:
4952:
4514:
4394:
4369:
4343:
4258:
4126:
3962:
3866:
3718:
3585:
3398:
According to the World Health Organization, malnutrition is the biggest contributor to
2779:
2678:
2543:
2524:
2328:
2291:
2160:
1926:
1727:
1497:
1439:
1408:
1275:
1224:
1156:
1004:
491:
328:. Vitamin A supplementation has been shown to reduce all-cause mortality by 12 to 24%.
228:
88:
10225:
10198:
10120:
9958:
9595:
9252:
9185:
8977:
8863:
National Guidelines for the Management of Severely Malnourished Children in Bangladesh
8326:
National Guidelines for the Management of Severely Malnourished Children in Bangladesh
7517:
7500:
7054:
6564:
5857:
4385:
4246:
471:
effects. It is a barrier to the complete physical and mental development of children.
467:
in children, particularly in those under 5 years, and is responsible for long-lasting
11328:
11246:
11215:
10954:
10949:
10904:
10899:
10741:
10728:
10381:
10324:
10273:
10164:
10124:
10082:
9962:
9792:
9674:
9599:
9434:
9381:
9266:
9209:
9194:
9145:
9110:
8993:
8981:
8862:
8758:
8705:
8610:
8575:
8529:
8458:
8427:
8376:
8325:
8293:
8250:
8212:
8186:
8113:
8101:
8008:
7736:
7668:
7664:
7628:
7570:
7532:
7446:
7341:
7300:
7249:"Improving Social Security in Canada Guaranteed Annual Income: A Supplementary Paper"
6760:
6684:
6670:
6633:
6607:
6550:
6463:
6320:
6279:
6207:
6113:
6031:
6003:
5952:
5905:
5826:
5765:
5721:
5669:
5549:
5539:
5451:
5423:
5327:
5290:
5211:
5067:
4982:
4741:
4591:
4581:
4502:
4492:
4437:
4399:
4347:
4333:
4296:
4292:
4250:
4118:
4058:
4003:
3937:
3871:
3805:
3547:
A later document in the timeline of global initiatives for malnutrition was the 1996
3388:
3377:
2682:
2528:
2389:
2057:
and control, but also to undertaking work programmes and other methods of increasing
2028:
1934:
1508:
1416:
1385:, and/or poverty, since there has always been enough food for everyone in the world.
1378:
1074:
989:
931:
670:
377:
337:
325:
76:
10559:
9974:
9851:
9804:
9557:
8570:
8553:
8288:
8271:
7831:
7680:
7039:
5865:
5561:
5096:
4279:
Kastin DA, Buchman AL (November 2002). "Malnutrition and gastrointestinal disease".
4262:
4130:
4002:(4th ed.). New York: United Nations Children's Fund. 2010. pp. 61 and 75.
11372:
11085:
10867:
10782:
10515:
10373:
10314:
10304:
10263:
10259:
10255:
10221:
10194:
10156:
10116:
10072:
10064:
9954:
9843:
9839:
9784:
9664:
9656:
9611:
9591:
9418:
9331:"Hunger, Science, and Politics: FAO, WHO, and Unicef Nutrition Policies, 1945–1978"
9256:
9248:
9221:
9199:
9189:
9181:
8973:
8806:
The Treatment of Diarrhoea: A manual for physicians and other senior health workers
8748:
8738:
8679:
The Treatment of Diarrhoea: A manual for physicians and other senior health workers
8602:
8565:
8519:
8515:
8511:
8454:
8450:
8417:
8407:
8366:
8362:
8358:
8283:
8247:
The Treatment of diarrhoea: a manual for physicians and other senior health workers
8176:
8172:
8168:
8091:
8081:
8055:
8020:
8000:
7726:
7716:
7660:
7618:
7610:
7562:
7522:
7512:
7436:
7329:
7248:
6750:
6740:
6674:
6666:
6540:
6509:
6308:
6103:
5993:
5983:
5942:
5932:
5893:
5853:
5816:
5808:
5755:
5713:
5681:
5661:
5531:
5506:
5413:
5403:
5201:
5193:
4972:
4964:
4577:
4573:
4389:
4381:
4325:
4288:
4242:
4110:
3795:
3493:
3299:
2739:
2700:
2122:
2074:
2058:
2032:
1909:
1882:
1801:
1687:
1570:
1411:
in the United States was collapsing, it is said that trillions of dollars moved to
1382:
1085:; loose and wrinkled skin (in marasmus); shiny and edematous skin (in kwashiorkor)
993:
654:
596:
275:
232:
109:
10689:
9330:
8793:
8480:
7501:"Breastfeeding in the 21st century: epidemiology, mechanisms, and lifelong effect"
7021:
7008:
6389:
903:. It also raises the risk of HIV transmission from mother to child, and increases
11287:
11261:
11159:
11118:
10889:
10884:
10469:
8869:
8332:
8127:
7818:
6273:
5937:
5624:
4457:
3942:
3825:
3820:
3458:
3399:
2584:
2535:. It can present several days after eating with potentially fatal heart failure,
2413:
It is often possible to manage severe malnutrition within a person's home, using
2382:
2324:
2195:
2143:
2139:
2037:
1988:
1930:
1817:
1763:
1718:
1599:
1591:
1587:
1559:
1555:
1536:
1501:
1493:
1466:
1114:
939:
904:
666:
381:
134:
10244:"Protein and energy supplementation in elderly people at risk from malnutrition"
9788:
8904:
7295:
An essay on the principle of population: text, sources and background, criticism
6889:
6370:
5528:
Listening to the Ga: Cicely Williams' discovery of kwashiorkor on the Gold Coast
2401:. This program is often performed at the same time as a child has their regular
459:
Undernutrition can occur either due to protein-energy wasting or as a result of
11382:
11128:
11123:
11108:
10924:
10160:
9923:
7980:
7566:
7288:
6926:
6462:(7th ed.). Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. pp. Chp 93.
5408:
5152:
5126:
5026:
4798:
4565:
3861:
3622:
3617:
3568:
3541:
3402:, present in half of all cases. Six million children die of hunger every year.
2746:
may be helpful. Blood sugar levels should be re-checked on two-hour intervals.
2203:
2164:
2024:
1706:
1691:
1169:
1106:
859:
612:
604:
464:
398:
247:
10377:
10068:
8606:
6460:
Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases
6312:
5897:
5717:
5535:
4506:
4114:
3714:
422:
11489:
11474:
10959:
10857:
7920:
6655:"Marketing breast milk substitutes: problems and perils throughout the world"
3830:
3504:
3433:
2600:
2336:
micronutrients to pregnant women and young children in the developing world.
2253:
2249:
2089:
1847:
1795:
1758:
1679:
1643:
1619:
1447:
1431:
1082:
1047:
885:
777:
714:
710:
646:
460:
349:
243:
130:
117:
93:
Problems with physical or mental development; poor energy levels; hair loss;
10431:
10427:
10309:
7474:
7441:
7424:
6729:"The role of food and nutrition system approaches in tackling hidden hunger"
4191:"An update of 'The Neglected Crisis of Undernutrition: Evidence for Action'"
3675:
FAO of the UN reported that iron deficiency affected 43 percent of women in
1669:
and some wealthy donor countries have pressured developing countries to use
11456:
11451:
11423:
11228:
11065:
10877:
10852:
10806:
10526:
10385:
10328:
10277:
10168:
10086:
9994:
9966:
9796:
9678:
9603:
9438:
9270:
9213:
9137:
9054:
9032:
8985:
8938:
8762:
8614:
8579:
8533:
8462:
8431:
8380:
8297:
8190:
8105:
8012:
7976:
7740:
7721:
7672:
7632:
7574:
7536:
7450:
7208:
Andrew S. Natsios (Administrator U.S. Agency for International Development)
6764:
6688:
6554:
6211:
6117:
6007:
5956:
5812:
5725:
5673:
5665:
5553:
5511:
5494:
5427:
5215:
4986:
4968:
4595:
4486:
4403:
4300:
4254:
4122:
3932:
3906:
3846:
3735:
3722:
3520:
3477:
3473:
2731:
2666:
2560:
2418:
2402:
2302:
2206:
2163:, there are universal determinants of whether a mother breastfeeds or uses
1984:
1980:
1583:
1435:
1173:
1141:
1123:
1035:
927:
912:
900:
873:
592:
150:
10128:
9660:
8925:
K. von Grebmer, J. Bernstein, A. de Waal, N. Prasai, S. Yin, Y. Yohannes:
8393:
6745:
5988:
5830:
5769:
2271:
voicing their anger about the large number of hungry people in the world.
1964:
1749:, colony collapse disorder represents a threat to the global food supply.
11310:
11305:
10997:
10987:
10872:
10628:
10618:
10499:
8884:"Mortality and Burden of Disease Estimates for WHO Member States in 2002"
7425:"The cost-effectiveness of a child nutrition education programme in Peru"
6799:
Improving Child Nutrition – The achievable imperative for global progress
6439:
Countries. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 11(s1), pp.S113-S125.
6021:
Kenton R. Holden (2007). "Malnutrition and Brain Development: A Review".
5001:"WHO guidance helps detect iron deficiency and protect brain development"
4766:
India: a community-based cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 20(1).
3774:
3485:
3469:
3403:
2754:
2735:
2704:
2693:
2615:
2480:
2471:
2426:
2422:
2355:
2348:
2340:
2264:
2168:
2126:
2093:
1958:
1851:
1670:
1639:
1504:. "Secondary malnutrition" can result from increased energy expenditure.
1404:
1374:
1353:
1197:
1165:
1161:
1101:
1093:
985:
943:
698:
616:
607:
of skin and hair. The disorder is further identified by a characteristic
577:
562:
499:
384:, increasing hunger worldwide; meanwhile, lower physical activity during
255:
124:
31:
8743:
8412:
8209:
Guidelines for the inpatient treatment of severely malnourished children
8004:
7527:
6529:"Coeliac disease in the 21st century: paradigm shifts in the modern age"
4425:
4423:
4421:
4419:
4417:
4415:
4413:
3612:
2314:
A Somali boy receiving treatment for malnourishment at a health facility
717:
may be considered short for their age even if they have good nutrition.
11170:
10647:
10521:
9326:
8249:(4 ed.). Geneva: World Health Organization. 2005. pp. 22–24.
7333:
5370:
Sobotka, L., 2012. Basics in clinical nutrition. 4th ed. Prague: Galen.
3746:
3450:
2640:
2556:
2555:) is made with fortified wheat flour. Other fortified products include
2463:
2454:
2433:
2362:
2347:
provides nutritional counselling services for malnourished children in
2222:
2085:
1905:
1855:
1839:
1767:
1710:
1666:
1655:
1647:
1611:
1610:
and nutrition, is high in calories. Due to increasing urbanization and
1579:
1427:
1412:
1357:
1323:
1211:
1204:
634:
587:
is primarily caused by inadequate protein intake. Its symptoms include
476:
468:
390:
271:
185:
161:
11008:
9990:"Folic acid to be added to UK flour in effort to reduce birth defects"
9889:"Survey Reveals High Malnutrition Rates Among Pregnant Women in Kenya"
9430:
8704:(4 ed.). Geneva: World Health Organization. 2005. pp. 8–16.
7614:
6545:
6528:
5197:
2458:
Baby with protein malnutrition due to insufficient amount of nutrients
1983:
address malnutrition in places where people lack money to buy food. A
1377:
observes that, in recent decades, famine has always been a problem of
27:
Medical condition caused by receiving too little or too many nutrients
11210:
11075:
10510:
10475:
10441:
9507:"Universal Declaration on the Eradication of Hunger and Malnutrition"
8927:
2015 Global Hunger Index – Armed Conflict and the Challenge of Hunger
8086:
6827:
6488:
6247:
4410:
4329:
3916:
3835:
3407:
2596:
2592:
2552:
2268:
2054:
1976:
1949:
1942:
1913:
1809:
1651:
1470:
1401:
1294:
1267:
1189:
1119:
1012:
1008:
976:
Moon face (in kwashiorkor); shrunken, monkey-like face (in marasmus)
600:
518:
138:
10410:
9645:"Antibiotics as part of the management of severe acute malnutrition"
9103:
State of the World's Mothers 2012: Nutrition in the first 1,000 days
9076:
7466:
Nyonator FK, Phillips JF, Awoonor-Williams JK, Jones TC, Miller JR.
7221:
6632:(6th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders/Elsevier. 2012. p. 324.
5605:
Nicolaidis S. Environment and obesity. Metabolism. 2019;100s:153942.
2248:
created a partnership aimed at ending hunger in Africa by 2025. The
2023:
Restricting population size is a proposed solution to malnutrition.
1481:, can cause malnutrition. So can some chronic illnesses, especially
30:"Underfeeding" redirects here. For the concept in metalworking, see
11138:
11080:
11055:
10992:
10702:
10661:
10623:
9422:
7597:
Balogun OO, Dagvadorj A, Anigo KM, Ota E, Sasaki S (October 2015).
5921:"Malnutrition and infection: complex mechanisms and global impacts"
3530:
Universal Declaration on the Eradication of Hunger and Malnutrition
3489:
3441:
2743:
2611:
2580:
2000:
1969:
1954:
1835:
1489:
1298:
1220:
1059:
674:
572:
566:
385:
258:. A surplus of nutrients causes overnutrition, which can result in
216:
113:
64:
60:
8844:
8498:
Schoonees A, Lombard MJ, Musekiwa A, Nel E, Volmink J (May 2019).
7108:"Obama enlists major powers to aid poor farmers with $ 15 billion"
4566:"Management of Severe and Moderate Acute Malnutrition in Children"
4324:. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. 2020.
3309:
Deaths from nutritional deficiencies per million persons in 2012:
2975:
The figures provided in this section on epidemiology all refer to
2742:. If seizures occur (and continue after glucose is given), rectal
1713:, where the climate is relatively stable. According to the latest
11103:
11070:
11060:
10801:
8727:"Reducing deaths from diarrhoea through oral rehydration therapy"
7979:, Cassidy ES, Gerber JS, Johnston M, et al. (October 2011).
7465:
7009:
Honey Bee Die-Off Alarms Beekeepers, Crop growers and researchers
6962:. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. November 12–17, 2007
6733:
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
5976:
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
3699:
3444:
sometimes used anti-scurvy measures – for example, ensuring that
2686:
2339:
The United Nations has reported on the importance of nutritional
2226:
2211:
2134:
2081:
1890:
1870:
1866:
1813:
1731:
1694:
and Keith Rosenberg cited as the obstacle to feeding Africa by .
1674:
1642:, adverse weather, and/or poorer farming skills (like inadequate
1574:
Chart showing a trend between obesity and diabetes over the years
1478:
1474:
1443:
1423:
1302:
1239:
1149:
1135:
1055:
935:
920:
893:
877:
863:
624:
608:
502:
345:
259:
251:
224:
146:
142:
98:
10480:
8269:
7422:
6606:(2nd ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier/Academic Press. p. 68.
5180:
Mark HE, Dias da Costa G, Pagliari C, Unger SA (December 2020).
2036:
population growth. According to the World Health Organization, "
1488:
Malnutrition can also result from abnormal nutrient loss due to
1339:
11233:
10790:
10569:
10544:
10422:
8853:, Oral Rehydration Solution, Scott Moses, MD, February 1, 2014.
7216:
7214:
6927:"State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World (SOFI) 2023"
6703:"Malnutrition Kills Over 3 Million Children Annually Worldwide"
5797:"Classification and definition of protein-calorie malnutrition"
5704:
Grover Z, Ee LC (October 2009). "Protein energy malnutrition".
5153:"State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World (SOFI) 2023"
5127:"State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World (SOFI) 2023"
5027:"State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World (SOFI) 2023"
4829:
4100:
3643:
3629:
3512:
3445:
3437:
2344:
2008:
1886:
1831:
1723:
1544:
1365:
1290:
1282:
1271:
1235:
1216:
1193:
916:
702:
650:
528:
521:, and iron are the most common. Children and pregnant women in
514:
314:
8344:
7127:"Severe Malnutrition, A Disturbance in Nigerian Health Sector"
6171:
6169:
6167:
6165:
6163:
5179:
3509:
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
2198:
international agreement on food aid. The following month, the
1686:
have fought to end its use due to environmental concerns. The
344:
Certain groups have higher rates of undernutrition, including
160:
Improving agricultural practices; reducing poverty; improving
10050:
9918:
9916:
9914:
9912:
9910:
7974:
5389:
3927:
3590:
3454:
2718:
2636:
2238:
2230:
2110:
1830:
For example, almost five million of the 13 million people in
1771:
1540:
892:, and vitamins). In communities or areas that lack access to
638:
620:
588:
246:. Undernutrition is a lack of nutrients, which can result in
94:
10343:"Care crisis triggers rise in malnutrition, charities claim"
7211:
6275:
Poverty and famines: An essay on entitlement and deprivation
5447:
Nutrition in pediatrics: basic science, clinical application
3768:
1804:
aimed to bring modern Western agricultural techniques (like
896:, these additional health risks present a critical problem.
525:
are at especially high risk for micronutrient deficiencies.
10051:
Kvamme JM, Olsen JA, Florholmen J, Jacobsen BK (May 2011).
8725:
Victora CG, Bryce J, Fontaine O, Monasch R (January 2000).
8724:
8497:
8345:
Sguassero Y, de Onis M, Bonotti AM, Carroli G (June 2012).
6779:"Causes and Impacts of Undernutrition over the Life Course"
6160:
3411:
2378:
2306:
A malnourished Afghan child being treated by a medical team
2234:
2106:
1876:
1824:
1783:
1673:
policies. Even as the United States and Europe extensively
1530:
WHO International Code of Marketing Breast Milk Substitutes
1482:
1020:
889:
9907:
9642:
9082:. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations
9057:. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations
9035:. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations
8949:
of the United Nations, January 10, 2008."According to the
6458:
Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, Douglas RG, eds. (2010).
6457:
5439:
5437:
1054:(alternating bands of light and normal color); broomstick
10241:
9581:
6580:
5970:
Laus MF, Vales LD, Costa TM, Almeida SS (February 2011).
5493:
Chowdhury MS, Akhter N, Haque M, Aziz R, Nahar N (2009).
5316:
2548:
1778:
Reducing malnutrition is key part of the United Nations'
1742:
1370:
908:
899:
Undernutrition plays a major role in the onset of active
198:
821 million undernourished / 11% of the population (2017)
10046:
10044:
9704:
Prüss-Üstün, A., Bos, R., Gore, F., Bartram, J. (2008).
8592:
8554:"Refeeding syndrome: clinical and nutritional relevance"
7923:, published 25 February 2003, accessed 20 September 2023
7596:
7194:. World Food Programme. December 8, 2008. Archived from
6599:
6193:
6191:
5492:
4281:
Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care
4200:. Department for International Development. October 2012
1747:
many agricultural crops worldwide are pollinated by bees
397:
Other major causes of hunger include manmade conflicts,
10363:
10290:
10242:
Milne AC, Potter J, Vivanti A, Avenell A (April 2009).
10142:
10140:
10138:
10106:
9944:
9926:. Food and Agriculture of the United Nations. July 2001
9167:
8068:
Das JK, Salam RA, Saeed M, Kazmi FA, Bhutta ZA (2020).
7498:
5434:
5104:
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
5059:
4480:
4478:
4096:
4094:
2998:
Malnutrition, as of 2010, was the cause of 1.4% of all
2614:
without simultaneously supplementing potassium worsens
2466:
recommends ten steps for treating severe malnutrition:
1865:(RUTF) has been used to treat malnutrition in northern
1415:
in food and primary commodities, causing the 2007–2008
190:
Eating food with enough nutrients on a near daily basis
10102:
10100:
10098:
10096:
9708:. World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, Switzerland
8962:
7650:
5289:. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. 2011. p. 194.
4367:
2327:. Interventions often promote breastfeeding to reduce
219:, resulting in health problems. Specifically, it is a
10041:
8240:"8. Management of diarrhoea with severe malnutrition"
7921:
Nutrition plays key role in HIV/AIDS care, UN reports
6188:
5969:
5326:. Geneva: World Health Organization. pp. vi-94.
4488:
Advanced nutrition and dietetics in nutrition support
376:
These increases are partially related to the ongoing
238:
Malnutrition is a category of diseases that includes
10400:
10135:
8154:
4761:
4759:
4757:
4535:"WHO, nutrition experts take action on malnutrition"
4475:
4231:
4091:
3764:
10146:
10093:
9234:
8444:
7968:
6408:"Progress For Children: A Report Card On Nutrition"
6353:"The role of speculators in the global food crisis"
5879:
5877:
5875:
5443:
5060:Rosenthal RA, Zenilman ME, Katlic MR, eds. (2011).
4737:
World Hunger Routledge Introductions to Development
4710:
4708:
4616:"Progress For Children: A Report Card On Nutrition"
4274:
4272:
3544:based on respect for the essential rights of man."
1937:piloted a method of giving cash assistance using a
926:Undernutrition can also cause acute problems, like
447:
Number of undernourished people (2020–2022 average)
9362:
8552:Viana L, Burgos MG, Silva R (January–March 2012).
8067:
7947:"World Food Programme, Cash and Vouchers for Food"
7812:Africa's Renewed Partnership to End Hunger by 2025
7292:
5347:
5345:
5343:
4563:
3536:Adoption of the right to food was included in the
2506:Prepare for discharge and follow-up after recovery
2174:
550:'Undernutrition' sometimes refers specifically to
439:Prevalence of undernourishment (2020–2022 average)
348:people and women (in particular while pregnant or
10554:
9356:
9354:
7555:Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics
6726:
6600:Caballero B, Lindsay A, Prentice A, eds. (2005).
6073:"In raising the world's IQ the secret is in salt"
5844:Watts G (December 2010). "John Conrad Waterlow".
5738:
5647:
5645:
5488:
5486:
5484:
4950:
4754:
3205:Number of undernourished in the developing world
2523:Severely malnourished individuals can experience
1539:have occurred because of deficient growth of the
1046:Dull, sparse, brittle hair, with thinning of the
692:
215:occurs when an organism gets too few or too many
11487:
10291:Mamhidir AG, Kihlgren M, Soerlie V (June 2010).
10180:
10178:
9774:
9077:"The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2015"
9055:"The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2008"
9033:"The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2006"
8695:"4. Management of acute diarrhoea without blood"
8551:
8056:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-277x.2012.01234.x
6864:
6862:
6860:
6858:
6856:
6854:
6020:
5918:
5872:
5790:
5788:
5786:
5651:
4705:
4269:
4154:"Maternal, newborn, child and adolescent health"
2783:Percentage of population suffering from hunger,
2711:due to their potential complications, including
2699:Patients who do not drink may require fluids by
2566:
2190:In April 2012, a number of countries signed the
1734:, and decreases food security in these regions.
1638:Local food shortages can be caused by a lack of
1096:; thin and soft nail plates; fissures or ridges
934:). This condition can cause lethargy, limpness,
8689:
8687:
8234:
8232:
8230:
8228:
7702:
7287:
7271:"A model of African food aid is now in trouble"
7055:"How a Kenyan village tripled its corn harvest"
6871:"Ending Famine, Simply by Ignoring the Experts"
6809:
6807:
6298:
6132:"Bệnh suy dinh dưỡng trẻ em: Tổng hợp năm 2021"
5530:. Clio Medica. Vol. 61. pp. 149–171.
5340:
4799:"The State of Food Security and Nutrition 2023"
2088:working to build support for food sovereignty.
508:
9987:
9818:
9816:
9814:
9351:
8794:Low-osmolarity oral rehydration solution (ORS)
8674:
8672:
8670:
8668:
8666:
8664:
8662:
7797:European Commission Press release. June 2015.
7552:
7090:
7074:"In Africa, prosperity from seeds falls short"
7052:
6989:
6813:
6629:Stoelting's anesthesia and co-existing disease
6233:
5837:
5741:"The Gomez classification. Time for a change?"
5699:
5697:
5695:
5693:
5691:
5642:
5481:
5444:Duggan C, Watkins JB, Walker WA, eds. (2008).
5228:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 (
5066:(2nd ed.). Berlin: Springer. p. 78.
4321:The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2018
3669:
2707:fluids are recommended only in those who have
1465:which increase nutrient requirements, such as
545:
394:severe disease increases with undernutrition.
11186:
11024:
10585:
10237:
10235:
10175:
9770:
9768:
9766:
9764:
9762:
9760:
9758:
9282:
9280:
8796:, Rehydrate Project, updated: April 23, 2014.
8640:
7703:Cai X, Wardlaw T, Brown DW (September 2012).
7168:
7166:
7164:
7162:
6851:
6727:Burchi F, Fanzo J, Frison E (February 2011).
5783:
5499:Journal of Bangladesh Society of Physiologist
4278:
4057:. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. pp. 36–38.
3877:Integrated Food Security Phase Classification
3608:Food security § Gender and food security
3519:on December 16, 1966. The Right to food is a
2368:
1858:in fertilizer and seed for Africa's farmers.
649:levels. It is traditionally seen in cases of
627:to a diet composed largely of carbohydrates.
10109:Journal of the American Dietetic Association
9938:
9482:"What is the Right to Food? | Right to food"
9360:
9325:
9306:"U.N. chief: Hunger kills 17,000 kids daily"
8684:
8225:
8206:
7781:"Outcome | Copenhagen Consensus Center"
6804:
6229:
6227:
6225:
6223:
6221:
5279:
5277:
5063:Principles and practice of geriatric surgery
4953:"Iodine Deficiency, Still a Global Problem?"
4484:
4429:
3755:Journal of the American Dietetic Association
2288:International Food Policy Research Institute
2150:
2105:proven very successful in countries such as
1625:
206:406,000 from nutritional deficiencies (2015)
10248:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
9871:
9811:
9636:
9163:
9161:
8956:
8659:
8547:
8545:
8543:
8504:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
8447:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
8438:
8400:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
8351:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
8202:
8200:
8049:
8047:
7492:
7105:
6576:
6574:
6520:
6197:
5883:
5688:
5519:
4314:
4312:
4310:
4046:
4044:
4042:
4040:
4038:
4036:
4034:
2653:
1450:, should be used as fuel instead of crops.
687:
11193:
11179:
11031:
11017:
10592:
10578:
10232:
9755:
9575:
9277:
9069:
9047:
9025:
8558:Arquivos Brasileiros de Cirurgia Digestiva
7705:"Global trends in exclusive breastfeeding"
7159:
7091:John Ulimwengu; et al. (March 2013).
6992:"Rice yields falling under global warming"
6533:Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
6499:
6092:"Health consequences of iodine deficiency"
6030:. New York, NY: Demos Medical Publishing.
5732:
4693:. The Lancet Commission. December 16, 2019
4519:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2375:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
2155:Breastfeeding is noted as one of the most
2084:systems. Food First is one of the primary
1602:psychologist Kelly Brownell calls this a "
1457:
1308:
1109:, particularly in the buttocks and thighs
653:, significant food restriction, or severe
10318:
10308:
10267:
10076:
9668:
9321:
9319:
9260:
9203:
9193:
8752:
8742:
8731:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
8569:
8523:
8421:
8411:
8370:
8287:
8180:
8095:
8085:
7730:
7720:
7622:
7526:
7516:
7440:
6900:
6754:
6744:
6678:
6544:
6218:
6107:
6070:
5997:
5987:
5946:
5936:
5820:
5759:
5748:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
5510:
5450:. Hamilton: BC Decker. pp. 127–141.
5417:
5407:
5274:
5205:
4976:
4733:
4485:Hickson, Mary; Smith, Sara, eds. (2018).
4393:
4361:
4148:
4146:
4144:
4142:
4140:
4076:
4074:
3989:
3987:
3985:
3983:
3981:
3979:
2626:
2217:In June 2015, the European Union and the
1995:
1885:and prepared blend consisting of peanut,
1715:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
1122:, usually resulting from deficiencies in
884:Undernutrition weakens every part of the
771:
726:% of desired body weight for age and sex
576:Child in the United States with signs of
295:Number of people undernourished by region
11200:
9228:
9158:
8540:
8478:
8197:
8044:
7892:
7192:"Cash roll-out to help hunger hot spots"
7118:
6951:
6949:
6947:
6571:
6267:
6265:
6096:Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal
5794:
5703:
4307:
4227:
4225:
4223:
4221:
4219:
4217:
4215:
4185:
4183:
4181:
4179:
4031:
3713:
3658:requirements, is difficult to estimate.
3628:
3611:
3584:
3304:
2833:
2778:
2717:
2453:
2309:
2301:
1963:
1762:
1629:
1569:
1407:are increasing the cost of food. As the
1338:
1318:
1254:
867:
571:
450:
442:
434:
290:
11038:
10211:
10184:
9731:
9729:
9727:
9725:
9723:
9456:"Universal Declaration of Human Rights"
9136:
8646:
8627:
8474:
8472:
8161:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
7698:
7696:
7694:
7692:
7690:
7646:
7644:
7642:
7592:
7590:
7588:
7586:
7584:
7319:
7124:
6957:"Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report"
6720:
6526:
6514:10.1146/annurev.anthro.35.081705.123224
6387:
6066:
6064:
6062:
6024:Neurologic Consequences of Malnutrition
5525:
5244:"Goal 2020: Zero Hunger-United Nations"
5089:
4659:Swinburn, B., Kraak, V., Allender, S.,
3738:is to provide an adequate diet and all
3549:Rome Declaration on World Food Security
2462:In response to child malnutrition, the
2092:advocate for an increasing role of the
1770:canals have opened dry desert areas of
1371:Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
1334:
1196:, often resulting from deficiencies in
14:
11488:
9735:
9394:
9316:
8150:
8148:
8032:
8030:
7757:. United Nations. 2015. Archived from
7548:
7546:
7099:
7071:
6924:
6868:
6793:
6791:
6583:"Water-related diseases: Malnutrition"
5150:
5124:
5024:
4137:
4071:
3976:
3922:National Security Study Memorandum 200
3562:
3424:Hunger § The fight against hunger
2318:
2065:in a general inflationary situation."
2053:. This applies not only to organizing
11174:
11012:
10573:
9832:Studies on Home and Community Science
9822:
9558:"Rome Declaration and Plan of Action"
9533:"American Convention on Human Rights"
9400:
8481:"Firms target nutrition for the poor"
8211:. Geneva: World Health Organization.
7040:"Goal2: Zero Hunger – United Nations"
7019:
6944:
6887:
6652:
6262:
6089:
5919:Schaible UE, Kaufmann SH (May 2007).
5843:
5739:Gueri M, Gurney JM, Jutsum P (1980).
5312:
5310:
5308:
5306:
5175:
5173:
4793:
4791:
4789:
4787:
4785:
4783:
4781:
4436:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 37.
4212:
4176:
4050:
3958:United Nations Millennium Declaration
3912:Nutrition and Education International
3686:
3501:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
3476:. Advances built on prior works like
2591:Malnourished children also need both
2408:
1247:Source: "Protein Energy Malnutrition"
423:Daniel Quinn on Facts of World Hunger
11506:Health effects of food and nutrition
10345:. Home care Insight. August 19, 2019
9720:
9000:
8897:
8838:"Dehydration, treatments and drugs."
8779:. September 23, 2012. Archived from
8469:
7687:
7639:
7581:
7184:
7174:"UN aid debate: give cash not food?"
6059:
5396:Journal of Hematology & Oncology
3801:Child health and nutrition in Africa
3721:are one of the main requirements of
2843:
2621:
2510:
2449:
2167:; these include income, employment,
2099:
2007:Successful initiatives also include
1514:
9988:Denis Campbell (October 14, 2014).
9698:
9649:The New England Journal of Medicine
8905:"Global hunger worsening, warns UN"
8621:
8145:
8027:
7981:"Solutions for a cultivated planet"
7709:International Breastfeeding Journal
7543:
7464:180. New York: Population Council.
7106:Baker P, Dugger CW (July 9, 2009).
6996:BBC News; Science & Environment
6788:
6390:"Biofuels 'crime against humanity'"
6271:
5268:"2020 Global crisis on Food crises"
5182:"Malnutrition: the silent pandemic"
4691:"The Double Burden of Malnutrition"
3440:. Much later, in the 14th century,
2689:and some stock potassium solution.
2669:, and help with fluid replacement.
2219:Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
2068:
2018:
1519:
913:vitamin-deficiency-related diseases
359:
231:which adversely affects the body's
24:
9886:
9736:Moumen, Hana (February 24, 2023).
7022:"Vanishing bees threaten US crops"
6908:"Forgotten benefactor of humanity"
6816:"Escaping Hunger, Escaping Excess"
6581:World Health Organization (2001).
6236:"Escaping Hunger, Escaping Excess"
6071:McNeil Jr DG (December 16, 2006).
5706:Pediatric Clinics of North America
5317:World Health Organization (2013).
5303:
5286:Essentials of International Health
5170:
4927:"Vitamin A Deficiency in Children"
4901:
4778:
3006:Number of undernourished globally
2989:
2726:
2494:Correct micronutrient deficiencies
1598:also contribute to overnutrition.
1594:of non-nutritious food. Increased
1565:
1285:, lowers intelligence by 10 to 15
363:
223:, excess, or imbalance of energy,
25:
11542:
10396:
9126:from the original on May 23, 2012
8951:Food and Agriculture Organization
7755:"The history of the SUN Movement"
6990:Black, Richard (August 9, 2010).
5578:. World Health Organization. 2021
4951:Biban BG, Lichiardopol C (2017).
3553:Food and Agriculture Organization
2246:Food and Agriculture Organization
2202:recommended that politicians and
1697:
1622:and diabetes, that may be fatal.
1562:can also increase risk of death.
1343:A child with extreme malnutrition
671:chronic non-communicable diseases
430:
10599:
10357:
10335:
10284:
10205:
10027:
10009:
9981:
9880:
9865:
9711:
9688:
9627:
9618:
9550:
9525:
9499:
9474:
9448:
9298:
9130:
9094:
8932:
8919:
8907:. BBC (Europe). October 14, 2009
8876:
8856:
8831:
8818:
8799:
8787:
8769:
8718:
8586:
8491:
8387:
8338:
8263:
8120:
8061:
7939:
7926:
7913:
7900:"Infant and Young Child Feeding"
7867:
7849:
7838:
7824:
7804:
7791:
7773:
7747:
7665:10.1046/j.1523-536X.2002.00169.x
7457:
7416:
7407:
7398:
7373:
7348:
7313:
7281:
7263:
7241:
7232:
7202:
7149:
7084:
7065:
7053:Barclay, Eliza (June 18, 2008).
7046:
7032:
7013:
7002:
6983:
6974:
6918:
6881:
6842:
6771:
6695:
6671:10.1136/archdischild-2011-301299
6659:Archives of Disease in Childhood
6563:
6371:"Biofuel use increasing poverty"
6138:(in Vietnamese). August 27, 2021
4293:10.1097/00075197-200211000-00014
3767:
3453:was issuing frequent rations of
3436:reportedly knew the symptoms of
2476:Prevent or treat low blood sugar
2116:
1961:than to import it from abroad."
1844:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1789:
747:Moderate: Grade II (2nd degree)
660:
417:
50:
10035:"Team Nutrition MyPlate eBooks"
9738:"Undernourished and Overlooked"
8628:Kristof ND (December 4, 2008).
8571:10.1590/s0102-67202012000100013
8289:10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.6587
7821:. Accessed on November 1, 2015.
7381:"Family planning/Contraception"
6646:
6620:
6603:Encyclopedia of human nutrition
6593:
6493:
6476:
6451:
6442:
6432:
6400:
6381:
6363:
6345:
6336:
6327:
6292:
6179:
6150:
6124:
6083:
6014:
5963:
5912:
5617:
5608:
5599:
5590:
5568:
5464:
5383:
5373:
5364:
5354:
5260:
5250:
5236:
5144:
5118:
5080:
5053:
5044:
5018:
4993:
4957:Current Health Sciences Journal
4944:
4919:
4910:
4876:
4866:
4856:
4846:
4837:
4817:
4769:
4727:
4718:
4683:
4670:
4653:
4640:
4608:
4557:
4527:
4450:
4103:Internal and Emergency Medicine
3517:United Nations General Assembly
2768:
2175:21st century global initiatives
2063:shifts in exchange entitlements
1190:loss of knee and ankle reflexes
755:Severe: Grade III (3rd degree)
603:; the condition may also cause
180:; treating the underlying cause
10260:10.1002/14651858.CD003288.pub3
9844:10.1080/09737189.2008.11885247
9288:"Malnutrition The Starvelings"
8516:10.1002/14651858.CD009000.pub3
8455:10.1002/14651858.CD009584.pub2
8363:10.1002/14651858.CD005039.pub3
8173:10.1002/14651858.CD014785.pub2
7801:. Accessed on November 1, 2015
7603:Maternal & Child Nutrition
7125:Chinedu O (October 12, 2018).
7072:Dugger CW (October 10, 2007).
6925:Moumen, Hana (July 12, 2023).
6869:Dugger CW (December 2, 2007).
6388:Ferrett G (October 27, 2007).
5795:Waterlow JC (September 1972).
5151:Moumen, Hana (July 12, 2023).
5125:Moumen, Hana (July 12, 2023).
5025:Moumen, Hana (July 12, 2023).
4578:10.1596/978-1-4648-0348-2_ch11
4433:Clinical Nutrition in Practice
3000:disability adjusted life years
2749:
2415:ready-to-use therapeutic foods
1780:Sustainable Development Goal 2
1274:deficiency has been linked to
793:Wasting (%) Weight for height
693:Definition by Gomez and Galvan
580:, a dietary protein deficiency
307:
178:ready-to-use therapeutic foods
13:
1:
11531:Hazards of outdoor recreation
10226:10.1016/S0261-5614(02)80014-0
10199:10.1016/S0261-5614(02)80014-0
10121:10.1016/S0002-8223(97)00744-X
9959:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61693-6
9596:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61690-0
9253:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61766-8
9186:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0
8978:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61689-4
7518:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01024-7
7222:"Let them eat micronutrients"
6814:Gardner G, Halweil B (2000).
6502:Annual Review of Anthropology
6234:Gardner G, Halweil B (2000).
5858:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62252-0
4386:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1
4247:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)60996-4
3969:
3661:
2839:Disability-adjusted life year
2567:Micronutrient supplementation
2503:Provide psychological support
2280:Sustainable Development Goals
1863:Ready to Use Therapeutic Food
1752:
1511:can also cause malnutrition.
1315:List of types of malnutrition
540:double burden of malnutrition
286:
11406:Obstetric labor complication
9008:"Putting a number on hunger"
8479:Anderson T (June 24, 2009).
7251:. Government of Canada. 1994
6890:"Zambia: fertile but hungry"
6888:Biles P (February 6, 2006).
5938:10.1371/journal.pmed.0040115
5576:"Fact sheets – Malnutrition"
5476:Dorland's Medical Dictionary
5200:(inactive August 20, 2024).
4086:Dorland's Medical Dictionary
3892:Malnutrition in South Africa
3852:Hunger in the United Kingdom
3698:Team Nutrition has created "
3298:
2775:Epidemiology of malnutrition
2579:In malnourished people with
2297:
2276:Millennium Development Goals
1919:
1800:In the 1950s and 1960s, the
1745:die in large numbers. Since
1395:differences in income levels
1326:soldier on his release from
1260:Protein-calorie malnutrition
790:Stunting (%) Height for age
509:Micronutrient undernutrition
331:
7:
10667:Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome
9924:"Gender and Nutrition 2001"
9789:10.1080/0301446031000119601
9109:, Save the Children, 2012,
8647:Kristof ND (May 24, 2009).
8074:Campbell Systematic Reviews
7785:www.copenhagenconsensus.com
6278:. Oxford University Press.
4648:Pan African Medical Journal
3857:Hunger in the United States
3760:
3670:Pregnancy and breastfeeding
3574:
3571:according to 2008 studies.
3385:protein-energy malnutrition
2485:Prevent or treat infection;
2358:at school is insufficient.
2256:into national legislation.
1038:mottling; delayed eruption
911:. Undernutrition can cause
739:Mild: Grade I (1st degree)
552:protein–energy malnutrition
546:Protein-energy malnutrition
485:Moderate Acute Malnutrition
10:
11547:
11401:Complications of pregnancy
10555:World Food Programme | WFP
10161:10.1016/j.clnu.2010.04.006
9872:Najma Rizvi (March 2013).
9012:Putting a number on hunger
7567:10.1016/j.jand.2014.12.014
7429:Health Policy and Planning
7322:Population and Environment
7093:"Need in a land of planty"
7020:Wells M (March 11, 2007).
6301:Social Indicators Research
5409:10.1186/s13045-021-01202-2
4884:"Malnutrition in Children"
4667:, 393(10173), pp. 791–846.
4491:. Hoboken, NJ. p. 3.
3811:Community Therapeutic Care
3709:
3605:
3581:Undernutrition in children
3578:
3421:
3417:
2772:
2438:broad spectrum antibiotics
2369:Identifying malnourishment
2192:Food Assistance Convention
2072:
2051:Public Distribution System
1869:. Some Nigerians also use
1793:
1756:
1312:
1245:
1186:Global developmental delay
996:(in vitamin A deficiency)
857:
853:
841:
762:
496:micronutrient deficiencies
401:, and economic downturns.
29:
11465:
11447:Connective tissue disease
11432:
11419:
11396:
11368:
11350:
11337:
11319:
11296:
11283:
11270:
11242:
11224:
11206:
11147:
11114:African sleeping sickness
11094:
11046:
10975:
10940:
10838:
10769:
10672:Wernicke's encephalopathy
10646:
10637:
10607:
10550:United Nation 2007 report
10490:
10404:
10378:10.1016/j.nut.2009.11.016
10115:(10 Suppl 2): S120–S122.
10069:10.1007/s11136-010-9788-0
9338:University College London
8891:World Health Organization
8868:October 19, 2011, at the
8607:10.1016/j.nut.2009.11.017
8331:October 19, 2011, at the
7817:January 28, 2020, at the
7385:World Health Organization
7275:Christian Science Monitor
7178:Christian Science Monitor
7059:Christian Science Monitor
6527:Newnham ED (March 2017).
6313:10.1007/s11205-004-5579-8
6200:Singapore Medical Journal
6090:Kapil U (December 2007).
5898:10.1080/13545700802262923
5718:10.1016/j.pcl.2009.07.001
5536:10.1163/9789004333390_008
4740:. Routledge. p. 20.
4539:World Health Organization
4115:10.1007/s11739-012-0877-7
3589:Malnourished children in
2551:. Baladi bread (Egyptian
2516:undernourished children.
2399:World Health Organization
2151:Barriers to breastfeeding
2011:'s recycling program for
1626:Agricultural productivity
1071:follicular hyperkeratosis
569:; both commonly coexist.
533:caused by iron deficiency
481:Severe Acute Malnutrition
416:
411:
280:World Health Organization
202:
194:
184:
168:
156:
123:
112:with too few or too many
104:
87:
75:
58:
49:
44:
11437:Musculoskeletal disorder
11360:Gastrointestinal disease
10057:Quality of Life Research
9891:. UNICEF. Archived from
9371:Harvard University Press
9365:Hunger: A Modern History
8851:Family Practice Notebook
8630:"Raising the world's IQ"
7975:Foley JA, Ramankutty N,
6413:. UNICEF. Archived from
4621:. UNICEF. Archived from
3902:Malnutrition in Zimbabwe
3842:Food Donation Connection
3601:
3593:, during the 2005 famine
3557:Right to Food Guidelines
2713:congestive heart failure
2660:oral rehydration therapy
2654:Oral rehydration therapy
2542:Some manufacturers have
2497:Start feeding cautiously
1972:, Quebec, Canada in 1931
1739:colony collapse disorder
1578:Overnutrition caused by
1077:- and hypopigmentation;
949:
876:with undernutrition and
688:Classifying malnutrition
11160:Priority review voucher
10310:10.1186/1472-6939-11-11
10021:Action for Healthy Kids
9825:"Malnutrition in Women"
9777:Annals of Human Biology
9144:. Fayard. p. 130.
6246:(4): 24. Archived from
5801:British Medical Journal
4430:Katsilambros N (2011).
3693:Action for Healthy Kids
2709:significant dehydration
2500:Achieve catch-up growth
2429:, and gradual feeding.
2421:, maintaining adequate
2284:agriculture sustainable
2244:Also in 2015, the UN's
1834:used to need emergency
1526:breast-milk substitutes
1458:Diseases and conditions
1309:Causes and risk factors
679:cardiovascular diseases
677:, certain cancers, and
404:
11378:Female genital disease
11355:Maxillofacial disorder
11324:Cardiovascular disease
8783:on September 23, 2012.
8276:JAMA Internal Medicine
7722:10.1186/1746-4358-7-12
6826:(4): 5. Archived from
6653:Brady JP (June 2012).
5813:10.1136/bmj.3.5826.566
5666:10.1542/peds.2011-1472
5512:10.3329/jbsp.v3i0.1799
5257:10.1093/tropej/fmaa084
4969:10.12865/CHSJ.43.02.01
3726:
3634:
3626:
3594:
3393:iron deficiency anemia
3372:
2972:
2831:
2723:
2627:Preventing dehydration
2490:electrolyte imbalances
2464:Bangladeshi government
2459:
2315:
2307:
1996:Successful initiatives
1973:
1775:
1635:
1604:toxic food environment
1575:
1344:
1331:
881:
772:Definition by Waterlow
581:
456:
448:
440:
369:
296:
82:Critical care medicine
11301:Neurological disorder
10848:Electrolyte imbalance
10716:Pyridoxine deficiency
10690:Riboflavin deficiency
10017:"Nutrition Education"
9661:10.1056/NEJMoa1202851
9361:James Vernon (2007).
9195:10536/DRO/DU:30050819
8207:Ann Ashworth (2003).
7875:"Goal 2: Zero hunger"
7832:"Goal 2: Zero Hunger"
7442:10.1093/heapol/czl010
7291:, Appleman P (1976).
7198:on February 12, 2009.
7131:Public Health Nigeria
6746:10.3390/ijerph8020358
6589:on December 11, 2003.
5989:10.3390/ijerph8020590
3887:Malnutrition in India
3882:List of global issues
3816:Deficiency (medicine)
3784:Action Against Hunger
3717:
3632:
3615:
3588:
3468:established, between
3308:
2837:
2782:
2759:core body temperature
2721:
2457:
2313:
2305:
2278:expired in 2015, the
2181:2008 financial crisis
2031:can be controlled by
1967:
1939:mobile phone operator
1916:on the world market.
1766:
1741:, a phenomenon where
1633:
1573:
1342:
1322:
1264:cognitive impairments
1255:Cognitive development
957:altered mental status
940:loss of consciousness
871:
609:swelling of the belly
575:
561:Two forms of PEM are
454:
446:
438:
367:
294:
11442:Soft tissue disorder
11388:Male genital disease
11201:Major Disease groups
10826:Vitamin K deficiency
10820:Vitamin E deficiency
10797:Vitamin D deficiency
10778:Vitamin A deficiency
10677:Korsakoff's syndrome
9312:. November 17, 2009.
9142:L'Empire de la honte
8947:Human Rights Council
7857:"Leadership Council"
5779:on January 27, 2005.
4825:"Child Malnutrition"
4380:(10053): 1459–1544.
4054:Food and development
4019:on December 12, 2018
3897:Malnutrition in Peru
3790:A Place at the Table
3677:developing countries
3507:was asserted in the
3466:science of nutrition
2785:World Food Programme
2585:zinc supplementation
2574:Copenhagen Consensus
2481:low body temperature
2200:Copenhagen Consensus
2194:, the world's first
2185:Scaling up Nutrition
2161:developing countries
2144:food supplementation
1806:nitrogen fertilizers
1684:environmental groups
1596:sedentary lifestyles
1362:socioeconomic status
1335:Social and political
1050:; hypopigmentation;
778:John Conrad Waterlow
523:low-income countries
500:swelling in the legs
322:Vitamin A deficiency
302:developing countries
264:developing countries
172:Improved nutrition;
11470:Congenital disorder
11411:Postpartum disorder
11342:Respiratory disease
11275:Hematologic disease
11048:Diseases of poverty
11040:Diseases of poverty
9486:www.righttofood.org
9415:1981TrIBG...6..279G
9294:. January 24, 2008.
9247:(9859): 2224–2260.
9180:(9859): 2095–2128.
8972:(9859): 2197–2223.
8649:"The Hidden Hunger"
8413:10.4073/csr.2015.11
8005:10.1038/nature10452
7997:2011Natur.478..337F
7936:, Summer 2023, p. 9
7861:www.compact2025.org
7137:on October 18, 2018
6830:on January 12, 2012
6420:on January 12, 2021
6250:on January 12, 2012
4680:, 19(1), pp. 49–61.
4628:on January 12, 2021
3953:Sustainable fishery
3948:Starvation response
3753:. A paper from the
3751:metabolic disorders
3740:essential nutrients
3719:Essential nutrients
3563:Special populations
3551:, organized by the
3239:Number in millions
3206:
3139:Number in millions
3043:Number in millions
3007:
2984:Global Hunger Index
2616:low blood potassium
2606:Giving base (as in
2319:Improving nutrition
2292:private foundations
1901:for household use.
1463:Infectious diseases
1330:prison, around 1865
1276:neural tube defects
1023:(in vitamin C and B
1019:; spongy, bleeding
1017:parotid enlargement
894:safe drinking water
820:Moderate: Grade II
556:calorie restriction
11257:Metabolic disorder
11096:Neglected diseases
11081:Diarrheal diseases
10840:Mineral deficiency
10639:Vitamin deficiency
10491:External resources
10297:BMC Medical Ethics
10214:Clinical Nutrition
10187:Clinical Nutrition
10149:Clinical Nutrition
9513:on October 8, 2018
8634:The New York Times
7761:on October 2, 2018
7511:(10017): 475–490.
7334:10.1007/BF02436122
7112:The New York Times
6707:Medical News Today
6539:(Suppl 1): 82–85.
5886:Feminist Economics
5526:Stanton J (2001).
5471:"hypoalimentation"
4734:Liz Young (2002).
3963:Vitamin deficiency
3867:The Hunger Project
3727:
3687:Educating children
3635:
3627:
3595:
3373:
3204:
3005:
2973:
2832:
2724:
2679:potassium chloride
2525:refeeding syndrome
2460:
2409:Medical management
2316:
2308:
2046:different theories
1974:
1968:A soup kitchen in
1927:World Food Program
1850:, who argues that
1776:
1737:Another threat is
1728:Sub-Saharan Africa
1665:Additionally, the
1636:
1576:
1440:agricultural waste
1409:real-estate bubble
1400:It is argued that
1345:
1332:
1225:bleeding diathesis
1005:Angular stomatitis
882:
831:Severe: Grade III
582:
492:signs and symptoms
479:, chronic hunger,
457:
449:
441:
370:
297:
59:Underfed child in
18:Nutrition disorder
11483:
11482:
11329:Lymphatic disease
11247:Endocrine disease
11216:Parasitic disease
11168:
11167:
11006:
11005:
10955:Failure to thrive
10950:Delayed milestone
10834:
10833:
10812:Harrison's groove
10742:Folate deficiency
10729:Biotin deficiency
10536:
10535:
9953:(9610): 417–440.
9895:on March 28, 2014
9874:"Enduring misery"
9590:(9608): 243–260.
9462:. October 6, 2015
9387:978-0-674-02678-0
9151:978-2-253-12115-2
9116:978-1-888393-24-8
8737:(10): 1246–1255.
8711:978-92-4-159318-2
8256:978-92-4-159318-2
8218:978-92-4-154609-6
7991:(7369): 337–342.
7615:10.1111/mcn.12180
7480:on March 11, 2012
7306:978-0-393-09202-8
6639:978-1-4557-3812-0
6613:978-0-08-045428-3
6546:10.1111/jgh.13704
6469:978-0-443-06839-3
6285:978-0-19-828463-5
6037:978-1-933864-03-7
5807:(5826): 566–569.
5457:978-1-55009-361-2
5296:978-1-4496-6771-9
5270:. April 20, 2020.
5246:. April 20, 2020.
5198:10.1136/bmj.m4593
5073:978-1-4419-6999-6
4747:978-1-134-77494-4
4587:978-1-4648-0348-2
4545:on April 14, 2011
4498:978-1-118-99386-6
4443:978-1-4443-4777-7
4339:978-92-5-132901-6
4241:(9890): 452–477.
4164:on March 10, 2012
4064:978-1-135-99941-4
4051:Young EM (2012).
4009:978-92-806-4466-1
3938:Project Open Hand
3872:Income inequality
3806:Childhood obesity
3434:ancient Egyptians
3389:iodine deficiency
3378:Save the Children
3296:
3295:
3202:
3201:
2970:
2969:
2964:
2955:
2946:
2937:
2928:
2919:
2908:
2899:
2890:
2881:
2872:
2863:
2854:
2757:(dangerously low
2683:trisodium citrate
2622:Treating diarrhea
2539:, and confusion.
2511:Therapeutic foods
2479:Prevent or treat
2470:Prevent or treat
2450:Bangladeshi model
2390:systematic review
2100:Health facilities
2061:for those hit by
2033:natural disasters
2029:population growth
1935:Concern Worldwide
1852:wealthy countries
1515:Dietary practices
1509:bariatric surgery
1417:food price crisis
1379:food distribution
1252:
1251:
1248:
990:periorbital edema
848:
847:
844:
769:
768:
765:
593:liver enlargement
531:is most commonly
428:
427:
378:COVID-19 pandemic
338:iodine deficiency
210:
209:
39:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
11538:
11526:Eating behaviors
11373:Urologic disease
11195:
11188:
11181:
11172:
11171:
11033:
11026:
11019:
11010:
11009:
10644:
10643:
10594:
10587:
10580:
10571:
10570:
10402:
10401:
10390:
10389:
10372:(7–8): 852–853.
10361:
10355:
10354:
10352:
10350:
10339:
10333:
10332:
10322:
10312:
10288:
10282:
10281:
10271:
10239:
10230:
10229:
10209:
10203:
10202:
10182:
10173:
10172:
10144:
10133:
10132:
10104:
10091:
10090:
10080:
10048:
10039:
10038:
10031:
10025:
10024:
10013:
10007:
10006:
10004:
10002:
9985:
9979:
9978:
9942:
9936:
9935:
9933:
9931:
9920:
9905:
9904:
9902:
9900:
9884:
9878:
9877:
9869:
9863:
9862:
9860:
9858:
9829:
9823:Dewan M (2008).
9820:
9809:
9808:
9772:
9753:
9752:
9750:
9748:
9733:
9718:
9715:
9709:
9702:
9696:
9692:
9686:
9685:
9672:
9640:
9634:
9631:
9625:
9622:
9616:
9615:
9579:
9573:
9572:
9570:
9568:
9554:
9548:
9547:
9545:
9543:
9529:
9523:
9522:
9520:
9518:
9509:. Archived from
9503:
9497:
9496:
9494:
9492:
9478:
9472:
9471:
9469:
9467:
9452:
9446:
9445:
9398:
9392:
9391:
9368:
9358:
9349:
9348:
9346:
9344:
9335:
9323:
9314:
9313:
9302:
9296:
9295:
9284:
9275:
9274:
9264:
9232:
9226:
9225:
9207:
9197:
9165:
9156:
9155:
9134:
9128:
9127:
9125:
9108:
9098:
9092:
9091:
9089:
9087:
9081:
9073:
9067:
9066:
9064:
9062:
9051:
9045:
9044:
9042:
9040:
9029:
9023:
9022:
9020:
9018:
9004:
8998:
8997:
8960:
8954:
8936:
8930:
8923:
8917:
8916:
8914:
8912:
8901:
8895:
8894:
8888:
8880:
8874:
8860:
8854:
8848:
8842:
8835:
8829:
8822:
8816:
8803:
8797:
8791:
8785:
8784:
8773:
8767:
8766:
8756:
8746:
8722:
8716:
8715:
8699:
8691:
8682:
8676:
8657:
8656:
8644:
8638:
8637:
8625:
8619:
8618:
8590:
8584:
8583:
8573:
8549:
8538:
8537:
8527:
8495:
8489:
8488:
8476:
8467:
8466:
8442:
8436:
8435:
8425:
8415:
8391:
8385:
8384:
8374:
8342:
8336:
8323:
8302:
8301:
8291:
8267:
8261:
8260:
8244:
8236:
8223:
8222:
8204:
8195:
8194:
8184:
8167:(10): CD014785.
8152:
8143:
8142:
8140:
8138:
8124:
8118:
8117:
8099:
8089:
8087:10.1002/cl2.1082
8065:
8059:
8051:
8042:
8041:
8040:. June 18, 2020.
8034:
8025:
8024:
7972:
7966:
7965:
7963:
7961:
7951:
7943:
7937:
7930:
7924:
7919:United Nations,
7917:
7911:
7910:
7908:
7906:
7896:
7890:
7889:
7887:
7885:
7871:
7865:
7864:
7853:
7847:
7842:
7836:
7835:
7828:
7822:
7808:
7802:
7795:
7789:
7788:
7777:
7771:
7770:
7768:
7766:
7751:
7745:
7744:
7734:
7724:
7700:
7685:
7684:
7648:
7637:
7636:
7626:
7594:
7579:
7578:
7550:
7541:
7540:
7530:
7520:
7496:
7490:
7489:
7487:
7485:
7479:
7473:. Archived from
7472:
7461:
7455:
7454:
7444:
7420:
7414:
7411:
7405:
7402:
7396:
7395:
7393:
7391:
7377:
7371:
7370:
7368:
7366:
7352:
7346:
7345:
7317:
7311:
7310:
7298:
7285:
7279:
7278:
7267:
7261:
7260:
7258:
7256:
7245:
7239:
7236:
7230:
7229:
7218:
7209:
7206:
7200:
7199:
7188:
7182:
7181:
7170:
7157:
7153:
7147:
7146:
7144:
7142:
7133:. Archived from
7122:
7116:
7115:
7103:
7097:
7096:
7088:
7082:
7081:
7069:
7063:
7062:
7050:
7044:
7043:
7036:
7030:
7029:
7017:
7011:
7006:
7000:
6999:
6987:
6981:
6978:
6972:
6971:
6969:
6967:
6961:
6953:
6942:
6941:
6939:
6937:
6922:
6916:
6915:
6904:
6898:
6897:
6885:
6879:
6878:
6866:
6849:
6846:
6840:
6839:
6837:
6835:
6811:
6802:
6795:
6786:
6785:
6783:
6775:
6769:
6768:
6758:
6748:
6724:
6718:
6717:
6715:
6713:
6699:
6693:
6692:
6682:
6650:
6644:
6643:
6624:
6618:
6617:
6597:
6591:
6590:
6585:. Archived from
6578:
6569:
6568:
6567:
6561:
6548:
6524:
6518:
6517:
6497:
6491:
6480:
6474:
6473:
6455:
6449:
6446:
6440:
6436:
6430:
6429:
6427:
6425:
6419:
6412:
6404:
6398:
6397:
6385:
6379:
6378:
6377:. June 25, 2008.
6367:
6361:
6360:
6349:
6343:
6340:
6334:
6331:
6325:
6324:
6296:
6290:
6289:
6269:
6260:
6259:
6257:
6255:
6231:
6216:
6215:
6195:
6186:
6183:
6177:
6173:
6158:
6154:
6148:
6147:
6145:
6143:
6128:
6122:
6121:
6111:
6087:
6081:
6080:
6068:
6057:
6056:
6054:
6052:
6046:
6040:. Archived from
6029:
6018:
6012:
6011:
6001:
5991:
5967:
5961:
5960:
5950:
5940:
5916:
5910:
5909:
5881:
5870:
5869:
5841:
5835:
5834:
5824:
5792:
5781:
5780:
5778:
5772:. Archived from
5763:
5745:
5736:
5730:
5729:
5712:(5): 1055–1068.
5701:
5686:
5685:
5660:(2): e436–e437.
5649:
5640:
5639:
5637:
5635:
5621:
5615:
5612:
5606:
5603:
5597:
5594:
5588:
5587:
5585:
5583:
5572:
5566:
5565:
5523:
5517:
5516:
5514:
5490:
5479:
5468:
5462:
5461:
5441:
5432:
5431:
5421:
5411:
5387:
5381:
5377:
5371:
5368:
5362:
5358:
5352:
5349:
5338:
5337:
5333:978-92-4-1505550
5325:
5314:
5301:
5300:
5281:
5272:
5271:
5264:
5258:
5254:
5248:
5247:
5240:
5234:
5233:
5227:
5219:
5209:
5177:
5168:
5167:
5165:
5163:
5148:
5142:
5141:
5139:
5137:
5122:
5116:
5115:
5113:
5111:
5106:. September 2010
5101:
5093:
5087:
5084:
5078:
5077:
5057:
5051:
5048:
5042:
5041:
5039:
5037:
5022:
5016:
5015:
5013:
5011:
4997:
4991:
4990:
4980:
4948:
4942:
4941:
4939:
4937:
4923:
4917:
4914:
4908:
4905:
4899:
4898:
4896:
4894:
4880:
4874:
4870:
4864:
4860:
4854:
4850:
4844:
4841:
4835:
4834:
4821:
4815:
4814:
4812:
4810:
4795:
4776:
4773:
4767:
4763:
4752:
4751:
4731:
4725:
4722:
4716:
4712:
4703:
4702:
4700:
4698:
4687:
4681:
4674:
4668:
4657:
4651:
4644:
4638:
4637:
4635:
4633:
4627:
4620:
4612:
4606:
4605:
4604:
4602:
4561:
4555:
4554:
4552:
4550:
4541:. Archived from
4531:
4525:
4524:
4518:
4510:
4482:
4473:
4472:
4470:
4468:
4454:
4448:
4447:
4427:
4408:
4407:
4397:
4365:
4359:
4358:
4356:
4354:
4330:10.4060/CA9692EN
4316:
4305:
4304:
4276:
4267:
4266:
4229:
4210:
4209:
4207:
4205:
4195:
4187:
4174:
4173:
4171:
4169:
4160:. Archived from
4150:
4135:
4134:
4098:
4089:
4078:
4069:
4068:
4048:
4029:
4028:
4026:
4024:
4018:
4012:. Archived from
4001:
3991:
3796:Agrobiodiversity
3777:
3772:
3771:
3494:green Revolution
3368:
3362:
3356:
3350:
3344:
3338:
3332:
3326:
3320:
3314:
3207:
3203:
3008:
3004:
2962:
2960:
2953:
2951:
2944:
2942:
2935:
2933:
2926:
2924:
2917:
2915:
2906:
2904:
2897:
2895:
2888:
2886:
2879:
2877:
2870:
2868:
2861:
2859:
2852:
2850:
2844:
2828:
2823: > 35.0%
2822:
2817: 25.0–34.9%
2816:
2811: 15.0–24.9%
2810:
2804:
2798:
2792:
2740:nasogastric tube
2701:nasogastric tube
2608:Ringer's lactate
2423:body temperature
2356:feeding students
2187:movement (SUN).
2131:non-communicable
2075:Food sovereignty
2069:Food sovereignty
2059:purchasing power
2019:World population
1910:cycle of poverty
1802:Green Revolution
1688:Green Revolution
1496:illnesses, like
1383:purchasing power
1373:. The economist
1246:
962:
961:
842:
798:Normal: Grade 0
784:
783:
763:
720:
719:
715:born prematurely
643:subcutaneous fat
597:hypoalbuminaemia
421:
420:
409:
408:
360:Increase in 2020
54:
42:
41:
21:
11546:
11545:
11541:
11540:
11539:
11537:
11536:
11535:
11521:Neuropsychology
11486:
11485:
11484:
11479:
11461:
11428:
11415:
11392:
11364:
11346:
11333:
11315:
11292:
11288:Mental disorder
11279:
11266:
11262:Immune disorder
11238:
11220:
11202:
11199:
11169:
11164:
11143:
11129:River blindness
11119:Schistosomiasis
11090:
11042:
11037:
11007:
11002:
10971:
10936:
10830:
10765:
10758:
10751:
10738:
10725:
10712:
10699:
10686:
10658:
10633:
10610:
10603:
10598:
10537:
10532:
10531:
10486:
10485:
10413:
10399:
10394:
10393:
10362:
10358:
10348:
10346:
10341:
10340:
10336:
10289:
10285:
10254:(2): CD003288.
10240:
10233:
10210:
10206:
10183:
10176:
10145:
10136:
10105:
10094:
10049:
10042:
10033:
10032:
10028:
10015:
10014:
10010:
10000:
9998:
9986:
9982:
9943:
9939:
9929:
9927:
9922:
9921:
9908:
9898:
9896:
9885:
9881:
9870:
9866:
9856:
9854:
9827:
9821:
9812:
9773:
9756:
9746:
9744:
9734:
9721:
9716:
9712:
9703:
9699:
9693:
9689:
9641:
9637:
9632:
9628:
9623:
9619:
9580:
9576:
9566:
9564:
9556:
9555:
9551:
9541:
9539:
9531:
9530:
9526:
9516:
9514:
9505:
9504:
9500:
9490:
9488:
9480:
9479:
9475:
9465:
9463:
9454:
9453:
9449:
9399:
9395:
9388:
9359:
9352:
9342:
9340:
9333:
9324:
9317:
9304:
9303:
9299:
9286:
9285:
9278:
9233:
9229:
9166:
9159:
9152:
9135:
9131:
9123:
9117:
9106:
9100:
9099:
9095:
9085:
9083:
9079:
9075:
9074:
9070:
9060:
9058:
9053:
9052:
9048:
9038:
9036:
9031:
9030:
9026:
9016:
9014:
9006:
9005:
9001:
8961:
8957:
8937:
8933:
8924:
8920:
8910:
8908:
8903:
8902:
8898:
8886:
8882:
8881:
8877:
8870:Wayback Machine
8861:
8857:
8849:
8845:
8836:
8832:
8823:
8819:
8804:
8800:
8792:
8788:
8775:
8774:
8770:
8723:
8719:
8712:
8697:
8693:
8692:
8685:
8677:
8660:
8645:
8641:
8626:
8622:
8591:
8587:
8550:
8541:
8510:(5): CD009000.
8496:
8492:
8477:
8470:
8449:(6): CD009584.
8443:
8439:
8406:(3): CD009924.
8392:
8388:
8357:(6): CD005039.
8343:
8339:
8333:Wayback Machine
8324:
8305:
8268:
8264:
8257:
8242:
8238:
8237:
8226:
8219:
8205:
8198:
8153:
8146:
8136:
8134:
8126:
8125:
8121:
8066:
8062:
8052:
8045:
8036:
8035:
8028:
7973:
7969:
7959:
7957:
7949:
7945:
7944:
7940:
7931:
7927:
7918:
7914:
7904:
7902:
7898:
7897:
7893:
7883:
7881:
7873:
7872:
7868:
7855:
7854:
7850:
7843:
7839:
7830:
7829:
7825:
7819:Wayback Machine
7809:
7805:
7796:
7792:
7779:
7778:
7774:
7764:
7762:
7753:
7752:
7748:
7701:
7688:
7649:
7640:
7595:
7582:
7551:
7544:
7497:
7493:
7483:
7481:
7477:
7470:
7462:
7458:
7421:
7417:
7412:
7408:
7403:
7399:
7389:
7387:
7379:
7378:
7374:
7364:
7362:
7354:
7353:
7349:
7318:
7314:
7307:
7286:
7282:
7269:
7268:
7264:
7254:
7252:
7247:
7246:
7242:
7237:
7233:
7220:
7219:
7212:
7207:
7203:
7190:
7189:
7185:
7180:. June 4, 2008.
7172:
7171:
7160:
7154:
7150:
7140:
7138:
7123:
7119:
7104:
7100:
7089:
7085:
7070:
7066:
7051:
7047:
7038:
7037:
7033:
7018:
7014:
7007:
7003:
6988:
6984:
6979:
6975:
6965:
6963:
6959:
6955:
6954:
6945:
6935:
6933:
6923:
6919:
6906:
6905:
6901:
6886:
6882:
6867:
6852:
6847:
6843:
6833:
6831:
6812:
6805:
6797:UNICEF (2013).
6796:
6789:
6781:
6777:
6776:
6772:
6725:
6721:
6711:
6709:
6701:
6700:
6696:
6651:
6647:
6640:
6626:
6625:
6621:
6614:
6598:
6594:
6579:
6572:
6562:
6525:
6521:
6498:
6494:
6481:
6477:
6470:
6456:
6452:
6447:
6443:
6437:
6433:
6423:
6421:
6417:
6410:
6406:
6405:
6401:
6386:
6382:
6369:
6368:
6364:
6351:
6350:
6346:
6341:
6337:
6332:
6328:
6297:
6293:
6286:
6272:Sen AK (1981).
6270:
6263:
6253:
6251:
6232:
6219:
6196:
6189:
6184:
6180:
6174:
6161:
6155:
6151:
6141:
6139:
6130:
6129:
6125:
6088:
6084:
6069:
6060:
6050:
6048:
6047:on May 10, 2013
6044:
6038:
6027:
6019:
6015:
5968:
5964:
5917:
5913:
5882:
5873:
5842:
5838:
5793:
5784:
5776:
5743:
5737:
5733:
5702:
5689:
5650:
5643:
5633:
5631:
5623:
5622:
5618:
5613:
5609:
5604:
5600:
5595:
5591:
5581:
5579:
5574:
5573:
5569:
5546:
5524:
5520:
5491:
5482:
5469:
5465:
5458:
5442:
5435:
5388:
5384:
5378:
5374:
5369:
5365:
5359:
5355:
5350:
5341:
5334:
5323:
5315:
5304:
5297:
5283:
5282:
5275:
5266:
5265:
5261:
5255:
5251:
5242:
5241:
5237:
5221:
5220:
5178:
5171:
5161:
5159:
5149:
5145:
5135:
5133:
5123:
5119:
5109:
5107:
5099:
5095:
5094:
5090:
5085:
5081:
5074:
5058:
5054:
5049:
5045:
5035:
5033:
5023:
5019:
5009:
5007:
4999:
4998:
4994:
4949:
4945:
4935:
4933:
4925:
4924:
4920:
4915:
4911:
4906:
4902:
4892:
4890:
4882:
4881:
4877:
4871:
4867:
4861:
4857:
4851:
4847:
4842:
4838:
4823:
4822:
4818:
4808:
4806:
4805:. July 12, 2023
4797:
4796:
4779:
4774:
4770:
4764:
4755:
4748:
4732:
4728:
4723:
4719:
4713:
4706:
4696:
4694:
4689:
4688:
4684:
4678:Obesity Reviews
4675:
4671:
4658:
4654:
4645:
4641:
4631:
4629:
4625:
4618:
4614:
4613:
4609:
4600:
4598:
4588:
4562:
4558:
4548:
4546:
4533:
4532:
4528:
4512:
4511:
4499:
4483:
4476:
4466:
4464:
4456:
4455:
4451:
4444:
4428:
4411:
4366:
4362:
4352:
4350:
4340:
4318:
4317:
4308:
4277:
4270:
4230:
4213:
4203:
4201:
4193:
4189:
4188:
4177:
4167:
4165:
4152:
4151:
4138:
4099:
4092:
4079:
4072:
4065:
4049:
4032:
4022:
4020:
4016:
4010:
3999:
3993:
3992:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3943:Social programs
3826:Economic issues
3821:Eating disorder
3773:
3766:
3763:
3712:
3689:
3672:
3664:
3610:
3604:
3583:
3577:
3565:
3515:adopted by the
3459:Napoleonic Wars
3426:
3420:
3400:child mortality
3371:
3370:
3369: 366–1,207
3366:
3364:
3360:
3358:
3354:
3352:
3348:
3346:
3342:
3340:
3336:
3334:
3330:
3328:
3324:
3322:
3318:
3316:
3312:
3303:
3268:Percentage (%)
3171:Percentage (%)
3075:Percentage (%)
2992:
2990:People affected
2971:
2965:
2958:
2956:
2949:
2947:
2940:
2938:
2931:
2929:
2922:
2920:
2913:
2909:
2902:
2900:
2893:
2891:
2884:
2882:
2875:
2873:
2866:
2864:
2857:
2855:
2848:
2830:
2826:
2824:
2820:
2818:
2814:
2812:
2808:
2806:
2805: 5.0–14.9%
2802:
2800:
2799: < 5.0%
2796:
2794:
2793: < 2.5%
2790:
2788:
2777:
2771:
2752:
2729:
2727:Low blood sugar
2656:
2637:vegetable broth
2629:
2624:
2569:
2559:in Vietnam and
2513:
2452:
2419:low blood sugar
2411:
2371:
2325:development aid
2321:
2300:
2207:philanthropists
2196:legally binding
2177:
2153:
2140:child mortality
2119:
2102:
2077:
2071:
2038:Family planning
2021:
1998:
1989:social security
1931:Josette Sheeran
1922:
1899:diversify crops
1883:locally sourced
1818:food production
1798:
1792:
1774:to agriculture.
1761:
1755:
1719:extreme weather
1700:
1628:
1600:Yale University
1588:life expectancy
1568:
1560:zinc deficiency
1556:iron deficiency
1537:neonatal deaths
1522:
1517:
1502:coeliac disease
1498:Crohn's disease
1467:gastroenteritis
1460:
1388:There are also
1337:
1317:
1311:
1305:in the neck)."
1257:
1201:
1172:; small vessel
1130:, or vitamin C
1026:
984:Dry eyes; pale
952:
866:
856:
774:
695:
690:
667:body mass index
663:
645:; and abnormal
548:
511:
433:
418:
412:External videos
407:
399:climate changes
382:food insecurity
362:
334:
310:
289:
229:other nutrients
174:supplementation
135:gastroenteritis
40:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
11544:
11534:
11533:
11528:
11523:
11518:
11513:
11508:
11503:
11498:
11481:
11480:
11478:
11477:
11472:
11466:
11463:
11462:
11460:
11459:
11454:
11449:
11444:
11439:
11433:
11430:
11429:
11427:
11426:
11420:
11417:
11416:
11414:
11413:
11408:
11403:
11397:
11394:
11393:
11391:
11390:
11385:
11383:Breast disease
11380:
11375:
11369:
11366:
11365:
11363:
11362:
11357:
11351:
11348:
11347:
11345:
11344:
11338:
11335:
11334:
11332:
11331:
11326:
11320:
11317:
11316:
11314:
11313:
11308:
11303:
11297:
11294:
11293:
11291:
11290:
11284:
11281:
11280:
11278:
11277:
11271:
11268:
11267:
11265:
11264:
11259:
11254:
11249:
11243:
11240:
11239:
11237:
11236:
11231:
11225:
11222:
11221:
11219:
11218:
11213:
11207:
11204:
11203:
11198:
11197:
11190:
11183:
11175:
11166:
11165:
11163:
11162:
11157:
11151:
11149:
11145:
11144:
11142:
11141:
11136:
11131:
11126:
11124:Dracunculiasis
11121:
11116:
11111:
11109:Chagas disease
11106:
11100:
11098:
11092:
11091:
11089:
11088:
11083:
11078:
11073:
11068:
11063:
11058:
11052:
11050:
11044:
11043:
11036:
11035:
11028:
11021:
11013:
11004:
11003:
11001:
11000:
10995:
10990:
10985:
10979:
10977:
10973:
10972:
10970:
10969:
10968:
10967:
10957:
10952:
10946:
10944:
10938:
10937:
10935:
10934:
10929:
10928:
10927:
10925:Keshan disease
10917:
10912:
10907:
10902:
10897:
10892:
10887:
10882:
10881:
10880:
10875:
10870:
10865:
10860:
10855:
10844:
10842:
10836:
10835:
10832:
10831:
10829:
10828:
10822:
10816:
10815:
10814:
10809:
10804:
10793:
10787:
10786:
10785:
10773:
10771:
10767:
10766:
10764:
10763:
10762:
10761:
10756:
10749:
10746:
10745:
10744:
10736:
10733:
10732:
10731:
10723:
10720:
10719:
10718:
10710:
10707:
10706:
10705:
10697:
10694:
10693:
10692:
10684:
10681:
10680:
10679:
10674:
10669:
10664:
10656:
10652:
10650:
10641:
10635:
10634:
10632:
10631:
10626:
10621:
10615:
10613:
10609:Protein-energy
10605:
10604:
10597:
10596:
10589:
10582:
10574:
10568:
10567:
10562:
10557:
10552:
10547:
10534:
10533:
10530:
10529:
10518:
10507:
10495:
10494:
10492:
10488:
10487:
10484:
10483:
10472:
10461:
10449:
10434:
10414:
10409:
10408:
10406:
10405:Classification
10398:
10397:External links
10395:
10392:
10391:
10356:
10334:
10283:
10231:
10204:
10174:
10155:(6): 745–748.
10134:
10092:
10063:(4): 575–582.
10040:
10026:
10008:
9980:
9937:
9906:
9879:
9864:
9810:
9783:(5): 520–537.
9754:
9719:
9710:
9697:
9687:
9655:(5): 425–435.
9635:
9626:
9617:
9574:
9549:
9524:
9498:
9473:
9447:
9423:10.2307/622288
9409:(3): 279–292.
9393:
9386:
9350:
9315:
9297:
9276:
9227:
9157:
9150:
9129:
9115:
9093:
9068:
9046:
9024:
8999:
8955:
8931:
8918:
8896:
8875:
8855:
8843:
8830:
8817:
8798:
8786:
8768:
8717:
8710:
8683:
8658:
8653:New York Times
8639:
8620:
8601:(2): 156–167.
8585:
8539:
8490:
8468:
8437:
8386:
8337:
8303:
8262:
8255:
8224:
8217:
8196:
8144:
8128:"Child growth"
8119:
8060:
8043:
8026:
7967:
7938:
7925:
7912:
7891:
7866:
7848:
7837:
7823:
7803:
7790:
7772:
7746:
7686:
7638:
7609:(4): 433–451.
7580:
7561:(3): 444–449.
7542:
7491:
7456:
7435:(4): 257–264.
7415:
7406:
7397:
7372:
7347:
7312:
7305:
7280:
7277:. May 6, 2008.
7262:
7240:
7231:
7210:
7201:
7183:
7158:
7148:
7117:
7098:
7083:
7078:New York Times
7064:
7045:
7031:
7012:
7001:
6982:
6973:
6943:
6917:
6899:
6880:
6875:New York Times
6850:
6841:
6803:
6787:
6770:
6739:(2): 358–373.
6719:
6694:
6665:(6): 529–532.
6645:
6638:
6619:
6612:
6592:
6570:
6519:
6492:
6475:
6468:
6450:
6441:
6431:
6399:
6380:
6362:
6357:Spiegel Online
6344:
6335:
6326:
6307:(2): 189–237.
6291:
6284:
6261:
6217:
6206:(8): 804–813.
6187:
6178:
6159:
6149:
6123:
6102:(3): 267–272.
6082:
6077:New York Times
6058:
6036:
6013:
5982:(2): 590–612.
5962:
5911:
5871:
5852:(9757): 1982.
5836:
5782:
5754:(5): 773–777.
5731:
5687:
5641:
5616:
5607:
5598:
5589:
5567:
5544:
5518:
5480:
5463:
5456:
5433:
5382:
5372:
5363:
5353:
5339:
5332:
5302:
5295:
5273:
5259:
5249:
5235:
5169:
5143:
5117:
5088:
5079:
5072:
5052:
5043:
5017:
4992:
4963:(2): 103–111.
4943:
4918:
4909:
4900:
4875:
4865:
4855:
4845:
4836:
4816:
4777:
4768:
4753:
4746:
4726:
4717:
4704:
4682:
4669:
4652:
4639:
4607:
4586:
4556:
4526:
4497:
4474:
4458:"Malnutrition"
4449:
4442:
4409:
4360:
4338:
4306:
4287:(6): 699–706.
4268:
4211:
4175:
4136:
4090:
4081:"malnutrition"
4070:
4063:
4030:
4008:
3996:Facts for life
3974:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3862:Hunger marches
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3786:
3780:
3779:
3778:
3762:
3759:
3711:
3708:
3700:MyPlate eBooks
3688:
3685:
3671:
3668:
3663:
3660:
3623:Dorothea Lange
3618:Migrant Mother
3606:Main article:
3603:
3600:
3579:Main article:
3576:
3573:
3569:disease burden
3564:
3561:
3542:social justice
3419:
3416:
3365:
3359:
3353:
3347:
3341:
3335:
3329:
3323:
3317:
3311:
3310:
3302:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3290:
3287:
3284:
3281:
3278:
3275:
3272:
3269:
3265:
3264:
3261:
3258:
3255:
3252:
3249:
3246:
3243:
3240:
3236:
3235:
3232:
3229:
3226:
3223:
3220:
3217:
3214:
3211:
3200:
3199:
3196:
3193:
3190:
3187:
3184:
3181:
3178:
3175:
3172:
3168:
3167:
3164:
3161:
3158:
3155:
3152:
3149:
3146:
3143:
3140:
3136:
3135:
3132:
3129:
3126:
3123:
3120:
3117:
3114:
3111:
3108:
3104:
3103:
3100:
3097:
3094:
3091:
3088:
3085:
3082:
3079:
3076:
3072:
3071:
3068:
3065:
3062:
3059:
3056:
3053:
3050:
3047:
3044:
3040:
3039:
3036:
3033:
3030:
3027:
3024:
3021:
3018:
3015:
3012:
2991:
2988:
2977:undernutrition
2968:
2967:
2957:
2948:
2939:
2930:
2921:
2912:
2910:
2901:
2892:
2883:
2874:
2865:
2856:
2847:
2842:
2825:
2819:
2813:
2807:
2801:
2795:
2789:
2773:Main article:
2770:
2767:
2751:
2748:
2728:
2725:
2655:
2652:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2568:
2565:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2507:
2504:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2486:
2483:
2477:
2474:
2451:
2448:
2410:
2407:
2370:
2367:
2320:
2317:
2299:
2296:
2204:private sector
2176:
2173:
2157:cost-effective
2152:
2149:
2118:
2115:
2101:
2098:
2073:Main article:
2070:
2067:
2025:Thomas Malthus
2020:
2017:
1997:
1994:
1959:inflated price
1921:
1918:
1794:Main article:
1791:
1788:
1754:
1751:
1707:Global warming
1699:
1698:Future threats
1696:
1692:Norman Borlaug
1627:
1624:
1567:
1564:
1551:environments.
1521:
1520:Undernutrition
1518:
1516:
1513:
1459:
1456:
1438:proposes that
1390:sociopolitical
1366:Food shortages
1336:
1333:
1310:
1307:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1232:
1228:
1227:
1214:
1208:
1207:
1199:
1183:
1177:
1176:
1170:cardiac output
1159:
1157:Cardiovascular
1153:
1152:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1117:
1111:
1110:
1107:Muscle wasting
1104:
1098:
1097:
1091:
1087:
1086:
1067:
1063:
1062:
1048:hair follicles
1044:
1040:
1039:
1033:
1029:
1028:
1027:deficiencies)
1024:
1002:
998:
997:
982:
978:
977:
974:
970:
969:
966:
951:
948:
860:Stunted growth
855:
852:
846:
845:
839:
838:
835:
832:
828:
827:
824:
821:
817:
816:
813:
810:
809:Mild: Grade I
806:
805:
802:
799:
795:
794:
791:
788:
787:Degree of PEM
776:In the 1970s,
773:
770:
767:
766:
760:
759:
756:
752:
751:
748:
744:
743:
740:
736:
735:
732:
728:
727:
724:
723:Degree of PEM
694:
691:
689:
686:
662:
659:
605:depigmentation
547:
544:
510:
507:
483:(SAM), and/or
465:mortality rate
432:
431:Undernutrition
429:
426:
425:
414:
413:
406:
403:
361:
358:
333:
330:
309:
306:
288:
285:
248:stunted growth
240:undernutrition
208:
207:
204:
200:
199:
196:
192:
191:
188:
182:
181:
170:
166:
165:
158:
154:
153:
127:
121:
120:
106:
102:
101:
91:
85:
84:
79:
73:
72:
71:treatment tent
56:
55:
47:
46:
38:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11543:
11532:
11529:
11527:
11524:
11522:
11519:
11517:
11514:
11512:
11511:Limbic system
11509:
11507:
11504:
11502:
11501:Global issues
11499:
11497:
11494:
11493:
11491:
11476:
11475:Fetal disease
11473:
11471:
11468:
11467:
11464:
11458:
11455:
11453:
11450:
11448:
11445:
11443:
11440:
11438:
11435:
11434:
11431:
11425:
11422:
11421:
11418:
11412:
11409:
11407:
11404:
11402:
11399:
11398:
11395:
11389:
11386:
11384:
11381:
11379:
11376:
11374:
11371:
11370:
11367:
11361:
11358:
11356:
11353:
11352:
11349:
11343:
11340:
11339:
11336:
11330:
11327:
11325:
11322:
11321:
11318:
11312:
11309:
11307:
11304:
11302:
11299:
11298:
11295:
11289:
11286:
11285:
11282:
11276:
11273:
11272:
11269:
11263:
11260:
11258:
11255:
11253:
11250:
11248:
11245:
11244:
11241:
11235:
11232:
11230:
11227:
11226:
11223:
11217:
11214:
11212:
11209:
11208:
11205:
11196:
11191:
11189:
11184:
11182:
11177:
11176:
11173:
11161:
11158:
11156:
11153:
11152:
11150:
11148:Miscellaneous
11146:
11140:
11137:
11135:
11134:Leishmaniasis
11132:
11130:
11127:
11125:
11122:
11120:
11117:
11115:
11112:
11110:
11107:
11105:
11102:
11101:
11099:
11097:
11093:
11087:
11084:
11082:
11079:
11077:
11074:
11072:
11069:
11067:
11064:
11062:
11059:
11057:
11054:
11053:
11051:
11049:
11045:
11041:
11034:
11029:
11027:
11022:
11020:
11015:
11014:
11011:
10999:
10996:
10994:
10991:
10989:
10986:
10984:
10981:
10980:
10978:
10974:
10966:
10963:
10962:
10961:
10960:Short stature
10958:
10956:
10953:
10951:
10948:
10947:
10945:
10943:
10939:
10933:
10930:
10926:
10923:
10922:
10921:
10918:
10916:
10913:
10911:
10908:
10906:
10903:
10901:
10898:
10896:
10893:
10891:
10888:
10886:
10883:
10879:
10876:
10874:
10871:
10869:
10866:
10864:
10861:
10859:
10856:
10854:
10851:
10850:
10849:
10846:
10845:
10843:
10841:
10837:
10827:
10823:
10821:
10817:
10813:
10810:
10808:
10805:
10803:
10800:
10799:
10798:
10794:
10792:
10788:
10784:
10783:Bitot's spots
10781:
10780:
10779:
10775:
10774:
10772:
10768:
10760:
10753:
10752:
10747:
10743:
10740:
10739:
10734:
10730:
10727:
10726:
10721:
10717:
10714:
10713:
10708:
10704:
10701:
10700:
10695:
10691:
10688:
10687:
10682:
10678:
10675:
10673:
10670:
10668:
10665:
10663:
10660:
10659:
10654:
10653:
10651:
10649:
10645:
10642:
10640:
10636:
10630:
10627:
10625:
10622:
10620:
10617:
10616:
10614:
10612:
10606:
10602:
10595:
10590:
10588:
10583:
10581:
10576:
10575:
10572:
10566:
10563:
10561:
10558:
10556:
10553:
10551:
10548:
10546:
10542:
10539:
10538:
10528:
10524:
10523:
10519:
10517:
10513:
10512:
10508:
10506:
10502:
10501:
10497:
10496:
10493:
10489:
10482:
10478:
10477:
10473:
10471:
10467:
10466:
10462:
10459:
10458:
10454:
10450:
10448:
10444:
10443:
10439:
10435:
10433:
10429:
10425:
10424:
10420:
10416:
10415:
10412:
10407:
10403:
10387:
10383:
10379:
10375:
10371:
10367:
10360:
10344:
10338:
10330:
10326:
10321:
10316:
10311:
10306:
10302:
10298:
10294:
10287:
10279:
10275:
10270:
10265:
10261:
10257:
10253:
10249:
10245:
10238:
10236:
10227:
10223:
10219:
10215:
10208:
10200:
10196:
10192:
10188:
10181:
10179:
10170:
10166:
10162:
10158:
10154:
10150:
10143:
10141:
10139:
10130:
10126:
10122:
10118:
10114:
10110:
10103:
10101:
10099:
10097:
10088:
10084:
10079:
10074:
10070:
10066:
10062:
10058:
10054:
10047:
10045:
10036:
10030:
10022:
10018:
10012:
9997:
9996:
9991:
9984:
9976:
9972:
9968:
9964:
9960:
9956:
9952:
9948:
9941:
9925:
9919:
9917:
9915:
9913:
9911:
9894:
9890:
9883:
9875:
9868:
9853:
9849:
9845:
9841:
9837:
9833:
9826:
9819:
9817:
9815:
9806:
9802:
9798:
9794:
9790:
9786:
9782:
9778:
9771:
9769:
9767:
9765:
9763:
9761:
9759:
9743:
9739:
9732:
9730:
9728:
9726:
9724:
9714:
9707:
9701:
9691:
9684:
9680:
9676:
9671:
9666:
9662:
9658:
9654:
9650:
9646:
9639:
9630:
9621:
9613:
9609:
9605:
9601:
9597:
9593:
9589:
9585:
9578:
9563:
9559:
9553:
9538:
9534:
9528:
9512:
9508:
9502:
9487:
9483:
9477:
9461:
9457:
9451:
9444:
9440:
9436:
9432:
9428:
9424:
9420:
9416:
9412:
9408:
9404:
9397:
9389:
9383:
9379:
9378:
9372:
9367:
9366:
9357:
9355:
9339:
9332:
9328:
9322:
9320:
9311:
9307:
9301:
9293:
9292:The Economist
9289:
9283:
9281:
9272:
9268:
9263:
9258:
9254:
9250:
9246:
9242:
9238:
9231:
9223:
9219:
9215:
9211:
9206:
9201:
9196:
9191:
9187:
9183:
9179:
9175:
9171:
9164:
9162:
9153:
9147:
9143:
9139:
9133:
9122:
9118:
9112:
9105:
9104:
9097:
9078:
9072:
9056:
9050:
9034:
9028:
9013:
9009:
9003:
8995:
8991:
8987:
8983:
8979:
8975:
8971:
8967:
8959:
8952:
8948:
8944:
8940:
8935:
8928:
8922:
8906:
8900:
8892:
8885:
8879:
8871:
8867:
8864:
8859:
8852:
8847:
8839:
8834:
8826:
8821:
8813:
8812:
8807:
8802:
8795:
8790:
8782:
8778:
8772:
8764:
8760:
8755:
8750:
8745:
8740:
8736:
8732:
8728:
8721:
8713:
8707:
8703:
8696:
8690:
8688:
8680:
8675:
8673:
8671:
8669:
8667:
8665:
8663:
8654:
8650:
8643:
8635:
8631:
8624:
8616:
8612:
8608:
8604:
8600:
8596:
8589:
8581:
8577:
8572:
8567:
8563:
8559:
8555:
8548:
8546:
8544:
8535:
8531:
8526:
8521:
8517:
8513:
8509:
8505:
8501:
8494:
8486:
8482:
8475:
8473:
8464:
8460:
8456:
8452:
8448:
8441:
8433:
8429:
8424:
8419:
8414:
8409:
8405:
8401:
8397:
8390:
8382:
8378:
8373:
8368:
8364:
8360:
8356:
8352:
8348:
8341:
8334:
8330:
8327:
8322:
8320:
8318:
8316:
8314:
8312:
8310:
8308:
8299:
8295:
8290:
8285:
8281:
8277:
8273:
8266:
8258:
8252:
8248:
8241:
8235:
8233:
8231:
8229:
8220:
8214:
8210:
8203:
8201:
8192:
8188:
8183:
8178:
8174:
8170:
8166:
8162:
8158:
8151:
8149:
8133:
8129:
8123:
8115:
8111:
8107:
8103:
8098:
8093:
8088:
8083:
8079:
8075:
8071:
8064:
8057:
8050:
8048:
8039:
8033:
8031:
8022:
8018:
8014:
8010:
8006:
8002:
7998:
7994:
7990:
7986:
7982:
7978:
7971:
7955:
7948:
7942:
7935:
7934:Child Matters
7929:
7922:
7916:
7901:
7895:
7880:
7876:
7870:
7862:
7858:
7852:
7846:
7841:
7833:
7827:
7820:
7816:
7813:
7807:
7800:
7794:
7786:
7782:
7776:
7760:
7756:
7750:
7742:
7738:
7733:
7728:
7723:
7718:
7714:
7710:
7706:
7699:
7697:
7695:
7693:
7691:
7682:
7678:
7674:
7670:
7666:
7662:
7659:(2): 95–100.
7658:
7654:
7647:
7645:
7643:
7634:
7630:
7625:
7620:
7616:
7612:
7608:
7604:
7600:
7593:
7591:
7589:
7587:
7585:
7576:
7572:
7568:
7564:
7560:
7556:
7549:
7547:
7538:
7534:
7529:
7524:
7519:
7514:
7510:
7506:
7502:
7495:
7476:
7469:
7460:
7452:
7448:
7443:
7438:
7434:
7430:
7426:
7419:
7410:
7401:
7390:September 21,
7386:
7382:
7376:
7365:September 21,
7361:
7357:
7351:
7343:
7339:
7335:
7331:
7327:
7323:
7316:
7308:
7302:
7297:
7296:
7290:
7284:
7276:
7272:
7266:
7250:
7244:
7235:
7227:
7223:
7217:
7215:
7205:
7197:
7193:
7187:
7179:
7175:
7169:
7167:
7165:
7163:
7152:
7136:
7132:
7128:
7121:
7113:
7109:
7102:
7094:
7087:
7079:
7075:
7068:
7060:
7056:
7049:
7041:
7035:
7027:
7023:
7016:
7010:
7005:
6997:
6993:
6986:
6977:
6958:
6952:
6950:
6948:
6932:
6928:
6921:
6913:
6909:
6903:
6895:
6891:
6884:
6876:
6872:
6865:
6863:
6861:
6859:
6857:
6855:
6845:
6834:September 25,
6829:
6825:
6821:
6817:
6810:
6808:
6800:
6794:
6792:
6780:
6774:
6766:
6762:
6757:
6752:
6747:
6742:
6738:
6734:
6730:
6723:
6708:
6704:
6698:
6690:
6686:
6681:
6676:
6672:
6668:
6664:
6660:
6656:
6649:
6641:
6635:
6631:
6630:
6623:
6615:
6609:
6605:
6604:
6596:
6588:
6584:
6577:
6575:
6566:
6560:
6556:
6552:
6547:
6542:
6538:
6534:
6530:
6523:
6515:
6511:
6507:
6503:
6496:
6490:
6486:
6485:
6479:
6471:
6465:
6461:
6454:
6445:
6435:
6416:
6409:
6403:
6395:
6391:
6384:
6376:
6372:
6366:
6358:
6354:
6348:
6339:
6330:
6322:
6318:
6314:
6310:
6306:
6302:
6295:
6287:
6281:
6277:
6276:
6268:
6266:
6254:September 25,
6249:
6245:
6241:
6237:
6230:
6228:
6226:
6224:
6222:
6213:
6209:
6205:
6201:
6194:
6192:
6182:
6172:
6170:
6168:
6166:
6164:
6153:
6137:
6133:
6127:
6119:
6115:
6110:
6105:
6101:
6097:
6093:
6086:
6078:
6074:
6067:
6065:
6063:
6043:
6039:
6033:
6026:
6025:
6017:
6009:
6005:
6000:
5995:
5990:
5985:
5981:
5977:
5973:
5966:
5958:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5939:
5934:
5930:
5926:
5925:PLOS Medicine
5922:
5915:
5907:
5903:
5899:
5895:
5891:
5887:
5880:
5878:
5876:
5867:
5863:
5859:
5855:
5851:
5847:
5840:
5832:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5814:
5810:
5806:
5802:
5798:
5791:
5789:
5787:
5775:
5771:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5753:
5749:
5742:
5735:
5727:
5723:
5719:
5715:
5711:
5707:
5700:
5698:
5696:
5694:
5692:
5683:
5679:
5675:
5671:
5667:
5663:
5659:
5655:
5648:
5646:
5630:
5626:
5620:
5611:
5602:
5593:
5577:
5571:
5563:
5559:
5555:
5551:
5547:
5545:9789004333390
5541:
5537:
5533:
5529:
5522:
5513:
5508:
5504:
5500:
5496:
5489:
5487:
5485:
5478:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5459:
5453:
5449:
5448:
5440:
5438:
5429:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5401:
5397:
5393:
5386:
5376:
5367:
5357:
5348:
5346:
5344:
5335:
5329:
5322:
5321:
5313:
5311:
5309:
5307:
5298:
5292:
5288:
5287:
5280:
5278:
5269:
5263:
5253:
5245:
5239:
5231:
5225:
5217:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5199:
5195:
5191:
5187:
5183:
5176:
5174:
5158:
5154:
5147:
5132:
5128:
5121:
5105:
5098:
5092:
5083:
5075:
5069:
5065:
5064:
5056:
5047:
5032:
5028:
5021:
5006:
5002:
4996:
4988:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4970:
4966:
4962:
4958:
4954:
4947:
4932:
4928:
4922:
4913:
4904:
4889:
4885:
4879:
4869:
4859:
4849:
4840:
4832:
4831:
4826:
4820:
4804:
4800:
4794:
4792:
4790:
4788:
4786:
4784:
4782:
4772:
4762:
4760:
4758:
4749:
4743:
4739:
4738:
4730:
4721:
4711:
4709:
4692:
4686:
4679:
4673:
4666:
4662:
4656:
4649:
4643:
4624:
4617:
4611:
4597:
4593:
4589:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4571:
4567:
4560:
4544:
4540:
4536:
4530:
4522:
4516:
4508:
4504:
4500:
4494:
4490:
4489:
4481:
4479:
4463:
4459:
4453:
4445:
4439:
4435:
4434:
4426:
4424:
4422:
4420:
4418:
4416:
4414:
4405:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4387:
4383:
4379:
4375:
4371:
4364:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4322:
4315:
4313:
4311:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4275:
4273:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4236:
4228:
4226:
4224:
4222:
4220:
4218:
4216:
4199:
4192:
4186:
4184:
4182:
4180:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4149:
4147:
4145:
4143:
4141:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4097:
4095:
4088:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4075:
4066:
4060:
4056:
4055:
4047:
4045:
4043:
4041:
4039:
4037:
4035:
4015:
4011:
4005:
3998:
3997:
3990:
3988:
3986:
3984:
3982:
3980:
3975:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:(Zero Hunger)
3837:
3834:
3832:
3831:Famine scales
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3791:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3781:
3776:
3770:
3765:
3758:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3743:
3741:
3737:
3731:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3707:
3703:
3701:
3696:
3694:
3684:
3681:
3678:
3667:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3645:
3639:
3631:
3624:
3620:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3599:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3572:
3570:
3560:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3545:
3543:
3539:
3534:
3531:
3525:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3505:Right to food
3502:
3497:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3481:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3462:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3447:
3446:citrus fruits
3443:
3439:
3435:
3429:
3425:
3415:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3396:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3381:
3379:
3363: 221–365
3307:
3301:
3291:
3288:
3285:
3282:
3279:
3276:
3273:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3262:
3259:
3256:
3253:
3250:
3247:
3244:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3233:
3230:
3227:
3224:
3221:
3218:
3215:
3212:
3209:
3208:
3197:
3194:
3191:
3188:
3185:
3182:
3179:
3176:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3165:
3162:
3159:
3156:
3153:
3150:
3147:
3144:
3141:
3138:
3137:
3133:
3130:
3127:
3124:
3121:
3118:
3115:
3112:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3101:
3098:
3095:
3092:
3089:
3086:
3083:
3080:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3069:
3066:
3063:
3060:
3057:
3054:
3051:
3048:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3037:
3034:
3031:
3028:
3025:
3022:
3019:
3016:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3003:
3001:
2996:
2987:
2985:
2980:
2978:
2911:
2846:
2845:
2840:
2836:
2829: No data
2786:
2781:
2776:
2766:
2762:
2760:
2756:
2747:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2720:
2716:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2697:
2695:
2690:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2668:
2667:carbohydrates
2663:
2661:
2651:
2648:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2633:
2619:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2604:
2602:
2601:coconut water
2598:
2594:
2589:
2586:
2582:
2577:
2575:
2564:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2521:
2517:
2505:
2502:
2499:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2469:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2456:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2435:
2430:
2428:
2425:, addressing
2424:
2420:
2416:
2406:
2404:
2403:immunizations
2400:
2394:
2391:
2386:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2366:
2364:
2359:
2357:
2352:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2337:
2335:
2330:
2326:
2312:
2304:
2295:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2272:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2257:
2255:
2254:right to food
2251:
2250:African Union
2247:
2242:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2215:
2213:
2208:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2188:
2186:
2182:
2172:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2148:
2145:
2141:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2123:infant deaths
2117:Breastfeeding
2114:
2112:
2108:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2076:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2039:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2016:
2014:
2013:organic waste
2010:
2005:
2002:
1993:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1981:soup kitchens
1978:
1971:
1966:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1917:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1902:
1900:
1894:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1873:
1868:
1864:
1859:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1848:Jeffrey Sachs
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1828:
1826:
1821:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1797:
1796:Food security
1790:Food security
1787:
1785:
1781:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1759:Famine relief
1750:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1735:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1695:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1680:market prices
1676:
1672:
1668:
1663:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1644:crop rotation
1641:
1632:
1623:
1621:
1620:heart disease
1615:
1613:
1607:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1586:, and lowers
1585:
1581:
1572:
1566:Overnutrition
1563:
1561:
1557:
1552:
1548:
1546:
1545:mother's womb
1542:
1538:
1533:
1531:
1527:
1512:
1510:
1505:
1503:
1500:or untreated
1499:
1495:
1491:
1486:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1455:
1451:
1449:
1448:banana leaves
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1432:right to food
1429:
1425:
1420:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1403:
1398:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1349:
1341:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1316:
1306:
1304:
1303:thyroid gland
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1244:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1212:Hematological
1210:
1209:
1206:
1202:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1175:
1171:
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1129:
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1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
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1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1084:
1083:wound healing
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1037:
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1031:
1030:
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1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1003:
1000:
999:
995:
994:Bitot's spots
991:
987:
983:
980:
979:
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972:
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964:
963:
960:
958:
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937:
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929:
924:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
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895:
891:
887:
886:immune system
879:
875:
870:
865:
861:
851:
840:
836:
833:
830:
829:
825:
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818:
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808:
807:
803:
800:
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792:
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761:
757:
754:
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729:
725:
722:
721:
718:
716:
712:
706:
704:
700:
685:
682:
680:
676:
672:
668:
661:Overnutrition
658:
656:
652:
648:
647:serum albumin
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
579:
574:
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568:
564:
559:
557:
553:
543:
541:
536:
534:
530:
526:
524:
520:
516:
506:
504:
501:
497:
493:
488:
486:
482:
478:
472:
470:
466:
462:
461:micronutrient
453:
445:
437:
424:
415:
410:
402:
400:
395:
392:
387:
383:
379:
374:
366:
357:
354:
351:
350:breastfeeding
347:
342:
339:
329:
327:
323:
319:
316:
305:
303:
293:
284:
281:
277:
273:
267:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
244:overnutrition
241:
236:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
131:breastfeeding
128:
126:
122:
119:
118:malabsorption
115:
111:
107:
103:
100:
96:
92:
90:
86:
83:
80:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
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48:
43:
37:
33:
19:
11496:Malnutrition
11457:Chondropathy
11452:Bone disease
11424:Skin disease
11252:Malnutrition
11251:
11229:Benign tumor
11155:Malnutrition
11154:
11066:Tuberculosis
10807:Osteomalacia
10611:malnutrition
10601:Malnutrition
10600:
10541:Malnutrition
10527:Malnutrition
10520:
10509:
10498:
10474:
10463:
10451:
10436:
10417:
10369:
10365:
10359:
10347:. Retrieved
10337:
10300:
10296:
10286:
10251:
10247:
10217:
10213:
10207:
10190:
10186:
10152:
10148:
10112:
10108:
10060:
10056:
10029:
10020:
10011:
9999:. Retrieved
9995:The Guardian
9993:
9983:
9950:
9946:
9940:
9928:. Retrieved
9897:. Retrieved
9893:the original
9882:
9867:
9855:. Retrieved
9835:
9831:
9780:
9776:
9745:. Retrieved
9741:
9713:
9700:
9690:
9682:
9652:
9648:
9638:
9629:
9620:
9587:
9583:
9577:
9565:. Retrieved
9561:
9552:
9540:. Retrieved
9537:www.hrcr.org
9536:
9527:
9517:February 24,
9515:. Retrieved
9511:the original
9501:
9491:February 24,
9489:. Retrieved
9485:
9476:
9466:February 24,
9464:. Retrieved
9459:
9450:
9442:
9406:
9403:Transactions
9402:
9396:
9376:
9364:
9341:. Retrieved
9327:Joshua Ruxin
9309:
9300:
9291:
9244:
9240:
9230:
9177:
9173:
9141:
9132:
9102:
9096:
9084:. Retrieved
9071:
9059:. Retrieved
9049:
9037:. Retrieved
9027:
9017:September 4,
9015:. Retrieved
9011:
9002:
8969:
8965:
8958:
8939:Jean Ziegler
8934:
8921:
8909:. Retrieved
8899:
8890:
8878:
8858:
8846:
8833:
8820:
8810:
8809:
8801:
8789:
8781:the original
8771:
8744:10665/268000
8734:
8730:
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8642:
8633:
8623:
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8594:
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8564:(1): 56–59.
8561:
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8399:
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8350:
8340:
8282:(1): 43–53.
8279:
8275:
8265:
8246:
8208:
8164:
8160:
8135:. Retrieved
8131:
8122:
8080:(2): e1082.
8077:
8073:
8063:
7988:
7984:
7970:
7958:. Retrieved
7956:. April 2012
7953:
7941:
7933:
7928:
7915:
7905:February 14,
7903:. Retrieved
7894:
7882:. Retrieved
7878:
7869:
7860:
7851:
7840:
7826:
7806:
7793:
7784:
7775:
7763:. Retrieved
7759:the original
7749:
7712:
7708:
7656:
7652:
7606:
7602:
7558:
7554:
7528:10072/413175
7508:
7504:
7494:
7482:. Retrieved
7475:the original
7459:
7432:
7428:
7418:
7409:
7400:
7388:. Retrieved
7384:
7375:
7363:. Retrieved
7359:
7350:
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7321:
7315:
7294:
7283:
7274:
7265:
7255:November 30,
7253:. Retrieved
7243:
7234:
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7204:
7196:the original
7186:
7177:
7151:
7139:. Retrieved
7135:the original
7130:
7120:
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7101:
7086:
7077:
7067:
7058:
7048:
7034:
7025:
7015:
7004:
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6976:
6964:. Retrieved
6934:. Retrieved
6930:
6920:
6912:The Atlantic
6911:
6902:
6893:
6883:
6874:
6844:
6832:. Retrieved
6828:the original
6823:
6819:
6773:
6736:
6732:
6722:
6712:February 20,
6710:. Retrieved
6706:
6697:
6662:
6658:
6648:
6628:
6622:
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6595:
6587:the original
6558:
6536:
6532:
6522:
6505:
6501:
6495:
6484:Malnutrition
6482:
6478:
6459:
6453:
6444:
6434:
6422:. Retrieved
6415:the original
6402:
6393:
6383:
6374:
6365:
6356:
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6338:
6329:
6304:
6300:
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6252:. Retrieved
6248:the original
6243:
6239:
6203:
6199:
6181:
6152:
6140:. Retrieved
6135:
6126:
6099:
6095:
6085:
6076:
6049:. Retrieved
6042:the original
6023:
6016:
5979:
5975:
5965:
5928:
5924:
5914:
5892:(4): 67–86.
5889:
5885:
5849:
5845:
5839:
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5800:
5774:the original
5751:
5747:
5734:
5709:
5705:
5657:
5653:
5632:. Retrieved
5628:
5619:
5610:
5601:
5592:
5580:. Retrieved
5570:
5527:
5521:
5502:
5498:
5474:
5466:
5446:
5399:
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5385:
5375:
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5319:
5285:
5262:
5252:
5238:
5224:cite journal
5189:
5185:
5160:. Retrieved
5156:
5146:
5134:. Retrieved
5130:
5120:
5108:. Retrieved
5103:
5091:
5082:
5062:
5055:
5046:
5034:. Retrieved
5030:
5020:
5010:November 19,
5008:. Retrieved
5004:
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4960:
4956:
4946:
4934:. Retrieved
4930:
4921:
4912:
4903:
4891:. Retrieved
4887:
4878:
4868:
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4848:
4839:
4828:
4819:
4807:. Retrieved
4802:
4771:
4736:
4729:
4720:
4695:. Retrieved
4685:
4677:
4672:
4664:
4660:
4655:
4650:, 28, p. 49.
4647:
4642:
4630:. Retrieved
4623:the original
4610:
4599:, retrieved
4569:
4559:
4549:February 10,
4547:. Retrieved
4543:the original
4538:
4529:
4487:
4465:. Retrieved
4461:
4452:
4432:
4377:
4373:
4363:
4351:. Retrieved
4320:
4284:
4280:
4238:
4234:
4202:. Retrieved
4197:
4166:. Retrieved
4162:the original
4157:
4106:
4102:
4084:
4053:
4021:. Retrieved
4014:the original
3995:
3933:Poverty trap
3907:NutritionDay
3847:Homelessness
3788:
3754:
3744:
3736:elderly care
3732:
3728:
3723:elderly care
3704:
3697:
3690:
3682:
3673:
3665:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3640:
3636:
3633:Starved girl
3616:
3596:
3566:
3546:
3535:
3526:
3498:
3482:
3478:Casimir Funk
3474:World War II
3463:
3430:
3427:
3397:
3382:
3374:
3357: 92–220
2997:
2993:
2981:
2976:
2974:
2769:Epidemiology
2763:
2753:
2732:Hypoglycemia
2730:
2698:
2691:
2671:
2664:
2657:
2649:
2645:
2634:
2630:
2605:
2590:
2578:
2570:
2561:iodized salt
2541:
2537:dysrhythmias
2533:parenterally
2522:
2518:
2514:
2461:
2445:
2442:
2431:
2412:
2395:
2387:
2372:
2360:
2353:
2338:
2334:supplemental
2322:
2273:
2265:viral videos
2261:EndingHunger
2258:
2243:
2229:, Ethiopia,
2216:
2189:
2184:
2178:
2169:social norms
2154:
2120:
2103:
2078:
2043:
2027:argues that
2022:
2006:
1999:
1985:basic income
1975:
1957:food at the
1947:
1923:
1903:
1895:
1875:
1871:
1860:
1829:
1822:
1799:
1777:
1736:
1705:
1701:
1664:
1637:
1616:
1608:
1584:productivity
1577:
1553:
1549:
1534:
1529:
1523:
1506:
1487:
1461:
1452:
1436:Jean Ziegler
1421:
1399:
1387:
1350:
1346:
1280:
1258:
1174:vasculopathy
1142:hepatomegaly
953:
928:hypoglycemia
925:
901:tuberculosis
898:
883:
874:sharecropper
849:
775:
707:
696:
683:
664:
630:
629:
584:
583:
560:
549:
539:
537:
527:
512:
489:
473:
458:
396:
375:
371:
343:
335:
320:
311:
298:
278:risks." The
268:
237:
213:Malnutrition
212:
211:
151:homelessness
125:Risk factors
95:swollen legs
45:Malnutrition
36:
11311:Ear disease
11306:Eye disease
10998:Underweight
10988:Weight loss
10629:Catabolysis
10619:Kwashiorkor
10500:MedlinePlus
10220:: 110–112.
10193:: 110–112.
10001:October 15,
9887:Carter RB.
9876:. dandc.eu.
9838:(1): 7–10.
9747:November 8,
9742:UNICEF DATA
9695:pp.193–198.
9562:www.fao.org
9373:. pp.
9343:January 12,
8137:October 17,
8132:www.who.int
7932:UNICEF UK,
7810:FAO. 2015.
7765:January 12,
7141:October 17,
7095:. dandc.eu.
6966:January 27,
6936:November 8,
6931:UNICEF DATA
6820:World Watch
6508:: 521–538.
6240:World Watch
6176:pp.417–440.
6136:Y Khoa Blog
5931:(5): e115.
5634:November 8,
5629:UNICEF DATA
5582:January 27,
5162:October 31,
5157:UNICEF DATA
5136:October 31,
5131:UNICEF DATA
5036:November 8,
5031:UNICEF DATA
5005:www.who.int
4936:October 31,
4931:UNICEF DATA
4893:November 7,
4888:UNICEF DATA
4853:p.e0248637.
4833:. May 2023.
4809:October 25,
4803:UNICEF Data
4697:January 17,
4462:www.who.int
4353:January 11,
3775:Food portal
3521:human right
3486:Kwashiorkor
3470:World War I
3455:lemon juice
3404:Underweight
3351: 57–91
3345: 35–56
3339: 24–34
3333: 14–23
2755:Hypothermia
2750:Hypothermia
2736:intravenous
2705:Intravenous
2610:) to treat
2472:dehydration
2434:antibiotics
2427:dehydration
2349:Afghanistan
2341:counselling
2269:celebrities
2127:breast milk
2094:free market
2090:Neoliberals
2086:think tanks
1840:farmworkers
1671:free market
1648:fertilizers
1640:arable land
1494:small bowel
1492:or chronic
1422:The use of
1405:speculators
1375:Amartya Sen
1354:food prices
1328:Confederate
1287:I.Q. points
1234:Lethargic;
1166:hypotension
1162:Bradycardia
1148:; possible
1146:fatty liver
1140:Distended;
1120:Deformities
1102:Musculature
1094:Koilonychia
986:conjunctiva
944:Dehydration
932:blood sugar
905:replication
872:Child of a
699:Mexico City
619:of coastal
617:Ga language
613:extremities
591:, wasting,
585:Kwashiorkor
578:kwashiorkor
563:kwashiorkor
503:and abdomen
469:physiologic
308:In children
256:underweight
164:; education
149:; poverty;
32:Underfeeder
11516:Motivation
11490:Categories
10965:Idiopathic
10915:Molybdenum
10759:deficiency
10648:B vitamins
10522:Patient UK
10349:October 1,
9930:August 22,
9460:www.un.org
8911:August 22,
7977:Brauman KA
7360:www.un.org
7299:. Norton.
7289:Malthus TR
6535:(Review).
6142:October 4,
5846:The Lancet
5654:Pediatrics
5402:(1): 185.
5380:1817–1846.
4665:The Lancet
4507:1004376424
4283:(Review).
4198:www.gov.uk
4109:(1): 3–8.
4105:(Review).
3970:References
3747:sarcopenia
3662:Physiology
3451:Royal Navy
3422:See also:
3327: 9–13
2674:osmolarity
2641:rice water
2639:or salted
2557:fish sauce
2363:sanitation
2274:After the
2267:depicting
2223:Bangladesh
2214:and AIDS.
2044:There are
1977:Food banks
1914:foodstuffs
1906:World Bank
1810:pesticides
1768:Irrigation
1757:See also:
1753:Prevention
1711:subtropics
1675:subsidized
1667:World Bank
1656:irrigation
1652:pesticides
1612:automation
1580:overeating
1442:, such as
1428:rapporteur
1358:Bangladesh
1324:Union Army
1313:See also:
1262:can cause
1205:B vitamins
1203:and other
1181:Neurologic
1168:; reduced
1069:Dry skin;
858:See also:
641:; minimal
635:metabolism
477:starvation
391:prevalence
287:Prevalence
272:The Lancet
262:. In some
235:and form.
221:deficiency
186:Medication
162:sanitation
157:Prevention
11211:Infection
11076:Pneumonia
10895:Manganese
10873:Potassium
10868:Phosphate
10863:Magnesium
10755:Vitamin B
10511:eMedicine
10476:SNOMED CT
10366:Nutrition
9567:March 17,
9542:March 17,
9138:Ziegler J
8994:205967479
8595:Nutrition
8114:242985650
7884:April 13,
7715:(1): 12.
7484:March 15,
7342:154975902
7328:: 81–97.
7156:Institute
6489:eMedicine
6424:March 19,
6321:144596985
6157:p.e03849.
5906:154082747
5505:: 58–60.
5192:: m4593.
4632:March 19,
4515:cite book
4348:239729231
4023:March 19,
3917:Muselmann
3836:Fome Zero
3442:Crusaders
3408:vitamin A
3321: 5–8
3315: 0–4
3300:Mortality
2954:2000–2200
2945:1800–2000
2936:1600–1800
2927:1400–1600
2918:1200–1400
2907:1000–1200
2597:magnesium
2593:potassium
2553:flatbread
2544:fortified
2529:enterally
2298:Treatment
2055:rationing
1950:Fred Cuny
1943:Safaricom
1920:Economics
1861:Imported
1816:and thus
1690:pioneers
1660:machinery
1471:pneumonia
1444:corn cobs
1402:commodity
1295:cretinism
1268:gestation
1236:apathetic
1221:petechiae
1198:vitamin B
1128:vitamin D
1073:; patchy
1056:eyelashes
1052:flag sign
1013:glossitis
1009:cheilitis
909:the virus
823:80–87.5%
812:87.5–95%
711:arbitrary
601:steatosis
519:Vitamin A
386:lockdowns
332:In adults
326:blindness
217:nutrients
195:Frequency
169:Treatment
139:pneumonia
114:nutrients
108:Eating a
77:Specialty
11139:Trachoma
10993:Cachexia
10983:Anorexia
10932:Fluorine
10920:Selenium
10910:Chromium
10858:Chloride
10703:Pellagra
10662:Beriberi
10624:Marasmus
10516:ped/1360
10386:20097534
10329:20553607
10278:19370584
10169:20627486
10087:21076942
9975:18345055
9967:18206226
9899:March 3,
9857:March 3,
9852:39557892
9805:25229403
9797:12959894
9679:23363496
9604:18207566
9439:12265450
9375:81–140,
9329:(1996).
9271:23245609
9214:23245604
9205:10790329
9140:(2007).
9121:archived
9086:April 6,
9061:April 6,
9039:April 6,
8986:23245608
8866:Archived
8763:11100619
8615:20122539
8580:22569981
8534:31090070
8485:BBC News
8463:23794237
8432:25739460
8381:22696347
8329:Archived
8298:26720894
8191:37823471
8182:10568659
8106:37131422
8013:21993620
7815:Archived
7741:23020813
7681:13510698
7673:12000411
7633:25857205
7575:25721389
7537:26869575
7451:16672293
7226:Newsweek
7026:BBC News
6894:BBC News
6801:. UNICEF
6765:21556191
6689:22419779
6555:28244672
6394:BBC News
6375:BBC News
6212:19710981
6118:21748117
6051:March 3,
6008:21556206
5957:17472433
5866:54424049
5726:19931063
5674:21768321
5562:34931635
5554:11603151
5428:34736513
5361:335–340.
5216:33262147
4987:30595864
4596:27227221
4404:27733281
4301:12394647
4263:11748341
4255:23746776
4131:33775071
4123:23179329
3761:See also
3575:Children
3490:Marasmus
3383:In 2010
2963:>2200
2898:800–1000
2744:diazepam
2672:Reduced-
2612:acidosis
2581:diarrhea
2488:Correct
2432:Routine
2135:allergic
2001:Ethiopia
1970:Montreal
1891:soybeans
1836:food aid
1814:harvests
1490:diarrhea
1483:HIV/AIDS
1424:biofuels
1299:dwarfism
1231:Behavior
1115:Skeletal
1079:erosions
1060:alopecia
936:seizures
837:<70%
834:<80%
804:>90%
801:>95%
758:<60%
734:90–100%
675:diabetes
655:anorexia
631:Marasmus
567:marasmus
353:children
129:Lack of
89:Symptoms
67:, at an
65:Ethiopia
61:Dolo Ado
11104:Cholera
11071:Measles
11061:Malaria
10976:General
10853:Calcium
10802:Rickets
10481:2492009
10470:D044342
10460:: 263.9
10447:E40-E46
10320:2927875
10269:7144819
10129:9336570
10078:3075394
9670:3654668
9612:3910132
9411:Bibcode
9262:4156511
9222:1541253
8893:. 2002.
8873:water).
8841:water."
8828:water".
8754:2560623
8525:6537457
8423:6885042
8372:8078353
8097:8356333
8021:4346486
7993:Bibcode
7960:July 5,
7954:WFP.org
7732:3512504
7624:6860250
6756:3084466
6680:3371222
6109:3074887
5999:3084481
5948:1858706
5831:4627051
5822:1785878
5770:6975186
5761:2395976
5682:1708728
5625:"Diets"
5419:8567696
5207:7705612
5110:July 1,
4978:6284174
4863:pp.1–9.
4395:5388903
4204:July 5,
4168:July 4,
3710:Elderly
3418:History
2889:600–800
2880:400–600
2871:200–400
2862:<200
2853:no data
2787:, 2020:
2687:sucrose
2227:Burundi
2212:malaria
2165:formula
2082:fishery
1955:hoarded
1867:Nigeria
1854:should
1732:species
1592:surplus
1543:in the
1479:measles
1475:malaria
1430:on the
1291:goiters
1283:infants
1240:anxious
1192:; poor
1150:ascites
1136:Abdomen
1124:calcium
1081:; poor
921:rickets
878:rickets
864:Wasting
854:Effects
826:70–80%
815:80–90%
750:60–74%
742:75–89%
731:Normal
487:(MAM).
346:elderly
276:dietary
260:obesity
252:wasting
233:tissues
225:protein
147:measles
143:malaria
99:abdomen
11234:Cancer
11086:Plague
10942:Growth
10905:Iodine
10900:Copper
10878:Sodium
10791:Scurvy
10545:Curlie
10505:000404
10384:
10327:
10317:
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10276:
10266:
10167:
10127:
10085:
10075:
9973:
9965:
9947:Lancet
9850:
9803:
9795:
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9667:
9610:
9602:
9584:Lancet
9437:
9431:622288
9429:
9405:. NS.
9384:
9377:passim
9269:
9259:
9241:Lancet
9220:
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9174:Lancet
9148:
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8992:
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8966:Lancet
8761:
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7985:Nature
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5945:
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5552:
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5454:
5426:
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5214:
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4830:UNICEF
4744:
4715:16(2).
4661:et al.
4601:May 3,
4594:
4584:
4505:
4495:
4467:May 3,
4440:
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4392:
4374:Lancet
4346:
4336:
4299:
4261:
4253:
4235:Lancet
4129:
4121:
4061:
4006:
3924:(1974)
3644:Gender
3625:(1936)
3513:treaty
3438:scurvy
3367:
3361:
3355:
3349:
3343:
3337:
3331:
3325:
3319:
3313:
3166:735.1
3163:738.9
3160:701.4
3157:612.8
3154:586.8
3151:571.8
3148:586.4
3145:588.9
3142:563.9
3070:572.3
2966:
2961:
2959:
2952:
2950:
2943:
2941:
2934:
2932:
2925:
2923:
2916:
2914:
2905:
2903:
2896:
2894:
2887:
2885:
2878:
2876:
2869:
2867:
2860:
2858:
2851:
2849:
2827:
2821:
2815:
2809:
2803:
2797:
2791:
2681:, and
2383:tablet
2345:UNICEF
2009:Brazil
1887:millet
1856:invest
1832:Malawi
1724:barley
1477:, and
1413:invest
1360:, low
1272:folate
1217:Pallor
1194:memory
1036:Enamel
938:, and
917:scurvy
880:, 1935
703:median
651:famine
625:weaned
611:, and
599:, and
529:Anemia
515:iodine
315:UNICEF
254:, and
203:Deaths
105:Causes
10770:Other
10442:10-CM
9971:S2CID
9848:S2CID
9828:(PDF)
9801:S2CID
9608:S2CID
9427:JSTOR
9334:(PDF)
9218:S2CID
9124:(PDF)
9107:(PDF)
9080:(PDF)
8990:S2CID
8887:(xls)
8698:(PDF)
8243:(PDF)
8110:S2CID
8017:S2CID
7950:(PDF)
7677:S2CID
7653:Birth
7478:(PDF)
7471:(PDF)
7338:S2CID
6960:(PDF)
6782:(PDF)
6418:(PDF)
6411:(PDF)
6317:S2CID
6045:(PDF)
6028:(PDF)
5902:S2CID
5862:S2CID
5777:(PDF)
5744:(PDF)
5678:S2CID
5558:S2CID
5324:(PDF)
5100:(PDF)
4873:7(1).
4626:(PDF)
4619:(PDF)
4344:S2CID
4259:S2CID
4194:(PDF)
4127:S2CID
4017:(PDF)
4000:(PDF)
3928:Oxfam
3602:Women
3591:Niger
3234:2011
3198:9.2%
3195:9.3%
3192:8.9%
3189:7.9%
3186:7.6%
3183:7.5%
3180:7.8%
3177:7.9%
3174:7.7%
3134:2022
3131:2021
3128:2020
3125:2019
3122:2018
3119:2017
3116:2016
3113:2015
3110:2014
3107:Year
3102:7.9%
3084:10.3%
3081:11.2%
3078:12.1%
3067:580.0
3064:578.3
3061:597.8
3058:661.8
3055:663.1
3052:691.0
3049:746.5
3046:793.4
3038:2013
2381:or a
2329:rates
2239:Niger
2231:Kenya
2111:Ghana
1772:Egypt
1541:fetus
1144:with
1075:hyper
1032:Teeth
1001:Mouth
968:Sign
950:Signs
930:(low
915:like
673:like
639:edema
621:Ghana
589:edema
11056:AIDS
10890:Zinc
10885:Iron
10465:MeSH
10457:9-CM
10382:PMID
10351:2019
10325:PMID
10274:PMID
10252:2009
10165:PMID
10125:PMID
10083:PMID
10003:2018
9963:PMID
9932:2016
9901:2014
9859:2014
9793:PMID
9749:2023
9675:PMID
9600:PMID
9569:2018
9544:2018
9519:2018
9493:2018
9468:2018
9435:PMID
9382:ISBN
9345:2019
9267:PMID
9210:PMID
9146:ISBN
9111:ISBN
9088:2019
9063:2019
9041:2019
9019:2024
8982:PMID
8913:2010
8759:PMID
8706:ISBN
8611:PMID
8576:PMID
8530:PMID
8508:2019
8459:PMID
8428:PMID
8377:PMID
8355:2012
8294:PMID
8251:ISBN
8213:ISBN
8187:PMID
8165:2023
8139:2023
8102:PMID
8009:PMID
7962:2014
7907:2023
7886:2017
7879:UNDP
7767:2019
7737:PMID
7669:PMID
7629:PMID
7571:PMID
7533:PMID
7486:2012
7447:PMID
7392:2018
7367:2018
7301:ISBN
7257:2013
7143:2018
6968:2010
6938:2023
6836:2011
6761:PMID
6714:2018
6685:PMID
6634:ISBN
6608:ISBN
6551:PMID
6464:ISBN
6426:2012
6280:ISBN
6256:2011
6208:PMID
6144:2021
6114:PMID
6053:2014
6032:ISBN
6004:PMID
5953:PMID
5827:PMID
5766:PMID
5722:PMID
5670:PMID
5636:2023
5584:2022
5550:PMID
5540:ISBN
5452:ISBN
5424:PMID
5328:ISBN
5291:ISBN
5230:link
5212:PMID
5164:2023
5138:2023
5112:2014
5068:ISBN
5038:2023
5012:2021
4983:PMID
4938:2023
4895:2023
4811:2023
4742:ISBN
4699:2022
4634:2012
4603:2024
4592:PMID
4582:ISBN
4551:2012
4521:link
4503:OCLC
4493:ISBN
4469:2024
4438:ISBN
4400:PMID
4355:2019
4334:ISBN
4297:PMID
4251:PMID
4206:2014
4170:2014
4119:PMID
4059:ISBN
4025:2012
4004:ISBN
3511:, a
3472:and
3412:zinc
3391:and
3292:14%
3263:805
3231:2006
3228:2004
3225:2002
3222:1996
3219:1991
3216:1980
3213:1970
3210:Year
3099:8.1%
3096:8.2%
3093:8.6%
3090:9.6%
3087:9.7%
3035:2012
3032:2011
3029:2010
3026:2009
3023:2008
3020:2007
3017:2006
3014:2005
3011:Year
2982:The
2595:and
2379:iPad
2259:The
2237:and
2235:Laos
2133:and
2109:and
2107:Peru
1979:and
1904:The
1889:and
1877:kunu
1825:seed
1808:and
1784:SDG2
1743:bees
1446:and
1297:and
1090:Nail
1066:Skin
1043:Hair
1021:gums
973:Face
965:Site
919:and
890:zinc
862:and
565:and
490:The
405:Type
242:and
227:and
110:diet
97:and
10824:K:
10818:E:
10795:D:
10789:C:
10776:A:
10565:WFP
10543:at
10453:ICD
10438:ICD
10432:E46
10428:E40
10419:ICD
10374:doi
10315:PMC
10305:doi
10264:PMC
10256:doi
10222:doi
10195:doi
10157:doi
10117:doi
10073:PMC
10065:doi
9955:doi
9951:371
9840:doi
9785:doi
9665:PMC
9657:doi
9653:368
9592:doi
9588:371
9419:doi
9310:CNN
9257:PMC
9249:doi
9245:380
9200:PMC
9190:hdl
9182:doi
9178:380
8974:doi
8970:380
8811:two
8749:PMC
8739:hdl
8603:doi
8566:doi
8520:PMC
8512:doi
8451:doi
8418:PMC
8408:doi
8367:PMC
8359:doi
8284:doi
8280:176
8177:PMC
8169:doi
8092:PMC
8082:doi
8001:doi
7989:478
7727:PMC
7717:doi
7661:doi
7619:PMC
7611:doi
7563:doi
7559:115
7523:hdl
7513:doi
7509:387
7437:doi
7330:doi
6751:PMC
6741:doi
6675:PMC
6667:doi
6541:doi
6510:doi
6487:at
6309:doi
6104:PMC
5994:PMC
5984:doi
5943:PMC
5933:doi
5894:doi
5854:doi
5850:376
5817:PMC
5809:doi
5756:PMC
5714:doi
5662:doi
5658:128
5532:doi
5507:doi
5473:at
5414:PMC
5404:doi
5202:PMC
5194:doi
5190:371
5186:BMJ
4973:PMC
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4574:doi
4390:PMC
4382:doi
4378:388
4326:doi
4289:doi
4243:doi
4239:382
4158:WHO
4111:doi
4083:at
3621:by
3488:or
3410:or
3289:17%
3286:16%
3283:17%
3280:18%
3277:20%
3274:28%
3271:37%
3260:927
3257:848
3254:825
3251:790
3248:820
3245:841
3242:875
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